1
|
Fan L, Sha M, Li W, Kang Q, Wu J, Chen S, Yu N. Intrauterine administration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) improves embryo implantation in mice by regulating local Treg/Th17 cell balance. J Reprod Dev 2021; 67:359-368. [PMID: 34615838 PMCID: PMC8668375 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2021-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune imbalance of Treg/Th17 cells may contribute to recurrent implantation failure (RIF) during in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET). In this study, we sought to determine the effect of intrauterine administration of mouse PBMCs prior to embryo implantation on endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation, and examine the underlying mechanism of Treg/Th17 cell balance following intrauterine administration of PBMCs. Pregnant mice were randomly divided into three groups: control group, embryo implantation dysfunction (EID) group, and EID with PBMCs group, and the number of embryo implantation sites was recorded during early pregnancy (Pd7.5). The balance of Treg/Th17 cells in the peripheral blood, spleen, and local implantation sites was detected during the peri-implantation period (Pd4.0) and early pregnancy (Pd7.5). The EID group demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of embryo implantation sites, while the EID with PBMCs group demonstrated higher number of embryo implantation sites compared to the EID group. The balance of Treg/Th17 cells in the peripheral blood and spleen tissues was not significantly different between the aforementioned groups. However, the local uterine ratio of the Treg/Th17 cells increased in the EID with PBMCs group compared to that in the EID group. Collectively, we found that intrauterine administration of PBMCs prior to embryo implantation effectively promotes embryo implantation rates. This may be attributed to the improvement in the local immune balance of Treg and Th17 cells compared with the overall immune balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Menghan Sha
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Qingling Kang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jianli Wu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Suhua Chen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Nan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Intrauterine administration of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells in intrauterine insemination: a prospective double-blind randomized clinical trial. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2021; 44:383-389. [PMID: 34848351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of intrauterine administration of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) on intrauterine insemination (IUI) success rates. METHODS This prospective double-blind randomized parallel clinical trial included 213 patients undergoing IUI at the Fertilys clinic. PBMC were isolated on the day of ovulation (day 0; D0) and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for 48 hours (day 2; D2). Patients in the PBMC group (n = 108) underwent in utero administration of 1.106 cells on D2, while patients in the control group (n = 105) were administered sperm-washing medium. Distribution of CD4 T lymphocyte populations (n = 61) was assessed on D0 and D2. Pregnancy and live birth rates were also evaluated. RESULTS Demographic and clinical characteristics, pregnancy rates, and live birth rates were not significantly different between the PBMC and control groups. Significantly higher levels of T helper (Th) 2, Th22, and T regulatory cells (P < 0.0001) and lower levels of Th17 cells were observed in hCG-activated PBMC at D2 than at D0. CONCLUSION Intrauterine administration of PBMC was not beneficial in IUI patients. New clinical approaches to better identify patients requiring endometrium immunomodulation needs to be addressed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Araki Y, Yoshitake H, Yamatoya K, Fujiwara H. An overview of sex and reproductive immunity from an evolutionary/anthropological perspective. Immunol Med 2020; 44:152-158. [PMID: 33043824 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2020.1831219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian pregnancy is a curious life phenomenon. Immunologically, the mechanism of pregnancy is difficult to explain because it involves the coexistence of an external foreign body (the embryo) and the host (the mother) for a period of time. How did mammals acquire the ability to become pregnant in parallel with altered immunity? Sex in the evolution of life and its impact on anthropology are major topics of discussion. In this paper, we outline (1) sex and evolution in mammals after the advent of our direct ancestors (apes) up to humans (i.e., the Cenozoic Quaternary), including anthropological aspects such as the development of the central nervous system; (2) the development of reproductive immunity during the Paleozoic era, when biodiversity developed explosively (and many sexually reproducing organisms have emerged); and (3) the characteristic reproductive strategies of mammals, including humans with the immunological aspects of viviparity. We present an overview of mammalian reproductive immunity, which is a heretical aspect of immunology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Araki
- Institute of Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshitake
- Institute of Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamatoya
- Institute of Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Etiology and management of recurrent implantation failure: A focus on intra-uterine PBMC-therapy for RIF. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 139:103121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
5
|
Fujiwara H, Ono M, Sato Y, Imakawa K, Iizuka T, Kagami K, Fujiwara T, Horie A, Tani H, Hattori A, Daikoku T, Araki Y. Promoting Roles of Embryonic Signals in Embryo Implantation and Placentation in Cooperation with Endocrine and Immune Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051885. [PMID: 32164226 PMCID: PMC7084435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryo implantation in the uterus is an essential process for successful pregnancy in mammals. In general, the endocrine system induces sufficient embryo receptivity in the endometrium, where adhesion-promoting molecules increase and adhesion-inhibitory molecules decrease. Although the precise mechanisms remain unknown, it is widely accepted that maternal–embryo communications, including embryonic signals, improve the receptive ability of the sex steroid hormone-primed endometrium. The embryo may utilize repulsive forces produced by an Eph–ephrin system for its timely attachment to and subsequent invasion through the endometrial epithelial layer. Importantly, the embryonic signals are considered to act on maternal immune cells to induce immune tolerance. They also elicit local inflammation that promotes endometrial differentiation and maternal tissue remodeling during embryo implantation and placentation. Additional clarification of the immune control mechanisms by embryonic signals, such as human chorionic gonadotropin, pre-implantation factor, zona pellucida degradation products, and laeverin, will aid in the further development of immunotherapy to minimize implantation failure in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (M.O.); (T.I.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +81-(0)76-265-2425; Fax: +81-(0)76-234-4266
| | - Masanori Ono
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (M.O.); (T.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Yukiyasu Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Takamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Takamatsu 760-0017, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Research Institute of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto 862-8652, Japan;
| | - Takashi Iizuka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (M.O.); (T.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Kyosuke Kagami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan; (M.O.); (T.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Tomoko Fujiwara
- Department of Home Science and Welfare, Kyoto Notre Dame University, Kyoto 606-0847, Japan;
| | - Akihito Horie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (A.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Hirohiko Tani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (A.H.); (H.T.)
| | - Akira Hattori
- Department of System Chemotherapy and Molecular Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan;
| | - Yoshihiko Araki
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu 279-0021, Japan;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Makrigiannakis A, Vrekoussis T, Makrygiannakis F, Ruso H, Kalantaridou SN, Gurgan T. Intrauterine CRH-treated PBMC in repeated implantation failure. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13084. [PMID: 30739317 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intrauterine administration of activated autologous peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) prior to embryo transfer seems to improve reproductive outcomes in women with repeated implantation failure (RIF). We have previously shown that the intrauterine administration of PBMC treated with corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) prior to blastocyst transfer (day 5) improves significantly the clinical pregnancy rate of women with RIF. In the present crossover pilot study, we have investigated whether CRH-PBMC treatment could be of benefit in case of fresh early cleavage stage embryo transfer (day 3) in women with RIF. METHODS Twenty-six (n = 26) women with at least three previous failed IVF attempts and no history of clinical pregnancy in the past were recruited in this study. Ovarian stimulation was performed following either the long or the short protocol. PBMC were collected during the oocyte retrieval, were treated with CRH, and transferred in the uterine cavity 2 days later. Good quality cleavage stage embryos were transferred at day 3, following oocyte retrieval. RESULTS Following the intrauterine administration of CRH-treated autologous PBMC, 15/26 clinical pregnancies occurred (57.69%). Compared to the null result of the same women prior to recruitment, this observation was considered significant (P < 10-2 ). CONCLUSION Our findings further support the role of the intrauterine administration of CRH-treated PBMC as an effective approach when transferring cleavage stage embryos in women with RIF. Prospective randomized studies are needed to clarify whether such intervention could be of benefit in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Makrigiannakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Thomas Vrekoussis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Halil Ruso
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sophia N Kalantaridou
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Timur Gurgan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fujiwara H, Araki Y, Imakawa K, Saito S, Daikoku T, Shigeta M, Kanzaki H, Mori T. Dual Positive Regulation of Embryo Implantation by Endocrine and Immune Systems--Step-by-Step Maternal Recognition of the Developing Embryo. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 75:281-9. [PMID: 26755274 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, HCG secreted from the implanting embryo stimulates progesterone production of the corpus luteum to maintain embryo implantation. Along with this endocrine system, current evidence suggests that the maternal immune system positively contributes to the embryo implantation. In mice, immune cells that have been sensitized with seminal fluid and then the developing embryo induce endometrial differentiation and promote embryo implantation. After hatching, HCG activates regulatory T and B cells through LH/HCG receptors and then stimulates uterine NK cells and monocytes through sugar chain receptors, to promote and maintain pregnancy. In accordance with the above, the intrauterine administration of HCG-treated PBMC was demonstrated to improve implantation rates in women with repeated implantation failures. These findings suggest that the maternal immune system undergoes functional changes by recognizing the developing embryos in a stepwise manner even from a pre-fertilization stage and facilitates embryo implantation in cooperation with the endocrine system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Araki
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takiko Daikoku
- Division of Transgenic Animal Science, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Takahide Mori
- Academia for Repro-Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Makrigiannakis A, BenKhalifa M, Vrekoussis T, Mahjub S, Kalantaridou SN, Gurgan T. Repeated implantation failure: a new potential treatment option. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:380-4. [PMID: 25652716 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the intrauterine administration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) may improve pregnancy outcome of women with repeated implantation failure (RIF). We have demonstrated that, during implantation, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) plays a key role in facilitating endometrial decidualization and maternal-foetal immunotolerance. In the present preliminary study, we investigated whether the intrauterine administration of autologous CRH-treated PBMC can improve clinical pregnancy rates of women with RIF. METHODS Forty-five (n = 45) women with at least three failed in vitro fertilization (IVF) attempts and no previously reported clinical pregnancy were included in this crossover study. All women underwent controlled ovarian stimulation using the long GnRH agonist protocol. PBMC were isolated at day of oocyte retrieval, treated with CRH and administered in the uterine cavity at day 2, following oocyte retrieval. Blastocyst transfer was performed on day 5. RESULTS Following the CRH-PBMC intrauterine administration, a significant increase was observed in the clinical pregnancy rate of this cohort of women with RIF (20/45 women had a clinical pregnancy; 44.44%, P < 10(-3)) compared to the previous null clinical pregnancy rate prior to the intervention. CONCLUSION The current findings support a possible role for the intrauterine administration of autologous CRH-treated PBMC in treating women with RIF. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the efficacy of this intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Makrigiannakis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ghafourian M, Abuhamidy A, Karami N. Increase of peripheral blood TCD8+ cells in women with recurrent miscarriage. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2014; 34:36-9. [PMID: 24359047 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2013.817980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is one of the most prevalent reproductive problems faced by couples that may affect as many as 2% of women in reproductive age. The causes of its abnormality have attracted the attention of many researchers. We aim to determine the different T-cell subsets in women with RM and normal control. In this prospective case-control study, peripheral blood was taken from women with RM (n = 25) and normal women (n = 17), during the mid-luteal phase. The percentage of CD3, CD3(+)CD4(+), CD3(+)CD8(+) markers and also CD4/CD8 ratio was detected in the patients and control group by flow cytometry. The proportion of TCD8(+) was significantly higher in RM women compared with the control group (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistical difference in percentage of total TCD3(+) and TCD4(+) cells between the RM and control women. Also, the CD4/CD8 ratio was lower in the RM women compared with the control women. These observations support the concept that increase of TCD8(+) lymphocytes could be involved in the aetiology of RM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ghafourian
- Hemoglobinopathy and Thalassemia Research Center
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wrobel MH, Bedziechowski P, Mlynarczuk J, Kotwica J. Impairment of uterine smooth muscle contractions and prostaglandin secretion from cattle myometrium and corpus luteum in vitro is influenced by DDT, DDE and HCH. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:54-61. [PMID: 24742728 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (10 ng/ml) on myometrial motility and the secretory function of the myometrium and corpus luteum (CL) collected from cows on days 8-12 of the estrous cycle. All of the xenobiotics increased (P<0.05) myometrial contractility. Moreover, the xenobiotics stimulated the secretion of the following prostaglandins (PGs) from myometrial strips: PGF2α, PGE2 and PGI2. DDT and DDE also increased (P<0.05) the release of PGF2α from CL strips, and HCH had the same effect (P<0.05) on the secretion of PGE2 and PGI2. The studied xenobiotics did not affect (P>0.05) PG synthesis, but DDT and DDE increased the mRNA expression levels of leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF), which can stimulate PG production. In summary, the xenobiotics affected PG secretion from cow myometrium and CL, which may contribute to the mechanism of uterine contraction disturbance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal H Wrobel
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10- 748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Pawel Bedziechowski
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10- 748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Mlynarczuk
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10- 748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jan Kotwica
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10- 748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu S, He J, Chen X, Ding Y, Geng Y, Wu M, Liu X, Wang Y. Costimulatory molecule CD28 participates in the process of embryo implantation in mice. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:686-95. [PMID: 24336670 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113512537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Embryo implantation is a complex process requiring reciprocal interactions between implantation-competent blastocysts and receptive uteri. Accumulating literatures have indicated that T cells are involved in this process. The first signal mediated by T-cell receptor/CD3 complex and the second signal delivered by costimulatory molecules are essential for the differentiation of T cell into an effector cell. Expression and function of CD28, an important costimulatory molecule, during early pregnancy in mice is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the expression pattern of CD28 in mouse uterus during early pregnancy and pseudopregnancy by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). We found that injection of the uterine horn with CD28 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides leads to a decreased number of implantation sites. The expression pattern of CD3 protein examined by IHC is similar to that of CD28. These findings suggest that CD28 participates in the process of embryo implantation in mice, which might play its role through delivering the second costimulatory signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shangjing Liu
- 1Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Okitsu O, Kiyokawa M, Oda T, Miyake K, Sato Y, Fujiwara H. Intrauterine administration of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells increases clinical pregnancy rates in frozen/thawed embryo transfer cycles of patients with repeated implantation failure. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 92:82-7. [PMID: 22035703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine administration of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) activated by HCG in vitro are reported to improve implantation rates in patients with repeated failure of IVF-ET. In this study, we examined the effects of intrauterine administration of freshly isolated PBMC on clinical pregnancy and the implantation rates of patients who received frozen/thawed embryo transfer by prospective cohort study. Patients who had not achieved a successful pregnancy despite at least one or more IVF-ET sessions were enrolled in this study (n = 253, 253 cycles). Based on the patient's treatment preferences, PBMC were freshly isolated from each patient and then administered to the intrauterine cavity of that patient. Frozen/thawed embryo transfer was performed and the success of implantation in the PBMC-treated group (n = 83, 83 cycles) was compared with that in the non-treated control groups (n = 170, 170 cycles). There were no significant differences in the clinical pregnancy rate (34.9% vs. 32.9%), implantation rate (21.6% vs. 21.1%) and live birth delivery rate (21.7% vs. 21.8%) between PBMC-treated and non-treated groups. However, when the analyses were restricted to patients who had three or more implantation failures, the clinical pregnancy rate and the implantation rate in the PBMC-treated group (42.1% and 25.0%, p<0.05; n = 19 and 32, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the non-treated group (16.7% and 9.4%, p<0.05; n = 36 and 64, respectively). These findings indicate that intrauterine administration of autologous PBMC freshly isolated from patients, effectively improves embryo implantation in patients with three or more IVF failures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Okitsu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Miyake Clinic, 369-8 Ofuku, Minami-ku, Okayama 701-0204, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Koldehoff M, Katzorke T, Wisbrun NC, Propping D, Wohlers S, Bielfeld P, Steckel NK, Beelen DW, Elmaagacli AH. Modulating impact of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone on the maturation and function of hematopoietic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:1017-26. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0910520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
14
|
Bai Y, Wang T, Wang Z, Cao J, Dong Y, Chen Y. Effect of Sympathetic Nerves on Proliferation of Splenic Lymphocytes and Antioxidant Function of Maternal Spleen in Early Pregnant Mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 294:875-82. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
15
|
Ideta A, Hayama K, Nakamura Y, Sakurai T, Tsuchiya K, Tanaka S, Yamaguchi T, Fujiwara H, Imakawa K, Aoyagi Y. Intrauterine administration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells enhances early development of the pre-implantation bovine embryo. Mol Reprod Dev 2010; 77:954-62. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
Blastocyst implantation is a process of interaction between embryo and the uterus. To understand this process, this review tries to summarize what blastocyst implantation essential factors (BIEFs) play what roles, as well as where in the uterus and at what stage of implantation process. Addition of more new data to this kind of compilation of information will help the development of diagnosis and treatment of infertility caused by implantation failure. The major, important cells of the endometrial cells that interact with invading blastocyst (trophoblast) are luminal epithelial cells, stromal cells (decidual cells) and resident immune cells. BIEFs regulate these cells to successfully maintain pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yoshinaga
- Reproductive Sciences Branch, Center for Population Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, DHHS, MD 20892-7510, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Administration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells into the uterine horn to improve pregnancy rate following bovine embryo transfer. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 117:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
Is the zona pellucida an intrinsic source of signals activating maternal recognition of the developing mammalian embryo? J Reprod Immunol 2009; 81:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2009.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Fujiwara H. Do circulating blood cells contribute to maternal tissue remodeling and embryo-maternal cross-talk around the implantation period? Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 15:335-43. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
20
|
Fujii H, Tatsumi K, Kosaka K, Yoshioka S, Fujiwara H, Fujii S. Eph-ephrin A system regulates murine blastocyst attachment and spreading. Dev Dyn 2007; 235:3250-8. [PMID: 17039519 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous adhesion molecules are expressed on mammalian endometrial epithelial cells, there have not been any studies of a mechanism to prevent premature attachment of the embryo. In this study, we examined the possible involvement of Eph-ephrin interaction, which can induce repulsive forces. In mice, Eph A1, A2, and A4 were expressed on endometrial epithelial cells and ephrin A1-4 on blastocysts. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed that mRNA expression of ephrin A1-4 on embryos transiently decreased around the implantation period. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the expression of Eph A1 on endometrial epithelial cells and ephrin A1 and A3 expression on embryos decreased at implantation sites. Recombinant Eph A1 reacted with cell the surface of ephrin A-bearing trophectoderm cells. Attachment assays using Eph A1-coated dishes showed that blastocyst attachment was reversibly inhibited by Eph A1. These findings suggest an important role of the Eph-ephrin A system in regulating the initial embryo-maternal contact during the cross-talk period that precedes embryo implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Fujii
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yoshioka S, Fujiwara H, Nakayama T, Kosaka K, Mori T, Fujii S. Intrauterine administration of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells promotes implantation rates in patients with repeated failure of IVF–embryo transfer. Hum Reprod 2006; 21:3290-4. [PMID: 17021188 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few effective approaches to infertile patients with repeated failure in IVF-embryo transfer therapy. Since recent evidence suggests that some populations of maternal immune cells positively support embryo implantation, we have developed a new approach using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS Patients who had not experienced successful pregnancy despite four or more IVF-embryo transfer sessions were enrolled in this study (n = 35, 35 cycles). PBMCs were obtained from patients on the day of oocyte retrieval and were cultured with HCG for 48 h. Two days later, PBMCs were freshly isolated from patients again, combined with cultured PBMC and then administered to the intrauterine cavity of the patients. Blastocyst transfer was performed on day 5, and the success of implantation in the PBMC-treated group was compared with that in the non-treated group. RESULTS Clinical pregnancy rate, implantation rate and live birth rate in the PBMC-treated group (41.2, 23.4 and 35.3%; n = 17, 47 and 16, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the non-treated group (11.1, 4.1 and 5.5%; n = 18, 49 and 18, respectively). CONCLUSION Intrauterine administration of autologous PBMC may be an effective approach to improve embryo implantation in patients with repeated IVF failures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yoshioka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fujiwara H. Immune cells contribute to systemic cross-talk between the embryo and mother during early pregnancy in cooperation with the endocrine system. Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5:19-29. [PMID: 29699232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0578.2006.00119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In early pregnancy, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone that in turn maintains human embryo implantation in the uterus. This inevitable communication through blood circulation can be called 'systemic cross-talk between the embryo and mother'. Despite considerable evidence suggesting that the human corpus luteum cannot be maintained by HCG alone, no other responsible soluble factors have been proposed. We found that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) derived from pregnant women promoted progesterone production by human luteal cells and propose that both hormones and immune cells participate in this systemic cross-talk. This systemic cross-talk by immune cells is believed to operate in embryo implantation. Splenocytes derived from pregnant mice promoted endometrial differentiation and embryo implantation in vivo. Human PBMC derived from women early in pregnancy promoted invasion of murine embryos in vitro. In addition, recombinant HCG increased the effects of human PBMC on murine embryo invasion. Human chorionic gonadotropin also increased chemokine production by human PBMC through a lectin-glycan interaction, which is a primitive pathway in the immune system. Furthermore, chemokines were shown to induce human trophoblast invasion. These findings suggest that the immune system positively contributes to systemic cross-talk between the embryo and mother in cooperation with the endocrine system. (Reprod Med Biol 2006; 5: 19-29).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Makker A, Singh MM. Endometrial receptivity: Clinical assessment in relation to fertility, infertility, and antifertility. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:699-746. [PMID: 16710862 DOI: 10.1002/med.20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fertility in humans and other mammalian species depends absolutely on synchronous events that render the developing blastocyst and the receiving uterus competent for implantation. Endometrial receptivity is defined as the period during which the endometrial epithelium acquires functional, but transient, ovarian steroid-dependent status supportive to blastocyst acceptance and implantation. Once inside the uterus, the blastocyst is surrounded by an intact luminal epithelium, which is considered to act as barrier to its attachment, except for this short period of high endometrial receptivity to blastocyst signal(s). Its transport and permeability properties, in conjunction with cellular action of the endometrium and the embryo, have been suggested to influence creation and maintenance of informational and nutritional status of uterine luminal milieu. This period, also termed as the 'window of implantation,' is limited to days 20-24 of menstrual cycle in humans. However, establishment of endometrial receptivity is still a biological mystery that remains unsolved despite marked advances in our understanding of endometrial physiology following extensive research associated with its development and function. This review deals with various structural, biochemical, and molecular events in the endometrium coordinated within the implantation window that constitute essential elements in the repertoire that signifies endometrial receptivity and is aimed to achieve a better understanding of its relationship to fertility, infertility, and for the development of targeted antifertility agents for human use and welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annu Makker
- Endocrinology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226 001, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Emiliani S, Delbaere A, Devreker F, Englert Y. Embryo-maternal interactive factors regulating the implantation process: implications in assisted reproductive. Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 10:527-40. [PMID: 15901462 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The embryo-maternal dialogue that starts very early in the life of the embryo is crucial for its own implantation. A disturbance in this dialogue is the major reason for which 60% of all pregnancies are terminated at the end of the periimplantation period. Many studies have been performed to improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in this dialogue. Both partners, the mother and the embryo, are equally involved in this exchange of signals. Much progress has been done in understanding the role of (i) chorionic gonadotrophin, (ii) growth factors and cytokines, and (iii) steroid hormones and other mediators, produced either by the embryo, by the mother, or by both, during the peri-implantation period. Today it is clear that their production dictates changes in the endometrium, in the immunological system of the mother and in embryo metabolism, that enable the embryo to implant. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the embryo-maternal interaction are reviewed in this article.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Establishment of early pregnancy is promoted by a complex network of signalling molecules that mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix communications, in order to manifest controlled invasion of the trophectoderm and successful implantation. During the period known as the 'window of implantation', the endometrium expresses specialized proteins, many of which exhibit potential use as markers of endometrial receptivity. Trophoblast differentiation to the invasive phenotype also depends on the up-regulation of certain peptides and the down-regulation of others. Disruption of each pathway is theoretically possible, and studies in animal models suggest that implantation defects result when the function of these proteins is blocked. Indeed, the implantation process is currently considered the most important limiting factor for the establishment of viable pregnancy. The present overview of the literature reports critical families of molecules located at the embryo-maternal interface and describes the mechanisms of interplay and control. Since these factors are crucial to the process of implantation, targeting them might be a valuable contraceptive tool. Conversely, induction of specific peptides may prove to be beneficial in certain infertility cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Minas
- Laboratory of Human Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Coulam CB, Roussev RG. Increasing circulating T-cell activation markers are linked to subsequent implantation failure after transfer of in vitro fertilized embryos. Am J Reprod Immunol 2004; 50:340-5. [PMID: 14672338 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2003.00090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Implantation determines success of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET) cycles. Data are accumulating to support a role of the immune system in implantation. Most of the literature addresses the importance of natural killer (NK) cells in this process. The purpose of the current study is to examine the role of circulating T cells in implantation failure. METHOD OF STUDY Blood from 22 women undergoing IVF/ET during November, 2001, was drawn on cycle day 9 and analyzed for the percentage of circulating T cells expressing the activation markers CD69+ and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and the suppressor marker CD11b using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. These results were compared with total percentage circulating CD3, CD4 and CD8 cells as well as NK cells and pregnancy outcome that cycle. RESULTS Infertile women had significantly greater expression of the activation marker of CD69+ among CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and HLA-DR among CD4 cells than fertile women. No difference in expression of T cell suppressor marker of CD11b was noted when infertile and fertile women were compared. No correlations were observed when activated T cells were compared with circulating CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, activated NK cells and NK cytotoxicity. CD3+ 4+ HLA-DR+ was expressed significantly less among successfully pregnant compared with unsuccessfully pregnant women. CONCLUSION T-cell activation markers CD 69+ and HLA-DR+ are associated with increased implantation failure after IVF/ET.
Collapse
|
27
|
Clark DA. Is there any evidence for immunologically mediated or immunologically modifiable early pregnancy failure? J Assist Reprod Genet 2003; 20:63-72. [PMID: 12688590 PMCID: PMC3455793 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021788024214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human reproduction is an inefficient process. There is a high rate of loss of early pregnancies, often before the mother (or physician) knows she is pregnant. Genetic abnormalities can explain much of the wastage, but can it explain all of the failures? As embryos bear paternal and embryonic antigens foreign to the maternal immune system, could some otherwise normal embryos be "rejected"? METHODS Critical review of existing data. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Otherwise normal embryos can fail prior to implantation, at implantation, in the periimplantation period as occult/chemical pregnancies, and as clinically evident miscarriages. The maternal immune system and its products (e.g., cytokines) can have innocent bystander effects, and a good case for direct recognition and "rejection" can also be made. The tools needed for accurate clinical diagnosis of such situations require further development and validation. Deliberate modification of the maternal host defence system can improve the chance of success, but the best evidence for efficacy of immunotherapeutic interventions is the situation of recurrent spontaneous abortions, which constitutes only a small percentage of losses. There is also evidence of clinical efficacy for several types of treatment to improve implantation and early pregnancy success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Clark
- Department of Medicine, 3V39 McMaster Universitty Medical Center, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kosaka K, Fujiwara H, Tatsumi K, Yoshioka S, Higuchi T, Sato Y, Nakayama T, Fujii S. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells enhance cell-cell interaction between human endometrial epithelial cells and BeWo-cell spheroids. Hum Reprod 2003; 18:19-25. [PMID: 12525435 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deg002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, it was reported that T-lymphocytes derived from non-pregnant mice promote murine embryo implantation. In order to examine the immunological regulation of endometrial receptivity in humans, the effects of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) on endometrial epithelial cell (EEC) function were monitored by a newly developed attachment assay using primary human EEC culture and BeWo cell-derived spheroids. METHODS AND RESULTS EECs isolated from 25 women in the mid- and late proliferative and early, mid- and late secretory phases were subjected to monolayer culturing. Spheroids were constructed from BeWo cells, a human choriocarcinoma cell line, by incubation with continuous rolling, after which their interaction with cultured EECs was studied. The mean (+/- SEM) number of attached spheroids was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the EEC culture derived from women in the mid-secretory phase (90 +/- 2.9%) than the other groups (ranging from 0 to 5.8 +/- 3.7%), which is in agreement with the existence of a so-called 'implantation window'. After 72 h co-culture of EECs with PBMCs, the number of attached spheroids significantly increased in the EEC cultures derived from the late proliferative and early secretory phases [65.0 +/- 21.7 versus 5.0 +/- 2.0% (P < 0.05) and 83.1 +/- 4.1 versus 4.4 +/- 1.9% (P < 0.01)]. CONCLUSIONS This attachment assay appears to be a useful method with which to assess endometrial receptivity. Functional change of EECs induced by PBMCs suggests possible regulation of endometrial receptivity by immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Kosaka
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan Baptist hospital, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ota H, Rong H, Igarashi S, Tanaka T. Suppression of natural killer cell activity by splenocyte transplantation in a rat model of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2002; 17:1453-8. [PMID: 12042260 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/17.6.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One immune characteristic of endometriosis is a decrease in natural killer (NK) cell activity. This study was performed to determine whether an abnormal immune reaction in an endometriosis animal model could be transferred to an animal of the same species. METHODS An endometriosis model was prepared using 8 week old female rats by grafting a small section of one uterine horn onto the mesentery, followed 4 weeks later by removal of the spleen and remaining uterine horn. Splenocytes, that had been depleted of macrophages were injected via the tail vein, and NK cell activity of splenocytes was determined 4 days later. The uterus was simultaneously investigated immunohistochemically for immune cells. There was a control group (untreated; group 1), a control-splenocyte injection group (group 2), an experimental endometriosis model group (group 3) and an endometriosis model splenocyte injection group (group 4). RESULTS Splenocyte NK cell activity was decreased in group 3 to 42.0% of that of group 1 and in group 4 to 38.9%. Immunohistologically, the number of NK cells in groups 3 and 4 markedly decreased to 62.0 and 55.1% of group 1 respectively. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that abnormal immunity caused by allograft of immune cells could recur in an endometriosis rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Ota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita-city, Akita-ken 010-8543, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Cytokines are regulatory glycoproteins that can affect virtually every cell type in the body and have pleiotropic regulatory effects on hematopoietic, endocrine, nervous and immune systems. Chemokines, although considered as members of the cytokine superfamily, are establishing their own identity. Chemokines mediate leukocyte migration through specific G protein coupled receptors in various tissues. Recently, much evidence has suggested that cytokines and chemokines play a very important role in the reproduction, i.e. embryo implantation, endometrial development, and trophoblast growth and differentiation by modulating the immune and endocrine systems. The close correlation between the embryo and endometrium and between the placenta and decidua are mediated by sex steroid hormones, cytokines and chemokines. As a result of this closely related cross-talk, pregnancy is successfully maintained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama-shi, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tatsumi K, Higuchi T, Fujiwara H, Nakayama T, Fujii S, Fujita J. Expression of Ly-6A/E in the mouse uterus during implantation period. Mol Reprod Dev 2001; 58:159-65. [PMID: 11139227 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2795(200102)58:2<159::aid-mrd4>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanisms of implantation, we constructed a complementary DNA library of mouse uterus enriched with pregnancy-induced genes by subtractive hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. One of the isolated clones was a part of complementary DNA for the Ly-6A/E. Ly-6A/E is reported to be differentially expressed on hematopoietic stem cells and some lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues, mediate cell-cell adhesion on lymphoid cells, and associate with cell proliferation and angiogenesis of tumor cells. Northern blot, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that the Ly-6A/E mRNA and protein were expressed in the endometrial epithelial cells as well as myometrial cells and vascular endothelial cells in the uterus of nonpregnant mouse. The expression was downregulated in luminal epithelial cells during pregnancy days 1-5, while it was upregulated in decidualized stromal cells around the implanted embryo at the time of implantation. The signals were primarily localized in stromal cells at the mesometrial pole on day 9. The increased expression was also observed in stromal cells of the embryo-transferred uterus and artificially-induced deciduoma, indicating that the expression of Ly-6A/E in the endometrial cells is concurrent with decidualization. These findings suggest that Ly-6A/E plays a role in embryo implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Tatsumi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hegde UC, Nainan R. T helper-2 type of interleukins with de novo germinal center formation in the spleen during murine pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 1998; 40:424-30. [PMID: 9894567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1998.tb00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Murine pregnancy is characterized by transient thymic atrophy and splenomegaly. Although some reports on the thymus are available, little is known about the role of the spleen. In the present study, sequential changes in the spleen have been evaluated during murine syngeneic pregnancy. METHOD OF STUDY Formation of germinal centers (GCs), immunoglobulin positive (Ig+) cells and interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-6 were immunolocalized in the spleen during pregnancy and compared with a control group of virgin mice. RESULTS Initiation of T-cell dependent B-cell response with the induction of peanut agglutinin (PNA+) GCs correlated with decrease in IL-2 and maintenance of IL-4 and IL-6 on day-1 pregnancy followed by an increase in Ig+ cells. CONCLUSION The immune response observed in the syngeneically pregnant mother is not directed to paternal major histocompatibility complex antigens. Present studies demonstrate for the first time the role of the spleen in initiating a T-cell dependent B-cell response with a shift of systemic immune response from T helper 1 to T helper 2 type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U C Hegde
- Institute for Research in Reproduction, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|