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Yadav S, Naresh K, Jayaraman N. "Surface Density of Ligands Controls In-Plane and Aggregative Modes of Multivalent Glycovesicle-Lectin Recognitions". Chembiochem 2021; 22:3075-3081. [PMID: 34375491 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glycovesicles are ideal tools to delineate finer mechanisms of the interactions at the biological cell membranes. Multivalency forms the basis which, in turn, should surpass more than one mechanism in order to maintain multiple roles that the ligand-lectin interactions encounter. Ligand densities hold a prime control to attenuate the interactions. In the present study, mannose trisaccharide interacting with a cognate receptor, namely, Con A, is assessed at the vesicle surfaces. A synthetic (1→3)(1→6)-branched mannose trisaccharide is tethered with a diacetylene monomer and glycovesicles of varying sugar densities are prepared. The polydiacetylene vesicles are prepared by maintaining uniform lipid concentrations. The interactions of the glycovesicles with the lectin are probed through dynamic light scattering and UV-Vis spectroscopy techniques. Binding efficacies are assessed by surface plasmon resonance technique. Aggregative and in-plane modes of interactions follow a ligand density-dependant manner at the vesicle surface. Vesicles with sparsely populated ligands engage lectin in an aggregative mode (trans-), leading to a cross-linked complex formation. Whereas glycovesicles imbedded with dense ligands engage lectin interaction in an in-plane mode intramolecularly (cis-). Sub-nanomolar dissociation constants govern the intramolecular interaction occurring within the plane of the vesicle, relatively more efficacious than the aggregative intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivender Yadav
- Indian Institute of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Kottari Naresh
- Indian Institute of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Narayanaswamy Jayaraman
- Indian Institute of Science, Department of Organic Chemistry, Sir C.V. Raman Avenue, 560 012, Bangalore, INDIA
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2
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MacLachlan BJ, Mason GH, Greenshields‐Watson A, Triebel F, Gallimore A, Cole DK, Godkin A. Molecular characterization of HLA class II binding to the LAG-3 T cell co-inhibitory receptor. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:331-341. [PMID: 32920841 PMCID: PMC8101287 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (antibodies that block the T cell co-inhibitory receptors PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA-4) have revolutionized the treatment of some forms of cancer. Importantly, combination approaches using drugs that target both pathways have been shown to boost the efficacy of such treatments. Subsequently, several other T cell inhibitory receptors have been identified for the development of novel immune checkpoint inhibitors. Included in this list is the co-inhibitory receptor lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), which is upregulated on T cells extracted from tumor sites that have suppressive or exhausted phenotypes. However, the molecular rules that govern the function of LAG-3 are still not understood. Using surface plasmon resonance combined with a novel bead-based assay (AlphaScreenTM ), we demonstrate that LAG-3 can directly and specifically interact with intact human leukocyte antigen class II (HLA-II) heterodimers. Unlike the homologue CD4, which has an immeasurably weak affinity using these biophysical approaches, LAG-3 binds with low micromolar affinity. We further validated the interaction at the cell surface by staining LAG-3+ cells with pHLA-II-multimers. These data provide new insights into the mechanism by which LAG-3 initiates T cell inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Awen Gallimore
- Division of Infection & ImmunityCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - David K. Cole
- Division of Infection & ImmunityCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Andrew Godkin
- Division of Infection & ImmunityCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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3
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Yadav S, Naresh K, Jayaraman N. Surface Ligand Density Switches Glycovesicles between Monomeric and Multimeric Lectin Recognition. Chembiochem 2020; 22:485-490. [PMID: 32926592 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions define a multitude of cellular recognition events. We present herein synthetic glycovesicles as cell-surface mimics in order to switch the nature of lectin recognition. The covalent glycovesicles, constituted with diacetylene monomers of various ligand densities at their surfaces, are prepared through photo-polymerization. Vesicles with sparsely imbedded ligands engage in a lectin interaction leading to the formation of a dense, crosslinked multimeric complex. On the other hand, vesicles with many ligands, or completely covered with them, switch the lectin interaction to form a fully soluble monomeric complex, without crosslinking. Nanomolar dissociation constants govern these interactions, as assessed by a ligand-displacement assay. The study demonstrates the switching nature - between monomeric and multimeric - of the interaction as a function of ligand density in the vesicles; the results are directly relevant to understanding such a phenomenon occurring at cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivender Yadav
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Kottari Naresh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.,Present address: HP Green R&D Centre, KIADB Industrial Area, Bangalore, 560 067, India
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Lu Y, Song S, Hou C, Pang S, Li X, Wu X, Shao C, Pei Y, Pei Z. Facile fabrication of branched-chain carbohydrate chips for studying carbohydrate-protein interactions by QCM biosensor. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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5
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Understanding the interaction of concanavalin a with mannosyl glycoliposomes: A surface plasmon resonance and fluorescence study. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:539-546. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Han L, Morales LC, Richards MR, Kitova EN, Sipione S, Klassen JS. Investigating the Influence of Membrane Composition on Protein–Glycolipid Binding Using Nanodiscs and Proxy Ligand Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9330-9338. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Luis C. Morales
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - Michele R. Richards
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Elena N. Kitova
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Simonetta Sipione
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
| | - John S. Klassen
- Alberta
Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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7
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Delbianco M, Bharate P, Varela-Aramburu S, Seeberger PH. Carbohydrates in Supramolecular Chemistry. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1693-752. [PMID: 26702928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are involved in a variety of biological processes. The ability of sugars to form a large number of hydrogen bonds has made them important components for supramolecular chemistry. We discuss recent advances in the use of carbohydrates in supramolecular chemistry and reveal that carbohydrates are useful building blocks for the stabilization of complex architectures. Systems are presented according to the scaffold that supports the glyco-conjugate: organic macrocycles, dendrimers, nanomaterials, and polymers are considered. Glyco-conjugates can form host-guest complexes, and can self-assemble by using carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions and other weak interactions such as π-π interactions. Finally, complex supramolecular architectures based on carbohydrate-protein interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Priya Bharate
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Silvia Varela-Aramburu
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Sutter M, Silva ED, Duguet N, Raoul Y, Métay E, Lemaire M. Glycerol Ether Synthesis: A Bench Test for Green Chemistry Concepts and Technologies. Chem Rev 2015. [PMID: 26196761 DOI: 10.1021/cr5004002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Sutter
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Bâtiment Curien , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Eric Da Silva
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Bâtiment Curien , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Duguet
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Bâtiment Curien , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Yann Raoul
- Organisation Nationale Interprofessionnelle des Oléagineux, 11 rue de Monceau, CS 60003, 75378 Paris Cedex 08, France
| | - Estelle Métay
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Bâtiment Curien , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Marc Lemaire
- Equipe Catalyse Synthèse Environnement, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, UMR-CNRS 5246, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Bâtiment Curien , 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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9
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Stephan M, Kramer C, Steinem C, Janshoff A. Binding assay for low molecular weight analytes based on reflectometry of absorbing molecules in porous substrates. Analyst 2015; 139:1987-92. [PMID: 24599267 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small molecule sensing is of great importance in pharmaceutical research. While there exist well established screening methods such as EMSA (electrophoretic motility shift assay) or biointeraction chromatography to report on successful binding interactions, there are only a few techniques that allow studying and quantifying the interaction of low molecular weight analytes with a binding partner directly. We report on a binding assay for small molecules based on the reflectivity change of a porous transparent film upon immobilisation of an absorbing substance on the pore walls. The porous matrix acts as a thin optical transparent film to produce interference fringes and accumulates molecules at the inner wall to amplify the sensor response. The benefits and limits of the assay are demonstrated by investigating the binding of biotin labelled with an atto dye to avidin physisorbed within an anodic aluminium oxide membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Stephan
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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10
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Park S, Kim GH, Park SH, Pai J, Rathwell D, Park JY, Kang YS, Shin I. Probing cell-surface carbohydrate binding proteins with dual-modal glycan-conjugated nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5961-8. [PMID: 25939670 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dual-modal fluorescent magnetic glyconanoparticles have been prepared and shown to be powerful in probing lectins displayed on pathogenic and mammalian cell surfaces. Blood group H1- and Le(b)-conjugated nanoparticles were found to bind to BabA displaying Helicobacter pylori, and Le(a)- and Le(b)-modified nanoparticles are both recognized by and internalized into DC-SIGN and SIGN-R1 expressing mammalian cells via lectin-mediated endocytosis. In addition, glyconanoparticles block adhesion of H. pylori to mammalian cells, suggesting that they can serve as inhibitors of infection of host cells by this pathogen. It has been also shown that owing to their magnetic properties, glyconanoparticles are useful tools to enrich lectin expressing cells. The combined results indicate that dual-modal glyconanoparticles are biocompatible and that they can be employed in lectin-associated biological studies and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- †Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Kim
- †Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Seong-Hyun Park
- †Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Pai
- †Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Dominea Rathwell
- †Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 Korea
| | - Jin-Yeon Park
- ‡Department of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Young-Sun Kang
- ‡Department of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701 Korea
| | - Injae Shin
- †Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749 Korea
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11
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Pussak D, Ponader D, Mosca S, Pompe T, Hartmann L, Schmidt S. Specific adhesion of carbohydrate hydrogel particles in competition with multivalent inhibitors evaluated by AFM. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:6142-6150. [PMID: 24806833 DOI: 10.1021/la5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic glycooligomers have emerged as valuable analogues for multivalent glycan structures in nature. These multivalent carbohydrates bind to specific receptors and play a key role in biological processes. In this work, we investigate the specific interaction between mannose ligand presenting soft colloidal probes (SCPs) attached to an atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever and a Concanavalin A (ConA) receptor surface in the presence of competing glycooligomer ligands. We studied the SCP-ConA adhesion energy via the JKR approach and AFM pull-off experiments in combination with optical microscopy allowing for simultaneous determination of the contact area between SCP and ConA surface. We varied the contact time, loading rate and loading force and measured the resulting mannose/ConA interaction. The average adhesion energy per mannose ligand on the probe was 5 kJ/mol, suggesting that a fraction of mannose ligands presented on the SCP bound to the receptor surface. Adhesion measurements via competitive binding of the SCP in the presence of multivalent glycooligomer ligands did not indicate an influence of their multivalency on the glycooligomer displacement from the ConA surface. The absence of this "multivalency effect" indicates that glycooligomers and ConA do not associate via chelate complexes and shows that steric shielding by the glycooligomers does not slow their displacement upon competitive binding of a ligand presenting surface. These results highlight the high reversibility of carbohydrate-surface interactions, which could be an essential feature of recognition processes on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pussak
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Wissenschaftspark Potsdam-Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1 OT Golm, 14426 Potsdam, Germany
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12
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Li CW, Hon KW, Ghosh B, Li PH, Lin HY, Chan PH, Lin CH, Chen YC, Mong KKT. Synthesis of Oligomeric Mannosides and Their Structure-Binding Relationship with Concanavalin A. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:1786-96. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Guinan T, Godefroy C, Lautrédou N, Pace S, Milhiet PE, Voelcker N, Cunin F. Interaction of antibiotics with lipid vesicles on thin film porous silicon using reflectance interferometric Fourier transform spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:10279-86. [PMID: 23844993 DOI: 10.1021/la401804e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to observe interactions of drugs with cell membranes is an important area in pharmaceutical research. However, these processes are often difficult to understand due to the dynamic nature of cell membranes. Therefore, artificial systems composed of lipids have been used to study membrane properties and their interaction with drugs. Here, lipid vesicle adsorption, rupture, and formation of planar lipid bilayers induced by various antibiotics (surfactin, azithromycin, gramicidin, melittin and ciprofloxacin) and the detergent dodecyl-b-D-thiomaltoside (DOTM) was studied using reflective interferometric Fourier transform spectroscopy (RIFTS) on an oxidized porous silicon (pSi) surface as a transducer. The pSi transducer surfaces are prepared as thin films of 3 μm thickness with pore dimensions of a few nanometers in diameter by electrochemical etching of crystalline silicon followed by passivation with a thermal oxide layer. Furthermore, the sensitivity of RIFTS was investigated using three different concentrations of surfactin. Complementary techniques including atomic force microscopy, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, and fluorescence microscopy were used to validate the RIFTS-based method and confirm adsorption and consequent rupture of vesicles to form a phospholipid bilayer upon the addition of antibiotics. The method provides a sensitive and real-time approach to monitor the antibiotic-induced transition of lipid vesicles to phospholipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Guinan
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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14
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Yu K, Creagh AL, Haynes CA, Kizhakkedathu JN. Lectin Interactions on Surface-Grafted Glycostructures: Influence of the Spatial Distribution of Carbohydrates on the Binding Kinetics and Rupture Forces. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7786-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Louise Creagh
- Michael Smith Laboratories and
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T
1Z4, Canada
| | - Charles A. Haynes
- Michael Smith Laboratories and
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T
1Z4, Canada
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15
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Jayaraman N, Maiti K, Naresh K. Multivalent glycoliposomes and micelles to study carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:4640-56. [PMID: 23487184 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs00001j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review describes multivalent carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction studies that utilize self-assembled aggregates of thermodynamically stable liposomes and micelles. Strategies to prepare multivalent glycoliposomes and micelles include: (i) insertion of synthetic glycolipids into matrix lipids; (ii) preparation of glycolipids that aggregate to liposomes and micelles and (iii) modification of the hydrophilic surfaces with desired sugars. Several design strategies have been developed in order to obtain constituent glycolipids, having multivalent sugar moieties and their subsequent interactions with proteins were assessed in relation to the type of linkers that connect the hydrophilic and lipophilic segments. Lipophilic segments other than alkyl chains have also been developed. Polymer based glycoliposomes and micelles form an emphasis. Further, glycoliposomes facilitate studies of carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions. An overview of the various types of glycoliposomes and micelles used to study carbohydrate-protein and carbohydrate-carbohydrate recognition phenomena is presented.
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16
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Glycosylated aniline polymer sensor: amine to imine conversion on protein-carbohydrate binding. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 46:183-9. [PMID: 23563436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this report, functionalized mannosylated aniline polymer (manno-PANI) was investigated as an electrochemical platform to study carbohydrate-protein interactions by exploiting the conductivity change of manno-PANI when the specific lectin binding occurs. A systematic study was performed to characterize the interconversion of polyaniline content (from amine to imine) in manno-PANI by UV-vis spectroscopy during its binding with concanavalin A (Con A). Both X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and UV-vis results suggest that Con A binding with the manno-PANI film triggers the switching of amine functionalities in the polyaniline backbone, converting them to imine forms. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to quantify the specific interactions between Con A and mannose by measuring the impedance change of manno-PANI film for the detection of Con A. A linear relationship between the impedance and Con A concentration was obtained, and the detection limit reaches to 0.12 nM Con A in a buffer solution (pH=7.4), whereas the addition of nonspecific control lectins to the same manno-PANI film gave very little impedance variations. Stability characterization of the manno-PANI film over 20 weeks shows a maximum drift of only 3% from the original signal. Thus, the uniquely constructed carbohydrate-PANI hybrid is a promising new carbohydrate recognition moiety for studying carbohydrate-protein interactions, presumably leading to a new electrochemical method for characterization of carbohydrate-protein interactions and carbohydrate-mediated intercellular recognitions.
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17
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Tian X, Baek KH, Shin I. Dual-labeled glycoclusters: synthesis and their application in monitoring lectin-mediated endocytosis. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:978-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25491g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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18
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Freichels H, Alaimo D, Auzély-Velty R, Jérôme C. α-Acetal, ω-Alkyne Poly(ethylene oxide) as a Versatile Building Block for the Synthesis of Glycoconjugated Graft-Copolymers Suited for Targeted Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1740-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200650n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Freichels
- Center for Education and Research
on Macromolcules, University of Liège, B6a Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - David Alaimo
- Center for Education and Research
on Macromolcules, University of Liège, B6a Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Rachel Auzély-Velty
- Centre de Recherches sur les
Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), BP53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France (affiliated with Université
Joseph Fourier, and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire
de Grenoble)
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research
on Macromolcules, University of Liège, B6a Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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19
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Murthy BN, Zeile S, Nambiar M, Nussio MR, Gibson CT, Shapter JG, Jayaraman N, Voelcker NH. Self assembly of bivalent glycolipids on single walled carbon nanotubes and their specific molecular recognition properties. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Safina G. Application of surface plasmon resonance for the detection of carbohydrates, glycoconjugates, and measurement of the carbohydrate-specific interactions: A comparison with conventional analytical techniques. A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 712:9-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Tsvetkov YE, Burg-Roderfeld M, Loers G, Ardá A, Sukhova EV, Khatuntseva EA, Grachev AA, Chizhov AO, Siebert HC, Schachner M, Jiménez-Barbero J, Nifantiev NE. Synthesis and molecular recognition studies of the HNK-1 trisaccharide and related oligosaccharides. The specificity of monoclonal anti-HNK-1 antibodies as assessed by surface plasmon resonance and STD NMR. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:426-35. [PMID: 22087768 DOI: 10.1021/ja2083015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The human natural killer cell carbohydrate, HNK-1, plays function-conducive roles in peripheral nerve regeneration and synaptic plasticity. It is also the target of autoantibodies in polyneuropathies. It is thus important to synthesize structurally related HNK-1 carbohydrates for optimizing its function-conducive roles, and for diagnosis and neutralization of autoantibodies in the fatal Guillain-Barré syndrome. As a first step toward these goals, we have synthesized several HNK-1 carbohydrate derivatives to assess the specificity of monoclonal HNK-1 antibodies from rodents: 2-aminoethyl glycosides of selectively O-sulfated trisaccharide corresponding to the HNK-1 antigen, its nonsulfated analogue, and modified structures containing 3-O-fucosyl or 6-O-sulfo substituents in the N-acetylglucosamine residues. These were converted, together with several related oligosaccharides, into biotin-tagged probes to analyze the precise carbohydrate specificity of two anti-HNK-1 antibodies by surface plasmon resonance that revealed a crucial role of the glucuronic acid in antibody binding. The contribution of the different oligosaccharide moieties in the interaction was shown by saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR of the complex consisting of the HNK-1 pentasaccharide and the HNK-1 412 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury E Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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22
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Tian X, Pai J, Baek KH, Ko SK, Shin I. Fluorophore-labeled, Peptide-based Glycoclusters: Synthesis, Binding Properties for Lectins, and Detection of Carbohydrate-Binding Proteins in Cells. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2107-13. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Hyun H, Yui N. Ligand accessibility to receptor binding sites enhanced by movable polyrotaxanes. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:765-71. [PMID: 21384556 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized polyrotaxanes are utilized to investigate the relation to multivalent interactions between the mannose moiety and Con A immobilized surfaces. According to the results of SPR spectroscopy, the mannose-conjugated polyrotaxanes show a higher response than any other mannose conjugate on both surfaces of high- and low-density Con A. Moreover, the results of the FRET analysis suggest that the mobility of α-cyclodextrins in the polyrotaxane more efficiently contributes to their binding interactions in a multivalent manner. This well-defined polyrotaxane system provides control over ligand density, ligand mobility, and gives an efficient response to the biological interaction receptor, which has not been easy to achieve in covalently bound polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Hyun
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan
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24
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He XP, Wang XW, Jin XP, Zhou H, Shi XX, Chen GR, Long YT. Epimeric Monosaccharide−Quinone Hybrids on Gold Electrodes toward the Electrochemical Probing of Specific Carbohydrate−Protein Recognitions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:3649-57. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110478j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng He
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, and ‡School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, and ‡School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Jin
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, and ‡School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, and ‡School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xin Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, and ‡School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, and ‡School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, and ‡School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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25
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Reynolds M, Pérez S. Thermodynamics and chemical characterization of protein–carbohydrate interactions: The multivalency issue. CR CHIM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2010.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Reulen SWA, Merkx M. Exchange kinetics of protein-functionalized micelles and liposomes studied by Förster resonance energy transfer. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:860-6. [PMID: 20397687 DOI: 10.1021/bc900398p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein-functionalized micelles and liposomes are attractive delivery systems for applications ranging from targeted drug delivery to molecular imaging. In particular, systems that use pegylated phospholipids have become popular, but little is known about the stability of these lipid-functionalized proteins toward exchange. In this study, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the fluorescent proteins ECFP and EYFP was used to investigate the lipid exchange behavior of protein-functionalized liposomes and micelles. Native chemical ligation was used as an efficient method to site-specifically couple varying amounts of proteins to pegylated phospholipids. No exchange was observed between protein-functionalized phospholipids in sterically stabilized liposomes. In micelles, however, protein-functionalized lipids were found to exchange with a half-time of exchange ranging from almost 2 h at room temperature to 4 min at 37 degrees C. These pegylated micelles remained intact at lipid concentrations down to 0.15 microM, indicating that they are even more stable than previously assumed. The results obtained in this study provide a useful frame of reference for assessing the potential role of protein exchange in biomedical applications of these lipid-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne W A Reulen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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27
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Munoz EM, Correa J, Fernandez-Megia E, Riguera R. Probing the Relevance of Lectin Clustering for the Reliable Evaluation of Multivalent Carbohydrate Recognition. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:17765-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9074826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Munoz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias S.N. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Correa
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias S.N. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernandez-Megia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias S.N. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ricardo Riguera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, and Unidad de RMN de Biomoléculas Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda. de las Ciencias S.N. 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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28
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Reulen SWA, Dankers PYW, Bomans PHH, Meijer EW, Merkx M. Collagen Targeting Using Protein-Functionalized Micelles: The Strength of Multiple Weak Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7304-12. [DOI: 10.1021/ja807723p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanne W. A. Reulen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - Patricia Y. W. Dankers
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - Paul H. H. Bomans
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands, and Soft Matter CryoTEM Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven
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29
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Jayaraman N. Multivalent ligand presentation as a central concept to study intricate carbohydrate–protein interactions. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:3463-83. [DOI: 10.1039/b815961k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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30
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Synthesis of archaeal glycolipid adjuvants—what is the optimum number of sugars? Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2349-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Linman MJ, Taylor JD, Yu H, Chen X, Cheng Q. Surface plasmon resonance study of protein-carbohydrate interactions using biotinylated sialosides. Anal Chem 2008; 80:4007-13. [PMID: 18461973 PMCID: PMC2586005 DOI: 10.1021/ac702566e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are carbohydrate binding proteins found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. They serve as important models for understanding protein-carbohydrate interactions at the molecular level. We report here the fabrication of a novel sensing interface of biotinylated sialosides to probe lectin-carbohydrate interactions using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR). The attachment of carbohydrates to the surface using biotin-NeutrAvidin interactions and the implementation of an inert hydrophilic hexaethylene glycol spacer (HEG) between the biotin and the carbohydrate result in a well-defined interface, enabling desired orientational flexibility and enhanced access of binding partners. The specificity and sensitivity of lectin binding were characterized using Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA) and other lectins including Maackia amurensis lectin (MAL), concanavalin A (Con A), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). The results indicate that alpha2,6-linked sialosides exhibit high binding affinity to SNA, while alteration in sialyl linkage and terminal sialic acid structure compromises the affinity by a varied degree. Quantitative analysis yields an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 777 +/- 93 nM for SNA binding to Neu5Ac alpha2,6-LHEB. Transient SPR kinetics confirms the K D value from the equilibrium binding studies. A linear relationship was obtained in the 10-100 microg/mL range with limit of detection of approximately 50 nM. Weak interactions with MAL, Con A, and WGA were also quantified. The control experiment with bovine serum albumin indicates that nonspecific interaction on this surface is insignificant over the concentration range studied. Multiple experiments can be performed on the same substrate using a glycine stripping buffer, which selectively regenerates the surface without damaging the sialoside or the biotin-NeutrAvidin interface. This surface design retains a high degree of native affinity for the carbohydrate motifs, allowing distinction of sialyl linkages and investigation pertaining to the effect of functional group on binding efficiency. It could be easily modified to identify and quantify binding patterns of any low-affinity biologically relevant systems, opening new avenues for probing carbohydrate-protein interactions in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Linman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Joseph D. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Naresh K, Bharati BK, Jayaraman N, Chatterji D. Synthesis and mycobacterial growth inhibition activities of bivalent and monovalent arabinofuranoside containing alkyl glycosides. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2388-93. [PMID: 18563273 DOI: 10.1039/b803409e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arabinofuranosides constitute one of the important components of cell wall structures of mycobacteria. With this importance of arabinofuranosides in mind, alkyl glycosides bearing arabinofuranoside trisaccharides were prepared, wherein the sugars were presented either in the monovalent or bivalent forms. Following the synthesis, the monovalent and bivalent alkyl glycosides were tested for their activities in a mycobacterial growth assay. The growth of the mycobacterial strain M. smegmatis was assessed in the presence of the alkyl glycosides and it was realized that the alkyl glycosides acted as inhibitors of the mycobacterial growth. The inhibition of the growth, caused by the above alkyl glycosides, was not observed for the arabinofuranose trisaccharide alone, without the alkyl groups, and for an alkyl glycoside bearing maltose as the sugar component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kottari Naresh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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33
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Murthy BN, Jayaraman N. A kinetic analysis of the tumor-associated galactopyranosyl-(1→3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-galactopyranoside antigen—lectin interaction. J CHEM SCI 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-008-0023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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34
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Murthy BN, Sinha S, Surolia A, Indi SS, Jayaraman N. SPR and ITC determination of the kinetics and the thermodynamics of bivalent versus monovalent sugar ligand–lectin interactions. Glycoconj J 2007; 25:313-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Materials that display multiple carbohydrate residues have gained much attention due to their potential to inhibit or modulate biological multivalent interactions. These materials can be grouped accordingly to the way they are prepared, as unimolecular or as self-assembled systems. Both systems take advantage of the fact that multivalent interactions have significantly higher binding affinity than the corresponding monovalent interactions. The self-assembled system is a more recent field of research compared to the unimolecular system. In this review, we describe current efforts to realize multivalent carbohydrate interactions from the perspective of synthetic self-assembled systems. We limit the scope to self-assembled systems that are stable, soluble in aqueous solution and morphologically discrete. We grouped them into two separate categories. In the first category carbohydrate ligands self-assemble onto a pre-organized nanostructure, and in the second carbohydrate-conjugated block molecules spontaneously assemble to construct morphologically distinct nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-beom Lim
- Center for Supramolecular Nano-Assembly and Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
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36
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the year 2006 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:300-66. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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