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Littlecott HJ, Moore GF, Evans RE, Melendez-Torres GJ, McCann M, Reed H, Mann M, Dobbie F, Jennings S, Donaldson C, Hawkins J. Perceptions of friendship, peers and influence on adolescent smoking according to tobacco control context: a systematic review and meta-ethnography of qualitative research. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:424. [PMID: 36869343 PMCID: PMC9983235 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14727-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A relationship between smoking and interpersonal influences has been well established within the literature. There have been cultural shifts in denormalisation and a reduction in tobacco smoking in many countries. Hence there is a need to understand social influences on adolescents' smoking across smoking normalisation contexts. METHODS The search was conducted in July 2019 and updated in March 2022 within 11 databases and secondary sources. Search terms included schools, adolescents, smoking, peers, social norms and qualitative research. Screening was conducted by two researchers independently and in duplicate. Study quality was assessed using the eight-item Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre (EPPI-centre) tool for the appraisal of qualitative studies. Results were synthesised using a meta-narrative lens for meta-ethnography and compared across smoking normalisation contexts. RESULTS Forty one studies were included and five themes were developed, mapping onto the socio ecological model. The social processes by which adolescents take up smoking differed according to a mixture of school type, peer group structure and the smoking culture within the school, as well as the wider cultural context. Data available from smoking denormalised contexts, described changes in social interactions around smoking to cope with its stigmatisation. This was manifested through i) direct peer influence, whereby subtle techniques were employed, ii) group belonging whereby smoking was less likely to be seen as a key determinant of group membership and smoking was less commonly reported to be used as a social tool, and iii) popularity and identity construction, whereby smoking was perceived more negatively in a denormalised context, compared with a normalised context. CONCLUSIONS This meta-ethnography is the first study to demonstrate, drawing on international data, that peer processes in adolescent smoking may undergo changes as smoking norms within society change. Future research should focus on understanding differences across socioeconomic contexts, to inform the adaptation of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Littlecott
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health (PSPH), Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE), LMU Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, Munich, 81377, Germany. .,Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BD, Wales, UK.
| | - G F Moore
- Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BD, Wales, UK
| | - R E Evans
- Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BD, Wales, UK
| | - G J Melendez-Torres
- Peninsula Technology Assessment Group (PenTAG), South Cloisters, University of Exeter, St Luke's Campus, Heavitree Road, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - M McCann
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow, G3 7HR, UK
| | - H Reed
- Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BD, Wales, UK
| | - M Mann
- Specialist Unit for Review Evidence, Cardiff University, 6th Floor, Neuadd Meirionnydd, Heath Park Campus, Cardiff, CF14 4YS, UK
| | - F Dobbie
- Usher Institute- University of Edinburgh, Doorway 1, Old Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, UK
| | - S Jennings
- Teaching and Learning for Health Professionals, Bristol Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, 39-41 St Michael's Hill, Bristol, BS2 8EZ, UK
| | - C Donaldson
- Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BD, Wales, UK
| | - J Hawkins
- Centre for Development, Evaluation, Complexity and Implementation in Public Health Improvement (DECIPHer), School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, 1-3 Museum Place, Cardiff, CF10 3BD, Wales, UK
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Matson PA, Flessa SJ, Hoff A, Alinsky R, Alexander K, Lich KH, Johnson RM. "What Do You Consider Use?" Perspectives of Black Youth on Cannabis Use. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:254-259. [PMID: 36443160 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescent health surveillance systems are critical for understanding patterns of cannabis use; however, their limitations underscore the need for studies that generate new insights, particularly from individuals who are most impacted by negative outcomes. Our objectives were to learn about youths' cannabis use and their perceptions of their peers' cannabis use; their perspectives about trajectories of cannabis use over time and factors that influence trajectories; and perceived risks and benefits associated with cannabis use. METHODS A group model building approach was used to gather data about cannabis use from a sample of urban, Black youth. Information about participants' cannabis use was assessed on eligibility screener, enrollment survey, and through structured activities over the course of four group model building workshops. RESULTS Participants [(n = 20) mean age 18; 35% male and 95% Black] exclusively used the terms weed and blunts for cannabis. Youth who consume peers' blunts would not characterize themselves as cannabis users. Collectively, youth estimated the majority of Baltimore youth used cannabis by age 16 and that most used daily. Youth described cannabis as more beneficial than harmful. There were no gender differences in prevalence of use, but there were gender dynamics to shared use. DISCUSSION Participatory research with urban, Black youth suggests youths' perceptions are misaligned with the ways that researchers conceptualize cannabis use. To better understand the scope of youth cannabis use and its harms, it is critical to leverage input from youth with lived experience to ensure survey tools adequately capture the way youth see themselves using cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Matson
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Sarah J Flessa
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Annika Hoff
- College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Rachel Alinsky
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Kristen Hassmiller Lich
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Renee M Johnson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Georgiopoulos G, Oikonomou D, Pateras K, Masi S, Magkas N, Delialis D, Ajdini E, Vlachou V, Stamatelopoulos K, Charakida M. A Bayesian meta-analysis on early tobacco exposure and vascular health: From childhood to early adulthood. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2021; 28:1315-1322. [PMID: 31747795 DOI: 10.1177/2047487319883557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking has been consistently associated with increased cardiovascular risk in adults. Although exposure to tobacco products often starts in early life, evidence for the possible adverse effects on the cardiovascular system of the young is scarce. We sought to derive pooled estimates of smoking effects on indices of early vascular damage in children and adolescents. DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies involving young individuals up to 21 years old that provided data on smoking exposure (active or passive) and flow-mediated dilatation, carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity and maximum carotid intima-media thickness. We employed three distinct methodologies of random-effects data synthesis, including the Sidik-Jonkman estimator, the Hartung and Knapp correction and a Bayesian method with a well-informed prior on the level of between-study variance. RESULTS In 12 studies and 5279 individuals in total, smoking exposure was related to deterioration in all three outcomes (mean adjusted flow-mediated dilatation decrease: -0.77%, 95% confidence interval -1.38--0.15, mean adjusted pulse wave velocity increase: 0.1 m/s, 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.17 and mean adjusted carotid intima-media thickness increase: 0.35 mm, 95% confidence interval 0.16-0.55, for the Sidik-Jonkman estimator). No difference was established between active and passive smoking on associations with arterial damage. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to tobacco products is associated with subclinical vascular damage early in life, even from childhood. Public health initiatives should target these very young age groups to prevent early smoking exposure and associated arterial damage and its sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Georgiopoulos
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Pateras
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Support, University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefano Masi
- National Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention and Outcomes, University College London, UK
| | - Nikolaos Magkas
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Delialis
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Erold Ajdini
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Victoria Vlachou
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, UK
| | - Kimon Stamatelopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Marietta Charakida
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, UK
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Fuertes E, Marcon A, Potts L, Pesce G, Lhachimi SK, Jani V, Calciano L, Adamson A, Quint JK, Jarvis D, Janson C, Accordini S, Minelli C. Health impact assessment to predict the impact of tobacco price increases on COPD burden in Italy, England and Sweden. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2311. [PMID: 33504847 PMCID: PMC7840977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Raising tobacco prices effectively reduces smoking, the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Using the Health Impact Assessment tool "DYNAMO-HIA", this study quantified the reduction in COPD burden that would occur in Italy, England and Sweden over 40 years if tobacco prices were increased by 5%, 10% and 20% over current local prices, with larger increases considered in secondary analyses. A dynamic Markov-based multi-state simulation modelling approach estimated the effect of changes in smoking prevalence states and probabilities of transitioning between smoking states on future smoking prevalence, COPD burden and life expectancy in each country. Data inputs included demographics, smoking prevalences and behaviour and COPD burden from national data resources, large observational cohorts and datasets within DYNAMO-HIA. In the 20% price increase scenario, the cumulative number of COPD incident cases saved over 40 years was 479,059 and 479,302 in Italy and England (populous countries with higher smoking prevalences) and 83,694 in Sweden (smaller country with lower smoking prevalence). Gains in overall life expectancy ranged from 0.25 to 0.45 years for a 20 year-old. Increasing tobacco prices would reduce COPD burden and increase life expectancy through smoking behavior changes, with modest but important public health benefits observed in all three countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Fuertes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Emmanuel Kaye Building, Imperial College London, 1B Manresa Road, London, SW3 6LR, UK.
| | - Alessandro Marcon
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Potts
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giancarlo Pesce
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR-S 1136, Epidemiology of Allergic and Respiratory Diseases (EPAR), Pierre Louis Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health (IPLESP), Saint-Antoine Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Stefan K Lhachimi
- Health Sciences Bremen, Institute for Public Health and Nursing, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Virjal Jani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Emmanuel Kaye Building, Imperial College London, 1B Manresa Road, London, SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Lucia Calciano
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alex Adamson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Emmanuel Kaye Building, Imperial College London, 1B Manresa Road, London, SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Jennifer K Quint
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Emmanuel Kaye Building, Imperial College London, 1B Manresa Road, London, SW3 6LR, UK
| | - Debbie Jarvis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Emmanuel Kaye Building, Imperial College London, 1B Manresa Road, London, SW3 6LR, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences: Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simone Accordini
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cosetta Minelli
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Emmanuel Kaye Building, Imperial College London, 1B Manresa Road, London, SW3 6LR, UK
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Deyra M, Gay C, Gerbaud L, Berland P, Pizon F. Global Health Determinants Perceived and Expressed by Children and Adolescents Between 6 and 17 Years: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:115. [PMID: 32309268 PMCID: PMC7145944 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To identify the determinants of global health in the literature as perceived and expressed by children and adolescents in order to adapt prevention actions to this young audience. To also question the pertinence of a qualitative approach when interviewing children. Method:Systematic review of the literature from PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, PsycINFO databases. The studies selected used qualitative methods alone for investigating the views of health determinants in children and adolescents. Results:185 articles were read to reach a final selection of 13 articles on global health, excluding studies with children who were ill, studies using quantitative, mixed, or retrospective methodologies, and those dealing exclusively with themes of health. Collecting information from children and adolescents showed the pertinence and effectiveness of qualitative methods. It also appears necessary to explore new paths: improving and adapting the tools and methodological supports used and combining them to enrich repositories. Conclusion:The small amount of qualitative data available with the views of children and adolescents on health determinants requires that new studies with better adapted collection methodologies be set up. To increase pertinence and effectiveness among a young audience, it is necessary, considering the methodologies identified during this literature review, to turn toward a multi-phase method that combines these methods. A methodology in several phases allows each one to use a different approach with young people and to obtain richer and more varied information. A corpus of images appeared as a powerful tool for collection: it facilitates children's capacity for oral expression and places the researcher in a position of listening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maéliane Deyra
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Chloé Gay
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Gerbaud
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,University of Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pauline Berland
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CHU, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frank Pizon
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Papanastasiou N, Hill S, Amos A. Evidence From Qualitative Studies of Youth About the Impacts of Tobacco Control Policy on Young People in Europe: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:863-870. [PMID: 29370431 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A range of tobacco control policies endeavor to prevent smoking uptake in young people, yet relatively little is known about how such interventions impact young people's engagement with smoking. We reviewed existing qualitative evidence on young people and smoking in Europe to assess whether, in what ways and why young people comply with, adapt to, resist, or circumvent tobacco control policies in their respective countries. METHODS We undertook a systematic review of academic literature presenting qualitative research from Europe on smoking and young people (11-18 years), published from 2000 to 2015. Bibliographic searches (PubMed, PsycInfo, SSCI) produced 1357 records, from which 43 relevant articles were assessed for quality and 39 included in the review. RESULTS Most studies were from the United Kingdom (27), with a small number (one or two each) from other European countries (Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, and Spain). Only 16 articles (11 from United Kingdom) provided any evidence about the impacts of tobacco control policies on young people's smoking. These focused on smoke-free legislation (four), age of sale laws (four), plain packaging (three), and black market tobacco (one). CONCLUSIONS There is very little qualitative evidence exploring the impacts of tobacco control on youth smoking in Europe. To develop more effective smoking prevention policies that take account of local political, social, and cultural contexts, more qualitative research from a wider range of European countries is needed to understand how tobacco control impacts on young people's social worlds and smoking behaviors. IMPLICATIONS Smoking is the leading cause of premature mortality in Europe. However, there is little qualitative evidence exploring the impact of tobacco control policies on young people in Europe. Most comes from the United Kingdom and focuses on a narrow range of policies. Thus, we have a limited understanding of how and in what ways tobacco control policies reach young people, their engagement with these, and how local context affects their impact. More qualitative research is needed, from a wider range of countries and on a broader range of tobacco control policies, to strengthen the evidence-base for reducing youth smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Papanastasiou
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Hill
- Global Public Health Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanda Amos
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Bafunno D, Catino A, Lamorgese V, Pizzutilo P, Di Lauro A, Petrillo P, Lapadula V, Mastrandrea A, Ricci D, Galetta D. Tobacco control in Europe: A review of campaign strategies for teenagers and adults. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 138:139-147. [PMID: 31092369 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe the prevalence of tobacco use in adults and adolescents is among the highest within the WHO regions. Many resources have been allocated toward the prevention and support for smoking cessation. However, the implemented strategies in Europe have not been systematically evaluated. METHODS A systematic literature review was carried out to identify studies that analyzed the efficacy of the main smoking-prevention campaigns conducted in Europe. PRISMA guidelines were used to systematically review and extract data. RESULTS A total of 24 studies meeting inclusion criteria were identified. Each article was thoroughly reviewed and evaluated for quality, design, and methodology, with reference to the main areas of intervention: school (8); mass media (4) and technological tools (4); smoke-free environments (3); packaging (2) and taxes (3). The school programmes focusing on building skills to recognize and resist negative influences, the intensive use of media and technological equipments, health warnings and excise taxes have showed to be effective tools in reducing the tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS Intervention programmes to implement tobacco control policies and smoking cessation are active in many European countries. However, these programmes need to be constantly sustained to achieve a long term efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bafunno
- Clinical Cancer Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", 65, Viale Orazio Flacco, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Catino
- Clinical Cancer Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", 65, Viale Orazio Flacco, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Lamorgese
- Clinical Cancer Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", 65, Viale Orazio Flacco, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Pamela Pizzutilo
- Clinical Cancer Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", 65, Viale Orazio Flacco, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Lauro
- Clinical Cancer Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", 65, Viale Orazio Flacco, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Patrizia Petrillo
- Clinical Cancer Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", 65, Viale Orazio Flacco, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Vittoria Lapadula
- Clinical Cancer Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", 65, Viale Orazio Flacco, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelica Mastrandrea
- Clinical Cancer Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", 65, Viale Orazio Flacco, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Donata Ricci
- Clinical Cancer Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", 65, Viale Orazio Flacco, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Galetta
- Clinical Cancer Centre "Giovanni Paolo II", 65, Viale Orazio Flacco, 70124, Bari, Italy.
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Smith EP, Witherspoon DP, Bhargava S, Bermudez JM. Cultural Values and Behavior Among African American and European American Children. JOURNAL OF CHILD AND FAMILY STUDIES 2019; 28:1236-1249. [PMID: 31871395 PMCID: PMC6927402 DOI: 10.1007/s10826-019-01367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study explores the relationships of individualistic (e.g., competition, material success) and collectivistic values (e.g., familism, respect) with risky and prosocial behavior among African-American and European-American youth. While previous work has focused upon immigrant adolescents, this study expands the research exploring cultural values to other racial-ethnic groups and to a younger developmental period. This study builds upon culture as individually experienced beliefs and practices, potentially espousing multiple cultural orientations and relationships to behavior. METHODS Data from Cohort 3 of a study of 219 urban, suburban, and rural children included African-American (42%) and European-American(58%) children, 54% female, ranging from grades 1-5 (mean age = 9). Multigroup structural equation models were tested resulting in a measurement model that fit similarly across groups (RMSEA=.05, CFI =.94). RESULTS African-American children reported higher levels of individualism, and African-American and European-American children reported espousing similar levels of collectivism. Children in higher grades were found to be more collectivistic and less individualistic. Individualistic values were related to children's lower prosocial and higher rates of problem and delinquent behavior. Collectivistic cultural values were associated with reduced rates of problem behaviors, controlling for race-ethnicity, gender and grade. CONCLUSIONS Results provide support for the assertion that youth espouse multiple cultural orientations and that collectivistic cultural values can serve as promotive factors for children of diverse backgrounds. Practice and policy should seek to understand the role of family, school, and community socialization of multiple cultural orientations and nuanced associations with risk and resilience.
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Dirisu O, Shickle D, Elsey H. Perspectives of young cannabis users within the Nigerian policy context: The paradox of criminalization as a deterrence strategy. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1510052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osasuyi Dirisu
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darren Shickle
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Elsey
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Marcon A, Pesce G, Calciano L, Bellisario V, Dharmage SC, Garcia-Aymerich J, Gislasson T, Heinrich J, Holm M, Janson C, Jarvis D, Leynaert B, Matheson MC, Pirina P, Svanes C, Villani S, Zuberbier T, Minelli C, Accordini S. Trends in smoking initiation in Europe over 40 years: A retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201881. [PMID: 30133533 PMCID: PMC6104979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco consumption is the largest avoidable health risk. Understanding changes of smoking over time and across populations is crucial to implementing health policies. We evaluated trends in smoking initiation between 1970 and 2009 in random samples of European populations. Methods We pooled data from six multicentre studies involved in the Ageing Lungs in European Cohorts consortium, including overall 119,104 subjects from 17 countries (range of median ages across studies: 33–52 years). We estimated retrospectively trends in the rates of smoking initiation (uptake of regular smoking) by age group, and tested birth cohort effects using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) modelling. We stratified all analyses by sex and region (North, East, South, West Europe). Results Smoking initiation during late adolescence (16–20 years) declined for both sexes and in all regions (except for South Europe, where decline levelled off after 1990). By the late 2000s, rates of initiation during late adolescence were still high (40–80 per 1000/year) in East, South, and West Europe compared to North Europe (20 per 1000/year). Smoking initiation rates during early adolescence (11–15 years) showed a marked increase after 1990 in all regions (except for North European males) but especially in West Europe, where they reached 40 per 1000/year around 2005. APC models supported birth cohort effects in the youngest cohorts. Conclusion Smoking initiation is still unacceptably high among European adolescents, and increasing rates among those aged 15 or less deserve attention. Reducing initiation in adolescents is fundamental, since youngsters are particularly vulnerable to nicotine addiction and tobacco adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marcon
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Giancarlo Pesce
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia Calciano
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valeria Bellisario
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Shyamali C. Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thorarinn Gislasson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali University Hospital (E7), Reykjavik, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Faculty of Medicine, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Clinical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Comprehensive Pneumology Centre Munich, German Centre for Lung Research, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Mathias Holm
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christer Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences: Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- Population Health & Occupational Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bénédicte Leynaert
- Inserm UMR 1152, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases, Paris, France
- University Paris Diderot Paris 7, UMR 1152, Paris, France
| | - Melanie C. Matheson
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pietro Pirina
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Cecilie Svanes
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simona Villani
- Unit of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Allergy Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology & Allergy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cosetta Minelli
- Population Health & Occupational Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Accordini
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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11
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Sylvestre MP, Wellman RJ, O'Loughlin EK, Dugas EN, O'Loughlin J. Gender differences in risk factors for cigarette smoking initiation in childhood. Addict Behav 2017; 72:144-150. [PMID: 28399489 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We investigated whether established risk factors for initiating cigarette smoking during adolescence (parents, siblings, friends smoke; home smoking rules, smokers at home, exposure to smoking in cars, academic performance, susceptibility to smoking, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, school connectedness, use of other tobacco products) are associated with initiation in preadolescents, and whether the effects of these factors differ by gender. METHODS In spring 2005, baseline data were collected in self-report questionnaires from 1801 5th grade students including 1553 never-smokers (mean age=10.7years), in the longitudinal AdoQuest I Study in Montréal, Canada. Follow-up data were collected in the fall and spring of 6th grade (2005-2006). Poisson regression analyses with robust variance estimated the effects of each risk factor on initiation and additive interactions with gender were computed to assess the excess risk of each risk factor in girls compared to boys. RESULTS 101 of 1399 participants in the analytic sample (6.7% of boys; 7.7% of girls) initiated smoking during follow-up. After adjustment for age, gender and maternal education, all risk factors except academic performance and school connectedness were statistically significantly associated with initiation. Paternal and sibling smoking were associated with initiation in girls only, and girls with lower self-esteem had a significant excess risk of initiating smoking in 6th grade. CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for smoking initiation in preadolescents mirror those in adolescents; their effects do not differ markedly by gender. Preventive programs targeting children should focus on reducing smoking in the social environment and the dangers of poly-tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Sylvestre
- University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Erika N Dugas
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer O'Loughlin
- University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada; Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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12
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Vázquez-Nava F, Vázquez-Rodríguez EM, Vázquez-Rodríguez CF, Castillo Ruiz O, Peinado Herreros J. Epidemiological profile of smoking and nicotine addiction among asthmatic adolescents. Public Health 2017; 149:49-56. [PMID: 28551470 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the harmful effects of cigarette smoking, this habit in asthmatic adolescents continues to be a health problem worldwide. Our objectives were to determine the epidemiological profile of smoking and the degree of nicotine dependence among asthmatic adolescents. STUDY DESIGN Through a cross-sectional investigation, 3383 adolescents (13-19 years of age) were studied. METHODS Information was collected using a previously validated questionnaire. Two study groups of adolescent smokers were formed: one composed of asthmatic adolescents and the other of healthy youths. RESULTS Asthmatic adolescents were found to be more likely to smoke (21.6% vs 11.8%) and to have some degree of nicotine dependence compared with healthy adolescents (51.6% vs 48.8%). The most important characteristic of smoking in asthmatic adolescents was found to be an onset before 11 years of age due to curiosity about cigarettes. Asthmatic youths continue smoking because this habit decreases their anxiety and stress. Adolescents know that smoking is addictive and often smoke on waking up in the morning or when they are sick. Yet, these adolescents do not consider smoking to be a problem. CONCLUSION In this study, curiosity about cigarettes was the primary reason why asthmatic adolescents smoked for the first time and developed a greater dependence to nicotine compared with healthy adolescents. Moreover, the findings show that many of the factors that favour the development of smoking are preventable, given that they are present in the family and social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vázquez-Nava
- Department of Research, School of Medicine, Tampico, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Tampico, Mexico.
| | | | | | - O Castillo Ruiz
- Reynosa Aztlán Multidisciplinary Academic Unit, Autonomous University of Tamaulipas, Mexico
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13
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McGee CE, Trigwell J, Fairclough SJ, Murphy RC, Porcellato L, Ussher M, Foweather L. Influence of family and friend smoking on intentions to smoke and smoking-related attitudes and refusal self-efficacy among 9-10 year old children from deprived neighbourhoods: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:225. [PMID: 25885000 PMCID: PMC4359391 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smoking often starts in early adolescence and addiction can occur rapidly. For effective smoking prevention there is a need to identify at risk groups of preadolescent children and whether gender-specific intervention components are necessary. This study aimed to examine associations between mother, father, sibling and friend smoking and cognitive vulnerability to smoking among preadolescent children living in deprived neighbourhoods. Methods Cross-sectional data was collected from 9–10 year old children (n =1143; 50.7% girls; 85.6% White British) from 43 primary schools in Merseyside, England. Children completed a questionnaire that assessed their smoking-related behaviour, intentions, attitudes, and refusal self-efficacy, as well as parent, sibling and friend smoking. Data for boys and girls were analysed separately using multilevel linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for individual cognitions and school and deprivation level. Results Compared to girls, boys had lower non-smoking intentions (P = 0.02), refusal self-efficacy (P = 0.04) and were less likely to agree that smoking is ‘definitely’ bad for health (P < 0.01). Friend smoking was negatively associated with non-smoking intentions in girls (P < 0.01) and boys (P < 0.01), and with refusal self-efficacy in girls (P < 0.01). Sibling smoking was negatively associated with non-smoking intentions in girls (P < 0.01) but a positive association was found in boys (P = 0.02). Boys who had a smoking friend were less likely to ‘definitely’ believe that the smoke from other people’s cigarettes is harmful (OR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.91, P = 0.02). Further, boys with a smoking friend (OR 0.38, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.69, P < 0.01) or a smoking sibling (OR 0.45, 95% CI: 0.21 to 0.98) were less likely to ‘definitely’ believe that smoking is bad for health. Conclusion This study indicates that sibling and friend smoking may represent important influences on 9–10 year old children’s cognitive vulnerability toward smoking. Whilst some differential findings by gender were observed, these may not be sufficient to warrant separate prevention interventions. However, further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara E McGee
- Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, 15-21 Webster Street, Liverpool, L3 2AT, UK.
| | - Joanne Trigwell
- Centre for Health Promotion Research, Leeds Beckett University, Calverley Building, City Campus, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK.
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK. .,Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Rebecca C Murphy
- Physical Activity Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, 62 Great Crosshall Street, Liverpool, L3 2AT, UK.
| | - Lorna Porcellato
- Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John Moores University, Henry Cotton Campus, 15-21 Webster Street, Liverpool, L3 2AT, UK.
| | - Michael Ussher
- Institution of Population Health Research, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
| | - Lawrence Foweather
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, St. Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L39 4QP, UK.
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Hefler M, Chapman S. Disadvantaged youth and smoking in mature tobacco control contexts: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. Tob Control 2014; 24:429-35. [PMID: 25326217 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review qualitative research and synthesise findings about socioeconomically disadvantaged and socially marginalised adolescents and young adults in mature tobacco control contexts. DATA SOURCES Searches of PubMed and MEDLINE, additional purposive searches in Google Scholar, PsycINFO, grey literature, specialist journals and reference lists for English language articles published after 2000. Search terms were qualitative, youth or adolescent or young adult, smoking/tobacco and vulnerable populations or disadvantage or socioeconomic inequality. The most recent update of the search was undertaken in January 2014. STUDY SELECTION Twenty articles, reporting on 17 studies, from 902 initial records were included. Inclusion criteria were: qualitative study undertaken in a country in the final stage of the tobacco epidemic and with comprehensive tobacco control measures in place, participants were youth who were socioeconomically disadvantaged or members of an identified subgroup with higher smoking prevalence and/or resided in a geographical area of low socioeconomic status. The target age range was 10-24. DATA EXTRACTION Data were independently extracted by one author, summarised and reviewed, compared and re-reviewed at multiple time points. DATA SYNTHESIS The majority of studies were from the UK, with the remainder from the USA, Australia and New Zealand. The review used a thematic analysis approach, and started with an open question: 'what does qualitative research tell us about disadvantaged young people and smoking?' The synthesis provides insights into the social context of smoking for marginalised and disadvantaged young people, group affiliation and identity, the role of smoking in social capital and sources of cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Surprisingly few qualitative studies focused exclusively on smoking and disadvantaged young people were found. Future qualitative studies on the intersection between specific psychosocial characteristics associated with disadvantage and increased smoking risk would be of use to inform approaches to reduce socioeconomic differentials in smoking prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Hefler
- A27-School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon Chapman
- A27-School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Faletau J, Glover M, Nosa V, Pienaar F. Looks like smoking, is it smoking?: children's perceptions of cigarette-like nicotine delivery systems, smoking and cessation. Harm Reduct J 2013; 10:30. [PMID: 24238406 PMCID: PMC3874641 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-10-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative cigarette-like nicotine delivery systems have been met with diverse opinions. One concern has been for the effect on children. We investigate whether children can differentiate tobacco cigarette smoking from use of a nicotine inhaler and electronic cigarette. Their opinions on these devices was also of interest. Methods Two structured focus groups and twelve individual interviews were conducted with twenty Māori and Pacific children (6–10 years old) in low socioeconomic areas in Auckland, New Zealand. Children viewed short video clips on an iPad that demonstrated an actor smoking a tobacco cigarette, sucking a lollipop or using an electronic cigarette or a nicotine inhaler. Results Children did not recognise the inhaler or electronic cigarette. Some children did however notice anomalies in the ‘smoking’ behaviour. Once told about the products the children were mostly positive about the potential of the inhaler and electronic cigarette to assist smokers to quit. Negative perceptions were expressed, including views about the ill health effects associated with continued nicotine intake and the smoker’s inability to quit. Conclusions In a context unfamiliar with electronic cigarettes or nicotine inhalers, such as New Zealand, children may misperceive use of these products as smoking. Once these products are more common and the purpose of them is known, seeing people use them should normalise quitting behaviour, something the children were very supportive of.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marewa Glover
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Private 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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16
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Abstract
Most studies investigating the reasons for smoking initiation are based on adolescents or young individuals. We considered the issue in a large dataset on the general Italian population. Six population-based surveys on smoking were conducted annually from 2005 to 2010 on representative samples of Italian individuals aged 15 years or over, involving more than 3000 individuals each year. A specific question on the main reason to start smoking was asked to 7469 ever smokers. Overall, 59.9% of ever smokers started smoking before 18 years of age and 33.6% started smoking before 16 years of age. Among ever smokers, 61.1% reported having started smoking because of the influence of friends, 15.6% for enjoyment and satisfaction, 9.0% to feel mature and independent, 6.6% because of the influence of partner/family, 2.5% because of stress, 1.9% to feel more secure and 1.8% for curiosity. The finding that the majority of Italian men and women - particularly those who started smoking at a young age - started smoking because of the influence of friends suggests that antismoking campaigns should consider social influence, resistance and the dimension of self-esteem. An improvement in the legislation prohibiting the purchase of tobacco products by minors aged less than 18 years and a smoking ban in school courtyards are urgently required in Italy.
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Alamian A, Paradis G. Individual and social determinants of multiple chronic disease behavioral risk factors among youth. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:224. [PMID: 22439966 PMCID: PMC3331803 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral risk factors are known to co-occur among youth, and to increase risks of chronic diseases morbidity and mortality later in life. However, little is known about determinants of multiple chronic disease behavioral risk factors, particularly among youth. Previous studies have been cross-sectional and carried out without a sound theoretical framework. METHODS Using longitudinal data (n = 1135) from Cycle 4 (2000-2001), Cycle 5 (2002-2003) and Cycle 6 (2004-2005) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, a nationally representative sample of Canadian children who are followed biennially, the present study examines the influence of a set of conceptually-related individual/social distal variables (variables situated at an intermediate distance from behaviors), and individual/social ultimate variables (variables situated at an utmost distance from behaviors) on the rate of occurrence of multiple behavioral risk factors (physical inactivity, sedentary behavior, tobacco smoking, alcohol drinking, and high body mass index) in a sample of children aged 10-11 years at baseline. Multiple behavioral risk factors were assessed using a multiple risk factor score. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS, version 9.1, and SUDAAN, version 9.01. RESULTS Multivariate longitudinal Poisson models showed that social distal variables including parental/peer smoking and peer drinking (Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) = 187.86, degrees of freedom (DF) = 8, p < .001), as well as individual distal variables including low self-esteem (LLR = 76.94, DF = 4, p < .001) increased the rate of occurrence of multiple behavioral risk factors. Individual ultimate variables including age, sex, and anxiety (LLR = 9.34, DF = 3, p < .05), as well as social ultimate variables including family socioeconomic status, and family structure (LLR = 10.93, DF = 5, p = .05) contributed minimally to the rate of co-occurrence of behavioral risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest targeting individual/social distal variables in prevention programs of multiple chronic disease behavioral risk factors among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsham Alamian
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA.
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Vu M, Leatherdale ST, Ahmed R. Examining correlates of different cigarette access behaviours among Canadian youth: data from the Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (2006). Addict Behav 2011; 36:1313-6. [PMID: 21821363 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding factors associated with youth cigarette access behaviours can provide insight into the development of more effective means of preventing youth from accessing cigarettes. This cross-sectional study used self-reported data collected from 41,886 students in grades 9 to 12 who participated in the 2006-07 Youth Smoking Survey to examine the student- and school-level characteristics that differentiate youth smokers who usually access cigarettes from a social source versus buying their own from retailers. Multi-level regression analyses revealed significant between-school variability in the odds of a smoking student reporting that they usually buy their own cigarettes. Important student-level characteristics associated with how youth usually access their cigarettes included binge drinking and being asked for age or photo identification when purchasing cigarettes from a retailer. Future studies should further explore the school- and student-level characteristics associated with youth cigarette access behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Vu
- Department of Health Studies & Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Canada
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19
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Leatherdale ST, Ahmed R, Vu M. Factors associated with different cigarette access behaviours among underage smoking youth who usually smoke contraband (native) cigarettes. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2011. [PMID: 21608380 DOI: 10.1007/bf03404156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Given that little is known about how youth access contraband cigarettes, the current study seeks to examine factors associated with how underage smoking youth report usually accessing contraband cigarettes. METHODS This study used nationally representative data collected from 41,886 students (grades 9 to 12) as part of the 2006-07 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey (YSS). Using data from current smokers who report that their usual brand of cigarettes is contraband, three logistic regression models were used to examine factors associated with buying cigarettes from a store, getting cigarettes from a family member, or getting cigarettes from friends or strangers. RESULTS In 2006, 7.9% (n = 1 3,300) of Canadian youth who were current smokers reported that their usual brand of cigarettes was contraband. Among these youth, the majority reported that they usually get their cigarettes from a friend or stranger (54.8%), whereas 26.4% report usually getting them from a family member and 18.8% usually buying their own from a store. Boys were more likely to buy contraband cigarettes from a store, whereas youth with a parent who smokes contraband cigarettes were substantially more likely to get contraband cigarettes from a family member and youth with friends who smoke contraband cigarettes were substantially more likely to get contraband cigarettes from a friend or stranger. CONCLUSION Ongoing surveillance of contraband cigarette use among youth and how youth access contraband cigarettes is required for guiding future tobacco control policy and programming activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Leatherdale
- Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2L7.
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Haberstick BC, Ehringer MA, Lessem JM, Hopfer CJ, Hewitt JK. Dizziness and the genetic influences on subjective experiences to initial cigarette use. Addiction 2011; 106:391-9. [PMID: 20955488 PMCID: PMC3017238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine individual differences in positive and negative subjective experiences to initial cigarette use. DESIGN Retrospective self-reports of initial subjective experiences were examined to estimate the genetic and environmental influences and the extent of their covariation across different effects. PARTICIPANTS Data was drawn from 2482 young adult same-and opposite sex twins- and siblings participating in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. MEASUREMENT Subjective experiences were retrospectively collected using the Early Smoking Experience (ESE) questionnaire. FINDINGS Positive experiences evidenced moderate heritable contributions (40%, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.56), as did an overall hedonic measure (34%, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.46) and dizziness (34%, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.52). Negative experiences evidenced small heritable contributions (13%, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.36). Individual specific environmental influences were strong and accounted for the remaining proportion of observed variation in these experiences. Multivariate genetic modeling identified a moderately heritable underlying factor (37%, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.52) that influenced the covariation of diverse subjective experiences and loaded most heavily on dizziness. Positive experiences also evidence residual genetic influences that were uncorrelated with other subjective experiences. CONCLUSIONS How a person experiences their initial few cigarettes is due to both heritable contributions and environmental experiences unique to the person. The covariation of diverse subjective experiences appears to be due to a heritable latent sensitivity to the chemicals contained in an average cigarette and is best indexed by dizziness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett C. Haberstick
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Marissa A. Ehringer
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA,Department of Integrated Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Lessem
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Christian J. Hopfer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - John K. Hewitt
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Bidstrup PE, Tjørnhøj-Thomsen T, Mortensen EL, Vinther-Larsen M, Johansen C. Critical discussion of social-cognitive factors in smoking initiation among adolescents. Acta Oncol 2011; 50:88-98. [PMID: 21174611 DOI: 10.3109/02841861003801155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Social-cognitive models have often been used in research on prevention in adolescent populations, even though the models were designed to describe adult behavior. The aim of the study reported here was to examine critically and constructively the five social-cognitive factors in the 'attitude, social influence, self-efficacy' (ASE) model. Methods. The examination draws on the results of a qualitative follow-up study of smoking initiation based on semi-structured interviews and observations of 12 adolescents in two Danish school classes, grades 7 and 8. The qualitative study was conducted in connection with and sampled from a large quantitative study and the results of both studies are discussed. In the analyses, we explored the ASE constructs according to how they are described in the ASE theory. Furthermore, we examined contradictions and aspects which are not explained in the model and if relevant discussed these aspects using other theoretical frameworks. Results. The results showed that aspects other than those in the ASE model are also important. Smoking initiation was often situational and unplanned and was sometimes used in negotiating social relationships and identity. Furthermore, the social-cognitive models are based on the assumption that adolescents talk about smoking norms and have a high degree of individual reflexivity, which is not always characteristic of adolescent behavior. Conclusion. Applying theoretical models in health research should be a continuous process of both applying the model and discussing the theoretical assumptions of the model when applied to a specific sample. The results of the qualitative study provide some support for use of the ASE model, but the results also suggest that further studies are needed to explore how social-cognitive models can be expanded to be more comprehensive behavioral models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Envold Bidstrup
- Department of Psychosocial Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kidger J, Donovan JL, Biddle L, Campbell R, Gunnell D. Supporting adolescent emotional health in schools: a mixed methods study of student and staff views in England. BMC Public Health 2009; 9:403. [PMID: 19878601 PMCID: PMC2777165 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schools have been identified as an important place in which to support adolescent emotional health, although evidence as to which interventions are effective remains limited. Relatively little is known about student and staff views regarding current school-based emotional health provision and what they would like to see in the future, and this is what this study explored. Methods A random sample of 296 English secondary schools were surveyed to quantify current level of emotional health provision. Qualitative student focus groups (27 groups, 154 students aged 12-14) and staff interviews (12 interviews, 15 individuals) were conducted in eight schools, purposively sampled from the survey respondents to ensure a range of emotional health activity, free school meal eligibility and location. Data were analysed thematically, following a constant comparison approach. Results Emergent themes were grouped into three areas in which participants felt schools did or could intervene: emotional health in the curriculum, support for those in distress, and the physical and psychosocial environment. Little time was spent teaching about emotional health in the curriculum, and most staff and students wanted more. Opportunities to explore emotions in other curriculum subjects were valued. All schools provided some support for students experiencing emotional distress, but the type and quality varied a great deal. Students wanted an increase in school-based help sources that were confidential, available to all and sympathetic, and were concerned that accessing support should not lead to stigma. Finally, staff and students emphasised the need to consider the whole school environment in order to address sources of distress such as bullying and teacher-student relationships, but also to increase activities that enhanced emotional health. Conclusion Staff and students identified several ways in which schools can improve their support of adolescent emotional health, both within and outside the curriculum. However, such changes should be introduced as part of a wider consideration of how the whole school environment can be more supportive of students' emotional health. Clearer guidance at policy level, more rigorous evaluation of current interventions, and greater dissemination of good practice is necessary to ensure adolescents' emotional health needs are addressed effectively within schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi Kidger
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39, Whatley Road, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK.
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