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Córdova-Dávalos LE, Cervantes-García D, Ballona-Alba MF, Santos-López A, Esquivel-Basaldúa AS, Gallegos-Alcalá P, Jiménez M, Salinas E. Protective Effect of Glycomacropeptide on the Inflammatory Response of U937 Macrophages. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071528. [PMID: 37048349 PMCID: PMC10094090 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play crucial roles in inflammation and oxidative stress associated with noncommunicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a bioactive peptide derived from milk κ-casein that contains abundant sialic acid and has shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-obesity, and anti-diabetic properties when is orally administered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of GMP on the regulation of the inflammatory response in human macrophages and the participation of sialic acid in this activity. GMP pretreatment decreased by 35%, 35%, and 49% the production of nitrites, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, respectively, in activated human macrophages U937. The same effect was obtained when cells were pretreated with asialo GMP, and no change on the gene expression of the lectins associated with the recognition of sialic acids, SIGLEC5, 7, and 9, was induced by GMP on macrophages, which suggests that sialic acid might not be involved in this immunoregulatory effect. Interestingly, GMP increased 8.9- and 3.5-fold the gene expression of the canonical anti-inflammatory protein SOCS3 and the antioxidant enzyme HMOX1, respectively, in U937 cells. Thus, GMP exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities on activated macrophages in a sialic acid-independent manner, which might be related to its in vivo reported bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elena Córdova-Dávalos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico
- National Council of Science and Technology, Av. de los Insurgentes Sur 1582, Crédito Constructor, Benito Juárez, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Maria Fernanda Ballona-Alba
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Santos-López
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico
| | - Alma Saraí Esquivel-Basaldúa
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico
| | - Pamela Gallegos-Alcalá
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico
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Barchi JJ, Strain CN. The effect of a methyl group on structure and function: Serine vs. threonine glycosylation and phosphorylation. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1117850. [PMID: 36845552 PMCID: PMC9950641 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1117850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of glycan structures cover the surface of all cells and are involved in myriad biological processes, including but not limited to, cell adhesion and communication, protein quality control, signal transduction and metabolism, while also being intimately involved in innate and adaptive immune functions. Immune surveillance and responses to foreign carbohydrate antigens, such as capsular polysaccharides on bacteria and surface protein glycosylation of viruses, are the basis of microbial clearance, and most antimicrobial vaccines target these structures. In addition, aberrant glycans on tumors called Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigens (TACAs) elicit immune responses to cancer, and TACAs have been used in the design of many antitumor vaccine constructs. A majority of mammalian TACAs are derived from what are referred to as mucin-type O-linked glycans on cell-surface proteins and are linked to the protein backbone through the hydroxyl group of either serine or threonine residues. A small group of structural studies that have compared mono- and oligosaccharides attached to each of these residues have shown that there are distinct differences in conformational preferences assumed by glycans attached to either "unmethylated" serine or ß-methylated threonine. This suggests that the linkage point of antigenic glycans will affect their presentation to the immune system as well as to various carbohydrate binding molecules (e.g., lectins). This short review, followed by our hypothesis, will examine this possibility and extend the concept to the presentation of glycans on surfaces and in assay systems where recognition of glycans by proteins and other binding partners can be defined by different attachment points that allow for a range of conformational presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caitlin N. Strain
- Center for Cancer Research, Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, United States
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3
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Şener Uslupehlivan E, Deveci R, Şahar U, İzzetoğlu S. Glycan analysis of Lamin A/C protein at G2/M and S phases of the cell cycle. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:689-698. [PMID: 36180658 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01102-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of lamins triggers the nuclear envelope disassembly/assembly. However, it hasn't been known whether lamin proteins undergo any modification other than phosphorylation during the cell cycle. Glycosylation of lamin proteins is one of the less studied post-translational modification. Glycosylation and phosphorylation compete for the same positions and interplay between two modifications generate a post-translational code in the cell. Based on this, we hypothesized that glycosylation of lamin A/C protein may be important in the regulation of the structural organization of the nuclear lamina during interphase and mitosis. We analysed the glycan units of lamin A/C protein in lung carcinoma cells synchronized at G2/M and S phases via CapLC-ESI-MS/MS. Besides, the outermost glycan units were determined using lectin blotting and gold-conjugated antibody and lectin staining. TEM studies also allowed us to observe the localization of glycosylated lamin A/C protein. With this study, we determined that lamin A/C protein shows O-glycosylation at G2/M and S phases of the cell cycle. In addition to O-GlcNAcylation and O-GalNAcylation, lamin A/C is found to be contain Gal, Fuc, Man, and Sia sugars at G2/M and S phases for the first time. Having found the glycan units of the lamin A/C protein suggests that glycosylation might have a role in the nuclear organization during the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ecem Şener Uslupehlivan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Remziye Deveci
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Umut Şahar
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Savaş İzzetoğlu
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Targeted Bottom-Up Mass Spectrometry Approach for the Relative Quantification of Post-Translational Modification of Bovine κ-Casein during Milk Fermentation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27185834. [PMID: 36144569 PMCID: PMC9506521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
κ-casein (κ-CN) is one of the key components in bovine milk, playing a unique role in the structuration of casein micelles. It contains in its chemical structure up to sixteen amino acid residues (mainly serine and threonine) susceptible to modifications, including glycosylation and phosphorylation, which may further be formed during milk processing. In this study, changes in post-translational modification (PTM) of κ-CN during bovine milk fermentation were investigated. One-to-five-day fermented milk samples were produced. A traditional bottom−up proteomics approach was used to establish a multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) method for relative quantification of κ-CN PTM. Endoproteinase Glu-C was found to efficiently digest the κ-CN molecule. The developed LC-MS method was validated by performing assessments of linearity, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Among the yielded peptides, four of them containing serine and threonine residues were identified and the unmodified as well as the modified variants of each of them were relatively quantified. These peptides were (1) IPTINTIASGEPTSTTE [140, 158], (2) STVATLE [162, 168], (3) DSPE [169, 172], and (4) INTVQVTSTAV [180, 190]. Distribution analysis between unmodified and modified peptides revealed that over 50% of κ-CN was found in one of its modified forms in milk. The fermentation process further significantly altered the composition between unmodified/modified κ-CN, with glycoslaytion being predominant compared to phosphorylation (p < 0.01). Further method development towards α and β-CN fractions and their PTM behavior would be an asset to better understand the changes undergone by milk proteins and the micellar structure during fermentation.
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Sheng B, Thesbjerg MN, Glantz M, Paulsson M, Nielsen SRD, Poulsen NA, Larsen LB. Phosphorylation and glycosylation isoforms of bovine κ-casein variant E in homozygous Swedish Red cow milk detected by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:1959-1965. [PMID: 34998567 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Variations in the phosphorylation and glycosylation patterns of the common κ-casein (CN) variants A and B have been explored, whereas studies on variant E heterogeneity are scarce. This study reports for the first time the detailed phosphorylation and glycosylation pattern of the κ-CN variant E in comparison with variants A and B. Individual cow milk samples representing κ-CN genotype EE (n = 12) were obtained from Swedish Red cows, and the natural posttranslational modifications of its κ-CN were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. In total, 12 unique isoform masses of κ-CN variant E were identified. In comparison, AA and BB milk consisted of 14 and 17 unique isoform masses, respectively. The most abundant κ-CN E isoform detected in the EE milk was the monophosphorylated, unglycosylated [1P 0G, ∼70%; where P indicates phosphorylation from single to triple phosphorylation (1-3P), and G indicates glycosylation from single to triple glycosylation (1-3G)] form, followed by diphosphorylated, unglycosylated (2P 0G, ∼12%) form, resembling known patterns from variants A and B. However, a clear distinction was the presence of the rare triphosphorylated, nonglycosylated (3P 0G, ∼0.05%) κ-CN isoform in the EE milk. All isoforms detected in variant E were phosphorylated, giving a phosphorylation degree of 100%. This is comparable with the phosphorylation degree of variants A and B, being also almost 100%, though with very small amounts of nonphosphorylated, glycosylated isoforms detected. The glycosylation degree of variant E was found to be around 17%, a bit higher than observed for variant B (around 14%), and higher than variant A (around 7%). Among glycosylation, the glycan e was the most common type identified for all 3 variants, followed by c/d (straight and branched chain trisaccharides, respectively), and b. In contrast to κ-CN variants A and B, no glycan of type a was found in variant E. Taken together, this study shows that the posttranslational modification pattern of variant E resembles that of known variants to a large extent, but with subtle differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulei Sheng
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Martin N Thesbjerg
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Maria Glantz
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie Paulsson
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, PO Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - S Ren D Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Nina A Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Lotte B Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
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Takyu Y, Asamura T, Okamoto A, Maeda H, Takeuchi M, Kusumoto KI, Katase T, Ishida H, Tanaka M, Yamagata Y. A novel milk-clotting enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae and A. luchuensis is an aspartic endopeptidase PepE presumed to be a vacuolar enzyme. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:413-422. [PMID: 35025981 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 has 11 aspartic endopeptidase genes. We searched for milk-clotting enzymes based on the homology of the deduced amino acid sequence with chymosins. As a result, we identified a milk-clotting enzyme in A. oryzae. We expected other Aspergillus species to have a homologous enzyme with milk-clotting activity, and we found the most homologous aspartic endopeptidase from A. luchuensis had milk-clotting activity. Surprisingly, 2 enzymes were considered as vacuole enzymes according to a study on A. niger proteases. The 2 enzymes from A. oryzae and A. luchuensis cleaved a peptide between the 105Phe-106Met bond in κ-casein, similar to chymosin. Although both enzymes showed proteolytic activity using casein as a substrate, the optimum pH values for milk-clotting and proteolytic activities were different. Furthermore, the substrate specificities were highly restricted. Therefore, we expected that the Japanese traditional fermentation agent, koji, could be used as an enzyme source for cheese production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Takyu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Asamura
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Okamoto
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Takeuchi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ich Kusumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Mizuki Tanaka
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youhei Yamagata
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Koh J, Kim BJ, Qu Y, Huang H, Dallas DC. Top-Down Glycopeptidomics Reveals Intact Glycomacropeptide Is Digested to a Wide Array of Peptides in Human Jejunum. J Nutr 2022; 152:429-438. [PMID: 34850069 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine milk κ-casein-derived caseinomacropeptide (CMP) is produced in large quantities during cheese-making and has various biological activities demonstrated via in vitro and in vivo experiments. Previous studies examined protein degradation and peptide release after casein or whey protein consumption. However, whether purified intact CMP that is partially glycosylated survives intact to its presumed site of bioactivity within the gut remains unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which purified intact CMP (including glycosylated forms) is digested into peptide fragments within the jejunum of healthy human adults after consumption. METHODS Jejunal fluids were collected from 3 adult participants (2 men and 1 woman, age: 27 ± 7 y; BMI: 23 ± 1 kg/m2) for 3 h after consuming 37.5 g of purified intact CMP. CMP and CMP-derived peptides were isolated from the collected jejunal fluids by ethanol precipitation and solid-phase extraction and identified by MS-based top-down glycopeptidomics. Relative abundances of CMP and CMP-derived peptides were compared qualitatively between the feed and the jejunal fluids. RESULTS Intact CMP was dominant in feeding material, accounting for 90% of the total ion abundance of detected peptides, and in very low abundance (<2%) in the jejunal fluids. CMP-derived fragment peptides ranging from 11 to 20 amino acids in length were predominant (accounting for 68-88% of the total peptide ion abundance) in jejunal fluids during 1-3 h post consumption. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that intact CMP (including glycosylated forms) is mostly digested in the human jejunum, releasing a wide array of CMP-derived peptide fragments. Some of the CMP-derived peptides with high homology to known bioactive peptides consistently survived across 3 h of digestion. Therefore, future research should examine the biological effects of the partially digested form-the CMP-derived fragments-rather than those of intact CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Koh
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bum Jin Kim
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Yunyao Qu
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Honggang Huang
- Research and Development, Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, Viby J, Denmark
| | - David C Dallas
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Sheng B, Nielsen SD, Poulsen NA, Larsen LB. Differential in vitro digestion rates in gastric phase of bovine milk with different κ-casein phenotypes. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:10462-10472. [PMID: 34218908 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Casein (CN) micelles will coagulate in the stomach after ingestion, which is similar to the cheesemaking process. Although genetic variants of bovine proteins, especially κ-CN, have been confirmed to influence the coagulation properties of the CN micelle, its influence on milk digestibility has not been revealed yet. This study aimed to investigate how genetic variants, glycosylation degree of κ-CN, and CN micelle size influence digestion rates during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Three milk pools, representing κ-CN phenotypes of either AA, BB, or AB composition were prepared from milk of individual Danish Holstein cows representing these different genotypes. In vitro digestion of the 3 milk pools, AA, BB, or AB, was investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and degree of hydrolysis. The results showed that κ-CN AA milk had faster digestion rate in the gastric phase compared with BB and AB milks, whereas only small differences were apparent in the intestinal digestion phase. The results further documented that the milk pools representing κ-CN phenotypes BB and AB had comparable overall glycosylation degrees (50.9% and 50.0%, respectively) and higher than that of the AA milk pool (46.9%). Further, the AA milk pool was associated with larger CN micelles. These differences in CN micelle sizes and glycosylation degrees can be part of underlying explanations for the differential in vitro digestion rates observed between the AA, BB, and AB κ-CN milk pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulei Sheng
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Søren D Nielsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nina A Poulsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lotte B Larsen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
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Rodzik A, Pomastowski P, Railean-Plugaru V, Sprynskyy M, Buszewski B. The Study of Zinc Ions Binding to α S1-, β- and κ-Casein. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8096. [PMID: 33142990 PMCID: PMC7662941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The presented studies focused on the specificity binding of particular casein fractions: αS1-, β- and κ-casein (αS1CN, βCN, κCN), with zinc ions. The binding mechanism was determined by kinetic modeling using results of batch sorption. For this goal, models of zero-order kinetics, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Weber-Morris intraparticle diffusion were used. The formation of Zn-αS1CN, Zn-βCN and Zn-κCN complexes was additionally monitored using spectroscopic methods such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy, characterizing active functional groups involved in the binding process. Additionally, a mass spectrometry technique-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)-was used to characterize respective protein fractions and obtained complexes. Spectroscopic and spectrometric studies were carried out both before and after binding the protein with zinc ions. The obtained results showed the difference in Zn-αS1CN, Zn-βCN and Zn-κCN complexes created at separate kinetic stages. On the basis of instrumental studies, a significant influence of acidic (glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp)) and aromatic (tryptophan (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr)) amino acids on the formation of metal complexes was proven. In turn, spectrometric studies allowed determining the molecular masses of casein isoforms before and after binding to zinc ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rodzik
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.R.); (V.R.-P.); (M.S.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Viorica Railean-Plugaru
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.R.); (V.R.-P.); (M.S.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Myroslav Sprynskyy
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.R.); (V.R.-P.); (M.S.); (B.B.)
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (A.R.); (V.R.-P.); (M.S.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Kurogochi M, Matsuda A, Mizuno M. Preparation of O-Glycopeptides from commercial bovine whey proteins using offline liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry. Carbohydr Res 2020; 491:107981. [PMID: 32217362 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.107981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
O-Glycopeptides derived from natural bioresources are an attractive material for a variety of purposes. Whey protein products are used as a human dietary supplement and in animal feed and are a readily available resource for the preparation of O-glycopeptides. The protein composition of bovine milk is well-studied, and many glycoproteins carrying N-glycans and O-glycans have been found in commercial whey protein products. In particular, κ-casein glycomacropeptide and lactophorin, which have several O-glycans, are known to exist in whey protein. Here, we report an isolation method of O-glycopeptides bearing disialyl core 1 type and core 2 type glycan moieties from commercially available whey protein products using proteose peptone extraction, enzymatic digestion (with trypsin or thermolysin), and sequential high-performance liquid chromatography purification. We were able to isolate several kinds of O-glycopeptides from lactophorin and κ-casein: six peptide sequences and five kinds of O-glycans. The O-glycopeptides were detected and identified by flow injection analysis combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry using collision-induced dissociation and electron transfer dissociation. O-Glycopeptides bearing a variety of O-glycans could be used as a substrate for endo-α-N-acetyl galactosaminidase, and their various O-glycan structures were useful for the investigation of enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kurogochi
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akio Matsuda
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Mizuno
- Laboratory of Glyco-Organic Chemistry, The Noguchi Institute, 1-9-7 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Kelly MI, Dodds ED. Parallel Determination of Polypeptide and Oligosaccharide Connectivities by Energy-Resolved Collison-Induced Dissociation of Protonated O-Glycopeptides Derived from Nonspecific Proteolysis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:624-632. [PMID: 32126781 PMCID: PMC7164384 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Collision-induced dissociation (CID) is by far the most broadly applied dissociation method used for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). This includes MS/MS-based structural interrogation of glycopeptides for applications in glycoproteomics. The end goal of such measurements is to determine the monosaccharide connectivity of the glycan, the amino acid sequence of the peptide, and the site of glycosylation for each glycopeptide of interest. In turn, this allows inferences with respect to the glycoprofile of the intact glycoprotein. For glycopeptide analysis, CID is best known for the ability to determine glycosidic topology of the oligosaccharide group; however, CID has also been shown to produce amide bond cleavage of the polypeptide group. Whether structural information is obtained for the glycan or the peptide has been found to depend on the applied collision energy. While these energy-resolved fragmentation pathways have been the subject of several studies on N-linked glycopeptides, there remains a dearth of similar work on O-linked glycopeptides. In this study, MS/MS via CID was shown to provide substantial peptide backbone fragmentation, in addition to glycosidic fragmentation, in an energy-dependent manner. While qualitatively similar to previous findings for N-glycopeptides, the energy-resolved CID (ER-CID) of O-glycopeptides was found to be substantially more sensitive to the collision energy setting. Thus, deliberately obtaining either glycan or peptide dissociation is a more delicate undertaking for O-glycopeptides. Establishing a more complete understanding of O-glycopeptide ER-CID is likely to have a substantive impact on how O-glycoproteomic analysis is approached in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia I. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
| | - Eric D. Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0304, USA
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Glycomacropeptide Bioactivity and Health: A Review Highlighting Action Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030598. [PMID: 30870995 PMCID: PMC6471465 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food-derived bioactive peptides are reported as beneficial and safe for human health. Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a milk-protein-derived peptide that, in addition to its nutritional value, retains many biological properties and has therapeutic effects in several inflammatory disorders. GMP was shown under in vitro and in vivo conditions to exert a number of activities that regulate the physiology of important body systems, namely the gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems. This review represents a comprehensive compilation summarizing the current knowledge and updated information on the major biological properties associated with GMP. GMP bioactivity is addressed with special attention on mechanisms of action, signaling pathways involved, and structural characteristics implicated. In addition, the results of various studies dealing with the effects of GMP on models of inflammatory diseases are reviewed and discussed.
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Shayeh JS, Sefidbakht Y, Siadat SOR, Niknam K. Continuous fast Fourier transforms cyclic voltammetry as a new approach for investigation of skim milk k-casein proteolysis, a comparative study. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:972-977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Frenkel-Pinter M, Shmueli MD, Raz C, Yanku M, Zilberzwige S, Gazit E, Segal D. Interplay between protein glycosylation pathways in Alzheimer's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1601576. [PMID: 28929132 PMCID: PMC5600531 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Deviations from the normal nucleoplasmic protein O-GlcNAcylation, as well as from normal protein sialylation and N-glycosylation in the secretory pathway, have been reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the interplay between the cytoplasmic protein O-GlcNAcylation and the secretory N-/O-glycosylation in AD has not been described. We present a comprehensive analysis of the N-, O-, and O-GlcNAc-glycomes in AD-affected brain regions as well as in AD patient serum. We detected marked differences in levels of glycan involved in both protein O-GlcNAcylation and N-/O-glycosylation between patients and healthy individuals and revealed brain region-specific glycosylation-related pathology in patients. These alterations are not general for other neurodegenerative conditions, such as frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal degeneration. The alterations in the AD glycome in the serum could potentially lead to novel glyco-based biomarkers for AD progression. Strikingly, negative interrelationship was found between the pathways of protein O-GlcNAcylation and N-/O-glycosylation, suggesting a novel intracellular cross-talk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chen Raz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Sagol School of Neurosciences, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michaela Yanku
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Interdisciplinary Sagol School of Neurosciences, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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15
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In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of purified bovine kappa-casein variants A, B, and E: Effects on antioxidant and angiotensin 1-converting enzyme inhibitory capacity. Int Dairy J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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17
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Portnaya I, Avni S, Kesselman E, Boyarski Y, Sukenik S, Harries D, Dan N, Cogan U, Danino D. Competing processes of micellization and fibrillization in native and reduced casein proteins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:22516-25. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Competition between micellization and fibrillization in milk caseins, intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Portnaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 3200003
- Israel
| | - Sharon Avni
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 3200003
- Israel
| | - Ellina Kesselman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 3200003
- Israel
| | - Yoav Boyarski
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - Shahar Sukenik
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - Daniel Harries
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - Nily Dan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Uri Cogan
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 3200003
- Israel
| | - Dganit Danino
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering
- Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
- Haifa 3200003
- Israel
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18
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Hernandez-Hernandez O, Quintanilla-Lopez JE, Lebron-Aguilar R, Sanz ML, Moreno FJ. Characterization of post-translationally modified peptides by hydrophilic interaction and reverse phase liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1428:202-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Mohanty D, Jena R, Choudhury PK, Pattnaik R, Mohapatra S, Saini MR. Milk Derived Antimicrobial Bioactive Peptides: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1048356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Pauciullo A, Erhardt G. Molecular Characterization of the Llamas (Lama glama) Casein Cluster Genes Transcripts (CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, CSN3) and Regulatory Regions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124963. [PMID: 25923814 PMCID: PMC4414411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, we report for the first time the characterization of llama (Lama glama) caseins at transcriptomic and genetic level. A total of 288 casein clones transcripts were analysed from two lactating llamas. The most represented mRNA populations were those correctly assembled (85.07%) and they encoded for mature proteins of 215, 217, 187 and 162 amino acids respectively for the CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2 and CSN3 genes. The exonic subdivision evidenced a structure made of 21, 9, 17 and 6 exons for the αs1-, β-, αs2- and κ-casein genes respectively. Exon skipping and duplication events were evidenced. Two variants A and B were identified in the αs1-casein gene as result of the alternative out-splicing of the exon 18. An additional exon coding for a novel esapeptide was found to be cryptic in the κ-casein gene, whereas one extra exon was found in the αs2-casein gene by the comparison with the Camelus dromedaries sequence. A total of 28 putative phosphorylated motifs highlighted a complex heterogeneity and a potential variable degree of post-translational modifications. Ninety-six polymorphic sites were found through the comparison of the lama casein cDNAs with the homologous camel sequences, whereas the first description and characterization of the 5'- and 3'-regulatory regions allowed to identify the main putative consensus sequences involved in the casein genes expression, thus opening the way to new investigations -so far- never achieved in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Pauciullo
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Georg Erhardt
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
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21
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Mamone G, Caira S, Garro G, Mauriello R, Nicolai MA, Picariello G, Calabrese MG, Ferranti P, Chianese L, Addeo F. Challenging the heterogeneity of casein by an IEF/MALDI-TOF “virtual 2D-like” approach. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Jensen HB, Holland JW, Poulsen NA, Larsen LB. Milk protein genetic variants and isoforms identified in bovine milk representing extremes in coagulation properties. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:2891-903. [PMID: 22612926 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A gel-based proteomic approach consisting of 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry was applied for detailed protein characterization of a subset of individual milk samples with extreme rennet coagulation properties. A milk subset with either good or poor coagulation abilities was selected from 892 Danish Holstein-Friesian and Jersey cows. Screening of genetic variants of the major milk proteins resulted in the identification of common genetic variants of β-casein (CN; A(1), A(2), B), κ-CN (A, B), and β-lactoglobulin (LG; A, B), as well as a low frequency variant, κ-CN variant E, and variants not previously reported in Danish breeds (i.e., β-CN variant I and β-LG variant C). Clear differences in the frequencies of the identified genetic variants were evident between breeds and, to some extent, between coagulation groups within breeds, indicating that an underlying genetic variation of the major milk proteins affects the overall milk coagulation ability. In milk with good coagulation ability, a high prevalence of the B variants of all 3 analyzed proteins were identified, whereas poorly coagulating milk was associated with the β-CN variant A(2), κ-CN variant A or E, and β-LG variant A or C. The β-CN variant I was identified in milk with both good and poor coagulation ability, a variant that has not usually been discriminated from β-CN variant A(2) in other studied cow populations. Additionally, a detailed characterization of κ-CN isoforms was conducted. Six κ-CN isoforms varying in phosphorylation and glycosylation levels from each of the genetic variants of κ-CN were separated and identified, along with an unmodified κ-CN form at low abundance. Relative quantification showed that around 95% of total κ-CN was phosphorylated with 1 or 2 phosphates attached, whereas approximately 35% of the identified κ-CN was glycosylated with 1 to 3 tetrasaccharides. Comparing isoforms from individual samples, we found a very consistent κ-CN isoform pattern, with only minor differences in relation to breed, κ-CN genetic variant, and milk coagulation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Jensen
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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23
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Hsieh J, Pan P. Proteomic profiling of microbial transglutaminase-induced polymerization of milk proteins. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:580-9. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Chandrasekaran EV, Xue J, Xia J, Locke RD, Patil SA, Neelamegham S, Matta KL. Mammalian sialyltransferase ST3Gal-II: its exchange sialylation catalytic properties allow labeling of sialyl residues in mucin-type sialylated glycoproteins and specific gangliosides. Biochemistry 2011; 50:9475-87. [PMID: 21913655 DOI: 10.1021/bi200301w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While glycosyltransferases are known to display unidirectional enzymatic activity, recent studies suggest that some can also catalyze readily reversible reactions. Recently, we found that mammalian sialyltransferase ST3Gal-II can catalyze the formation of CMP-NeuAc from 5'-CMP in the presence of a donor containing the NeuAcα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAc unit [Chandrasekaran, E. V., et al. (2008) Biochemistry 47, 320-330]. This study shows by using [9-(3)H]- or [(14)C]sialyl mucin core 2 compounds that ST3Gal-II exchanges sialyl residues between CMP-NeuAc and the NeuAcα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAc unit and also radiolabels sialyl residues in gangliosides GD1a and GT1b, but not GM1. Exchange sialylation proceeds with relative ease, which is evident from the following. (a) Radiolabeleling of fetuin was ~2-fold stronger than that of asialo fetuin when CMP- [9-(3)H]NeuAc was generated in situ from 5'-CMP and [9-(3)H]NeuAcα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,3Galα-O-Me by ST3Gal-II. (b) ST3Gal-II exchanged radiolabels between [(14)C]sialyl fetuin and [9-(3)H]NeuAcα2,3Galβ1,3GalNAcβ1,3Galα-O-Me by generating CMP-[(14)C]- and -[9-(3)H]NeuAc through 5'-CMP; only 20.3% (14)C and 28.0% (3)H remained with the parent compounds after the sialyl exchange. The [9-(3)H]sialyl-tagged MN glycophorin A, human chorionic gonadotropin β subunit, GlyCAM-1, CD43, fetuin, porcine Cowper's gland mucin, bovine casein macroglycopeptide, human placental glycoproteins, and haptoglobin were analyzed by using Pronase digestion, mild alkaline borohydride treatment, Biogel P6, lectin agarose, and silica gel thin layer chromatography. Sulfated and sialylated O-glycans were found in GlyCAM-1 and human placental glycoproteins. This technique has the potential to serve as an important tool as it provides a natural tag for the chemical and functional characterization of O-glycan-bearing glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Chandrasekaran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, United States.
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25
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Hanisch FG. Top-down sequencing of O-glycoproteins by in-source decay matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry for glycosylation site analysis. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4829-37. [PMID: 21526855 DOI: 10.1021/ac200493c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sites of mucin-type O-glycosylation are largely unpredictable, making structural analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) indispensible. On the peptide level, a site localization and characterization of O-linked glycans in situ using tandem MS with electron-transfer dissociation or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS with postsource decay have been reported. The top-down sequencing on the protein level by MALDI-MS is based on the in-source decay (ISD) of intact glycoproteins induced by hydrogen radical transfer from the matrix. It allows a ladder sequencing from both termini with assignment of O-glycosylation sites based on intense c-, y-, and z-type ions. The feasibility of ISD-MALDI-MS in the localization of O-glycosylation sites was demonstrated with synthetic O-glycopeptides, the tandem repeat domain of recombinant MUC1, and the natural bovine glycoproteins asialofetuin and desialylated κ-casein. Ladder sequencing of the 17-18.5 kD MUC1 hexarepeat domains revealed (1) cell-specific glycosylation site patterns on comparison of probes expressed in human HEK-293 or Drosophila S2 cells, and (2) a site-specific microheterogeneity at the Thr/Ser sites with variations of the glycan compositions from zero to four monosaccharides. Novel O-glycosylation sites in the C-terminal domains of fetuin (T334) and κ-caseinoglycopeptide (S154 and T156) were assigned, the former representing a sequence conflict with the published T154.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz-Georg Hanisch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 52, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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26
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27
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Hernandez-Hernandez O, Lebron-Aguilar R, Quintanilla-Lopez JE, Sanz ML, Moreno FJ. Development of a new method using HILIC-tandem mass spectrometry for the characterization of O-sialoglycopeptides from proteolytically digested caseinomacropeptide. Proteomics 2010; 10:3699-711. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Vora SR, Guo Y, Stephens DN, Salih E, Vu ED, Kirsch KH, Sonenshein GE, Trackman PC. Characterization of recombinant lysyl oxidase propeptide. Biochemistry 2010; 49:2962-72. [PMID: 20192271 DOI: 10.1021/bi902218p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase enzyme activity is critical for the biosynthesis of mature and functional collagens and elastin. In addition, lysyl oxidase has tumor suppressor activity that has been shown to depend on the propeptide region (LOX-PP) derived from pro-lysyl oxidase (Pro-LOX) and not on lysyl oxidase enzyme activity. Pro-LOX is secreted as a 50 kDa proenzyme and then undergoes biosynthetic proteolytic processing to active approximately 30 kDa LOX enzyme and LOX-PP. The present study reports the efficient recombinant expression and purification of rat LOX-PP. Moreover, using enzymatic deglycosylation and DTT derivatization combined with mass spectrometry technologies, it is shown for the first time that rLOX-PP and naturally occurring LOX-PP contain both N- and O-linked carbohydrates. Structure predictions furthermore suggest that LOX-PP is a mostly disordered protein, which was experimentally confirmed in circular dichroism studies. Due to its high isoelectric point and its disordered structure, we propose that LOX-PP can associate with extracellular and intracellular binding partners to affect its known biological activities as a tumor suppressor and inhibitor of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth R Vora
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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29
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Abstract
The O-glycosylation of Ser and Thr by N-acetylgalactosamine-linked (mucin-type) oligosaccharides is often overlooked in protein analysis. Three characteristics make O-linked glycosylation more difficult to analyse than N-linked glycosylation, namely: (a) no amino acid consensus sequence is known; (b) there is no universal enzyme for the release of O-glycans from the protein backbone; and (c) the density and number of occupied sites may be very high. For significant biological conclusions to be drawn, the complete picture of O-linked glycosylation on a protein needs to be determined. This review specifically addresses the analytical approaches that have been used, and the challenges remaining, in the characterization of both the composition and structure of mucin-type O-glycans, and the determination of the occupancy and heterogeneity at each amino acid attachment site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Biomolecular Frontiers Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
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30
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Yang YX, Zhao XX, Zhang Y. Proteomic analysis of mammary tissues from healthy cows and clinical mastitic cows for identification of disease-related proteins. Vet Res Commun 2008; 33:295-303. [PMID: 18814050 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the disease-related proteins and understand molecular mechanism of mastitis at the protein level, this project presents the protein changes in the mammary gland between healthy cows and clinical mastitic cows using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), after stained with colloidal Coomassie Bright Blue, six spots of differentially expressed protein were detected by PDQuest software and subjected to ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a HPLC system, and five proteins were identified. Hemoglobin beta, kappa-casein and tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase (TrpRS) in healthy dairy cows, while hemoglobin beta, cytochrome C oxidase and annexin V in clinical mastitic cows were identified, they were involved in binding, transport and catalytic activity. The results may provide valuable information for the investigating of the host mammary immune system response to defense against pathogens at the protein level and potential protein targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xin Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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31
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Leonil J, Henry G, Jouanneau D, Delage MM, Forge V, Putaux JL. Kinetics of fibril formation of bovine kappa-casein indicate a conformational rearrangement as a critical step in the process. J Mol Biol 2008; 381:1267-80. [PMID: 18616951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
S-carboxymethylated (SCM) kappa-casein forms in vitro fibrils that display several characteristics of amyloid fibrils, although the protein is unrelated to amyloid diseases. In order to get insight into the processes that prevent the formation of amyloid fibrils made of kappa-caseins in milk, we have characterized in detail the reaction and the roles of its possible effectors: glycosylation and other caseins. Given that native kappa-casein occurs as a heterogeneous mixture of carbohydrate-free and carbohydrate-containing chains, kinetics of fibril formation were performed on purified glycosylated and unglycosylated SCM kappa-caseins using the fluorescent dye thioflavin T in conjunction with transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for morphological and structural analyses. Both unglycosylated and glycosylated SCM kappa-caseins have the ability to fibrillate. Kinetic data indicate that the fibril formation rate increases with SCM kappa-casein concentration but reaches a plateau at high concentrations, for both the unglycosylated and glycosylated forms. Therefore, a conformational rearrangement is the rate-limiting step in fibril growth of SCM kappa-casein. Transmission electron microscopy images indicate the presence of 10- to 12-nm spherical particles prior to the appearance of amyloid structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra reveal a conformational change within these micellar aggregates during the fibrillation. Fibrils are helical ribbons with a pitch of about 120-130 nm and a width of 10-12 nm. Taken together, these findings suggest a model of aggregation during which the SCM kappa-casein monomer is in rapid equilibrium with a micellar aggregate that subsequently undergoes a conformational rearrangement into a more organized species. These micelles assemble and this leads to the growing of amyloid fibrils. Addition of alpha(s1)-and beta-caseins decreases the growth rate of fibrils. Their main effect was on the elongation rate, which became close to that of the limiting conformation change, leading to the appearance of a lag phase at the beginning of the kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Leonil
- INRA, UMR1253 Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'OEuf, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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32
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Clowers BH, Dodds ED, Seipert RR, Lebrilla CB. Site Determination of Protein Glycosylation Based on Digestion with Immobilized Nonspecific Proteases and Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:4032-40. [PMID: 17824634 DOI: 10.1021/pr070317z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An improved method for site-specific characterization of protein glycosylation has been devised using nonspecific digestion with immobilized pronase combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). This procedure was demonstrated using ribonuclease B (RNase B) and kappa-casein (kappa-csn) as representative N-linked and O-linked glycoproteins, respectively. Immobilization of the pronase enzymes facilitated their removal from the glycopeptide preparations, and was found to prevent enzyme autolysis while leaving the proteolytic activities of pronase intact. Increased digestion efficiency, simplified sample preparation, and reduced sample complexity were consequently realized. To supplement this technique, a refined glycopeptide search algorithm was developed to aid in the accurate mass based assignment of N-linked and O-linked glycopeptides derived from nonspecific proteolysis. Monitoring the progress of glycoprotein digestion over time allowed detailed tracking of successive amino acid cleavages about the sites of glycan attachment, and provided a more complete protein glycosylation profile than any single representative time point. This information was further complemented by tandem MS experiments with infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD), allowing confirmation of glycopeptide composition. Overall, the combination of immobilized pronase digestion, time course sampling, FTICR-MS, and IRMPD was shown to furnish an efficient and robust approach for the rapid and sensitive profiling of protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Thomä-Worringer C, Sørensen J, López-Fandiño R. Health effects and technological features of caseinomacropeptide. Int Dairy J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bouguyon E, Beauvallet C, Huet JC, Chanat E. Disulphide bonds in casein micelle from milk. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 343:450-8. [PMID: 16546124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammary epithelial cells synthesised and secreted caseins, the major milk proteins in most mammals, as large aggregates called micelles into the alveolar lumen they surround. We investigated the implication of the highly conserved cysteine(s) of kappa-casein in disulphide bond formation in casein micelles from several species. Dimers were found in all milks studied, confirming previous observation in ruminants. More importantly, the study of interchain disulphide bridges in mouse and rat casein micelles revealed that any casein possessing a cysteine is engaged in disulphide bond interchange; these species express four or five cysteine-containing caseins, respectively. We found that the main rodent caseins form both homo- and heterodimers. Additionally, disulphide bond formation among milk proteins was specific since the interaction of the caseins with cysteine-containing whey proteins was not observed in native casein micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Bouguyon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire de Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78352, France
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35
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Dashper SG, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Cross KJ, Paolini RA, Hoffmann B, Catmull DV, Malkoski M, Reynolds EC. Divalent metal cations increase the activity of the antimicrobial Peptide kappacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:2322-8. [PMID: 15917528 PMCID: PMC1140507 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.6.2322-2328.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kappacin, nonglycosylated kappa-casein(106-169), is a novel antimicrobial peptide produced from kappa-casein found in bovine milk. There are two major genetic forms of kappacin, A and B, and using synthetic peptides corresponding to the active region, kappa-casein(138-158), of these forms, we have shown that the Asp148 to Ala148 substitution is responsible for the lesser antibacterial activity of kappa-casein-B(106-169). Kappacin was shown to have membranolytic action at concentrations above 30 microM at acidic pH when tested against artificial liposomes. There was little membranolytic activity at neutral pH, which is consistent with the lack of antibacterial activity of kappacin against Streptococcus mutans at this pH. Kappacin specifically bound two zinc or calcium ions per mol, and this binding enhanced antibacterial activity at neutral pH. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis indicated that a kappa-casein-A(138-158) synthetic peptide undergoes a conformational change in the presence of the membrane solvent trifluoroethanol and excess divalent metal ions. This change in conformation is presumably responsible for the increase in antibacterial activity of kappacin detected in the presence of excess zinc or calcium ions at neutral pH. When tested against the oral bacterial pathogen S. mutans cultured as a biofilm in a constant-depth film fermentor, a preparation of 10 g/liter kappacin and 20 mM ZnCl2 reduced bacterial viability by 3 log10 and suppressed recovery of viability. In contrast 20 mM ZnCl2 alone reduced bacterial viability by approximately 1 log10 followed by rapid recovery. In conclusion, kappacin has a membranolytic, antibacterial effect that is enhanced by the presence of divalent cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Dashper
- CRC for Oral Health Science, School of Dental Science, University of Melbourne, 711 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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36
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Mollé D, Léonil J. Quantitative determination of bovine κ-casein macropeptide in dairy products by Liquid chromatography/Electrospray coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) and Liquid chromatography/Electrospray coupled to tamdem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS). Int Dairy J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Holland JW, Deeth HC, Alewood PF. Analysis ofO-glycosylation site occupancy in bovine ?-casein glycoforms separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteomics 2005; 5:990-1002. [PMID: 15693064 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ability of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to separate glycoproteins was exploited to separate distinct glycoforms of kappa-casein that differed only in the number of O-glycans that were attached. To determine where the glycans were attached, the individual glycoforms were digested in-gel with pepsin and the released glycopeptides were identified from characteristic sugar ions in the tandem mass spectrometry (MS) spectra. The O-glycosylation sites were identified by tandem MS after replacement of the glycans with ammonia / aminoethanethiol. The results showed that glycans were not randomly distributed among the five potential glycosylation sites in kappa-casein. Rather, glycosylation of the monoglycoform could only be detected at a single site, T152. Similarly the diglycoform appeared to be modified exclusively at T152 and T163, while the triglycoform was modified at T152, T163 and T154. While low levels of glycosylation at other sites cannot be excluded the hierarchy of site occupation between glycoforms was clearly evident and argues for an ordered addition of glycans to the protein. Since all five potential O-glycosylation sites can be glycosylated in vivo, it would appear that certain sites remain latent until other sites are occupied. The determination of glycosylation site occupancy in individual glycoforms separated by 2-DE revealed a distinct pattern of in vivo glycosylation that has not been recognized previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Holland
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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38
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Manso MA, López-Fandiño R. κ-Casein Macropeptides from Cheese Whey: Physicochemical, Biological, Nutritional, and Technological Features for Possible Uses. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1081/fri-200033456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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39
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Farrell HM, Jimenez-Flores R, Bleck GT, Brown EM, Butler JE, Creamer LK, Hicks CL, Hollar CM, Ng-Kwai-Hang KF, Swaisgood HE. Nomenclature of the Proteins of Cows’ Milk—Sixth Revision. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:1641-74. [PMID: 15453478 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73319-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 730] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This report of the American Dairy Science Association Committee on the Nomenclature, Classification, and Methodology of Milk Proteins reviews changes in the nomenclature of milk proteins necessitated by recent advances of our knowledge of milk proteins. Identification of major caseins and whey proteins continues to be based upon their primary structures. Nomenclature of the immunoglobulins consistent with new international standards has been developed, and all bovine immunoglobulins have been characterized at the molecular level. Other significant findings related to nomenclature and protein methodology are elucidation of several new genetic variants of the major milk proteins, establishment by sequencing techniques and sequence alignment of the bovine caseins and whey proteins as the reference point for the nomenclature of all homologous milk proteins, completion of crystallographic studies for major whey proteins, and advances in the study of lactoferrin, allowing it to be added to the list of fully characterized milk proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Farrell
- US Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA.
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40
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Moussaoui F, Laurent F, Girardet JM, Humbert G, Gaillard JL, Le Roux Y. Characterization and proteolytic origins of specific peptides appearing during lipopolysaccharide experimental mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:1163-70. [PMID: 12741540 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Based on the compositional change of the proteose peptone fraction, proteolysis was studied over time following lipopolysaccharide-induced experimental mastitis. Electrophoresis of the proteose peptone fraction revealed many degradation products. Five peptides were identified by amino-terminal sequencing as internal fragments of beta-, kappa-, alpha(s1)-, and alpha(s2)-casein that were generated by somatic cell proteases. Although kappa-casein is considered particularly resistant to endogenous proteolysis, a kappa-casein peptide was electrophoretically isolated in association with a beta-casein fragment. The in vitro kinetic studies of caseinate hydrolysis by elastase, one of the main polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) proteases, suggested that the beta-casein peptide might be generated by elastase. In addition, elastase activity in milk PMN was higher during the inflammation of the mammary gland than prior to infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Moussaoui
- Laboratoire de Sciences Animales, U.C. INRA 12 340, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie et des Industries Alimentaires, 54 505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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42
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Egito AS, Miclo L, López C, Adam A, Girardet JM, Gaillard JL. Separation and characterization of mares' milk alpha(s1)-, beta-, kappa-caseins, gamma-casein-like, and proteose peptone component 5-like peptides. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:697-706. [PMID: 12018413 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The equine alpha(s1)- and beta-caseins (CN) were purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and by reversed-phase HPLC. The alpha(s1)-, beta-, and kappa-CN were characterized either by monodimensional urea-PAGE or sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)-PAGE or by bidimensional electrophoresis. Kappa-casein was characterized after electrophoresis by glycoprotein-specific staining. To identify alpha(s1)-CN without ambiguity, internal sequences were determined after trypsin or chymosin digestion of purified alpha(s1)-CN. These sequences, that could be estimated to correspond to 62% of the full protein, presented strong identities with regions of alpha(s1)-CN primary structures of other species. In particular, 51, 48, 43, and 40% identities were obtained with corresponding regions of sow, dromedary, cow, and human alpha(s1)-CN, respectively. On the other hand, trace amounts of equine gamma-CN-like and proteose peptone component 5-like peptides were found in the whole CN. They were identified by microsequencing and corresponded to beta-CN peptides generated by plasmin action on the whole CN. The equine alpha(s1), beta-, and kappa-CN were separated by bidimensional electrophoresis in numerous isoelectric variants with apparent isoelectric points distributed between pH 4.4 to 6.3, 4.4 to 5.9, and 3.5 to 5.5, respectively. The beta- and kappa-CN displayed a more acidic character in the mare than in the cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Egito
- Laboratoire des BioSciences de l'Aliment, UC885 INRA, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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43
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Malkoski M, Dashper SG, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Talbo GH, Macris M, Cross KJ, Reynolds EC. Kappacin, a novel antibacterial peptide from bovine milk. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2309-15. [PMID: 11451690 PMCID: PMC90647 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.8.2309-2315.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2000] [Accepted: 05/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caseinomacropeptide (CMP) is a heterogeneous C-terminal fragment (residues 106 to 169) of bovine milk kappa-casein composed of glycosylated and phosphorylated forms of different genetic variants. We have demonstrated that CMP has growth-inhibitory activity against the oral opportunistic pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis and against Escherichia coli. CMP was fractionated using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), and each fraction was tested for activity against S. mutans in a 96-well-plate broth assay. Fractions were characterized by N-terminal sequence analysis and mass spectrometry. The active form of CMP was shown to be the nonglycosylated, phosphorylated kappa-casein (residues 106 to 169) [kappa-casein(106--169)], which we have designated kappacin. Endoproteinase Glu-C was used to hydrolyze CMP, and the generated peptides were separated using RP-HPLC and gel filtration-HPLC and then tested for activity against S. mutans. The peptide Ser(P)(149)kappa-casein-A(138--158) was the only peptide generated by endoproteinase Glu-C digestion that exhibited growth-inhibitory activity. Peptides corresponding to the sequences of the inhibitory peptide Ser(P)(149)kappa-casein-A(138--158) and its nonphosphorylated counterpart kappa-casein-A(138--158) were chemically synthesized and tested for antibacterial activity. The synthetic Ser(P)(149) kappa-casein-A(138--158) displayed growth-inhibitory activity against S. mutans (MIC, 59 microg/ml [26 microM]). The nonphosphorylated peptide, however, did not inhibit growth at the concentrations tested, indicating that phosphorylation is essential for activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malkoski
- School of Dental Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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44
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Silverman HS, Parry S, Sutton-Smith M, Burdick MD, McDermott K, Reid CJ, Batra SK, Morris HR, Hollingsworth MA, Dell A, Harris A. In vivo glycosylation of mucin tandem repeats. Glycobiology 2001; 11:459-71. [PMID: 11445551 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/11.6.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The biochemical and biophysical properties of mucins are largely determined by extensive O-glycosylation of serine- and threonine-rich tandem repeat (TR) domains. In a number of human diseases aberrant O-glycosylation is associated with variations in the properties of the cell surface-associated and secreted mucins. To evaluate in vivo the O-glycosylation of mucin TR domains, we generated recombinant chimeric mucins with TR sequences from MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC, or MUC5B, which were substituted for the native TRs of epitope-tagged MUC1 protein (MUC1F). These hybrid mucins were extensively O-glycosylated and showed the expected association with the cell surface and release into culture media. The presence of different TR domains within the chimeric mucins appears to have limited influence on their posttranslational processing. Alterations in glycosylation were detailed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and reactivity with antibodies against particular blood-group and tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Future applications of these chimeras will include investigations of mucin posttranslational modification in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Silverman
- Paediatric Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
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45
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Bousfield GR, Butnev VY, Butnev VY. Identification of twelve O-glycosylation sites in equine chorionic gonadotropin beta and equine luteinizing hormone ss by solid-phase Edman degradation. Biol Reprod 2001; 64:136-47. [PMID: 11133668 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.1.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-glycosylation sites for equine LHss (eLHss) and eCGss were identified by solid-phase Edman degradation of four glycopeptides derived from the C-terminal region. Both subunits were O-glycosylated at the same 12 positions, rather than the 4-6 sites anticipated. These sites were partially glycosylated, with carbohydrate attachment ranging from 20% to 100% for eCGss and from 10% to 100% for eLHss. When the C-terminal peptide containing all but one of the O-linked oligosaccharides was removed by mild acid hydrolysis of either eLHss or eCGss, hybrid hormones could be obtained by reassociating eLHalpha,eFSHalpha, or eCGalpha with the truncated ss subunit derivatives. These hybrid hormones were identical in LH receptor-binding activity when des(121-149)eLHss or des(121-149)eCGss were combined with the same alpha subunit preparation. Thus, O-glycosylation appears to be responsible for the ss subunit contribution to the substantial difference in LH receptor-binding activity between eLH and eCG. Comparison of the equid LH/CGss sequences with those available for the primate CGss subunits indicated a greater conservation of glycosylation patterns in the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Bousfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260-0026, USA.
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46
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47
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Girardet JM, Saulnier F, Gaillard JL, Ramet JP, Humbert G. Camel (camelus dromedarius) milk PP3: evidence for an insertion in the amino-terminal sequence of the camel milk whey protein. Biochem Cell Biol 2000; 78:19-26. [PMID: 10735560 DOI: 10.1139/o99-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The camel (camelus dromedarius) milk proteose peptone 3 (PP3) was purified successively by size exclusion fast protein liquid chromatography and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and then characterized by amino acid residue composition determination and chemical microsequencing after CNBr or trypsin cleavages. In comparison with the previously reported structure of camel milk whey protein, the camel PP3 contains an insertion in the N-terminal region which has approximately 24 residues, whereas the remaining C-terminal regions of these two homologous proteins are essentially identical. The camel PP3 seems to contain a potential O-glycosylation site localized in this insertion and 2 or 3 phosphorylated serine residues. PP3 belongs to the glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1 (GlyCAM-1) family and could therefore play an immunological role in the camel or its suckling young.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Girardet
- Laboratoire des BioSciences de l'Aliment, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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48
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Farrell HM, Wickham ED, Dower HJ, Piotrowski EG, Hoagland PD, Cooke PH, Groves ML. Characterization of the particles of purified kappa-casein: trypsin as a probe of surface-accessible residues. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1999; 18:637-52. [PMID: 10609639 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020698021899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
kappa-Casein as purified from bovine milk exhibits a rather unique disulfide bonding pattern as revealed by SDS-PAGE. The disulfide-bonded caseins present range from dimer to octamer and above and preparations contain about 10% monomer. All of these heterogeneous polymers, however, self-associate into nearly spherical particles with an average diameter of 13 nm at pH 8.0, as revealed by negatively stained transmission electron micrographs and dynamic light scattering. The weight-average molecular weight of the aggregates at pH 8.0, as judged by analytical ultracentrifugation, is 648,000. Trypsin digestion at pH 8.0 was used to probe the surface groups of the kappa-casein A polymers. The reaction with trypsin was rapid and the peptides liberated were identified by separation with reverse-phase HPLC, amino acid analysis, and protein sequencing. The most rapidly released peptides (t1/2 < 30 sec) were from cleavage at Arg 97 and Lys residues 111 and 112. These results suggest a surface orientation for these residues, and the data are in accord with earlier proposed 3D predictive models for kappa-casein. It is speculated that Arg 97, together with adjacent His residues (98 and 100) and Lys residues 111 and 112, form two positively charged clusters on the surface of the otherwise negatively charged casein. These clusters bracket the neutral chymosin cleavage site (whose hydrolysis triggers a well-known digestive process) and so these clusters may facilitate docking of the substrate caseins with chymosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Farrell
- USDA, ARS, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA
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49
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Elhammer AP, Kézdy FJ, Kurosaka A. The acceptor specificity of UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:171-80. [PMID: 10612416 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026465232149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo specificity of the family of peptide:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferases (GalNAcT) is analyzed on the basis of the reactivity and/or inhibitory activity of peptides and protein segments. The transferases appear to be multi-substrate enzymes with extended active sites containing a least nine subsites that interact cooperatively with a linear segment of at least nine amino acid residues on the acceptor polypeptide. Functional acceptor sites are located on the surface of the protein and extended conformations (beta-strand conformation) are preferred. The acceptor specificity of GalNAc-T can be predicted from the primary structure of the acceptor peptide with an accuracy of 70 to 80%. The same GalNAc-T enzymes catalyze the glycosylation of both serine and threonine residues. The higher in vitro catalytic efficiency toward threonine versus serine is the result of enhanced binding as well as increased reaction velocity, both effects being the result of steric interactions between the active site of the enzyme and the methyl group of threonine. Results from substrate binding studies suggest that GalNAc-T catalyzed transfer proceeds via an ordered sequential mechanism.
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50
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Hansen JE, Lund O, Tolstrup N, Gooley AA, Williams KL, Brunak S. NetOglyc: prediction of mucin type O-glycosylation sites based on sequence context and surface accessibility. Glycoconj J 1998; 15:115-30. [PMID: 9557871 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006960004440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The specificities of the UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide Nacetylgalactosaminyltransferases which link the carbohydrate GalNAc to the side-chain of certain serine and threonine residues in mucin type glycoproteins, are presently unknown. The specificity seems to be modulated by sequence context, secondary structure and surface accessibility. The sequence context of glycosylated threonines was found to differ from that of serine, and the sites were found to cluster. Non-clustered sites had a sequence context different from that of clustered sites. Charged residues were disfavoured at position -1 and +3. A jury of artificial neural networks was trained to recognize the sequence context and surface accessibility of 299 known and verified mucin type O-glycosylation sites extracted from O-GLYCBASE. The cross-validated NetOglyc network system correctly found 83% of the glycosylated and 90% of the non-glycosylated serine and threonine residues in independent test sets, thus proving more accurate than matrix statistics and vector projection methods. Predictions of O-glycosylation sites in the envelope glycoprotein gp120 from the primate lentiviruses HIV-1, HIV-2 and SIV are presented. The most conserved O-glycosylation signals in these evolutionary-related glycoproteins were found in their first hypervariable loop, V1. However, the strain variation for HIV-1 gp120 was significant. A computer server, available through WWW or E-mail, has been developed for prediction of mucin type O-glycosylation sites in proteins based on the amino acid sequence. The server addresses are http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc/ and netOglyc@cbs.dtu.dk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hansen
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, The Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby.
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