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Chen L, Tian FF, Fu Y, Kahana E. Dementia Knowledge in Chinese Newspapers (2005-2020): A Topic Modeling Analysis. J Aging Soc Policy 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38711246 DOI: 10.1080/08959420.2024.2348966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
How public policies convey dementia is an important source of the public's understanding of dementia, and newspapers are critical to depicting and disseminating this information to the public. The present study used topic modeling strategies to analyze Chinese newspaper portrayals of dementia from 2005 to 2020 to trace changes in key areas of dementia knowledge in relevant policies. Using WiseNews, the largest Chinese media database, we chose 45 newspapers from mainland China and identified 12,719 articles related to dementia. Using latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), we performed a topic modeling analysis and identified the six most prevalent topics on dementia across articles: lifestyle recommendations, neighborhood life, foundational scientific research, celebrity and media portrayals, dementia caregiving, and pharmaceutical innovations - all related to the dementia knowledge scale's four dimensions. Findings suggest a steady increase in the number of articles on dementia caregiving and a decline in lifestyle recommendations from 2005 to 2020. However, newspapers continued to stigmatize aging by regularly co-depicting dementia and old age and by using biased terminology. Among the first to investigate dementia's portrayals in mainland Chinese newspapers, this study illuminates the need for expanding mass media campaigns to raise the country's dementia knowledge to foster a dementia-inclusive society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Social Work, Fudan University
| | | | - Yu Fu
- Department of Sociology, Fudan University
| | - Eva Kahana
- Department of Sociology, Case Western Reserve University
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Werner P, Ulitsa N, Alpinar-Sencan Z, Shefet D, Schicktanz S. Identifying Stigmatizing Language Used by Israelis and Germans With a Mild Neurocognitive Disorder, Their Relatives, and Caregivers of People With Alzheimer's Disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2024; 38:42-50. [PMID: 38194484 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to examine and compare the dementia-related discourse and language used by people with mild neurocognitive disorder (MND), their family members, and family caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease in Israel and Germany. DESIGN This secondary qualitative analysis included focus groups and semistructured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to reveal the main discourses and stigmatic language used regarding dementia and people with dementia. SETTING Israeli and German stakeholders. PARTICIPANTS Forty-four Israeli and 44 German participants: 28 people with MND, 20 family members of people with MND, and 40 family caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease. RESULTS Two main discourses were identified: the tragedy and the biomedical discourse. The tragedy discourse included several subthemes: "Dementia as the worst-case scenario," "Nothing can be done about dementia," and "People with dementia are not human." The biomedical discourse stressed pathologic aspects of the condition. Similarities and differences were found between Israeli and German participants. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that, despite culture and language differences, the use of stigmatic discourse and stigmatizing language is common among people with close exposure to dementia in Israel and Germany. Efforts should be increased to develop a person-centered and dementia-friendly language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Werner
- Department of Community Mental Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa
| | - Natalie Ulitsa
- Department of Community Mental Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa
| | - Zümrüt Alpinar-Sencan
- Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daphna Shefet
- The Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shalvata Mental Health Center, Hod Hasharon
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University
| | - Silke Schicktanz
- Department of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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van der Schaar J, Visser LNC, Ket JCF, Groot C, Pijnenburg YAL, Scheltens P, Bredenoord AL, van den Hoven MA, van der Flier WM. Impact of sharing Alzheimer's disease biomarkers with individuals without dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of empirical data. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5773-5794. [PMID: 37496313 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of empirical evidence on expected and experienced implications of sharing Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarker results with individuals without dementia. METHODS PubMed, Embase, APA PsycInfo, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results from included studies were synthesized, and quantitative data on psychosocial impact were meta-analyzed using a random-effects model. RESULTS We included 35 publications. Most personal stakeholders expressed interest in biomarker assessment. Learning negative biomarker results led to relief and sometimes frustration, while positive biomarkers induced anxiety but also clarity. Meta-analysis of five studies including 2012 participants (elevated amyloid = 1324 [66%], asymptomatic = 1855 [92%]) showed short-term psychological impact was not significant (random-effect estimate = 0.10, standard error = 0.23, P = 0.65). Most professional stakeholders valued biomarker testing, although attitudes and practices varied considerably. DISCUSSION Interest in AD biomarker testing was high and sharing their results did not cause psychological harm. HIGHLIGHTS Most personal stakeholders expressed interest in Alzheimer's disease biomarker assessment. Personal motivations included gaining insight, improving lifestyle, or preparing for the future. There was no short-term psychological impact of sharing biomarker status, implying it can be safe. Most professional stakeholders valued biomarker testing, believing the benefits outweigh the risk. Harmonized guidelines on biomarker testing and sharing results are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetske van der Schaar
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie N C Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam/AMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Quality of Care, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes C F Ket
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Colin Groot
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- EQT Life Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelien L Bredenoord
- Erasmus School of Philosophy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC location VUmc, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology & Data Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Cuadrado F, Antolí A, Fernández-Calvo B, Vacas J. How to improve attitudes towards dementia? Reframing as a tool to overcome the stigma around Alzheimer's disease. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2023; 115:107897. [PMID: 37467594 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2023.107897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article aims to determine how Alzheimer's disease (AD) framing impacts on attitudes and self-reported emotions towards the disease. METHODS We designed posters with framed messages based on the person with AD: Dualism of body and mind, Unity of body and mind, and control (Study 1, N = 261) and based on the relationship person with AD-family: No reciprocation, Good Mother, and control (Study 2, N = 240). To analyse the effect of the different frames, attitudes towards AD were measured twice (before and after the posters display). Emotions emerging from this exposure were also recorded. RESULTS Data analysis yielded four significant findings regarding communication on AD: (1) deproblematizing frames (i.e., Unity of body and mind and Good Mother) lead to a positive attitude change; (2) Non reciprocation frame reduces positive attitudes; (3) problematizing frames (i.e., Dualism body and mind and Non reciprocation) trigger negative emotions; (4) deproblematizing frames induce higher positive feelings, which increase positive attitudes. CONCLUSIONS Negative representations about AD reinforce the negative attitudes towards it. Reframing AD is essential to achieve a positive attitudinal change. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The use of deproblematizing frames (i.e., Unity of body and mind or Good Mother) should be considered when developing and implementing policies targeted at communication and awareness of AD to reduce the stigma associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Cuadrado
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Adoración Antolí
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Bernardino Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Julia Vacas
- Department of Psychology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
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Marhánková JH. The role of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in older adults' representations of aging and anxieties regarding one's own future. J Aging Stud 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaging.2023.101127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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Daly T. The conundrum of the AD continuum. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:371-372. [PMID: 36074325 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Daly
- Sorbonne Université, UMR 8011, Science, Norms, Democracy, Philosophy Department, Paris, France
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Jacobs N, Theunissen B. It's Groundhog Day! What Can the History of Science Say About the Crisis in Alzheimer's Disease Research? J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1401-1415. [PMID: 36278350 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For years now, Alzheimer's disease (AD) research has been stuck in a Groundhog-Day scenario: an endless time loop with no breakthrough in sight. Disagreement about the validity of the field's dominant approach, based on the Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis, has led to a seemingly unresolvable trench war between proponents and critics. Our paper evaluates the recent scientific literature on AD from a historical and philosophical perspective. We show that AD research is a classic example of the boundary work at play in a field in crisis: both parties deploy historical and philosophical references to illustrate what counts as good and bad science, as proper scientific method and appropriate scientific conduct. We also show that boundary work has proved unable to point a way out of the deadlock and argue that the science system's tools for establishing scientific quality, such as peer review and the grant system, are unlikely to resolve the crisis. Rather, they consolidate the dominant model's position even more. In conclusion, we suggest that some kind of reverse boundary-work is needed that reopens the discussion on the nature of AD, an issue that has never been settled scientifically. Drawing on historical and philosophical work, we make clear that the definition of AD as a biomedical disease for which a cure can be found has consequences, not only for funding opportunities, but also for patients and their lives. A reconsideration of the desirability of these consequences may lead to different choices with respect to research priorities and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noortje Jacobs
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bert Theunissen
- Utrecht University, Descartes Centre for the History and Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Bunnik EM, Smedinga M, Milne R, Georges J, Richard E, Schermer MHN. Ethical Frameworks for Disclosure of Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers to Research Participants: Conflicting Norms and a Nuanced Policy. Ethics Hum Res 2022; 44:2-13. [PMID: 36316970 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
More and more frequently, clinical trials for Alzheimer disease (AD) are targeting cognitively unimpaired individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease. It is not always clear whether AD biomarker information should be disclosed to research participants: on the one hand, research participants may be interested in learning this information because of its perceived utility, but on the other hand, learning this information may be harmful, as there are very few effective preventive or therapeutic options available for AD. In this article, we bring together three separate sets of ethical guidance literature: on the return of individual research results, on an individual's right to access personal data, and on transparent enrollment into clinical trials. Based on these literatures, we suggest policies for the disclosure of AD biomarker test results in longitudinal observational cohort studies, clinical trials, and hybrid research projects, such as the European Prevention of Alzheimer's Dementia (EPAD) project, in which we served as an ethics team. We also present and critically discuss recommendations for disclosure of AD biomarkers in practice. We underscore that, as long as the clinical validity of AD biomarkers remains limited, there are good reasons to avoid actively disclosing them to cognitively unimpaired research participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline M Bunnik
- Associate professor at the Erasmus University Medical Center in the Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine
| | - Marthe Smedinga
- Scientific secretary for the subcommittee on ethics and societal aspects at the Netherlands Commission on Genetic Modification
| | - Richard Milne
- Sociologist of science, technology, and medicine, the head of research and dialogue at Wellcome Connecting Science, and the deputy director of the Kavli Centre for Ethics, Science, and the Public at the University of Cambridge
| | | | - Edo Richard
- Professor of neurology at Amsterdam University Medical Centre and a neurologist at the Department of Neurology at the Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour at Radboud University Medical Centre
| | - Maartje H N Schermer
- Professor of philosophy of medicine at the Erasmus University Medical Center in the Department of Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine
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The effect of framing on attitudes towards Alzheimer’s disease. A comparative study between younger and older adults. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270959. [PMID: 35797268 PMCID: PMC9262181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The stigma and negative attitudes surrounding Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are reinforced by the prevalence of their negative representations. This study aimed to determine how AD framing influences attitudes towards AD and whether this influence differs between younger and older people. Additionally, the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) was used to examine the mediating role that emotions induced by different frames may have in bringing about attitude change. Posters with framed messages on AD (dualism and unity) were designed and shown to 136 participants (68 younger and 68 older adults). Both the younger and older participants were randomly divided into two sub-groups. Each sub-group was shown posters of a campaign with different AD frames: one group viewed posters with messages of the dualism frame and the other group viewed posters with messages of the unity frame. To analyse the effect of the different frames, a mixed design of repeated measures (ANOVA) was used in which attitudes towards AD were measured on two occasions. Both the impact and the emotions produced by exposure to the messages were recorded after the presentation of the posters and a MANOVA test was performed on them. Attitudes, impact and emotions experienced by the younger and older participants were compared. Older adults displayed positive attitudes towards AD but less than younger people. Unity-framed messages produced a positive change in attitudes regardless of the audience’s age and led to higher levels of happiness, whereas dualism-framed messages had a greater impact and produced feelings of sadness, anger and fear but did not change attitudes. These findings suggest that reframing of AD may be essential to achieve a positive attitudinal change in both younger and older populations and foster positive emotions. The use of unity-framed messages should be considered when developing and implementing policies targeted at communication and awareness of AD in order to reduce the stigma associated with this form of dementia.
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Smedinga M, Bunnik EM, Richard E, Schermer MHN. Should Doctors Offer Biomarker Testing to Those Afraid to Develop Alzheimer's Dementia? : Applying the Method of Reflective Equilibrium for a Clinical Dilemma. JOURNAL OF BIOETHICAL INQUIRY 2022; 19:287-297. [PMID: 35306635 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-022-10167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of people seek medical attention for mild cognitive symptoms at older age, worried that they might develop Alzheimer's disease. Some clinical practice guidelines suggest offering biomarker testing in such cases, using a brain scan or a lumbar puncture, to improve diagnostic certainty about Alzheimer's disease and enable an earlier diagnosis. Critics, on the other hand, point out that there is no effective Alzheimer treatment available and argue that biomarker tests lack clinical validity. The debate on the ethical desirability of biomarker testing is currently polarized; advocates and opponents tend to focus on their own line of arguments. In this paper, we show how the method of reflective equilibrium (RE) can be used to systematically weigh the relevant arguments on both sides of the debate to decide whether to offer Alzheimer biomarker testing. In the tradition of RE, we reflect upon these arguments in light of their coherence with other argumentative elements, including relevant facts (e.g. on the clinical validity of the test), ethical principles, and theories on societal ideals or relevant concepts, such as autonomy. Our stance in the debate therefore rests upon previously set out in-depth arguments and reflects a wide societal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Smedinga
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Reinier Postlaan 4, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eline M Bunnik
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edo Richard
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Reinier Postlaan 4, 6525 GC, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje H N Schermer
- Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Visser LNC, Minguillon C, Sánchez-Benavides G, Abramowicz M, Altomare D, Fauria K, Frisoni GB, Georges J, Ribaldi F, Scheltens P, van der Schaar J, Zwan M, van der Flier WM, Molinuevo JL. Dementia risk communication. A user manual for Brain Health Services-part 3 of 6. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:170. [PMID: 34635169 PMCID: PMC8507171 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests dementia incidence can be reduced through prevention programs targeting risk factors. To accelerate the implementation of such prevention programs, a new generation of brain health services (BHS) is envisioned, involving risk profiling, risk communication, risk reduction, and cognitive enhancement. The purpose of risk communication is to enable individuals at risk to make informed decisions and take action to protect themselves and is thus a crucial step in tailored prevention strategies of the dementia incidence. However, communicating about dementia risk is complex and challenging.In this paper, we provide an overview of (i) perspectives on communicating dementia risk from an ethical, clinical, and societal viewpoint; (ii) insights gained from memory clinical practice; (iii) available evidence on the impact of disclosing APOE and Alzheimer's disease biomarker test results gathered from clinical trials and observational studies; (iv) the value of established registries in light of BHS; and (v) practical recommendations regarding effective strategies for communicating about dementia risk.In addition, we identify challenges, i.e., the current lack of evidence on what to tell on an individual level-the actual risk-and on how to optimally communicate about dementia risk, especially concerning worried yet cognitively unimpaired individuals. Ideally, dementia risk communication strategies should maximize the desired impact of risk information on individuals' understanding of their health/disease status and risk perception and minimize potential harms. More research is thus warranted on the impact of dementia risk communication, to (1) evaluate the merits of different approaches to risk communication on outcomes in the cognitive, affective and behavioral domains, (2) develop an evidence-based, harmonized dementia risk communication protocol, and (3) develop e-tools to support and promote adherence to this protocol in BHSs.Based on the research reviewed, we recommend that dementia risk communication should be precise; include the use of absolute risks, visual displays, and time frames; based on a process of shared decision-making; and address the inherent uncertainty that comes with any probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie N C Visser
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Carolina Minguillon
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Abramowicz
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Altomare
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karine Fauria
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
- IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Memory Clinic, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Federica Ribaldi
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging (LANVIE), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Alzheimer's Neuroimaging and Epidemiology (LANE), Saint John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jetske van der Schaar
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marissa Zwan
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiesje M van der Flier
- Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - José Luis Molinuevo
- Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC), Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
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