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Börner GV, Hochwagen A, MacQueen AJ. Meiosis in budding yeast. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad125. [PMID: 37616582 PMCID: PMC10550323 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a specialized cell division program that is essential for sexual reproduction. The two meiotic divisions reduce chromosome number by half, typically generating haploid genomes that are packaged into gametes. To achieve this ploidy reduction, meiosis relies on highly unusual chromosomal processes including the pairing of homologous chromosomes, assembly of the synaptonemal complex, programmed formation of DNA breaks followed by their processing into crossovers, and the segregation of homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division. These processes are embedded in a carefully orchestrated cell differentiation program with multiple interdependencies between DNA metabolism, chromosome morphogenesis, and waves of gene expression that together ensure the correct number of chromosomes is delivered to the next generation. Studies in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have established essentially all fundamental paradigms of meiosis-specific chromosome metabolism and have uncovered components and molecular mechanisms that underlie these conserved processes. Here, we provide an overview of all stages of meiosis in this key model system and highlight how basic mechanisms of genome stability, chromosome architecture, and cell cycle control have been adapted to achieve the unique outcome of meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Valentin Börner
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease (GRHD), Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | | | - Amy J MacQueen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
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2
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Humphreys IR, Pei J, Baek M, Krishnakumar A, Anishchenko I, Ovchinnikov S, Zhang J, Ness TJ, Banjade S, Bagde SR, Stancheva VG, Li XH, Liu K, Zheng Z, Barrero DJ, Roy U, Kuper J, Femández IS, Szakal B, Branzei D, Rizo J, Kisker C, Greene EC, Biggins S, Keeney S, Miller EA, Fromme JC, Hendrickson TL, Cong Q, Baker D. Computed structures of core eukaryotic protein complexes. Science 2021; 374:eabm4805. [PMID: 34762488 PMCID: PMC7612107 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions play critical roles in biology, but the structures of many eukaryotic protein complexes are unknown, and there are likely many interactions not yet identified. We take advantage of advances in proteome-wide amino acid coevolution analysis and deep-learning–based structure modeling to systematically identify and build accurate models of core eukaryotic protein complexes within the Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteome. We use a combination of RoseTTAFold and AlphaFold to screen through paired multiple sequence alignments for 8.3 million pairs of yeast proteins, identify 1505 likely to interact, and build structure models for 106 previously unidentified assemblies and 806 that have not been structurally characterized. These complexes, which have as many as five subunits, play roles in almost all key processes in eukaryotic cells and provide broad insights into biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Humphreys
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jimin Pei
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Minkyung Baek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aditya Krishnakumar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ivan Anishchenko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sergey Ovchinnikov
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Division of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- John Harvard Distinguished Science Fellowship Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Travis J. Ness
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sudeep Banjade
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Saket R. Bagde
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Xiao-Han Li
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Kaixian Liu
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY
| | - Daniel J. Barrero
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Upasana Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jochen Kuper
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Israel S. Femández
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Barnabas Szakal
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Dana Branzei
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Josep Rizo
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Caroline Kisker
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eric C. Greene
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sue Biggins
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - J. Christopher Fromme
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Qian Cong
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Advances Towards How Meiotic Recombination Is Initiated: A Comparative View and Perspectives for Plant Meiosis Research. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194718. [PMID: 31547623 PMCID: PMC6801837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is an essential cell-division process for ensuring genetic diversity across generations. Meiotic recombination ensures the accuracy of genetic interchange between homolous chromosomes and segregation of parental alleles. Programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), catalyzed by the evolutionarily conserved topoisomerase VIA (a subunit of the archaeal type II DNA topoisomerase)-like enzyme Spo11 and several other factors, is a distinctive feature of meiotic recombination initiation. The meiotic DSB formation and its regulatory mechanisms are similar among species, but certain aspects are distinct. In this review, we introduced the cumulative knowledge of the plant proteins crucial for meiotic DSB formation and technical advances in DSB detection. We also summarized the genome-wide DSB hotspot profiles for different model organisms. Moreover, we highlighted the classical views and recent advances in our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of DSB formation, such as multifaceted kinase-mediated phosphorylation and the consequent high-dimensional changes in chromosome structure. We provided an overview of recent findings concerning DSB formation, distribution and regulation, all of which will help us to determine whether meiotic DSB formation is evolutionarily conserved or varies between plants and other organisms.
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Robert T, Vrielynck N, Mézard C, de Massy B, Grelon M. A new light on the meiotic DSB catalytic complex. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 54:165-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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de Massy B. Initiation of meiotic recombination: how and where? Conservation and specificities among eukaryotes. Annu Rev Genet 2014; 47:563-99. [PMID: 24050176 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination is essential for fertility in most sexually reproducing species. This process also creates new combinations of alleles and has important consequences for genome evolution. Meiotic recombination is initiated by the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are repaired by homologous recombination. DSBs are catalyzed by the evolutionarily conserved SPO11 protein, assisted by several other factors. Some of them are absolutely required, whereas others are needed only for full levels of DSB formation and may participate in the regulation of DSB timing and frequency as well as the coordination between DSB formation and repair. The sites where DSBs occur are not randomly distributed in the genome, and remarkably distinct strategies have emerged to control their localization in different species. Here, I review the recent advances in the components required for DSB formation and localization in the various model organisms in which these studies have been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard de Massy
- Institute of Human Genetics, Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, UPR1142, 34396 Montpellier, France;
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6
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Edlinger B, Schlögelhofer P. Have a break: determinants of meiotic DNA double strand break (DSB) formation and processing in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:1545-63. [PMID: 21220780 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Meiosis is an essential process for sexually reproducing organisms, leading to the formation of specialized generative cells. This review intends to highlight current knowledge of early events during meiosis derived from various model organisms, including plants. It will particularly focus on cis- and trans-requirements of meiotic DNA double strand break (DSB) formation, a hallmark event during meiosis and a prerequisite for recombination of genetic traits. Proteins involved in DSB formation in different organisms, emphasizing the known factors from plants, will be introduced and their functions outlined. Recent technical advances in DSB detection and meiotic recombination analysis will be reviewed, as these new tools now allow analysis of early meiotic recombination in plants with incredible accuracy. To anticipate future directions in plant meiosis research, unpublished results will be included wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Edlinger
- University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Chromosome Biology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 1, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Steiner S, Kohli J, Ludin K. Functional interactions among members of the meiotic initiation complex in fission yeast. Curr Genet 2010; 56:237-49. [PMID: 20364342 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-010-0296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) initiate meiotic recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and in other organisms. The Rec12 protein catalyzes the formation of these DSBs in concert with a multitude of accessory proteins the role of which in this process remains to be discovered. In an all-to-all yeast two-hybrid matrix analysis, we discovered new interactions among putative members of the meiotic recombination initiation complex. We found that Rec7, an axial-element associated protein with homologies to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rec114, is interacting with Rec24. Rec7 and Rec24 also co-immunoprecipitate in S. pombe during meiosis. An amino acid change in a conserved, C-terminal phenylalanine in Rec7, F325A interrupts the interaction with Rec24. Moreover, rec7F325A shows a recombination deficiency comparable to rec7Delta. Another interaction was detected between Rec12 and Rec14, the orthologs of which in S. cerevisiae Spo11 and Ski8 interact accordingly. Amino acid changes Rec12Q308A and Rec12R309A disrupt the interaction with Rec14, like the according amino acid changes Spo11Q376A and Spo11RE377AA loose the interaction with Ski8. Both amino acid changes in Rec12 reveal a recombination deficient rec12 (-) phenotype. We propose that both Rec7-Rec24 and Rec12-Rec14 form subcomplexes of the meiotic recombination initiation complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Steiner
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Tethering recombination initiation proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae promotes double strand break formation. Genetics 2009; 182:447-58. [PMID: 19332879 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.102640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is initiated by the creation of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), an event requiring 10 recombination initiation proteins. Published data indicate that these 10 proteins form three main interaction subgroups [(Spo11-Rec102-Rec104-Ski8), (Rec114-Rec107-Mei4), and (Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2)], but certain components from each subgroup may also interact. Although several of the protein-protein interactions have been defined, the mechanism for DSB formation has been challenging to define. Using a variation of the approach pioneered by others, we have tethered 8 of the 10 initiation proteins to a recombination coldspot and discovered that in addition to Spo11, 6 others (Rec102, Rec104, Ski8, Rec114, Rec107, and Mei4) promote DSB formation at the coldspot, albeit with different frequencies. Of the 8 proteins tested, only Mre11 was unable to cause DSBs even though it binds to UAS(GAL) at GAL2. Our results suggest there may be several ways that the recombination initiation proteins can associate to form a functional initiation complex that can create DSBs.
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9
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Keeney S. Spo11 and the Formation of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Meiosis. GENOME DYNAMICS AND STABILITY 2008; 2:81-123. [PMID: 21927624 PMCID: PMC3172816 DOI: 10.1007/7050_2007_026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination is carried out through a specialized pathway for the formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks made by the Spo11 protein, a relative of archaeal topoisomerase VI. This review summarizes recent studies that provide insight to the mechanism of DNA cleavage by Spo11, functional interactions of Spo11 with other proteins required for break formation, mechanisms that control the timing of recombination initiation, and evolutionary conservation and divergence of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021 USA,
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10
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Maleki S, Neale MJ, Arora C, Henderson KA, Keeney S. Interactions between Mei4, Rec114, and other proteins required for meiotic DNA double-strand break formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Chromosoma 2007; 116:471-86. [PMID: 17558514 PMCID: PMC2084462 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-007-0111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In most sexually reproducing organisms, meiotic recombination is initiated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) formed by the Spo11 protein. In budding yeast, nine other proteins are also required for DSB formation, but the roles of these proteins and the interactions among them are poorly understood. We report further studies of the behaviors of these proteins. Consistent with other studies, we find that Mei4 and Rec114 bind to chromosomes from leptonema through early pachynema. Both proteins showed only limited colocalization with the meiotic cohesin subunit Rec8, suggesting that Mei4 and Rec114 associated preferentially with chromatin loops. Rec114 localization was independent of other DSB factors, but Mei4 localization was strongly dependent on Rec114 and Mer2. Systematic deletion analysis identified protein regions important for a previously described two-hybrid interaction between Mei4 and Rec114. We also report functional characterization of a previously misannotated 5' coding exon of REC102. Sequences encoded in this exon are essential for DSB formation and for Rec102 interaction with Rec104, Spo11, Rec114, and Mei4. Finally, we also examined genetic requirements for a set of previously described two-hybrid interactions that can be detected only when the reporter strain is induced to enter meiosis. This analysis reveals new functional dependencies for interactions among the DSB proteins. Taken together, these studies support the view that Mei4, Rec114, and Mer2 make up a functional subgroup that is distinct from other subgroups of the DSB proteins: Spo11-Ski8, Rec102-Rec104, and Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2. These studies also suggest that an essential function of Rec102 and Rec104 is to connect Mei4 and Rec114 to Spo11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Maleki
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA
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11
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12
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Keeney S, Neale MJ. Initiation of meiotic recombination by formation of DNA double-strand breaks: mechanism and regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 2006; 34:523-5. [PMID: 16856850 DOI: 10.1042/bst0340523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination is essential for accurate chromosome segregation during meiosis in most sexual organisms. Meiotic recombination is initiated by the formation of DSBs (DNA double-strand breaks) made by the Spo11 protein. We review here recent findings pertaining to protein–protein interactions important for DSB formation, the mechanism of an early step in the processing of Spo11-generated DSBs, and regulation of DSB formation by protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., Box 97, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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13
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Nag DK, Pata JD, Sironi M, Flood DR, Hart AM. Both conserved and non-conserved regions of Spo11 are essential for meiotic recombination initiation in yeast. Mol Genet Genomics 2006; 276:313-21. [PMID: 16816949 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-006-0143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the initiators of most meiotic recombination events. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, at least ten genes are necessary for meiotic DSB formation. However, the molecular roles of these proteins are not clearly understood. The meiosis-specific Spo11 protein, which shows sequence similarity with a subunit of an archaeal topoisomerase, is believed to catalyze the meiotic DSB formation. Spo11 is also required for induction of meiotic DSBs at long inverted repeats and at large trinucleotide repeat tracts. Here we report the isolation and characterization of temperature-sensitive spo11-mutant alleles to better understand how Spo11 functions, and how meiotic DSBs are generated at various recombination hotspots. Analysis of mutation sites of isolated spo11-mutant alleles indicated that both N-terminal and C-terminal non-conserved residues of Spo11 are essential for the protein's function, possibly for interaction with other meiotic DSB enzymes. Several of the mutation sites within the conserved region are predicted to lie on the surface of the protein, suggesting that this region is required for activation of the meiotic initiation complex via protein-protein interaction. In addition to the conditional mutants, we isolated partially recombination-defective mutants; analysis of one of these mutants indicated that Ski8, as observed previously, interacts with Spo11 via the latter's C-terminal residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K Nag
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Wadsworth Center, Center for Medical Sciences, 150 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Li J, Hooker GW, Roeder GS. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mer2, Mei4 and Rec114 form a complex required for meiotic double-strand break formation. Genetics 2006; 173:1969-81. [PMID: 16783010 PMCID: PMC1569690 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.058768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In budding yeast, at least 10 proteins are required for formation of the double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate meiotic recombination. Spo11 is the enzyme responsible for cleaving DNA and is found in a complex that also contains Ski8, Rec102, and Rec104. The Mre11/Rad50/Xrs2 complex is required for both DSB formation and DSB processing. In this article we investigate the functions of the remaining three proteins--Mer2, Mei4, and Rec114--with particular emphasis on Mer2. The Mer2 protein is present in vegetative cells, but it increases in abundance and becomes phosphorylated specifically during meiotic prophase. Mer2 localizes to distinct foci on meiotic chromosomes, with foci maximally abundant prior to the formation of synaptonemal complex. If DSB formation is blocked (e.g., by a spo11 mutation), dephosphorylation of Mer2 and its dissociation from chromosomes are delayed. We have also found that the Mei4 and Rec114 proteins localize to foci on chromosomes and these foci partially colocalize with each other and with Mer2. Furthermore, the three proteins co-immunoprecipitate. Mer2 does not show significant colocalization with Mre11 or Rec102 and Mer2 does not co-immunoprecipitate with Rec102. We propose that Mer2, Mei4, and Rec114 form a distinct complex required for DSB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8103, USA
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15
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Malone RE, Haring SJ, Foreman KE, Pansegrau ML, Smith SM, Houdek DR, Carpp L, Shah B, Lee KE. The signal from the initiation of meiotic recombination to the first division of meiosis. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2005; 3:598-609. [PMID: 15189982 PMCID: PMC420144 DOI: 10.1128/ec.3.3.598-609.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two of the unique events that occur in meiosis are high levels of genetic recombination and the reductional division. Our previous work demonstrated that the REC102, REC104, REC114, and RAD50 genes, required to initiate meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are needed for the proper timing of the first meiotic (MI) division. If these genes are absent, the MI division actually begins at an earlier time. This paper demonstrates that the meiotic recombination genes MER2/REC107, SPO11, and MRE2 and the synaptonemal complex genes HOP1 and RED1 are also required for the normal delay of the MI division. A rec103/ski8 mutant starts the MI division at the same time as in wild-type cells. Our data indicate no obvious correlation between the timing of premeiotic S phase and the timing of the first division in Rec- mutants. Cells with rec102 or rec104 mutations form MI spindles before wild-type cells, suggesting that the initiation signal acts prior to spindle formation. Neither RAD9 nor RAD24 is needed to transduce the signal, which delays the first division. The timing of the MI division in RAD24 mutants indicates that the pachytene checkpoint is not active in Rec+ cells and suggests that the coordination between recombination and the MI division in wild-type cells may occur primarily due to the initiation signal. Finally, at least one of the targets of the recombination initiation signal is the NDT80 gene, a transcriptional regulator of middle meiotic gene expression required for the first division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Malone
- Department of Biological Sciences and Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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16
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Arora C, Kee K, Maleki S, Keeney S. Antiviral protein Ski8 is a direct partner of Spo11 in meiotic DNA break formation, independent of its cytoplasmic role in RNA metabolism. Mol Cell 2004; 13:549-59. [PMID: 14992724 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(04)00063-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2003] [Revised: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination initiates with double-strand breaks (DSBs) catalyzed by Spo11 in conjunction with accessory proteins whose roles are not understood. Two-hybrid analysis reveals a network of interactions connecting the yeast DSB proteins to one another. Of these proteins, Ski8 was known to function in cytoplasmic RNA metabolism, suggesting that its role in recombination might be indirect. However, obligate partners of Ski8 in RNA metabolism are dispensable for recombination and Ski8 relocalizes to the nucleus and associates with chromosomes specifically during meiosis. Interaction of Ski8 with Spo11 is essential for DSB formation and Ski8 relocalization. Thus, Ski8 plays distinct roles in RNA metabolism and, as a direct partner of Spo11, in DSB formation. Ski8 works with Spo11 to recruit other DSB proteins to meiotic chromosomes, implicating Ski8 as a scaffold protein mediating assembly of a multiprotein complex essential for DSB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charanjit Arora
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, 1275 York Avenue, Box 97, New York, NY 10021, USA
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17
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Kee K, Protacio RU, Arora C, Keeney S. Spatial organization and dynamics of the association of Rec102 and Rec104 with meiotic chromosomes. EMBO J 2004; 23:1815-24. [PMID: 15044957 PMCID: PMC394238 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed by Spo11 in conjunction with at least nine other proteins whose roles are not well understood. We find that two of these proteins, Rec102 and Rec104, interact physically, are mutually dependent for proper subcellular localization, and share a requirement for Spo11 and Ski8 for their recruitment to meiotic chromosomes, suggesting that they work together as a functional unit. Rec102 associated extensively with chromatin loops during leptotene and zygotene and showed preferential binding in the vicinity at least of most DSB sites, consistent with a direct role in DSB formation. However, Rec102 was associated with both DSB-hot and DSB-cold regions, ruling out a simple model in which sites of DSB formation are dictated by where Rec102/104 complexes load. Both proteins persisted on chromatin until pachytene before abruptly disappearing, indicating that they remain on chromosomes well after DSB formation. These studies reveal unexpected behaviors for Rec102 and Rec104, and point to distinct roles and subcomplexes among the DSB proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehkooi Kee
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reine U Protacio
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charanjit Arora
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Box 97, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA. Tel.: +1 212 639 5182; Fax: +1 212 717 3627; E-mail:
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18
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Jiao K, Salem L, Malone R. Support for a meiotic recombination initiation complex: interactions among Rec102p, Rec104p, and Spo11p. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:5928-38. [PMID: 12897161 PMCID: PMC166337 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.16.5928-5938.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of meiotic recombination in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires at least 10 gene products. The initiation event creates double-strand breaks, which are then processed by other recombination enzymes. A variety of classical observations, such as the existence of recombination nodules, have suggested that the proteins catalyzing recombination form a complex. A variety of lines of evidence indicate that Rad50p, Mre11p, and Xrs2p interact, and genetic data suggesting interactions between Rec102p and Rec104p have been reported. It has recently been shown that Spo11p coimmunoprecipitates with Rec102p in meiosis as well. In this paper, we provide genetic and biochemical evidence that the meiosis-specific proteins Rec102p, Rec104p, and Spo11p all interact with each other in meiosis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the interaction between Rec102p and Spo11p does not require Rec104p. Likewise, the interaction between Rec104p and Rec102p does not require Spo11p, although Spo11p may stabilize that association. The interactions suggest that Spo11p, Rec102p, and Rec104p may form a trimeric complex during the initiation of recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Abstract
Homologous recombination is essential during meiosis in most sexually reproducing organisms. In budding yeast, and most likely in other organisms as well, meiotic recombination proceeds via the formation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). These breaks appear to be formed by the Spo11 protein, with assistance from a large number of other gene products, by a topoisomerase-like transesterase mechanism. Recent studies in fission yeast, multicellular fungi, flies, worms, plants, and mammals indicate that the role of Spo11 in meiotic recombination initiation is highly conserved. This chapter reviews the properties of Spo11 and the other gene products required for meiotic DSB formation in a number of organisms and discusses ways in which recombination initiation is coordinated with other events occurring in the meiotic cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Keeney
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Jiao K, Nau JJ, Cool M, Gray WM, Fassler JS, Malone RE. Phylogenetic footprinting reveals multiple regulatory elements involved in control of the meiotic recombination gene, REC102. Yeast 2002; 19:99-114. [PMID: 11788965 DOI: 10.1002/yea.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
REC102 is a meiosis-specific early exchange gene absolutely required for meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sequence analysis of REC102 indicates that there are multiple potential regulatory elements in its promoter region, and a possible regulatory element in the coding region. This suggests that the regulation of REC102 may be complex and may include elements not yet reported in other meiotic genes. To identify potential cis-regulatory elements, phylogenetic footprinting analysis was used. REC102 homologues were cloned from other two Saccharomyces spp. and sequence comparison among the three species defined evolutionarily conserved elements. Deletion analysis demonstrated that the early meiotic gene regulatory element URS1 was necessary but not sufficient for proper regulation of REC102. Upstream elements, including the binding sites for Gcr1p, Yap1p, Rap1p and several novel conserved sequences, are also required for the normal regulation of REC102 as well as a Rap1p binding site located in the coding region. The data in this paper support the use of phylogenetic comparisions as a method for determining important sequences in complex promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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Kee K, Keeney S. Functional interactions between SPO11 and REC102 during initiation of meiotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2002; 160:111-22. [PMID: 11805049 PMCID: PMC1461935 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/160.1.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, formation of the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that initiate meiotic recombination requires the products of at least 10 genes. Spo11p is thought to be the catalytic subunit of the DNA cleaving activity, but the roles of the other proteins, and the interactions among them, are not well understood. This study demonstrates genetic and physical interactions between the products of SPO11 and another early meiotic gene required for DSB formation, REC102. We found that epitope-tagged versions of SPO11 and REC102 that by themselves were capable of supporting normal or nearly normal levels of meiotic recombination conferred a severe synthetic cold-sensitive phenotype when combined in the same cells. DSB formation, meiotic gene conversion, and spore viability were drastically reduced in the doubly tagged strain at a nonpermissive temperature. This conditional defect could be partially rescued by expression of untagged SPO11, but not by expression of untagged REC102, indicating that tagged REC102 is fully dominant for this synthetic phenotype. Both tagged and wild-type Spo11p co-immunoprecipitated with tagged Rec102p from meiotic cell extracts, indicating that these proteins are present in a common complex in vivo. Tagged Rec102p localized to the nucleus in whole cells and to chromatin on spread meiotic chromosomes. Our results are consistent with the idea that a multiprotein complex that includes Spo11p and Rec102p promotes meiotic DSB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehkooi Kee
- Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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