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Haralson MA, Mitchell WM, Rhodes RK, Miller EJ. Evidence that the collagen in the culture medium of Chinese hamster lung cells contains components related at the primary structural level to the alpha1(V) collagen chain. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 229:509-18. [PMID: 6422858 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The collagenous protein synthesized by cultured Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells and present in the culture medium has been isolated after limited pepsin digestion and differential salt precipitation. Molecular size analysis of this material indicates that the CHL cell medium collagen contains chains which exhibit an apparent molecular mass of approximately 85,000 Da. When chromatographed on CM-cellulose under denaturing conditions, the reduced and alkylated CHL cell medium collagen chains elute slightly after the human alpha1(I) chain but well before the pepsin-derived alpha1(V) chain, which is the constituent chain present in the CHL cell cellular matrix collagen. Analysis of the peptides derived by CNBr cleavage of the CHL medium collagen chains by chromatography on CM-cellulose reveals, however, that these chains contain peptides which correspond both in size and in chemical properties to those derived from the alpha1(V) collagen chain, but clearly lack two peptides (alpha1(V)-CB4 and alpha1(V)-CB5) which are normally present in pepsin-derived alpha1(V) chains. Furthermore, analysis of the CHL cell culture medium collagenous material obtained without pepsin digestion indicates the presence of collagenous chains that exhibit after reduction a molecular mass of approximately 160,000 Da, which is smaller than the proposed size of the pro alpha1(V) collagen chain. These results demonstrate that the collagenous protein present in the culture medium of CHL cells is directly related at the primary structural level to the alpha1(V) collagen chain, and it is postulated that this material represents the large fragment derived from a collagenase cleavage of the [pro alpha1(V)]3 molecules present in the cell layer. Furthermore, these results and previous reports indicate that the only identifiable genetic type of procollagen chain synthesized by this cloned cell line in culture corresponds to the pro alpha1(V) chain.
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Madjar JJ, Frahm M, McGill S, Roufa DJ. Ribosomal protein S14 is altered by two-step emetine resistance mutations in Chinese hamster cells. Mol Cell Biol 1983; 3:190-7. [PMID: 6835209 PMCID: PMC368521 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.3.2.190-197.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Four two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems were used to identify 78 Chinese hamster cell ribosomal proteins by the uniform nomenclature based on rat liver ribosomal proteins. The 40S ribosomal subunit protein affected by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell one-step emetine resistance mutations is designated S14 in the standard nomenclature. To seek unambiguous genetic evidence for a cause and effect relationship between CHO cell emetine resistance and mutations in the S14 gene, we mutagenized a one-step CHO cell mutant and isolated second-step mutant clones resistant to 10-fold-higher concentrations of emetine. All of the highly resistant, two-step CHO cell mutants obtained displayed additional alterations in ribosomal protein S14. Hybridization complementation tests revealed that the two-step CHO cell emetine resistance mutants were members of the same complementation group defined by one-step CHO cell mutants, EmtB. Two-step mutants obtained from a Chinese hamster lung cell emetine-resistant clone belong to the EmtA complementation group. The two-step and EmtB mutants elaborated 40S ribosomal subunits, which dissociated to 32S and 40S core particles in buffers containing 0.5 M KCl at 4 degrees C. In contrast, 40S ribosomal subunits purified from all EmtA, one-step EmtB EmtC mutants, and wild-type CHO and lung cells were stable at this temperature in buffers containing substantially higher concentrations of salt. Thus, two-step emtB mutations affect the structure of S14 protein directly and the stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit indirectly.
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Madjar JJ, Nielsen-Smith K, Frahm M, Roufa DJ. Emetine resistance in chinese hamster ovary cells is associated with an altered ribosomal protein S14 mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1982; 79:1003-7. [PMID: 6122207 PMCID: PMC345887 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.79.4.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants resistant to the translational inhibitor emetine (Emt B mutants) express a single genetically altered 40S ribosomal subunit protein, S14. that appears to account for their drug resistance. To determine whether Emt B mutation affect the structural gene for the S14 protein, we isolated mRNAs from several wild-type and Emt B mutant clones. We translated the mRNAs in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ, and we discerned the biosynthesis of 59 ribosomal proteins, including S14. In every case, poly(A)+ mRNA programmed the cell-free system to synthesize an S14 protein electrophoretically identical to the S14 extracted from the ribosomes of the corresponding cell line. Messages from two Emt B mutants (Emr-2 and Emr-2-2) specified S14s that were electrophoretically distinct from the wild-type protein. Thus, Emt B mutations were expressed in mutant cell mRNAs, apparently reflecting mutagen-induced changes in S14 structural genes.
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Haralson MA. Cell-free synthesis of noninterstitial (CHL cell) procollagen chains. Methods Enzymol 1982; 82 Pt A:225-45. [PMID: 7078439 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(82)82066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Fessler L, Robinson W, Fessler J. Biosynthesis of procollagen [(pro alpha 1 V)2 (pro alpha 2 V)] by chick tendon fibroblasts and procollagen (pro alpha 1 V)3 by hamster lung cell cultures. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68811-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bradley MO, Bhuyan B, Francis MC, Langenbach R, Peterson A, Huberman E. Mutagenesis by chemical agents in V79 chinese hamster cells: a review and analysis of the literature. A report of the Gene-Tox Program. Mutat Res 1981; 87:81-142. [PMID: 7035931 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(81)90029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The report reviews and evaluates the current literature (about 125 primary publications) on chemically induced specific locus mutations in the V79 Chinese hamster lung cell line. The V79 cell is convenient to use for mutagenesis studies since it has a rapid growth rate, high plating efficiency, and a stable karyotype. Mutation can be easily measured at either the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase or the Na+/K+ ATPase locus, both of which have been well characterized. Other less-studied markers are also described. We discuss the protocols for quantitative mutation studies including measurements of cytotoxicity, mutant expression times, mutant selection agents, cell densities during selection, and the stability and verification of mutant phenotypes. Mutations in the V79 cells by chemicals that require activation can be tested after their metabolism by cell homogenates or by intact cells, and the results with each type of activation are compared. For purposes of analysis, we classified a compound as mutagenic if it induced a mutation frequency that is at least 3 times higher than the spontaneous mutant frequency reported for that specific experiment. By this criterion two-thirds of the chemicals analyzed were mutagenic--; 11% with and 55% without metabolic activation. Of the 191 chemicals examined; 119 were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; 25 were nitro or nitroso compounds, 9 were alkyl halides; 7 were purine or pyrimidine derivatives and the remaining 31 were from other chemical classes. We also defined mutagenic potency as the concentration of a compound that increases the mutant frequency by 10 times the spontaneous frequency. Mutagenic potencies of the compounds examined varied over a range of 5 X 10(6). We have also found large interlaboratory variations in the mutagenic potencies. Such variation in potency could be reduced by normalizing the results to a standard mutagen such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The role of the V79 assay in mutagenicity and carcinogenicity testing is discussed and recommendations are suggested for future investigation.
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Haralson MA, Mitchell WM. Cell-free synthesis of putative type V procollagen chains programmed by Chinese hamster lung cell mRNA. COLLAGEN AND RELATED RESEARCH 1981; 1:309-25. [PMID: 6286232 DOI: 10.1016/s0174-173x(81)80008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A messenger RNA fraction isolated from cultured Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells programs in a cell-free system prepared from wheat germ the efficient incorporation of [14C] proline into newly synthesized protein with a significant fraction of the incorporated substrate being digestible with bacterial collagenase. This reaction requires both subcellular fractions, an energy source, and is inhibited by the antibiotic puromycin. The relative amount of collagenase-digestible to non-digestible cell-free product depends upon the ratio of CHL mRNA to wheat germ lysate, is not affected by either the Mg2+ or K+ concentrations employed, and under optimal condition, approximately 38% of the total incorporated substrate is collagenase-sensitive. Electrophoresis on SDS-polyacrylamide gels of the products programmed by CHL mRNA indicates that the collagenase-digestible material corresponds in size to a procollagen chain with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 170,000 daltons. These studies suggest that the collagen alpha 1 (V) chain is initially synthesized as a precursor procollagen chain and demonstrate that a significant amount of the mRNA in Chinese hamster lung cells codes for this protein.
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Roufa DJ, McGill SM, Mollenkamp JW. A ts mutant isolated from CHL cells: inhibition of DNA replication at nonpermissive temperature. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1979; 5:97-115. [PMID: 432760 DOI: 10.1007/bf01538789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A mutant Chinese hamster cell clone has been isolated from an S phase culture. This clone, ts154, could not replicate DNA at nonpermissive temperature (39 degrees C), although it synthesized DNA normally at permissive temperature (33 degrees C). After transfer to 39 degrees, ts154 cells replicated DNA semiconservatively through precisely two complete rounds and divided twice before they ceased DNA synthesis and further growth. The mutation in ts154 affects DNA replication specifically, as its rates of cellular transcription, its ability to support growth of vesicular stomatitis virus, and its ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools were normal at 39 degrees. Cultures of ts154 resumed DNA replication within 6h when shifted from 39 degrees to 33 degrees, even after 78 h at the nonpermissive temperature. Upon return to 33 degrees, mutant cells achieved a normal steady-state rate of DNA synthesis by 10 h, suggesting that they had come to rest within G1 phase at 39 degrees. Resumption of DNA synthesis and growth after a shift-down to 33 degrees were sensitive to cycloheximide in ts154, and thus likely required synthesis of new protein.
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Boersma D, McGill S, Mollenkamp J, Roufa D. Emetine resistance in Chinese hamster cells. Analysis of ribosomal proteins prepared from mutant cells. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)37952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Gunn JM. Does the regulation of intracellular protein degradation require protein synthesis? Exp Cell Res 1978; 117:448-51. [PMID: 720422 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(78)90160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Haralson M, Sonneborn J, Mitchell W. Chinese hamster lung cell polysomes direct the synthesis of a single molecular weight species of procollagen alpha chains. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Haralson MA, Frey KL, Mitchell WM. Collagen biosynthesis by cultured Chinese hamster lung cells. Cell-free synthesis of procollagen alpha chains. Biochemistry 1978; 17:864-8. [PMID: 204330 DOI: 10.1021/bi00598a018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell-free extracts from the HTl clone of cultured Chinese hamster lung cells efficiently promote the incorporation of proline into newly synthesized material, 50% of which is digestible to small peptides by highly purified bacterial collagenase. The synthesis of the these products occurs under optimal protein synthesis conditions and is inhibited by puromycin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cell-free synthesized material reveals a major collagenase sensitive peak (20% of the total product) at mol wt 165 000 which is reflected by a collagenase sensitive material of similar size in the culture medium. Two additional collagenase digestible species (mol wt 95000 and 65000), each having a corresponding secreted product, are generated by the cell-free system. These results are consistent with the concept that procollagen is formed by the association of three individually translated pro alphachains. The data further constitute the report of a highly active homologous cell-free system capable of pro alpha chain biosynthesis derived from a cultured cell line that is a practical source for pro alphachain biosynthesis derived from a cultured cell line that is a practical source for proalpha chain mRNA as well as a unique system for elucidating regulatory mechanisms involved in collagen biosynthesis.
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Adair GM, Thompson LH, Lindl PA. Six complementation classes of conditionally lethal protein synthesis mutants of CHO cells selected by 3H-amino acid. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1978; 4:27-44. [PMID: 628883 DOI: 10.1007/bf01546491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Using a tritiated amino acid suicide procedure designed specifically to select conditional protein synthesis mutants, we have isolated and characterized a large number of such mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells. All of the mutants are genetically stable and behave as recessives in somatic cell hybrids. Most of the new mutants are phenotypically dependent on the concentration of a specific amino acid as well as on temperature. In addition to identifying many additional leucyl- and asparagyl-tRNA synthetase mutants, complementation analysis has distinguished four new genetic classes representing methionine-, glutamine-, histidine-, and arginine-dependent mutants. Biochemical characterization of representative mutants from each of these six classes has identified the primary lesions as being defective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Our selection results further demonstrate the high specificity of the 3H-amino acid procedure for isolating protein synthesis mutants. Reconstruction experiments performed with two representative mutants indicated a selection efficiency of approximately 10% under standard conditions.
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Leung WC, Rawls WE. Virion-associated ribosomes are not required for the replication of Pichinde virus. Virology 1977; 81:174-6. [PMID: 196399 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Starting from some general considerations on cultured mammalian cells as a biological material for the detection of genetic changes, information is given on cell lines and genetic markers that have been the subject of extensive research. The experimental variables of mutation assays are then considered, with special reference to those involved in the system resistant to 8-azaguanine. Work now in progressin the field of environmental mutagenesis is mentioned at the end of the article.
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Roufa DJ. 5-bromodeoxyuridine-DNA strand symmetry and the repair of photolytic breaks in Chinese hamster cell chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:3905-9. [PMID: 1069276 PMCID: PMC431260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.11.3905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments described in this report quantiate the black light sensitivities of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells containing BrdUrd-DNA of defined composition. Cesium chloride equilibrium gradient centrifugation provides estimates both of the percent thymidine replacement by BrdUrd and of the symmetry (unifilar versus bifilar) of BrdUrd incorporation into the chromosomal DNA duplexes. Radiation damage to BrdUrd-substituted CHL cell DNA and its repair in situ also have been assessed by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation. We observe that animal cell sensitivities to visible light (300-400 nm wavelength) depend markedly upon the symmetries of BrdUrd-substitution within the cells Dna. Cells that contain only unifilar BrdUrd-DNA are resistant to black light, whereas cells that contain bifilar BrdUrd-DNA are extremely photosensitive. The former cell populations repair single-stranded nicks (breaks in phosphodiester bonds) in their DNA within 24 hr of irradiation; the latter cell populations, however, are not able to repair light-induced, double-stranded breaks in their DNA.
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Thompson LH, Lindl PA. A CHO-cell mutant with a defect in cytokinesis. SOMATIC CELL GENETICS 1976; 2:387-400. [PMID: 1027149 DOI: 10.1007/bf01542720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In a selection procedure designed to enrich for temperature-sensitive mutant cells blocked in mitosis a CHO-cell mutant was isolated which has a defect in cytokinesis as the basis of its temperature-sensitive phenotype. Cultures of the mutant had an abnormally high percentage (ie. 34%) of polyploid cells at the permissive temperature of 34 degress C and showed further increased frequencies of polyploidy as well as many multinucleated cells at 38.5 degrees 39.5 degrees. When the mutant cells were synchronized in metaphase by Colcemid arrest and then placed into fresh medium at nonpermissive temperature, they did not divide although the completion of mitosis appeared cytologically normal. Ultrastructural examination by electron microscopy of such synchronized cells at telophase revealed no specific defects in cellular components other than failure of development of a normal midbody. The sensitivity of the mutant to cytochalasin B and to Colcemid was the same as for wild-type cells. This mutation behaved as recessive in tetraploid cell hybrids constructed by fusing the mutant with a CHO strain which was wild-type with respect to temperature sensitivty.
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Thermal Potentiation of Mammalian Cell Killing: Clues for Understanding and Potential for Tumor Therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-035406-1.50012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Haralson MA, Roufa DJ. A temperature-sensitive mutation affecting the mammalian 60 S ribosome. J Biol Chem 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)40715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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