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Shelake RM, Jadhav AM, Bhosale PB, Kim JY. Unlocking secrets of nature's chemists: Potential of CRISPR/Cas-based tools in plant metabolic engineering for customized nutraceutical and medicinal profiles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108070. [PMID: 37816270 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant species have evolved diverse metabolic pathways to effectively respond to internal and external signals throughout their life cycle, allowing adaptation to their sessile and phototropic nature. These pathways selectively activate specific metabolic processes, producing plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) governed by genetic and environmental factors. Humans have utilized PSM-enriched plant sources for millennia in medicine and nutraceuticals. Recent technological advances have significantly contributed to discovering metabolic pathways and related genes involved in the biosynthesis of specific PSM in different food crops and medicinal plants. Consequently, there is a growing demand for plant materials rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, marketed as "superfoods". To meet the industrial demand for superfoods and therapeutic PSMs, modern methods such as system biology, omics, synthetic biology, and genome editing (GE) play a crucial role in identifying the molecular players, limiting steps, and regulatory circuitry involved in PSM production. Among these methods, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) is the most widely used system for plant GE due to its simple design, flexibility, precision, and multiplexing capabilities. Utilizing the CRISPR-based toolbox for metabolic engineering (ME) offers an ideal solution for developing plants with tailored preventive (nutraceuticals) and curative (therapeutic) metabolic profiles in an ecofriendly way. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the multifactorial regulation of metabolic pathways, the application of CRISPR-based tools for plant ME, and the potential research areas for enhancing plant metabolic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mahadev Shelake
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Amol Maruti Jadhav
- Research Institute of Green Energy Convergence Technology (RIGET), Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Pritam Bhagwan Bhosale
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea; Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea; Nulla Bio Inc, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Xuan Y, Wang S, Li S, Yuan J, Zhou Q, He N. Chromosome constitution and genetic relationships of Morus spp. revealed by genomic in situ hybridization. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:428. [PMID: 37710184 PMCID: PMC10503058 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mulberry (Morus spp.) is an economically important woody plant, which has been used for sericulture (silk farming) for thousands of years. The genetic background of mulberry is complex due to polyploidy and frequent hybridization events. RESULTS Comparative genomic in situ hybridization (cGISH) and self-GISH were performed to illustrate the chromosome constitution and genetic relationships of 40 mulberry accessions belonging to 12 species and three varietas in the Morus genus and containing eight different ploidy levels. We identified six homozygous cGISH signal patterns and one heterozygous cGISH signal pattern using four genomic DNA probes. Using cGISH and self-GISH data, we defined five mulberry sections (Notabilis, Nigra, Wittiorum, and Cathayana, all contained only one species; and Alba, which contained seven closely related species and three varietas, was further divided into two subsections) and proposed the genetic relationships among them. Differential cGISH signal patterns detected in section Alba allowed us to refine the genetic relationships among the closely related members of this section. CONCLUSIONS We propose that GISH is an efficient tool to investigate the chromosome constitution and genetic relationships in mulberry. The results obtained here can be used to guide outbreeding of heterozygous perennial crops like mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Siwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jianglian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qiming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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3
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Shivappagowda Kruthika H, Srikanta Rukmangada M, Girish Naik V. Genome size, chromosome number variation and its correlation with stomatal characters for assessment of ploidy levels in a core subset of mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm. Gene 2023:147637. [PMID: 37442306 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The large size of the germplasm collection along with scanty information on their cytological and genome constitution have hindered well-planned breeding schemes in mulberry. To address the issue, a study was undertaken to investigate the variability in DNA content and genome size, chromosome number, ploidy and its relation with important stomatal characteristics among 162 mulberry germplasm. These germplasm comprise a core subset of 150 collections along with a representative collection of different mulberry species including the wild. Among the germplasm belonging to 16 species, we identified 122 diploids (2n = 28), 4 aneuploids (2n = 30), 13 triploids (2n = 42), 15 tetraploids (2n = 56), 7 hexaploids (2n = 84) and 1 dodecosaploid (2n = 308) based on the chromosome count. Most of the cultivated mulberries are found to be diploids. The mean nuclear 2C DNA content estimated by Flow cytometry, varied from 0.723±0.006 pg (M. australis, 2n = 2x) to 7.732 pg (M. nigra, 2n = 22x). The 2C DNA content positively correlated with the ploidy status and stomatal length (r = 0.814, p<0.001). Based on the 1Cx value, the study also suggests that the majority of the polyploid species have experienced genome downsizing in relation to their diploid progenitors. This study provides the most essential information on chromosome number, ploidy and DNA content to facilitate the utilization of a core subset of germplasm in the mulberry breeding program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampapura Shivappagowda Kruthika
- Molecular Biology Laboratory - 1, Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Srirampura, Manandavadi Road, Mysuru - 570 008, India
| | - Martikyathnahalli Srikanta Rukmangada
- Molecular Biology Laboratory - 1, Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Srirampura, Manandavadi Road, Mysuru - 570 008, India; Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Vorkady Girish Naik
- Molecular Biology Laboratory - 1, Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Srirampura, Manandavadi Road, Mysuru - 570 008, India.
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4
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Ma B, Wang H, Liu J, Chen L, Xia X, Wei W, Yang Z, Yuan J, Luo Y, He N. The gap-free genome of mulberry elucidates the architecture and evolution of polycentric chromosomes. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad111. [PMID: 37786730 PMCID: PMC10541557 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry is a fundamental component of the global sericulture industry, and its positive impact on our health and the environment cannot be overstated. However, the mulberry reference genomes reported previously remained unassembled or unplaced sequences. Here, we report the assembly and analysis of the telomere-to-telomere gap-free reference genome of the mulberry species, Morus notabilis, which has emerged as an important reference in mulberry gene function research and genetic improvement. The mulberry gap-free reference genome produced here provides an unprecedented opportunity for us to study the structure and function of centromeres. Our results revealed that all mulberry centromeric regions share conserved centromeric satellite repeats with different copies. Strikingly, we found that M. notabilis is a species with polycentric chromosomes and the only reported polycentric chromosome species up to now. We propose a compelling model that explains the formation mechanism of new centromeres and addresses the unsolved scientific question of the chromosome fusion-fission cycle in mulberry species. Our study sheds light on the functional genomics, chromosome evolution, and genetic improvement of mulberry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Honghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jingchun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Wuqi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jianglian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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5
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Yang Z, Luo Y, Xia X, He J, Zhang J, Zeng Q, Li D, Ma B, Zhang S, Zhai C, Chen M, He N. Dehydrogenase MnGutB1 catalyzes 1-deoxynojirimycin biosynthesis in mulberry. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1307-1320. [PMID: 36800200 PMCID: PMC10231399 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As the prevalence of diabetes continues to increase, the number of individuals living with diabetes complications will reach an unprecedented magnitude. Continuous use of some synthetic agents to reduce blood glucose levels causes severe side effects, and thus, the demand for nontoxic, affordable drugs persists. Naturally occurring compounds, such as iminosugars derived from the mulberry (Morus spp.), have been shown to reduce blood glucose levels. In mulberry, 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) is the predominant iminosugar. However, the mechanism underlying DNJ biosynthesis is not completely understood. Here, we showed that DNJ in mulberry is derived from sugar and catalyzed through 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-mannitol (ADM) dehydrogenase MnGutB1. Combining both targeted and nontargeted metabolite profiling methods, DNJ and its precursors ADM and nojirimycin (NJ) were quantified in mulberry samples from different tissues. Purified His-tagged MnGutB1 oxidized the hexose derivative ADM to form the 6-oxo compound DNJ. The mutant MnGutB1 D283N lost this remarkable capability. Furthermore, in contrast to virus-induced gene silencing of MnGutB1 in mulberry leaves that disrupted the biosynthesis of DNJ, overexpression of MnGutB1 in hairy roots and light-induced upregulation of MnGutB1 enhanced DNJ accumulation. Our results demonstrated that hexose derivative ADM, rather than lysine derivatives, is the precursor in DNJ biosynthesis, and it is catalyzed by MnGutB1 to form the 6-oxo compound. These results represent a breakthrough in producing DNJ and its analogs for medical use by metabolic engineering or synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qiwei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Changxin Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Zeng Q, Chen M, Wang S, Xu X, Li T, Xiang Z, He N. Comparative and phylogenetic analyses of the chloroplast genome reveal the taxonomy of the Morus genus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1047592. [PMID: 36507423 PMCID: PMC9729782 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1047592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mulberry (genus Morus) is an economically important woody plant with an altered ploidy level. The variable number of Morus species recognized by different studies indicates that the genus is in need of revision. In this study, the chloroplast (CP) genomes of 123 Morus varieties were de novo assembled and systematically analyzed. The 123 varieties represented six Morus species, namely, Morus alba, Morus nigra, Morus notabilis, Morus rubra, Morus celtidifolia, and Morus serrata. The Morus CP genome was found to be 158,969~159,548 bp in size with 125 genes, including 81 protein coding, 36 tRNA, and 8 rRNA genes. The 87 out of 123 mulberry accessions were assigned to 14 diverse groups with identical CP genome, which indicated that they are maternally inherited and share 14 common ancestors. Then 50 diverse CP genomes occurred in 123 mulberry accessions for further study. The CP genomes of the Morus genus with a quadripartite structure have two inverted repeat (IR) regions (25,654~25,702 bp) dividing the circular genome into a large single-copy (LSC) region (87,873~88,243 bp) and small single-copy (SSC) region (19,740~19,994 bp). Analysis of the phylogenetic tree constructed using the complete CP genome sequences of Morus revealed a monophyletic genus and that M. alba consisted of two clades, M. alba var. alba and M. alba var. multicaulis. The Japanese cultivated germplasms were derived from M. alba var. multicaulis. We propose that the Morus genus be classified into six species, M. nigra, M. notabilis, M. serrata, M. celtidifolia, M. rubra, and M. alba with two subspecies, M. alba var. alba and M. alba var. multicaulis. Our findings provide a valuable resource for the classification, domestication, and breeding improvement of mulberry.
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7
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Zhang S, Tang J, Li Y, Li D, Chen G, Chen L, Yang Z, He N. The silkworm gustatory receptor BmGr63 is dedicated to the detection of isoquercetin in mulberry. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221427. [DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gustatory systems in phytophagous insects are used to perceive feeding stimulants and deterrents, and are involved in insect decisions to feed on particular plants. During the process, gustatory receptors (Grs) can recognize diverse phytochemicals and provide a molecular basis for taste perception. The silkworm, as a representative Lepidoptera species, has developed a strong feeding preference for mulberry leaves. The mulberry-derived flavonoid glycoside, isoquercetin, is required to induce feeding behaviours. However, the corresponding Grs for isoquercetin and underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used molecular methods, voltage clamp recordings and feeding assays to identify silkworm BmGr63, which was tuned to isoquercetin. The use of qRT-PCR confirmed that
BmGr63
was highly expressed in the mouthpart of fourth and fifth instar larvae. Functional analysis showed that oocytes expressing
BmGr63
from the ‘bitter’ clade responded to mulberry extracts. Among 20 test chemicals, BmGr63 specifically recognized isoquercetin. The preference for isoquercetin was not observed in
BmGr63
knock-down groups. The tuning between BmGr63 and isoquercetin has been demonstrated, which is meaningful to explain the silkworm-mulberry feeding mechanism from molecular levels and thus provides evidence for further feeding relationship studies between phytophagous insects and host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Miao Y, Luo D, Zhao T, Du H, Liu Z, Xu Z, Guo L, Chen C, Peng S, Li JX, Ma L, Ning G, Liu D, Huang L. Genome sequencing reveals chromosome fusion and extensive expansion of genes related to secondary metabolism in Artemisia argyi. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1902-1915. [PMID: 35689517 PMCID: PMC9491451 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia argyi, as famous as Artemisia annua, is a medicinal plant with huge economic value in the genus of Artemisia and has been widely used in the world for about 3000 years. However, a lack of the reference genome severely hinders the understanding of genetic basis for the active ingredient synthesis of A. argyi. Here, we firstly report a complex chromosome-level genome assembly of A. argyi with a large size of 8.03 Gb, with features of high heterozygosity (2.36%), high repetitive sequences (73.59%) and a huge number of protein-coding genes (279 294 in total). The assembly reveals at least three rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, including a recent WGD event in the A. argyi genome, and a recent burst of transposable element, which may contribute to its large genome size. The genomic data and karyotype analyses confirmed that A. argyi is an allotetraploid with 34 chromosomes. Intragenome synteny analysis revealed that chromosomes fusion event occurred in the A. argyi genome, which elucidates the changes in basic chromosome numbers in Artemisia genus. Significant expansion of genes related to photosynthesis, DNA replication, stress responses and secondary metabolism were identified in A. argyi, explaining the extensive environmental adaptability and rapid growth characteristics. In addition, we analysed genes involved in the biosynthesis pathways of flavonoids and terpenoids, and found that extensive gene amplification and tandem duplication contributed to the high contents of metabolites in A. argyi. Overall, the reference genome assembly provides scientific support for evolutionary biology, functional genomics and breeding in A. argyi and other Artemisia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuan Miao
- College of PharmacyHubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Dandan Luo
- College of PharmacyHubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Tingting Zhao
- College of PharmacyHubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Hongzhi Du
- College of PharmacyHubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanChina
| | | | - Zhongping Xu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic ImprovementHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lanping Guo
- China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Changjie Chen
- College of PharmacyHubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Sainan Peng
- College of PharmacyHubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Jin Xin Li
- College of PharmacyHubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Lin Ma
- College of PharmacyHubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Guogui Ning
- Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of EducationHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Dahui Liu
- College of PharmacyHubei University of Chinese MedicineWuhanChina
| | - Luqi Huang
- China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijingChina
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Guo L, Yao H, Chen W, Wang X, Ye P, Xu Z, Zhang S, Wu H. Natural products of medicinal plants: biosynthesis and bioengineering in post-genomic era. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac223. [PMID: 36479585 PMCID: PMC9720450 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Globally, medicinal plant natural products (PNPs) are a major source of substances used in traditional and modern medicine. As we human race face the tremendous public health challenge posed by emerging infectious diseases, antibiotic resistance and surging drug prices etc., harnessing the healing power of medicinal plants gifted from mother nature is more urgent than ever in helping us survive future challenge in a sustainable way. PNP research efforts in the pre-genomic era focus on discovering bioactive molecules with pharmaceutical activities, and identifying individual genes responsible for biosynthesis. Critically, systemic biological, multi- and inter-disciplinary approaches integrating and interrogating all accessible data from genomics, metabolomics, structural biology, and chemical informatics are necessary to accelerate the full characterization of biosynthetic and regulatory circuitry for producing PNPs in medicinal plants. In this review, we attempt to provide a brief update on the current research of PNPs in medicinal plants by focusing on how different state-of-the-art biotechnologies facilitate their discovery, the molecular basis of their biosynthesis, as well as synthetic biology. Finally, we humbly provide a foresight of the research trend for understanding the biology of medicinal plants in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Corresponding authors. E-mails: ;
| | | | | | - Xumei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Peng Ye
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory For Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Sisheng Zhang
- State Key laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory For Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Corresponding authors. E-mails: ;
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Luo Z, Yang J, Zhang J, Meng G, Lu Q, Yang X, Zhao P, Li Y. Physicochemical Properties and Elimination of the Activity of Anti-Nutritional Serine Protease Inhibitors from Mulberry Leaves. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061820. [PMID: 35335184 PMCID: PMC8948906 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberry leaf is an excellent protein resource that can be used as feed additive for livestock and poultry. Nevertheless, the use of mulberry leaves in animal diets is limited by its protease inhibitors, tannic acid and other anti-nutritional factors. This study systematically analyzed the type and activity of serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) from the leaves of 34 mulberry varieties, aiming to reveal the physicochemical properties and inactivation mechanism of SPIs. The types and activities of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) and chymotrypsin inhibitors (CIs) exhibited polymorphisms among different mulberry varieties. The highest number of types of inhibitors was detected in Jinshi, with six TIs (TI-1~TI-6) and six CIs (CI-1~CI-6). TIs and CIs exhibited strong thermal and acid–base stability. High-temperature and high-pressure treatment could reduce the activities of TIs and CIs to a certain extent. β-mercaptoethanol treatment could completely abolish TIs and CIs, suggesting that the disulfide bridges were critical for their inhibitory activities. The Maillard reaction could effectively eliminate the inhibitory activities of TI-1~TI-4 and CI-1~CI-4. This study reveals the physicochemical properties and inactivation mechanisms of the anti-nutritional SPIs from mulberry leaves, which is helpful to exploit mulberry-leaf food with low-activity SPIs, promote the development and utilization of mulberry-leaf resources in animal feed and provide reference for mulberry breeding with different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuxing Luo
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Jinhong Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Ankang University, Ankang 725099, China; (J.Y.); (G.M.)
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Gang Meng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture, Ankang University, Ankang 725099, China; (J.Y.); (G.M.)
| | - Qingjun Lu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.)
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Youshan Li
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China; (Z.L.); (J.Z.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence: or
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11
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Zhang B, Chen S, Liu J, Yan YB, Chen J, Li D, Liu JY. A High-Quality Haplotype-Resolved Genome of Common Bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon L.) Provides Insights Into Polyploid Genome Stability and Prostrate Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:890980. [PMID: 35548270 PMCID: PMC9081840 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.890980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) is an important perennial warm-season turfgrass species with great economic value. However, the reference genome is still deficient in C. dactylon, which severely impedes basic studies and breeding studies. In this study, a high-quality haplotype-resolved genome of C. dactylon cultivar Yangjiang was successfully assembled using a combination of multiple sequencing strategies. The assembled genome is approximately 1.01 Gb in size and is comprised of 36 pseudo chromosomes belonging to four haplotypes. In total, 76,879 protein-coding genes and 529,092 repeat sequences were annotated in the assembled genome. Evolution analysis indicated that C. dactylon underwent two rounds of whole-genome duplication events, whereas syntenic and transcriptome analysis revealed that global subgenome dominance was absent among the four haplotypes. Genome-wide gene family analyses further indicated that homologous recombination-regulating genes and tiller-angle-regulating genes all showed an adaptive evolution in C. dactylon, providing insights into genome-scale regulation of polyploid genome stability and prostrate growth. These results not only facilitate a better understanding of the complex genome composition and unique plant architectural characteristics of common bermudagrass, but also offer a valuable resource for comparative genome analyses of turfgrasses and other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Si Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiu Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Bin Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Yuan Liu,
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