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Yu Y, Zhang Q, Sun K, Xiu Y, Wang X, Wang K, Yan L. The therapeutic effects of rFSH versus uFSH/uHMG on ovarian stimulation in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023:10.1007/s00404-023-07095-5. [PMID: 37470817 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the therapeutic effects of rFSH versus uFSH/uHMG on ovarian stimulation in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. METHODS The databases of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched to retrieve data on eligible trials from inception until July 2022. The relative risks (RRs) or weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to assess categorical and continuous outcomes, and the pooled results were calculated using the random-effects model. Sensitivity, subgroup, and publication bias analyses were also performed. RESULTS Forty-eight trials that enrolled 10,127 women were included in this quantitative meta-analysis. There were no significant differences between rFSH and uFSH/uHMG in the clinical pregnancy rate (RR: 1.01; 95% CI 0.95-1.07; P = 0.760), live birth rate (RR: 0.98; 95% CI 0.91-1.06; P = 0.665), multiple pregnancy rate (RR: 0.92; 95% CI 0.77-1.09; P = 0.320), miscarriage rate (RR: 1.17; 95% CI 0.94-1.46; P = 0.151), and the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (RR: 1.25; 95% CI 0.91-1.70; P = 0.164). In addition, the administration of rFSH was associated with a higher number of oocyte retrieval compared with that of uFSH/uHMG (WMD: 0.61; 95% CI 0.03-1.20; P = 0.038), while no significant differences were found between rFSH and uFSH/uHMG in the dosage of gonadotrophin (WMD: 14.80; 95% CI - 136.97 to 166.57; P = 0.848) and the duration of ovarian stimulation (WMD: - 0.26; 95% CI - 0.62 to 0.10; P = 0.152). Thus, the exploratory analyses revealed several potential differences in the effects of rFSH versus uFSH/uHMG on ovarian stimulation. CONCLUSION The administration of rFSH significantly increased the number of oocytes retrieved, whereas there were no significant differences between the efficacies of rFSH and uFSH/uHMG for pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Yu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Kaixuan Sun
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinling Xiu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiliang Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Kaiyue Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, No. 83, Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, China
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Velthuis E, Hubbard J, Longobardi S, D’Hooghe T. The Frequency of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome and Thromboembolism with Originator Recombinant Human Follitropin Alfa (GONAL-f) for Medically Assisted Reproduction: A Systematic Review. Adv Ther 2020; 37:4831-4847. [PMID: 33058045 PMCID: PMC7595967 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01512-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Recombinant human follitropin alfa (r-hFSH) is used for ovarian stimulation as part of medically assisted reproduction. There is a risk for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) with r-hFSH treatment, and an increased risk for thromboembolic events in the presence of pregnancy with OHSS. Objectives To report the frequency of OHSS and thromboembolism with originator follitropin alfa (GONAL-f) based on the Global Safety Database of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and a systematic review of published data. Data Sources Reports of OHSS and thromboembolism were obtained from the Global Safety Database of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany from 20 October 1995 to 19 October 2018. The systematic review was based on MEDLINE and Embase searches from inception to 19 October 2018. Study Eligibility Criteria Patients receiving GONAL-f for ovulation induction or ART, with a starting dose within the range included in the prescribing information and providing information on the occurrence of OHSS and/or thromboembolism. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Matches In the Global Safety Database of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany there were an estimated 16,525,975 treatment cycles since 20 October 1995; 1110 reported cases of OHSS and 80 reported cases of thromboembolic events (reporting rates 6.7 and 0.48 per 100,000 treatment cycles, respectively). The systematic review identified 45 studies (5186 patients exposed to GONAL-f; 5240 treatment cycles). There were 272 reports of OHSS (5190 [5.19%] per 100,000 treatment cycles), including 10 cases of severe OHSS (191 [0.19%] per 100,000 treatment cycles). Limitations There may be the potential for under-reporting of safety outcomes in the literature, and under-reporting is a well-known phenomenon in spontaneous reporting databases. Conclusion and Implications of Key Findings Our analyses demonstrate low rates of OHSS and thromboembolism with GONAL-f. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12325-020-01512-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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The Impact of Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Hormones on the Metabolic State and Endocannabinoid System of Human Cumulus Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197124. [PMID: 32992491 PMCID: PMC7583999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Different Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) formulation and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) are used in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) to induce follicles development and oocytes maturation, but it is still under debate which protocol is to be preferred. In the present study, the different effects on cumulus cells (CCs) of three controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocols, based on urinary FSH, recombinant FSH, or human Menopausal Gonadotropin (hMG) administration, were assessed. CCs were obtained from 42 normal-responders women undergoing COS, randomly divided into three groups according to the used gonadotropin formulation. Differences were found in the expression of genes belonging to the endocannabinoid system (the receptors CNR1, CNR2 and TRPV1, and the enzymes involved in the metabolisms of anandamide, NAPE-PLD and FAAH, and 2-acylglycerol, DAGL and MAGL); consistently, changes in lipid (PPARα, and FASN) and carbohydrate (GLUT1 and GLUT9) metabolisms, in CCs’ macromolecules composition (highlighted by Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy, FTIRM), and in the number of retrieved oocytes were found. For the first time, statistically significant evidence on the differences related to each COS protocol on the endocannabinoid system, metabolism and macromolecular composition of CCs was found, representing a proof of concept to be further confirmed in a larger cohort of patients.
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Bordewijk EM, Mol F, van der Veen F, Van Wely M. Required amount of rFSH, HP-hMG and HP-FSH to reach a live birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Open 2019; 2019:hoz008. [PMID: 31206036 PMCID: PMC6561325 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION In women undergoing IVF or ICSI cycles, do recombinant gonadotrophins differ from urinary-derived highly purified human menopausal gonadotropin (HP-hMG) or highly purified follicle-stimulating hormone (HP-FSH) in the total amount of gonadotrophins required to reach a live birth? SUMMARY ANSWER The difference between recombinant and urinary-derived HP-hMG or HP-FSH in the required amount to reach a live birth in IVF/ICSI cycles appears small. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY At present, gynecologists can choose between recombinant FSH (rFSH), urinary-derived HP-hMG and HP-FSH. These products are equally effective and safe, but it is unknown how these gonadotrophins compare in terms of IU required to reach a live birth. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE AND DURATION We conducted a search in Medline, Embase and CINAHL up to July 2018. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared rFSH with HP-hMG or HP-FSH for ovarian stimulation in couples scheduled for IVF or ICSI treatment. From each randomized trial, we extracted the outcome data and information on participants, methods, interventions and funding. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING AND METHODS Women undergoing ovarian stimulation with rFSH, HP-hMG or HP-FSH were included. We extracted data for the mean amount of gonadotrophins with SD, clinical pregnancy rate, live birth rate and cumulative live birth rate per woman from the included RCTs. We summarized these outcomes by calculating the individual and pooled mean difference (MD) or relative risk (RR) with 95% CI. We used the Review Manager software to perform the meta-analyses. We applied a random effect model to pool the data. We estimated the total amount of gonadotrophins used per extra live birth by STATA 14.2 and R software. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 28 studies with 7553 women were included in this review, of which 24 studies provided information on the total amount of gonadotrophins per woman who started an IVF/ICSI cycle. The total amount of gonadotrophins varied significantly between studies. The MDs in total amount were −37 IU (seven studies; N = 3220; 95% CI, −115 to 41; I2 = 68%) for rFSH versus HP-hMG and −31 IU (17 studies; N = 3629; 95% CI, −290 to 228; I2 = 97%) for rFSH versus HP-FSH. For rFSH versus HP-hMG, the RR for clinical pregnancy, live birth and cumulative live birth were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.81–1.00), 0.88 (95% CI, 0.78–0.99) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.80–1.04), respectively. For rFSH versus HP-FSH, the RR for clinical pregnancy and live birth were 1.03 (95% CI, 0.94–1.13) and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.90–1.18), respectively; the data on cumulative live birth rate were lacking. The estimated difference in mean gonadotrophin amount per extra live birth was 789 IU (95% CI, −9.5 to 1570) for rFSH versus HP-hMG and −365 IU (95% CI, −2675 to 1945) for rFSH versus HP-FSH. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION There was severe heterogeneity in the total amount of gonadotrophins between studies. A small fraction of women did not start gonadotrophin treatment; this was usually not accounted for in the provided mean amount of gonadotrophins per study and might have affected the averaged total amount of gonadotrophins but is unlikely to have affected the differences in the amount between rFSH and HP-hMG or HP-FSH. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The differences in the required amount to reach a live birth between rFSH, HP-hMG and HP-FSH appear to be small. Decision-making should be based on convenience, availability, actual costs and patient preferences. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no conflict of interest. No external funding was either sought or obtained for this study. REGISTRATION NUMBER Prospero CRD42016038238
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Bordewijk
- Academic Medical Center, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Mol
- Academic Medical Center, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F van der Veen
- Academic Medical Center, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Van Wely
- Academic Medical Center, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Kiran G, Ciralik H, Ozbag D, Coskun A, Kiran H, Arikan DC, Ekerbicer HC. Comparison of transforming growth factor β1 concentrations in the ovaries of rats stimulated by human menopausal gonadotropin or recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 163:35-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Al-Inany HG, Abou-Setta AM. Are all human-derived follicle-stimulating hormone products the same? A systematic review and meta-analysis using direct and adjusted indirect analyses, to determine whether Fostimon® is more efficient than Metrodin-HP®. Gynecol Endocrinol 2012; 28:94-101. [PMID: 21591977 DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2011.569612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews have challenged the claim for superiority of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (recFSH) compared with human-derived FSH (hFSH). Even so, much of the evidence comes from unavailable products. If the efficacy of the currently available Fostimon(®) is superior, the off-market Metrodin-HP(®), then data from the latter should not be used, gauge of the former. METHODS Electronic/hand searches were performed to identify RCTs comparing Fostimon(®) vs. Metrodin-HP(®) or either product with recFSH. Primary outcomes were live-birth rate (LBR), ongoing pregnancy rate (OPR), and OPR/LBR. Secondary outcomes were clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), multiple pregnancy rate (MPR), ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), abortion rates, and cycle demographics. Data were extracted, allowed for an intention-to-treat analysis, and meta-analyzed using combined direct/adjusted indirect methods. RESULTS Twenty-two RCTs met the inclusion criteria: Fostimon(®) vs. Metrodin-HP(®) (n = 2); Fostimon(®) vs. recFSH (n = 8); and Metrodin-HP(®) vs. recFSH (n = 12). LBR (odds ratio = 1.72; 95% confidence interval = 1.05-2.80), OPR/LBR, and CPR were all significantly higher favoring Fostimon(®). OPR, MPR, OHSS, and miscarriage rates were not significantly different. Pooled results for cycle demographics were not reported due to high heterogeneity. Conclusions. Fostimon(®) is superior to Metrodin-HP(®) regarding clinical outcomes. Therefore, care should be taken not to assume that all hFSH products have the same efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham G Al-Inany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Mattioli M, Gloria A, Turriani M, Berardinelli P, Russo V, Nardinocchi D, Curini V, Baratta M, Martignani E, Barboni B. Osteo-regenerative potential of ovarian granulosa cells: an in vitro and in vivo study. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1425-37. [PMID: 22284224 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Granulosa cells (GC) express stemness markers and can differentiate into cell types not present within the follicles. Given that follicles at different stages of development populate the ovary, we undertook this research in the pig model to identify the stage of follicle, growing or luteinizing, from which GC with the best regenerative potential can be retrieved. Growing follicles were isolated from prepubertal gilts 50 h after equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) (1,200 IU) administration. Luteinizing follicles were obtained from prepubertal gilts treated with eCG (1,200 IU) followed, 60 h later, by hCG (500 IU). The follicles were isolated 30 h after hCG. The GC isolated from growing (GGC) and from luteinizing (LGC) follicles were expanded in vitro for three passages and exposed to osteogenic medium to trigger differentiation. The GC incorporated in PLGA scaffolds were cultured in osteogenic medium for 2 wks and then implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region of SCID mice to assess their osteogenic potential in vivo. In addition to the typical granulosa cells characteristics (inhibin, progesterone and estrogen production and FSH receptors), GGC and LGC showed a diffused expression of the stemness markers Sox2, Nanog and TERT immediately after isolation. Expansion caused in both cell types a rapid disappearance of granulosa cell characters while it did not modify stemness marker expression. Osteogenic medium induced a marked extracellular matrix mineralization and alkaline phosphatase activation in LGC, clearly detectable after two wks, while the process was much lighter in GGC, where it became evident after 3 wks. Osteocalcin and Runx2 expressions were upregulated and stemness markers downregulated by osteogenic medium. The GC loaded implants, retrieved 8 wks after transplantation, had viable GC surrounding the several nodules of calcifications recorded. Similar effects were induced by GGC and LGC while calcification nodules were not recorded when scaffolds without cells were implanted. These data confirm that GC, expanded in vitro undergo progressive de-differentiation retaining their plasticity and demonstrate that both GGC and LGC have osteogenic potential, luteinizing cells being more efficient. Transplanted in SCID mice, GC participate in new bone formation, thus confirming their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mattioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy.
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Cai Y, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Li M, Liu C. A 30-day preclinical safety evaluation study of recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone in female rhesus monkeys. Int J Toxicol 2011; 30:153-61. [PMID: 21402952 DOI: 10.1177/1091581810390823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify potential target organs for toxicity of recombinant human follicle stimulating hormone (r-hFSH) in female rhesus monkeys and to establish a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). In all, 24 female rhesus monkeys (Chinese origin, weighing 3.4-5.2 kg, approximately 5 years of age) received repeated subcutaneous (sc) r-hFSH at doses of 10, 60, and 300 IU/kg per d or vehicle once daily for 30 days followed by a 15-day recovery period. Endometrial hyperplasia and dermal edema in the external genitals were found in some animals at 300 IU/kg per d. Pharmacologic-related multiple cystic follicles were found in all r-hFSH-treated groups. A weak, anti-FSH antibody response was detected at the end of treatment in animals administered 60 and 300 IU/kg per d. These results indicate that the primary effects of r-hFSH in female rhesus monkeys were related to its pharmacological activity on the reproductive system. The NOAEL was considered to be 60 IU/kg per d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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van Wely M, Kwan I, Burt AL, Thomas J, Vail A, Van der Veen F, Al‐Inany HG. Recombinant versus urinary gonadotrophin for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproductive technology cycles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 2011:CD005354. [PMID: 21328276 PMCID: PMC7388278 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd005354.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several systematic reviews compared recombinant gonadotrophin with urinary gonadotrophins (HMG, purified FSH, highly purified FSH) for ovarian hyperstimulation in IVF and ICSI cycles and these reported conflicting results. Each of these reviews used different inclusion and exclusion criteria for trials. Our aim in producing this review is to bring together all randomised studies in this field under common inclusion criteria with consistent and valid statistical methods. OBJECTIVES To compare the effectiveness of recombinant gonadotrophin (rFSH) with the three main types of urinary gonadotrophins (i.e. HMG, FSH-P and FSH-HP) for ovarian stimulation in women undergoing IVF or ICSI treatment cycles. SEARCH STRATEGY An extended search was done according to Cochrane guidelines including the Menstrual Disorders & Subfertility Group's Specialised Register of controlled trials, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE (1966 to May 2010), EMBASE (1980 to May 2010), CINAHL (1982 to May 2010), National Research Register, and Current Controlled Trials. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials reporting data comparing clinical outcomes for women undergoing IVF/ICSI cycles and using recombinant FSH in comparison with HMG or highly purified HMG, purified urinary FSH (FSH-P), and highly purified urinary FSH (FSH-HP) for ovarian hyperstimulation in IVF or ICSI cycles were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Primary outcome measure was live birth rate and OHSS per randomised woman.Binary outcomes were analysed using odds ratios and also reported in absolute terms. Grouped analyses were carried out for all outcomes to explore whether relative effects differed due to key features of the trials. MAIN RESULTS We included 42 trials with a total of 9606 couples. Comparing rFSH to any of the other gonadotrophins irrespective of the down-regulation protocol used, did not result in any evidence of a statistically significant difference in live birth rate (28 trials, 7339 couples, odds ratio 0.97, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.08). This suggests that for a group with a 25% live birth rate using urinary gonadotrophins the rate would be between 22.5% and 26.5% using rFSH. There was also no evidence of a difference in the OHSS rate (32 trials, 7740 couples, OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.61). This means that for a group with 2% risk of OHSS using urinary gonadotrophins, the risk would be between 1.7% and 3.2% using rFSH. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Clinical choice of gonadotrophin should depend on availability, convenience and costs. Further research on these comparisons is unlikely to identify substantive differences in effectiveness or safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelon van Wely
- Academic Medical Centre, University of AmsterdamCentre for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyCenter Meibergdreef 9AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Irene Kwan
- Institute of Education, University of LondonEvidence for Policy and Practice Information and Coordinating Centre (EPPI‐Centre), Social Science Research Unit (SSRU)10 Woburn SquareLondonUKWC1H 0NR
| | - Anna L Burt
- The Royal College of Obstetricians & GynaecologistsNational Collaborating Centre for Women`s and Children`s Health27 Sussex Place, Regent´s ParkLondonUKNW1 4RG
| | - Jane Thomas
- Auckland UniversityCochrane MSDG FMHSGrafton CampusAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Andy Vail
- University of ManchesterHealth Methodology Research GroupR & D Support Unit, Salford Royal HospitalStott LaneSalfordUKM6 8HD
| | - Fulco Van der Veen
- Academic Medical Center, University of AmsterdamCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & GynaecologyUniversity of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Hesham G Al‐Inany
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo UniversityObstetrics & Gynaecology8 Moustapha Hassanin StManialCairoEgypt
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Brannian J, Eyster K, Mueller BA, Bietz MG, Hansen K. Differential gene expression in human granulosa cells from recombinant FSH versus human menopausal gonadotropin ovarian stimulation protocols. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:25. [PMID: 20226040 PMCID: PMC2842272 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study was designed to test the hypothesis that granulosa cell (GC) gene expression response differs between recombinant FSH and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) stimulation regimens. METHODS Females < 35 years-old undergoing IVF for tubal or male factor infertility were prospectively randomized to one of two stimulation protocols, GnRH agonist long protocol plus individualized dosages of (1) recombinant (r)FSH (Gonal-F) or (2) purified human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG; Menopur). Oocytes were retrieved 35 h post-hCG, and GC were collected. Total RNA was extracted from each GC sample, biotinylated cRNA was synthesized, and each sample was run on Human Genome Bioarrays (Applied Microarrays). Unnamed genes and genes with <2-fold difference in expression were excluded. RESULTS After exclusions, 1736 genes exhibited differential expression between groups. Over 400 were categorized as signal transduction genes, approximately 180 as transcriptional regulators, and approximately 175 as enzymes/metabolic genes. Expression of selected genes was confirmed by RT-PCR. Differentially expressed genes included A kinase anchor protein 11 (AKAP11), bone morphogenetic protein receptor II (BMPR2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-4, IGFBP-5, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that major differences exist in the mechanism by which pure FSH alone versus FSH/LH regulate gene expression in preovulatory GC that could impact oocyte maturity and developmental competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Brannian
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls SD, USA
- Sanford Research/USD Women's Health Research Center, Sioux Falls SD, USA
| | - Kathleen Eyster
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls SD, USA
| | - Breanne A Mueller
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls SD, USA
| | - Mandi G Bietz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls SD, USA
| | - Keith Hansen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls SD, USA
- Sanford Research/USD Women's Health Research Center, Sioux Falls SD, USA
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Daya S, Gunby J. WITHDRAWN: Recombinant versus urinary follicle stimulating hormone for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction cycles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 2006:CD002810. [PMID: 17636708 PMCID: PMC10732276 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002810.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until recently, the main source of exogenous follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) for therapeutic use in infertility had been the urine of postmenopausal women. New developments have resulted in the production of FSH in vitro by recombinant DNA technology. The extremely high purity and batch-to-batch consistency of recombinant FSH (rFSH) make it an attractive alternative to urinary FSH (uFSH). OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials comparing the effectiveness of rFSH with uFSH in ovarian stimulation protocols in in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment cycles. SEARCH STRATEGY Search strategies included on-line searching of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1985 to 1999, hand searching of bibliographies of relevant publications and reviews and abstracts of scientific meetings, peer consultation and contacting the pharmaceutical companies that manufacture the gonadotropins under consideration. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing rFSH with uFSH for ovarian stimulation in IVF or ICSI treatment for infertility. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The main outcome measure was clinical pregnancy per cycle started. Also considered were clinical pregnancy per cycle reaching oocyte retrieval and per cycle reaching embryo transfer (ET), ongoing pregnancy per cycle started, spontaneous abortion, multiple pregnancy, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), number of follicles and serum estradiol level on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration day, total dose of FSH, and number of oocytes retrieved. Common odds ratios (OR) and risk differences for rFSH relative to uFSH were calculated after testing for homogeneity of treatment effect across all trials. The fixed effects model was used, unless significant heterogeneity was present, in which case the random effects model was used. MAIN RESULTS The overall odds ratio for clinical pregnancy per cycle started was 1.21 (95% confidence limits (CL) 1.04,1.42) for rFSH compared to uFSH. The risk difference was a 3.7% (0.8,6.7) absolute increase in clinical pregnancy rate with rFSH. The OR for ongoing pregnancy per cycle started was 1.29 (1.08,1.54). There was no significant difference between rFSH and uFSH in the rates of spontaneous abortion, multiple pregnancy or OHSS. The total dose of FSH was lower by 406 (185,627) IU with rFSH, but there was no significant difference in the number of follicles or serum estradiol on hCG day or in the number of oocytes retrieved. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review has demonstrated a statistically significant increase in clinical pregnancy rate with rFSH compared to uFSH, when used for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction. This benefit was observed only in standard IVF cycles and not in cycles in which ICSI was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Daya
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, 2407 Carrington Place, Oakville, Ontario, Canada, L6J 7R6.
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Mohamed MA, Sbracia M, Pacchiarotti A, Micara G, Linari A, Tranquilli D, Espinola SMB, Aragona C. Urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is more effective than recombinant FSH in older women in a controlled randomized study. Fertil Steril 2006; 85:1398-403. [PMID: 16600226 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 10/25/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The following study was conducted to determine which FSH, recombinant or urinary, works better in older women. DESIGN We conducted a controlled randomized study in a single university IVF center. SETTING University IVF center. PATIENT(S) Women (N = 257) over 39 years old undergoing IVF. INTERVENTION(S) The patients were randomized into two study groups at their first IVF cycle: 121 patients were treated with recombinant FSH, and 120 patients were treated with urinary FSH. Both groups were suppressed with a long GnRH analog protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Days of stimulation, E2 at the day of hCG, total amount of FSH administered, number of oocytes collected, amount of FSH per oocyte, and number of embryos obtained. RESULT(S) Patients treated with urinary FSH required a significantly lower total amount of FSH, and a lower amount of FSH per oocyte than women treated with recombinant FSH. The other measures evaluated did not show any statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION(S) Our study showed that urinary FSH performed better in older women than recombinant FSH when associated with the long protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Mohamed
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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13
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Catzel D, Chin DY, Stanton PG, Gray PP, Mahler SM. Fractionation of follicle stimulating hormone charge isoforms in their native form by preparative electrophoresis technology. J Biotechnol 2006; 122:73-85. [PMID: 16198015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complex glycoprotein biopharmaceuticals, such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), erythropoietin and tissue plasminogen activator consist of a range of charge isoforms due to the extent of sialic acid capping of the glycoprotein glycans. Sialic acid occupies the terminal position on the oligosaccharide chain, masking the penultimate sugar residue, galactose from recognition and uptake by the hepatocyte asialoglycoprotein receptor. It is therefore well established that the more acidic charge isoforms of glycoprotein biopharmaceuticals have higher in vivo potencies than those of less acidic isoforms due to their longer serum half-life. Current strategies for manipulating glycoprotein charge isoform profile involve cell engineering or altering bioprocesss parameters to optimise expression of more acidic or basic isoforms, rather than downstream separation of isoforms. A method for the purification of a discrete range of bioactive recombinant human FSH (rhFSH) charge isoforms based on Gradiflowtrade mark preparative electrophoresis technology is described. Gradiflowtrade mark electrophoresis is scaleable, and incorporation into glycoprotein biopharmaceutical production bioprocesses as a potential final step facilitates the production of biopharmaceutical preparations of improved in vivo potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallia Catzel
- Bioengineering Centre, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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14
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Arslan M, Bocca S, Mirkin S, Barroso G, Stadtmauer L, Oehninger S. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation protocols for in vitro fertilization: two decades of experience after the birth of Elizabeth Carr. Fertil Steril 2005; 84:555-69. [PMID: 16169382 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To critically discuss the current protocols for the management of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in assisted reproduction technology. DESIGN Review of the literature and presentation of our experience. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Ovarian response (peak serum estrogen levels, number of oocytes retrieved, quality of oocytes and embryos) and pregnancy outcome (clinical, delivery, and multiple pregnancy rates). RESULT(S) Controversies still exist regarding selection of gonadotropin preparation, choice of adjuvant therapy with GnRH analogues, and use of oral contraceptive pills. Patients identified as intermediate responders have an excellent outcome with adjuvant therapy with either a GnRH agonist (long protocol) or a GnRH antagonist, but tailoring of gonadotropin dose must be performed to achieve optimized results. High responders perform favorably with gentler gonadotropin stimulation that minimizes the occurrence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. On the other hand, results in low responders remain suboptimal both in terms of ovarian response and oocyte/embryo quality in spite of a variety of stimulation regimens used. CONCLUSION(S) Ovarian stimulation is a critical step in in vitro fertilization therapy. A variety of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation regimens are available and efficacious, but individualization of management is essential and depends on assessment of the ovarian reserve. Identification of the etiologies of poor ovarian response constitutes a formidable challenge facing reproductive endocrinologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Arslan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jones Institute for Reproductive Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
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15
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Abstract
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a glycoprotein produced by the anterior pituitary gland, plays an important role in the regulation of fertility in both men and women. FSH is used clinically to treat women with anovulatory infertility, for controlled ovarian stimulation in women being treated with assisted reproductive technologies (ART), and in the treatment of male hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Urine-derived gonadotropin preparations containing variable amounts of FSH together with urinary proteins have been available for many years. More recently, FSH preparations produced using recombinant DNA technology have become available. Recombinant FSH has a high specific activity, high purity, and guaranteed consistency among batches. Two recombinant FSH preparations have been available for clinical use for some years: follitropin-alpha and follitropin-beta. The continuing development of recombinant FSH has recently resulted in a new presentation (follitropin-alpha filled by mass [FbM]). This product can be filled by mass (microg) with an activity (IU), reflecting exceptional consistency as a result of refinement and improvement in the manufacturing process, allowing the clinician to deliver a guaranteed dose of FSH. Experience with recombinant FSH in the treatment of male hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism is limited, but the available data suggest that recombinant FSH has a similar efficacy to urine-derived preparations (urofollitropin). In patients with WHO group I anovulatory infertility, the use of recombinant FSH to stimulate follicular development is effective and well tolerated. In patients with WHO group II anovulation, protocols based on recombinant FSH are more effective than conventional protocols using urofollitropin. Comparative studies and a meta-analysis have shown that recombinant FSH is more effective than urofollitropin for controlled ovarian stimulation in women undergoing ART. Pharmacoeconomic modeling indicates that follitropin-alpha is more cost effective than urofollitropin in a range of different healthcare systems. The available evidence from comparative studies of the two recombinant FSH preparations suggests that follitropin-alpha may have an advantage over follitropin-beta in terms of efficacy. Follitropin-alpha is superior to follitropin-beta in terms of local tolerability. Recent preliminary studies suggest an efficacy advantage for follitropin-alpha FbM compared with standard follitropin-alpha. The FbM presentation appears to represent an advance on standard preparations of recombinant FSH in terms of consistency and clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Daya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Andersen CY, Westergaard LG, van Wely M. FSH isoform composition of commercial gonadotrophin preparations: a neglected aspect? Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 9:231-6. [PMID: 15333258 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)62135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of commercial gonadotrophin preparations has been the subject of an intense debate during recent years. Arguments have primarily focused on the origin of FSH activity (urine versus recombinant derived) and whether the preparation included LH-like activity. FSH isoform composition has received little or no attention, and is usually considered to have negligible effect on clinical effectiveness. By presenting the available data on the FSH isoform composition of commercial gonadotrophin preparations, the present paper challenges this assumption. To evaluate whether the FSH isoform composition affected the efficacy of a product, a meta-analysis was performed that compared a preparation expressing an acidic isoform profile (urinary-derived Metrodin-HP) with a preparation rich in less acidic isoforms (recombinant derived Gonal F). A total of five randomized clinical trials that specifically compared these two preparations was identified and included in the analysis. All parameters relating to the direct effect of FSH on the follicle differed significantly in favour of the product rich in less acidic isoforms, while data on pregnancy outcome did not reach significance. The importance of the FSH isoform profile and whether the FSH is derived from urine or by recombinant technique is discussed in relation to clinical efficacy. It is suggested that the FSH isoform profile of commercial gonadotrophin preparations is of clinical importance and should be taken into account when evaluating efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Yding Andersen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Section 5712, University Hospital of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Racowsky C, Orasanu B, Hinrichsen MJ, Ginsburg ES. Embryo quality based on ovulation induction: defining the differences. Reprod Biomed Online 2005; 11:22-5. [PMID: 16102282 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients undergoing IVF, with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection, were treated with either recombinant human FSH or urine-derived FSH. Response to ovarian stimulation was monitored by ultrasound examinations and measurement of serum oestradiol concentrations. To define any differences in embryo quality and hence assisted reproductive technology success rates, a retrospective analysis of 811 recombinant FSH versus 555 urinary FSH cycles was undertaken. Embryo quality was assessed as embryo cell number and degree of fragmentation. Implantation and ongoing pregnancy rates were also compared. Use of recombinant FSH resulted in a higher percentage of mature oocytes, improved embryo cleavage, with more embryos available for freezing and higher implantation rates compared with urinary FSH. Oocyte and embryo quality were superior when recombinant FSH was used for ovarian stimulation compared with urinary FSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Racowsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 082, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Levi-Setti PE, Cavagna M, Baggiani A, Zannoni E, Colombo GV, Liprandi V. FSH and LH together in ovarian stimulation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2004; 115 Suppl 1:S34-9. [PMID: 15196714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The authors review the physiology of the ovulatory cycle and the role of the gonadotrophins in ovulation induction in patients with anovulatory disorders and in multifollicular development for assisted reproductive technologies. The use of gonadotrophins with luteinizing hormone (LH) activity and the use of recombinant LH associated with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are discussed. The authors point out that administration of gonadotrophins with LH activity is essential in hypogonadotropic hypogonadal anovulation, and data available in the medical literature allow the conclusion that recombinant LH may be added to all ovarian stimulation protocols because it is difficult to determine which patients will benefit from LH administration and there is no evidence that LH affects adversely the outcome of ovarian stimulation. The use of recombinant LH in addition to recombinant FSH may be particularly useful when a GnRH antagonist is associated with the ovarian stimulation regimen, by preventing the fall in estradiol and diminishing FSH requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo E Levi-Setti
- Unità Operativa di Medicina della Riproduzione--Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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19
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de Mouzon J, Allavena E, Schmitt C, Frappé M. La fécondation in vitro en France. Approche économique et influence du choix des gonadotrophines (urinaires ou recombinantes) sur le coût. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 32:508-18. [PMID: 15217566 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2004.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2003] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to make an economic evaluation of in vitro fertilization and to determine the impact of some factors on its cost, particularly the choice between recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (r-FSH) and urinary FSH (u-FSH) for ovarian stimulation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Costs were calculated in a Public Health view, by studying two phases: the stimulation cycle (including down-regulation) and the pregnancy (including the neonatal period). The calculation has included the side effects and the frozen embryos transfers. Economic data came from various sources: the French nomenclature on medical treatments (NGAP), the French drugs dictionary (Vidal) and the French Information system medical plan (PMSI). FSH costs were computed according to the currently marketed products, i.e., Fostimon (Laboratoires Genévrier, Sophia-Antipolis, France) for urinary FSH, and Gonal-F (Laboratoires Serono, Boulogne-Billancourt, France) and Puregon (Laboratoires Organon, Puteaux, France) for recombinant FSH. Two different ways of efficacy between u-FSH and r-FSH were considered for the calculations, those reported in Daya's meta-analysis (3.7% in favour of r-FSH for the clinical pregnancy rate per initiated cycle) and in the only double-blind study (Frydman et al., no difference). RESULTS The annual cost of ART reaches approximately 130 million Euros in France, for the cycles only, and 170 million Euros when including the pregnancy costs. Urinary FSH is much cheaper than recombinant FSH. Whereas the number of administered FSH units was higher in u-FSH, this results in a mean lower cost of 500 Euros per cycle (2422 Euros for u-FSH and 2959 Euros for r-FSH). For one complete year, in France, the potential over cost of recombinant products reaches 24 million Euros when considering only the cycles (128.4 vs. 104.0 million Euros) and 24-31 million Euros when pregnancies and babies (neonatal period) are considered (171.4 vs 140.7 and 147.0 million Euros, respectively). The IVF per baby cost can be estimated at 16 463 Euros for r-FSH and at 14 116 Euros (in case of equivalence between the two drugs) to 15 805 Euros (in case of a difference of 3.7% pregnancy per oocyte recovery) for u-FSH. CONCLUSION This gives Public Health lighting to the choices in the matter of ovulation stimulation. It shows the economic impact of the choice in the FSH type.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Mouzon
- Inserm U569, hôpital de Bicêtre, 78, avenue du Général-Leclerc, 94272 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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20
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Adashi EY, Barri PN, Berkowitz R, Braude P, Bryan E, Carr J, Cohen J, Collins J, Devroey P, Frydman R, Gardner D, Germond M, Gerris J, Gianaroli L, Hamberger L, Howles C, Jones H, Lunenfeld B, Pope A, Reynolds M, Rosenwaks Z, Shieve LA, Serour GI, Shenfield F, Templeton A, van Steirteghem A, Veeck L, Wennerholm UB. Infertility therapy-associated multiple pregnancies (births): an ongoing epidemic. Reprod Biomed Online 2004; 7:515-42. [PMID: 14686351 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)62069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eli Y Adashi
- University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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21
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Dickey RP, Nichols JE, Steinkampf MP, Gocial B, Thornton M, Webster BW, Bello SM, Crain J, Marshall DC. Highly purified human-derived follicle-stimulating hormone (Bravelle) has equivalent efficacy to follitropin-beta (Follistim) in infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; 1:63. [PMID: 14609434 PMCID: PMC270000 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-1-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2003] [Accepted: 10/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND These data compare the efficacy and safety of highly purified human-derived follicle-stimulating hormone (Bravelle) and recombinant follitropin-beta (Follistim) in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. METHODS This report describes the pooled data from two, nearly identical, randomized, controlled, parallel-group, multicenter studies conducted in a total of 19 academic and private IVF-ET centers in the United States. Infertile premenopausal women underwent pituitary down-regulation using leuprolide acetate followed by a maximum of 12 days of subcutaneous Bravelle (n = 120) or Follistim (n = 118), followed by administration of human chorionic gonadotropin, oocyte retrieval and embryo transfer. The primary efficacy measure was the mean number of oocytes retrieved; secondary efficacy measures included the total dose and duration of gonadotropin treatment; peak serum estradion levels; embryo transfer and implantation rates; chemical, clinical and continuing pregnancies; and live birth rates. All adverse events were recorded and injection site pain was recorded daily using a patient, self-assessment diary. RESULTS Similar efficacy responses were observed for all outcome parameters in the two treatment groups. Although patients receiving Bravelle consistently reported a greater number of chemical, clinical and continuing pregnancies, as well as an increased rate of live birth, the data did not attain statistical significance (P > 0.05). The overall incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups, but compared to Follistim, injections of Bravelle were reported by patients to be significantly less painful (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Bravelle and Follistim had comparable efficacy in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in women undergoing IVF-ET. There were no differences in the nature or number of adverse events between the treatment groups although Bravelle injections were reported to be significantly less painful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Benjamin Gocial
- Pennsylvania Reproductive Associates, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA
| | - Melvin Thornton
- Center for Reproductive Health and Gynecology, Valencia, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jack Crain
- Reproductive Endocrine Associates, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Dennis C Marshall
- Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc, 400 Rella Boulevard, Suite 300, Suffern, New York, 10901, USA
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22
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Romeu A, Balasch J, Balda JAR, Barri PN, Daya S, Auray JP, Duru G, Beresniak A, Peinado JA. Cost-effectiveness of recombinant versus urinary follicle-stimulating hormone in assisted reproduction techniques in the Spanish public health care system. J Assist Reprod Genet 2003; 20:294-300. [PMID: 12948090 PMCID: PMC3455272 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024899806149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the relative cost-effectiveness of recombinant and urinary follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in assisted reproduction techniques in the Spanish National Health Service. METHODS Markov modelling was used to compare costs and outcomes of three complete treatment cycles using recombinant or urinary FSH for controlled ovarian stimulation. Cost and effectiveness estimates were obtained from the literature and from Spanish clinicians. A Monte Carlo technique was used to randomise the distribution of outcomes at each stage. The analysis was performed by passing a virtual population of 100,000 patients through the computer simulation in each of 5000 Monte Carlo simulations. RESULTS The cost per pregnancy was Euro12,791+/-1202 ($11,346+/-1066) with recombinant and Euro13,007+/-1319 ($11,537+/-1170) with urinary FSH (p < 0.0001). The mean number of cycles per pregnancy was 4.69 and 5.21, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant FSH is more cost-effective than urinary FSH in the Spanish public health care system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Romeu
- Department of Gynecology (Human Reproduction), Hospital Universitario La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Balasch
- Institut Clinic of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pedro N. Barri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Institut Universitari Dexeus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salim Daya
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario Canada L8N 3Z5
| | - Jean P. Auray
- National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | - Gerald Duru
- National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS), Villeurbanne, Lyon, France
| | | | - José A. Peinado
- Medical Department of Reproductive Health, Laboratorios Serono, S.A., Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard D McClamrock
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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24
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Hugues JN. Recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone: a scientific step to clinical improvement. Reprod Biomed Online 2003; 2:54-64. [PMID: 12537825 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)62188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Urinary-derived follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) preparations have been used clinically for many years. Although effective, these have a number of disadvantages, not least of which is their variable composition. The availability of recombinant human FSH (r-hFSH), produced from CHO cells, with its constant composition and exceptionally high purity, has, therefore, aroused great interest. This review focuses on the use of r-hFSH for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction technology protocols and the treatment of World Health Organization Group I and II anovulation. The use of r-hFSH has been shown to lead to improvements in efficacy over urinary-derived preparations, particularly in assisted reproductive treatment, and a recent meta-analysis has shown higher ongoing pregnancy rates with the recombinant product. Although the two available recombinant products from CHO cells (follitropin alpha [Gonal-F((R))] and beta [Puregon((R))]) are similar from a physicochemical perspective, some minor advantages have been reported for follitropin alpha in relation to pregnancy rates and better local tolerance to injections. The apparent higher bioactivity of r-hFSH has led to reduced total FSH consumption over shorter treatment periods compared with conventional preparations, thus reducing overall exposure for patients. This is likely to confer not only safety benefits, but also cost-effectiveness as demonstrated through pharmaco-economic modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-N Hugues
- Service de Médecine de la Reproduction, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Ave du 14 Juillet, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France
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25
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Silverberg K, Schertz J, Falk B, Beresniak A. Impact of urinary FSH price: a cost-effectiveness analysis of recombinant and urinary FSH in assisted reproduction techniques in the USA. Reprod Biomed Online 2002; 5:265-9. [PMID: 12470524 DOI: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)61830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the cost-effectiveness of recombinant human FSH (r(h)FSH, Gonal-F) and urinary FSH (uFSH) in assisted reproduction techniques in the USA, using several hypothetical prices for uFSH. A specifically designed Markov model and Monte-Carlo simulation techniques were used to model the possible outcomes during three treatment cycles. Data included in the model were derived from randomized clinical trials and databases. An expert panel determined probability distributions for each decision point throughout each virtual treatment cycle. The assumed unit cost of r(h)FSH was $58.52 (based on the average retail cost) and three unit prices ($49, $45, $40) were used for uFSH. A total of 5000 simulations was performed on a virtual cohort of 100,000 patients. The mean number of assisted reproduction treatment cycles/success (ongoing pregnancy at 12 weeks) was 4.34 with r(h)FSH and 4.75 with uFSH. The total number of pregnancies achieved was 40,665 and 37,890, respectively. The mean cost per successful pregnancy with r(h)FSH was $40 688. For uFSH at unit costs of $40, $45 and $49, the mean costs per successful pregnancy were $43,500, $44,400 and $45,000, respectively (each P < 0.0001 versus r(h)FSH). Thus, despite its greater cost per unit dose, r(h)FSH is more cost-effective than uFSH over a wide range of uFSH prices, reflecting the greater clinical efficacy of r(h)FSH.
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Selman HA, De Santo M, Sterzik K, Coccia E, El-Danasouri I. Effect of highly purified urinary follicle-stimulating hormone on oocyte and embryo quality. Fertil Steril 2002; 78:1061-7. [PMID: 12413994 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(02)04202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of ovarian stimulation with highly purified urofollitropin on oocyte and embryo quality. DESIGN Parallel randomized open-label clinical study. SETTING Assisted reproduction centers. PATIENT(S) Two hundred sixty-seven infertile couples undergoing IVF/ICSI. INTERVENTION(S) All participants underwent standard down-regulation with GnRH analogue. One hundred thirty-three participants received highly purified urinary FSH and 134 controls received recombinant FSH. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Primary end points were number of morphologically mature oocytes retrieved, embryo quality, and pregnancy and implantation rates. Secondary end points were: total number of days of FSH stimulation, total dose of gonadotropin administered, fertilization rate per number of retrieved oocytes, embryo cleavage rate, live birth and miscarriage rates, endometrial thickness and estradiol level on the day of hCG administration, cancellation rate, and incidence of moderate or severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. RESULT(S) Pregnancy and implantation rates were nonsignificantly higher in the urinary FSH group than the recombinant FSH group (46.5% vs. 36.8% and 22.1% vs. 15.8%, respectively). The grade 1 embryo score was significantly higher in the urinary FSH group than the recombinant FSH (42.1% vs. 33.5%), and the live birth rate was nonsignificantly higher in the former group. CONCLUSION(S) Highly purified urinary FSH is as effective, efficient, and safe for clinical use as recombinant FSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmy A Selman
- Istituto Europeo Medicina della Riproduzione Abruzzese, Spatocco Hospital, Chieti, Italy.
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Silverberg K, Daya S, Auray JP, Duru G, Ledger W, Wikland M, Bouzayen R, O'Brien M, Falk B, Beresniak A. Analysis of the cost effectiveness of recombinant versus urinary follicle-stimulating hormone in in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection programs in the United States. Fertil Steril 2002; 77:107-13. [PMID: 11779599 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(01)02945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the cost effectiveness of recombinant human FSH (Gonal-F; Serono, Inc., Randolph, MA) and urinary FSH (Fertinex; Serono, Inc.) for ovarian stimulation during IVF with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection for the treatment of infertility. DESIGN Clinical decision analysis techniques (the Markov model) were used to model the direct medical costs per patient during assisted reproductive technology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Clinical and economic outcomes of two different ovarian stimulation protocols (recombinant human FSH or urinary FSH) during three treatment cycles were considered. RESULT(S) More ongoing pregnancies were achieved, with fewer stimulation cycles, after recombinant human FSH (Gonal-F) than after urinary FSH (Fertinex) (40,665 versus 37,890). In addition, recombinant human FSH was also found to be more cost effective per ongoing pregnancy. From a societal perspective, the mean cost per pregnancy was $40,688 for recombinant human FSH versus $47,096 for urinary FSH. From the insurers' perspective, the mean cost/pregnancy for recombinant human FSH was $28,481 versus $32,967 for urinary FSH. CONCLUSION(S) Recombinant human FSH (Gonal-F) is not only more efficient clinically than urinary FSH (Fertinex), but also more cost effective. This analysis illustrates the point that the economic effectiveness of a drug depends less on its acquisition costs and rather more on the clinical outcomes associated with its use.
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Daya S, Ledger W, Auray JP, Duru G, Silverberg K, Wikland M, Bouzayen R, Howles CM, Beresniak A. Cost-effectiveness modelling of recombinant FSH versus urinary FSH in assisted reproduction techniques in the UK. Hum Reprod 2001; 16:2563-9. [PMID: 11726575 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/16.12.2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to undertake an economic evaluation to compare the cost-effectiveness of recombinant (r)FSH with urinary (u)FSH for attaining clinical pregnancy with assisted reproduction. METHODS Mathematical modelling was utilized incorporating a Markovian decision framework and a Monte Carlo simulation. Statistical representations of recurrent events over time were incorporated into a decision analysis involving fresh and frozen cycles in any sequence (after the first fresh embryo transfer cycle) over three successive assisted reproduction attempts. The mean values of transition probabilities were derived from randomized controlled clinical trials and published reports. The distributions of these transition probabilities were agreed upon by a panel of experts. Cost data for procedures and drugs were derived and validated according to the perspectives of the National Health Service and private clinics in the UK. RESULTS The study involved 5000 Monte-Carlo simulations of treatment on a Markov cohort of 100 000 patients. The total number of pregnancies attained was significantly higher in the rFSH (40 575) compared with the uFSH (37 358) group. The cost per successful pregnancy was significantly lower for rFSH (5906 pounds sterling) compared with uFSH (6060 pounds sterling) and overall, fewer cycles of treatment were required with rFSH to achieve an ongoing pregnancy. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio is 4148 pounds sterling for each additional clinical pregnancy with rFSH. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the increased effectiveness of rFSH in ART, this study demonstrated that it is more cost-effective and more efficient than uFSH in attaining an ongoing pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Daya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton Ontario, Canada.
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Ravhon A, Lavery S, Aurell R, Trew G, Margara R, Winston R. Clinical experience with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and urinary FSH: a retrospective case- controlled analysis. Fertil Steril 2001; 75:920-5. [PMID: 11334903 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(01)01684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and efficiency of recombinant FSH (rFSH) and urinary FSH (uFSH). DESIGN Retrospective case controlled analysis. SETTING An assisted reproduction unit at a university center. PATIENT(S) 1388 patients undergoing long protocol in vitro fertilization/embryo transfer (IVF-ET) using buserelin acetate from day 2 of the cycle and either rFSH (follitropin beta) (n = 694) or uFSH (n = 694) with equal number of ampules started (rFSH: 50 IU, uFSH: 75 IU). INTERVENTION(S) Patients were included in the two groups of treatment after matching for similarity in age and type of treatment (IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Total dose of FSH, ovarian response, and IVF outcome. RESULT(S) Patients who received uFSH experienced a shorter period of stimulation, and a higher number of oocytes were collected. The total FSH used was lower in the rFSH group, and they required a lower FSH dose per oocyte retrieved. The implantation and pregnancy rates were similar between the uFSH and rFSH groups. In both groups implantation and pregnancy rates were higher when intracytoplasmic sperm injection was performed as compared with IVF. CONCLUSION(S) The implantation and pregnancy rates are similar when either rFSH or uFSH is used (when compared on an ampule-to-ampule basis, rFSH: 50 IU, and uFSH: 75 IU). However, a significantly lower total FSH dose was used in the rFSH group with a lower FSH dose per oocyte collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ravhon
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Science, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Daya S, Gunby J. Recombinant versus urinary follicle stimulating hormone for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction cycles. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000:CD002810. [PMID: 11034767 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until recently, the main source of exogenous follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) for therapeutic use in infertility had been the urine of postmenopausal women. New developments have resulted in the production of FSH in vitro by recombinant DNA technology. The extremely high purity and batch-to-batch consistency of recombinant FSH (rFSH) make it an attractive alternative to urinary FSH (uFSH). OBJECTIVES To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing the effectiveness of rFSH with uFSH in ovarian stimulation protocols in in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment cycles. SEARCH STRATEGY Search strategies included on-line searching of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from 1985 to 1999, hand searching of bibliographies of relevant publications and reviews and abstracts of scientific meetings, peer consultation and contacting the pharmaceutical companies that manufacture the gonadotropins under consideration. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized trials comparing rFSH with uFSH for ovarian stimulation in IVF or ICSI treatment for infertility. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The main outcome measure was clinical pregnancy per cycle started. Also considered were clinical pregnancy per cycle reaching oocyte retrieval and per cycle reaching embryo transfer (ET), ongoing pregnancy per cycle started, spontaneous abortion, multiple pregnancy, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), number of follicles and serum estradiol level on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration day, total dose of FSH, and number of oocytes retrieved. Common odds ratios (OR) and risk differences for rFSH relative to uFSH were calculated after testing for homogeneity of treatment effect across all trials. The fixed effects model was used, unless significant heterogeneity was present, in which case the random effects model was used. MAIN RESULTS The overall odds ratio for clinical pregnancy per cycle started was 1.21 (95% confidence limits (CL) 1.04,1.42) for rFSH compared to uFSH. The risk difference was a 3.7% (0.8,6.7) absolute increase in clinical pregnancy rate with rFSH. The OR for ongoing pregnancy per cycle started was 1.29 (1.08,1.54). There was no significant difference between rFSH and uFSH in the rates of spontaneous abortion, multiple pregnancy or OHSS. The total dose of FSH was lower by 406 (185,627) IU with rFSH, but there was no significant difference in the number of follicles or serum estradiol on hCG day or in the number of oocytes retrieved. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS This review has demonstrated a statistically significant increase in clinical pregnancy rate with rFSH compared to uFSH, when used for ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction. This benefit was observed only in standard IVF cycles and not in cycles in which ICSI was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Daya
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, McMaster University, HSC-3N52, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8N 3Z5.
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