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Zhao R, Yang X, Cui L, Wang L, Ye Y. Overweight and obesity determined by body mass index criteria for Asian populations adversely affect assisted reproductive outcomes among Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:394-402. [PMID: 38066333 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a common feature in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and is associated with multiple adverse reproductive outcomes. However, the impact of overweight and obesity on reproductive outcomes of women with PCOS who underwent in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET) is currently controversial and appropriate body mass index (BMI) levels differ across ethnic groups. METHODS This was a retrospective study including 1066 women with PCOS receiving IVF treatment at our institution between January 2018 and June 2021, among whom 960 underwent their first fresh or frozen embryo transfer. Participants were categorized according to BMI cut-off values proposed by the World Health Organization for Asian populations: normal weight (BMI < 23 kg/m2), overweight (BMI: 23-24.9 kg/m2), and obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2). The effect of BMI on clinical and embryological outcomes was evaluated by descriptive statistics and logistic regression models with confounders adjusted. The dose-response relationship between BMI as a continuous variable and IVF outcomes is also explored. INTERVENTIONS no RESULTS: Increasing BMI was associated with significantly lower numbers of total oocytes retrieved, metaphase II oocytes, two pronuclear (2PN) zygotes, and good-quality embryos among women with PCOS. Patients with PCOS with a BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 had significantly lower live birth rates (41.9% vs. 49.1%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.97) and implantation rates (35.8% vs. 43.9%; aOR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61-0.93) than those with normal BMI. Moreover, BMI showed a non-linear relationship (p for nonlinearity <0.001) with the number of 2PN zygotes with the curve becoming steeper as BMI surpassed 22.4 kg/m2. CONCLUSIONS Patients with PCOS with a BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 have lower live birth rates than those with a BMI < 23 kg/m2. Defining obesity and overweight with ethnicity-specific BMI cut-offs may help to improve IVF outcomes among PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Zhao
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Xinyun Yang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Long Cui
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Lefeng Wang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yinghui Ye
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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Yuan Y, Chang Q, Wen Y, Gao J, Huang S, Xu Y, Zhou C, Mai Q. Letrozole During Frozen Embryo Transfer in Women With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol 2023; 142:1087-1095. [PMID: 37708500 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000005367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare live-birth rates between letrozole application and artificial cycle for endometrium preparation during frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycle among women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Women with PCOS were randomized to letrozole application for ovulation induction compared with artificial cycle for endometrial preparation during FET. The primary outcome was live-birth rate per embryo transfer. Secondary outcomes included pregnancy-related outcomes, perinatal outcomes, and maternal complication rates. Assuming α=0.05 and 80% power, 186 patients per group were required to demonstrate a difference of 15% in live-birth rate: 205 patients (at least) per group were randomized to allow for a 10% dropout rate. RESULTS Four hundred twenty patients were enrolled from 2018 to 2021. Two hundred ten patients were assigned to the letrozole application group, and 210 were assigned to the artificial cycle group. There was no difference in the live-birth rate (42.4% vs 42.9%, P =>.99). There was no difference in secondary outcomes, including clinical pregnancy rate (51.4% vs 56.2%, P =.378), implantation rate (51.8% vs 55.8%, P =.401), and miscarriage rate (8.6% vs 11.0%, P =.511). For perinatal outcomes, singleton birth weight was significantly higher in the artificial cycle group (3,108±56 g vs 3,301±58, P =.018), and the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was significantly higher in letrozole application group (14.6% vs 5.6%, P =.050). The other outcome was no difference in maternal complications. CONCLUSION There was no difference in pregnancy outcomes between letrozole application compared with artificial cycle for endometrial preparation in women with PCOS who underwent FET. The risk of GDM was higher in the letrozole application group, and the singleton birth weight was lower in the artificial cycle group. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1800014746.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- Reproductive Medicine Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of SUN Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Zhang M, Liu X, Xu X, Li J, Bu Z, Yang Q, Shi H, Niu W, Dai S, Liang Y, Guo Y. The reference value of anti-Müllerian hormone to diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome is inversely associated with BMI: a retrospective study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2023; 21:15. [PMID: 36726106 PMCID: PMC9890853 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-023-01064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the cut-off value of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) combined with body mass index (BMI) in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM). METHODS This retrospective study included 15,970 patients: 3775 women with PCOS, 2879 women with PCOM, and 9316 patients as controls. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for AMH. We randomly divided the patients into two data sets. In dataset 1, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated to analyze the accuracy of basic AMH levels in diagnosing PCOS and PCOM. The optimal cut-off value was calculated in dataset 1 and validated in dataset 2, expressed as sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS In the PCOS group, obese patients had the lowest AMH levels, while underweight patients had the highest AMH level (P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, the ratio of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), serum testosterone level, and BMI, AMH was an independent predictor of PCOS and PCOM. In the group with BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, the optimistic AMH cut-off value was 5.145 ng/mL with a sensitivity of 84.3% and specificity of 89.1%, whereas in the BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 group, the optimistic AMH cut-off value was 3.165 ng/mL with a sensitivity of 88.7% and specificity of 74.6%. For the BMI range categories of 18.5-24, 24.0-28 kg/m2, the optimistic AMH cut-off values were 4.345 ng/mL and 4.115 ng/mL, respectively. The tendency that the group with lower weight corresponded to higher AMH cut-off values was also applicable to PCOM. In the same BMI category, patients with PCOM had a lower AMH diagnosis threshold than those with PCOS (< 18.5 kg/m2, 5.145 vs. 4.3 ng/mL; 18.5-24 kg/m2, 4.345 vs. 3.635 ng/mL; 24.0-28 kg/m2, 4.115 vs. 3.73 ng/mL; ≥ 28 kg /m2, 3.165 vs. 3.155 ng/mL). These cut-off values had a good diagnostic efficacy in the validation dataset. Based on different phenotypes and severity of ovulation disorders, the distribution of AMH in PCOS were also significantly different (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS AMH is a potential diagnostic indicator of PCOS and is adversely associated with BMI. The AMH cut-off value for diagnosing PCOS was significantly higher than that for PCOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghui Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaocong Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Xiaolu Xu
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jing Li
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhiqin Bu
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qingling Yang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Hao Shi
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wenbin Niu
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shanjun Dai
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yuling Liang
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yihong Guo
- Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
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Yu Z, Qin E, Cheng S, Yang H, Liu R, Xu T, Liu Y, Yuan J, Yu S, Yang J, Liang F. Gut microbiome in PCOS associates to serum metabolomics: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22184. [PMID: 36564416 PMCID: PMC9789036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between gut microbiome and chronic metabolic disease including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), is well documented, however, the relationship between the gut microbiota and serum metabolites remains unknown. In this study, untargeted metabolomics together with a 16S rRNA gene sequencing tool was used to detect small molecule serum metabolites and the gut microbiome. We identified 15 differential metabolites between PCOS patients and the healthy control. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (18:2, 20:3, 18:1, P-16:0, 17:0, 15:0, 18:3, 20:4), phosphatidylcholine(PC), ganglioside GA2 (d18:1/16:0) and 1-linoleoylglycerophosphocholine were increased in the PCOS group, and the concentrations of phosphoniodidous acid, bilirubin, nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide and citric acid were decreased in the PCOS group, suggesting a lipid metabolism and energy metabolism disorder in the PCOS patients. The diversity of gut microbiota in PCOS group was lower than that in healthy controls. Escherichia/Shigella, Alistipes and an unnamed strain 0319_6G20 belonging to Proteobacteria were important distinguishing genera (LDA > 3.5) in PCOS. Prevotella_9 was positively correlated with phosphoniodidous acid, nicotinate beta-D-ribonucleotide and citric acid concentrations, and negatively correlated with the concentration of LPC (20:3) and 1-linoleoylglycerophosphocholine; Roseburia was negatively correlated with LPC concentration (20:4), while the characteristic genus 0319_6G20 of PCOS was positively correlated with LPC concentration (20:3) (COR > 0.45). SF-36 in the PCOS group was significantly lower than that in the healthy control (HC) group, which was associated with the presence of Escherichia-Shigella and Alistipes. Our finding demonstrated the correlation between the gut microbiota and serum metabolites in PCOS, and therefore characteristic gut microbiota and metabolites may play an important role in the insulin resistance and the mood changes of PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yu
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XCollege of Medical Information and Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Erqi Qin
- Acupuncture Department, Chengdu Pidu District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shirui Cheng
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XAcupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shi’er Qiao Rd, Chengdu, 610075 Sichuan China
| | - Han Yang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XAcupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shi’er Qiao Rd, Chengdu, 610075 Sichuan China
| | - Rui Liu
- grid.266097.c0000 0001 2222 1582Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics, and Bioinformatics, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
| | - Tian Xu
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940Undergraduate Program in Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Yanqin Liu
- Acupuncture Department, Chengdu Pidu District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Gynecology Department, Chengdu Pidu District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuguang Yu
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XAcupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shi’er Qiao Rd, Chengdu, 610075 Sichuan China
| | - Jie Yang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XAcupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shi’er Qiao Rd, Chengdu, 610075 Sichuan China
| | - Fanrong Liang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XAcupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37 Shi’er Qiao Rd, Chengdu, 610075 Sichuan China
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Wang W, Zeng W, Chen X, Tu L, Xu J, Yin X. Parameter study on characteristic pulse diagram of polycystic ovary syndrome based on logistic regression analysis. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2022; 42:3712-3719. [PMID: 36562187 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2022.2158317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the parameters of the independent predictive characteristic pulse diagram of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by analysing the pulse characteristics between healthy women and the PCOS group. A total of 278 women were recruited for this study. Pulse wave parameters were collected by the pulse spectrum analyser. The single-factor analysis of the pulse diagram parameters was used to identify significant indicators, and the logistic regression analysis was carried out on the above indicators with statistical differences to obtain independent predictors. According to the single-factor and multi-factor analyses, h1, h5, h3/h1, t, t1 and t5 were independent predictors of PCOS diagnosis. The results showed that PCOS patients had a faster heart rate, decreased left ventricular systolic function and decreased aortic compliance compared to healthy individuals. These findings suggested that the characteristic pulse parameters screened out are valuable for the diagnosis of PCOS.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological reproductive endocrine and metabolic disease, which is significant for screening and early intervention in the disease. However, due to the lack of pulse's diagnostic evidence of PCOS, there is still an unknown area in the research on the correlation between PCOS and pulse diagram parameters.What do the results of this study add? This study fills the gap between the research on PCOS and pulse wave. The study also shows that the pulse characteristic parameters h1, h5, h3/h1, t, t1, and t5 are independent predictors of PCOS, suggesting that the patients have a higher heart rate, lower ventricular systolic function, and aortic compliance than healthy individuals.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Prominent risk factors for pulse parameters associated with the occurrence of PCOS facilitate early screening and diagnosis of the disease. The objectification of pulse diagnosis helps to establish a health management model, which can be used for the accurate assessment and treatment of PCOS by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It provides a clinical reference for the study of pulse diagnosis objectification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to the Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zeng
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to the Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xinmin Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to the Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Liping Tu
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jiatuo Xu
- Basic Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiuqi Yin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to the Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
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Wang Q, Fang C, Zhao Y, Liu Z. Correlation study on serum miR-222-3p and glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:398. [PMID: 36182923 PMCID: PMC9526283 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective microRNAs (miRNAs) play pivotal roles in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine and metabolic disorder that commonly occurs in women of childbearing age. This paper aimed to measure miR-222-3p expression in sera of PCOS patients and to explore its clinical value on PCOS diagnosis and prediction of diabetic and cardiovascular complications. Methods Totally 111 PCOS patients and 94 healthy people were recruited and assigned to the overweight (ow) group and non-overweight (non-ow) group, followed by determination of serum miR-222-3p expression. The diagnostic efficiency of miR-222-3p on PCOS ow and non-ow patients was analyzed. Correlations between miR-222-3p and glycolipid metabolic indicators and diabetic and cardiovascular complications in PCOS were analyzed. The downstream target of miR-222-3p was predicted and their binding relationship was verified. The correlation between PGC-1α and miR-222-3p was analyzed. Results miR-222-3p was highly-expressed in PCOS patients (p < 0.001), in especially PCOS ow patients. The area under the curve (AUC) of miR-222-3p diagnosing PCOS non-ow patients was 0.9474 and cut-off value was 1.290 (89.06% sensitivity, 98.11% specificity), indicating that non-ow people with serum miR-222-3p > 1.290 could basically be diagnosed with PCOS. AUC of miR-222-3p diagnosing PCOS ow patients was 0.9647 and cut-off value was 2.425 (85.11% sensitivity, 100% specificity), suggesting that ow people with serum miR-222-3p > 2.425 could basically be diagnosed with PCOS. miR-222-3p was positively-correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), homeostatic model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and negatively-correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). miR-222-3p was independently-correlated with diabetic and cardiovascular complications in PCOS (p < 0.05). High expression of miR-222-3p predicted high risks of diabetic and cardiovascular complications in PCOS. miR-222-3p targeted PGC-1α and was negatively-correlated with PGC-1α (r = − 0.2851, p = 0.0224; r = − 0.3151, p = 0.0310). Conclusion High expression of miR-222-3p assisted PCOS diagnosis and predicted increased risks of diabetic and cardiovascular complications. miR-222-3p targeted PGC-1α and was negatively-correlated with PGC-1α. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12905-022-01912-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- grid.452437.3Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, 23 Qingnian Road, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou, 341000 China
| | - Chuanxiang Fang
- grid.452437.3Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, 23 Qingnian Road, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou, 341000 China
| | - Ying Zhao
- grid.452437.3Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, 23 Qingnian Road, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou, 341000 China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- grid.452437.3Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, 23 Qingnian Road, Zhanggong District, Ganzhou, 341000 China
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Mitrašinović-Brulić M, Buljan M, Suljević D. Association of LH/FSH ratio with menstrual cycle regularity and clinical features of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43043-021-00085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Understanding the global prevalence and phenotypic features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is important as geographic factors and ethnic variations can significantly alter the clinical syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio (LH/FSH) in women with PCOS during therapy on selected endocrine and biochemical parameters.
Results
Women with PCOS were included in the study and were classified into two groups: women without therapy (de novo) and women with therapy for PCOS. ESHERE/ASRM criteria that require the presence of two out of three criteria: ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and morphological PCOS detected by ultrasound diagnostics. Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) was used for FSH and insulin analysis. The enzymatic method was used to analyze the biochemical profile. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of the LH/FSH ratio (2.56 vs. 2.41, P=0.043), glucose (6.23 vs. 5.12, P=0.003), insulin (19.21 vs. 7.35, P=0.000), IR (3.22 vs. 1.42, P=0.000), cholesterol (5.97 vs. 4.92, P=0.002), and LDL (3.56 vs. 2.56, P=0.001). The data suggest that patients with PCOS therapy have reduced hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. There was a significant correlation between the LH and FSH in the de novo group, as well as the correlation between hormone levels and LH/FSH ratio in both groups. Patients with PCOS therapy have a tendency for normal body weight and reduction of severe obesity compared to patients without therapy. Clinical features such as regular menstrual cycle and the prevalence of acne and hirsutism are not significantly different between groups.
Conclusion
PCOS cause irregularities of the menstrual cycle, the appearance of clinical manifestations, especially changes of LH/FSH ratio. Therapy for PCOS contributes to better regulation of endocrine and biochemical parameters, especially in the reduction of hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and reduced LH/FSH ratio.
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Zhou R, Zhang X, Dong M, Huang L, Zhu X, Wang S, Liu F. Association between endogenous LH level prior to progesterone administration and live birth rate in artificial frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer cycles of ovulatory women. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:2687-2696. [PMID: 34447994 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is there an association between serum LH levels prior to progesterone administration and live birth rate (LBR) in artificial frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles? SUMMARY ANSWER : Low serum LH levels on the day before progesterone initiation in artificial frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer cycles of ovulatory women are associated with a lower LBR. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In artificial FET cycles, exogenous oestrogen and progesterone are administered sequentially to mimic the serum hormone pattern similar to the natural cycle. In oestrogen-only phase, the supplemental oestrogen causes thickening of the endometrium and is sometimes accompanied by a rise in serum LH. However, whether the endogenous LH level in artificial FET cycles is related to clinical outcomes remains unclear. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A retrospective cohort study including 3469 artificial frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer cycles was conducted at a tertiary-care academic medical centre between February 2014 and January 2020. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS A total of 3469 frozen blastocyst transfer cycles were stratified into four groups based on the quartiles of serum LH level before progesterone initiation: <25th percentile (LH < 8.79 mIU/ml), 25-50th percentile (8.79 ≤ LH ≤ 13.91 mIU/ml), 51-75th percentile (13.91 < LH ≤ 20.75 mIU/ml) and >75th percentile (LH > 20.75 mIU/ml). The serum LH level >75th percentile group was considered as the reference group. Patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome or other ovulatory disorders were excluded from the study. We also excluded cycles with an endometrial thickness <7 mm before progesterone initiation and patients with intrauterine adhesions and uterine abnormalities. In order to avoid the interference of BMI, all patients were divided into two categories based on the overweight threshold: BMI <25 kg/m2 and ≥25 kg/m2, and the impacts of serum LH levels on LBR were investigated separately. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to adjust for potential confounders. EmpowerStats software and R-project were used to build smooth curve fitting models. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Compared with the reference group, the implantation rate significantly decreased with low LH levels (<25th percentile) on the day before progesterone initiation (odds ratio [OR] = 0.74; 95% CI, 0.64-0.86; P = 0.001). Accounting for major covariates, low LH levels were associated with a relatively lower LBR (adjusted OR = 0.649; 95% CI, 0.531-0.794; P < 0.001), mainly due to a lower implantation rate, lower clinical pregnancy rate and higher pregnancy loss rate. Moreover, in the patients with BMI <25 kg/m2, low LH was associated with a lower LBR (P < 0.001); while in the overweight subgroup, LBR and LH were not correlated (P = 0.823). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The main limitation of this study is its retrospective design. Owing to the relatively small number in the overweight group, the results of the overweight subgroup should be interpreted with caution. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The evidence provided in this study shows the importance of serum LH levels on the day before progesterone initiation in patients undergoing artificial FET cycles. Hypothalamic dysfunction may be one of the important causes of a relatively low LH, which is related to impaired pregnancy outcomes. Serum LH levels may be used as one of the clinical indicators to predict pregnancy outcomes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) No funding and no competing interest were involved in this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiong Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiqian Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiulan Zhu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Songlu Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fenghua Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Liang Z, Di N, Li L, Yang D. Gut microbiota alterations reveal potential gut-brain axis changes in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:1727-1737. [PMID: 33387350 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder companied with neuroendocrine and metabolic disorders. Gut microbiota has been implicated to play a key role in metabolic diseases and the production of neurotransmitters. Previous studies have reported the alterations in the gut microbiota of PCOS patients and animal models, however, most of the articles did not take the effect of age or diet on gut microbiota into account. The aim of this study was to identify the differential gut microbial species in PCOS patients compared with age and BMI-matched healthy control women. METHODS We performed physical examinations and dietary survey in 20 women with PCOS (lean PCOS, PL, n = 10; overweight PCOS, PO, n = 10) and 20 healthy control women (lean control, CL, n = 10; overweight control, CO, n = 10), and collected the blood on the days 1-3 of the menstrual cycle for the measurement of endocrine and metabolic profiles, and inflammatory factors; and collected the feces in non-menstrual period to investigate the composition of gut microbiota by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rDNA gene in fecal samples. The correlations between clinical parameters and the differential species were evaluated. RESULTS Dietary analysis showed that the intake of dietary fiber, vitamin D were significantly decreased in PCOS. For the first time, our study found an increase of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing species in PCOS, including Parabacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli, which significantly positively correlated with serum LH levels and LH:FSH ratios. CONCLUSIONS GABA-producing bacteria that were increased in PCOS, including Parabacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli, showed positive relationship with serum LH levels and LH:FSH ratios. In conclusion, gut microbial dysbiosis in women with PCOS is associated with neuroendocrine changes, revealing a potential gut-brain axis in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - N Di
- Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - D Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Du M, Zhang J, Yu X, Guan Y. Elevated Anti-Müllerian Hormone Is an Independent Risk Factor for Preterm Birth Among Patients With Overweight Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:788000. [PMID: 34956097 PMCID: PMC8692368 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.788000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether elevated anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels affect the rate of preterm birth (PTB) among PCOS patients with different BMIs. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, patients with PCOS who had undergone IVF/ICSI from January 2017 to December 2019 were included for potential evaluation. A total of 2368 singleton live births from PCOS patients were included. According to the BMI, all the PCOS patients were divided into two groups: BMI<24 kg/m2 and BMI≥24 kg/m2. In total, 1339 PCOS patients with a BMI<24 kg/m2 were grouped according to their serum AMH levels: ① <2.71 ng/ml (n=333), ② 2.71-4.08 ng/ml (n=330), ③ 4.09-6.45 ng/ml (n=351), and ④ >6.45 ng/ml (n=325). Additionally, 1029 cycles of patients with a BMI≥24 kg/m2 were grouped according to the serum AMH level: ① <2.71 ng/ml (n=255), ② 2.71-4.08 ng/ml (n=267), ③ 4.09-6.45 ng/ml (n=239), and ④ >6.45 ng/ml (n=268), with <2.71 ng/ml being considered the reference group. The grouping was based mainly on the interquartile range of serum AMH levels. The primary outcome of the study was PTB. The secondary outcomes were low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), macrosomia and large for gestational age (LGA). RESULTS Regarding PCOS patients with a BMI<24 kg/m2, compared with the PTB rate of the AMH <2.71 ng/ml group, the PTB rates of the different groups were not significantly different (AMH 2.71-4.08, AOR (95% CI)=1.01 (0.52-2.00), P=0.99; AMH 4.09-6.45, AOR (95% CI)=0.93 (0.45-1.91), P=0.85; AMH>6.45, AOR (95% CI)=0.78 (0.35-1.73), P=0.54). Regarding PCOS patients with a BMI ≥24 kg/m2, compared with the PTB rate of the AMH <2.71 ng/ml group, the PTB rate of the AMH>6.45 ng/ml group was significantly higher (OR=2.47; 95% CI=1.34-4.55). After multiple logistic regression analysis, the risk of PTB in the AMH>6.45 ng/ml group was 2.1 times that in the AMH<2.71 ng/ml group (AOR=2.1, 95% CI=1.01-4.37, P=0.04). However, no statistically significant difference was found in the rate of SGA, LBW, macrosomia or LGA among patients in the different serum AMH groups. CONCLUSION For PCOS patients, a BMI≥24 kg/m2 plus serum AMH>6.45 ng/ml (75th percentile) is an independent risk factor for PTB.
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Sendur SN, Yildiz BO. Influence of ethnicity on different aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review. Reprod Biomed Online 2020; 42:799-818. [PMID: 33487557 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review aimed to assess variations in the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) belonging to different ethnicities. A search was performed for studies comparing various clinical aspects of PCOS in two or more different ethnic groups. After screening 2264 studies, 35 articles were included in the final analysis. In comparison with White women with PCOS (wPCOS), East Asian women with PCOS (eaPCOS) were less hirsute, whereas Hispanic women with PCOS (hPCOS), South Asian women with PCOS (saPCOS) and Middle Eastern women with PCOS (mePCOS) were more hirsute. saPCOS had higher androgen and lower sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations, mePCOS had higher DHEAS concentrations, and hPCOS and Black women with PCOS (bPCOS) had lower SHBG and DHEAS measures than wPCOS. Menstrual disturbances were more frequent in eaPCOS. Both saPCOS and eaPCOS had lower body mass index with increased central adiposity. hPCOS and bPCOS were more obese. saPCOS, mePCOS, hPCOS and bPCOS had a higher prevalence of insulin resistance than wPCOS. bPCOS had a better lipid profile but higher blood pressure and cardiovascular risk. Indigenous Australian women with PCOS were more obese and more insulin resistant with higher androgen concentrations. The clinical phenotype of PCOS therefore shows a wide variation depending on ethnicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman N Sendur
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Hacettepe Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bulent O Yildiz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Hacettepe Ankara, Turkey.
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Association between Body Mass Index and Reproductive Outcome in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Receiving IVF/ICSI-ET. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6434080. [PMID: 32908902 PMCID: PMC7463361 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6434080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and the outcome of in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection embryo transfer- (IVF/ICSI-ET) assisted reproduction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) receiving the ultra-long agonist protocol. Methods We retrospectively identified all women receiving IVF/ICSI-ET for the first time using the ultra-long protocol between January 2013 and January 2018 at our hospital. Only women at ≤35 years of age receiving the first cycle were analyzed. Results A total of 1782 women were included in the analysis: 42 were underweight, 742 were overweight, 198 were obese, and 800 were normal weight. Gonadotropin dosage and duration were comparable between underweight and normal weight groups but were significantly higher/longer in overweight and obese groups (P < 0.008). The number of oocytes retrieved was significantly lower in overweight and obese groups than in the normal weight group (P < 0.008). The number of transferable embryos was significantly higher in normal weight group than overweight and obese groups (P < 0.008). Embryo implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, full-term birth rate, and live birth rate did not differ among the 4 groups. The cycle cancellation rate was lower in the overweight and obese group than normal weight group (P < 0.008). The miscarriage rate was higher in the obese group than the normal weight group (P < 0.008). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, abnormal BMI was an independent risk for miscarriage (OR: 1.069, 95% CI 1.020, 1.122; P = 0.006). Conclusion Overweight and obesity are associated with poor outcomes in PCOS patients receiving ultra-long protocol. Measures to reduce body weight should be encouraged in overweight and obese PCOS women at ≤35 years of age prior to assisted reproductive technology (ART).
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Chen Y, Liu X, Yan N, Jia W, Fan Y, Yan H, Ma L, Ma L. Higher Academic Stress Was Associated with Increased Risk of Overweight and Obesity among College Students in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155559. [PMID: 32752122 PMCID: PMC7432099 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined associations between academic stress and overweight and obesity, and moderation effects of gender, grade, and types of college on such associations. Data on academic stress, negative learning events, weight, and height were self-reported by 27,343 college students in China in 2018. About 23% and 91% of students perceived high academic stress and suffered from at least one negative learning event during the past six months, respectively, especially for females, undergraduates, and students major in humanities and social science subject groups. Perceived academic stress was associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity among all students (OR = 1.05, 95%CI: 1.00–1.10), male (OR = 1.09, 95%CI: 1.03–1.15), undergraduate (OR = 1.06, 95%CI: 1.00–1.11), and students from subordinate universities (OR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.01–1.26). Negative learning events were associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity among all students (OR = 1.05, 95%CI: 1.01–1.09), undergraduates (OR = 1.05, 95%CI: 1.01–1.09), and students from local universities (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.00–1.14). Interventions are needed to reduce the high academic stress of college students, considering the modifying effects of gender, grade, and college type. Such interventions may further contribute to the prevention of overweight and obesity among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.); (N.Y.); (W.J.); (Y.F.); (H.Y.)
- Research Centre on College Students Ideological Education and Practice, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.); (N.Y.); (W.J.); (Y.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Ni Yan
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.); (N.Y.); (W.J.); (Y.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Wanru Jia
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.); (N.Y.); (W.J.); (Y.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yahui Fan
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.); (N.Y.); (W.J.); (Y.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hong Yan
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.); (N.Y.); (W.J.); (Y.F.); (H.Y.)
| | - Lu Ma
- Global Health Institute, School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Le Ma
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (Y.C.); (X.L.); (N.Y.); (W.J.); (Y.F.); (H.Y.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (L.M.)
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Kim JJ, Choi YM. Phenotype and genotype of polycystic ovary syndrome in Asia: Ethnic differences. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 45:2330-2337. [PMID: 31588677 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women, and ethnic diversity has been reported in its manifestation. This review addressed phenotype and genetic studies in Asian women with PCOS. Generally, East Asians are less hirsute, and the hirsutism score cutoff is lower than the Caucasian counterpart. It is not clear whether there are any significant differences in the prevalence or severity of irregular menstruation (IM) or characteristics of polycystic ovary (PCO) across ethnicities. Interestingly, the IM/PCO subgroup is a relatively common phenotype in East Asian patients but not in Caucasian patients. The prevalence of insulin resistance in PCOS patients varies depending on the index used and the cutoff, but women with PCOS showed a higher degree of insulin resistance than those of controls across ethnicities. Lower body mass index (BMI) and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome were reported in East Asian patients, but despite lower BMI, a comparative study reported that Asian women with PCOS were more likely to have diabetes compared with Caucasian patients, suggesting they also have metabolic complications. Unlike East Asian patients, South Asian patients showed an increased degree of hirsutism, early onset of symptoms, and severe insulin resistance and metabolic risks compared with Caucasians. Genetic components play important roles in the pathogenesis of PCOS, and genome-wide association studies of PCOS suggest that similar genetic risk factors exist between Asian and Caucasian patients. Continuous comparative studies are needed to standardize the diagnosis and management of PCOS across different ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,The Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Min Choi
- The Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Huang X, Wang Q, Liu T, Pei T, Liu D, Zhu H, Huang W. Body fat indices as effective predictors of insulin resistance in obese/non-obese polycystic ovary syndrome women in the Southwest of China. Endocrine 2019; 65:81-85. [PMID: 30924083 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Insulin resistance (IR) is a common feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Body fat indices can be predictive markers of IR. This study is aimed to predict IR in Chinese women with PCOS of different body types based on body fat indices. METHODS A total of 723 women diagnosed with PCOS according to Rotterdam criteria were recruited in this study and were further divided into two groups based on their BMI. All participants underwent physical examinations and ultrasound; and blood was collected from them on the days 3-5 of the menstrual cycle. Their BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), lipid accumulation product (LAP) index, visceral adiposity index (VAI), and the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. The correlations between body fat indices and HOMA-IR and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were evaluated. RESULTS In normal weight group (BMI < 24, n = 333), VAI (best cut-off value: 1.681, area under curve (AUC) = 0.754, P < 0.01) and LAP index (best cut-off value: 18.53, AUC = 0.734, P < 0.001) were the reliable indicators of IR based on HOMA-IR ≥ 2.77, while in overweight/obese group (BMI ≥ 24, n = 390), the BMI, WC, WHtR and LAP index had a significant correlation with HOMA-IR. The representative markers to assess IR were BMI (best cut-off value: 26.43, AUC = 0.644, P = 0.001) and WHtR (best cut-off value: 0.544, AUC = 0.604, P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Body fat indices are predictive markers of IR in Chinese PCOS women, especially in those with normal weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuyi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tianjiao Pei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Huili Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Di N, Zhou X, Chen Y, Zhao X, Li L, Jiang L, Luo B, Chen X, Yang D. Could semiquantitative analysis of real-time ultrasound elastography distinguish more liver parenchyma alterations of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome? ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:128-136. [PMID: 30916169 PMCID: PMC10522130 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the commonest diffuse liver disease, of which women with polycystic ovary syndrome are at an increased risk. The aim of the present study was to assess the diagnostic value of the semiquantitative strain parameters of real-time ultrasound elastography for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirty-five polycystic ovary syndrome patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, 70 polycystic ovary syndrome patients without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and 70 healthy female controls of reproductive age were included. All participants underwent ultrasonic examination and semiquantitative analysis of real-time ultrasound elastography of the liver. RESULTS Main semi quantitative strain parameters, such as average strain value, differed significantly among groups polycystic ovary syndrome with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and control (87.02 ± 10.16 vs. 96.31 ± 11.44 vs. 104.49 ± 7.28, p < 0.001). Clinical and laboratory parameters differed significantly between the two subgroups with low or high average strain value. For diagnostic value of average strain value for elevated aminotransferase, the area under the curve was 0.808 (range 0.721-0.895). In multiple linear regression analysis, polycystic ovary syndrome, waist circumference, and metabolic syndrome were stand-alone independent factors associated with average strain value among subjects without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. CONCLUSION Semiquantitative real-time ultrasound elastography analysis could distinguish liver parenchyma alterations in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome more sensitively. The diagnostic value of the proposed method for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Di
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of UltrasoundGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinchuan Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of UltrasoundGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaxiao Chen
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomiao Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Jiang
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoming Luo
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of UltrasoundGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongzi Yang
- Sun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen UniversitySun Yat-sen Memorial HospitalDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyGuangzhouChinaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Yang W, Yang R, Lin M, Yang Y, Song X, Zhang J, Yang S, Song Y, Li J, Pang T, Deng F, Zhang H, Wang Y, Li R, Jiao J. Body mass index and basal androstenedione are independent risk factors for miscarriage in polycystic ovary syndrome. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2018; 16:119. [PMID: 30454060 PMCID: PMC6245701 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-018-0438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited literature investigating the effects of body mass index (BMI) and androgen level on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-antagonist protocol in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Androgen-related variation in the effect of body mass index (BMI) on IVF outcomes remains unknown. METHODS In this retrospective study, 583 infertile women with PCOS who underwent IVF using the conventional GnRH-antagonist protocol were included. Patients were divided into four groups according to BMI and androgen level: overweight- hyperandrogenism(HA) group, n = 96, overweight-non-HA group, n = 117, non-overweight-HA group, n = 152, and non-overweight-non-HA group, n = 218. RESULTS A significantly higher number of oocytes were retrieved, and the total Gn consumption as well Gn consumption per day was significantly lower, in the non-overweight groups than in the overweight groups. The number of available embryos was significantly higher in the HA groups than in the non-HA groups. Clinical pregnancy rate was of no significant difference among four groups. Live-birth rates in the overweight groups were significantly lower than those in non-overweight-non-HA group (23.9, 28.4% vs. 42.5%, P<0.05). The miscarriage rate in overweight-HA group was significantly higher than that in non-overweight-non-HA group (45.2% vs. 14.5%, P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that BMI and basal androstenedione (AND) both acted as significantly influent factors on miscarriage rate. The area under the curve (AUC) in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for BMI and basal AND on miscarriage rate were 0.607 (P = 0.029) and 0.657 (P = 0.001), respectively, and the cut-off values of BMI and basal AND were 25.335 kg/m2 and 10.95 nmol/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In IVF cycles with GnRH-antagonist protocol, economic benefits were seen in non-overweight patients with PCOS, with less Gn cost and more retrieved oocytes. BMI and basal AND were both significantly influential factors with moderate predictive ability on the miscarriage rate. The predictive value of basal AND on miscarriage was slightly stronger than BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yang
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Rui Yang
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Mingmei Lin
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yan Yang
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Xueling Song
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Shuo Yang
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Ying Song
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jia Li
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Tianshu Pang
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Feng Deng
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Hua Zhang
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Rong Li
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jie Jiao
- 0000 0004 0605 3760grid.411642.4Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, 49 N Garden Rd, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191 China
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Pan XM, Lin Z, Li N, Wu JQ, Chen DQ, Zhu YM, Qu F. Effects of body mass index on the outcomes of in vitro fertilization in Chinese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a retrospective cohort study. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018. [DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Namavar Jahromi B, Dabaghmanesh MH, Parsanezhad ME, Fatehpoor F. Association of leptin and insulin resistance in PCOS: A case-controlled study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.15.7.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Wu Y, Zhong G, Chen S, Zheng C, Liao D, Xie M. Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with anogenital distance, a marker of prenatal androgen exposure. Hum Reprod 2017; 32:937-943. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dex042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Palomba S, Santagni S, Falbo A, La Sala GB. Complications and challenges associated with polycystic ovary syndrome: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health 2015; 7:745-63. [PMID: 26261426 PMCID: PMC4527566 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s70314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) represents the most common endocrine dysfunction in fertile women and it is considered a heterogeneous and multifaceted disorder, with multiple reproductive and metabolic phenotypes which differently affect the early- and long-term syndrome’s risks. Women with PCOS present an adverse reproductive profile, including a high risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Patients with PCOS present not only a higher prevalence of classic cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type-2 diabetes mellitus, but also of nonclassic cardiovascular risk factors, including mood disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Moreover, at the moment, clinical data on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women with PCOS are controversial. Finally, women with PCOS show an increased risk of endometrial cancer compared to non-PCOS healthy women, particularly during premenopausal period. Currently, we are unable to clarify if the increased PCOS early- and long-term risks are totally due to PCOS per se or mostly due to obesity, in particular visceral obesity, that characterized the majority of PCOS patients. In any case, the main endocrine and gynecological scientific societies agree to consider women with PCOS at increased risk of obstetric, cardiometabolic, oncology, and psychological complications throughout life, and it is recommended that these women be accurately assessed with periodic follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Palomba
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Scientific Institute of Treatment and Care (IRCCS), Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Susanna Santagni
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Scientific Institute of Treatment and Care (IRCCS), Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Angela Falbo
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Scientific Institute of Treatment and Care (IRCCS), Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista La Sala
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-Scientific Institute of Treatment and Care (IRCCS), Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Thathapudi S, Kodati V, Erukkambattu J, Addepally U, Qurratulain H. Association of luteinizing hormone chorionic gonadotropin receptor gene polymorphism (rs2293275) with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2015; 19:128-32. [PMID: 25565299 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovaries and irregular menstruation/anovulation are important diagnostic criteria along with hyperandrogenism as per the Androgen Excess Society-2006 criteria for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). In the etiopathogenesis of PCOS, one of the candidate genes causing ovarian failure is the luteinizing hormone (LH) chorionic gonadotropin hormone receptor (LHCGR). Our aim was to study the association of LHCGR polymorphism (rs2293275) with PCOS in our study population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genetic case-control study from multiple gynecological centers from Hyderabad, a cosmopolitan city in South India. The study involved 204 women with PCOS and 204 healthy, sex-, and age-matched controls. Anthropometric and biochemical profiles were taken in a well-designed pro forma. Isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and genotype analysis were done for the entire study population using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method followed by 12% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS In this study, we have demonstrated an association between LHCGR (rs2293275) polymorphism and PCOS. The frequency of the G allele was 0.60 in PCOS and 0.49 in controls (odds ratio [OR] 1.531, confidence interval [CI] 1.16-2.01, and p-value=0.0026), which indicates that the G allele is associated with PCOS in our population. The GG genotype conferred a significant risk of developing PCOS (OR 3.36, CI 1.96-5.75, and p-value<0.0001). We found a significant association of the GG allele with body-mass index, waist to hip ratio, insulin resistance, LH, and LH/follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ratio in PCOS when compared with controls. The AA allele showed high basal FSH levels. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that LHCGR (rs2293275) polymorphism is associated with PCOS and could be used as a relevant molecular marker to identify women with the risk of developing PCOS in our population and may provide an understanding about the etiology of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Thathapudi
- 1 Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Vasavi Medical and Research Center , Hyderabad, India
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Thathapudi S, Kodati V, Erukkambattu J, Katragadda A, Addepally U, Hasan Q. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and polycystic ovarian syndrome: a clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic study. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:605-9. [PMID: 25083576 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2014.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) appears to be linked with hyperandrogenism (HA), increased insulin resistance (IR), and obesity (Ob), which were common features noted with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Our aim was to study the role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of IR and Ob in PCOS, as well as a C850T (rs1799724) polymorphism in the promoter region of the TNF-α gene, in a group of 204 PCOS patients and 204 age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Significant differences were observed between PCOS patients and controls. All the PCOS had elevated body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) score, and serum TNF-α when compared with controls (p<0.05). Genotype distribution for the C-850T polymorphism was observed with the frequency of the variant T allele being 0% in the PCOS group and 9% in the control group (p=0.0032). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our present results suggest that the TNF-α system might contribute to the pathogenesis of HA, Ob, and IR in PCOS independent of a polymorphism of the TNF-α C850T (rs1799724) in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Thathapudi
- 1 Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Vasavi Medical and Research Center , Hyderabad, India
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24
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Study of circulating hepcidin in association with iron excess, metabolic syndrome, and BMP-6 expression in granulosa cells in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2014; 102:548-554.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Thathapudi S, Kodati V, Erukkambattu J, Katragadda A, Addepally U, Hasan Q. Anthropometric and Biochemical Characteristics of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in South Indian Women Using AES-2006 Criteria. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2014; 12:e12470. [PMID: 24696694 PMCID: PMC3968989 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine conditions affecting women of reproductive age with a prevalence of approximately 5-10% worldwide. PCOS can be viewed as a heterogeneous androgen excess disorder with varying degrees of reproductive and metabolic abnormalities, whose diagnosis is based on anthropometric, biochemical and radiological abnormalities. To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the anthropometric, biochemical and ultrasonographic characteristics of PCOS in Asian Indians of South India, using the Androgen Excess Society (AES-2006) diagnostic criteria. OBJECTIVES To assess anthropometric, biochemical and ultrasonographic features of PCOS subgroups and controls among South Indian women using the AES-2006 criteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and four women clinically diagnosed with PCOS, and 204 healthy women controls aged 17 to 35 years were evaluated. PCOS was diagnosed by clinical hyperandrogenism (HA), irregular menstruation (IM), and polycystic ovary (PCO). PCOS was further categorized into phenotypic subgroups including the IM+HA+PCO (n = 181, 89%), HA+PCO (n = 23, 11%), IM+HA (n = 0), and also into obese PCOS (n = 142, 70%) and lean PCOS (n = 62, 30%) using body mass index (BMI). Anthropometric measurements and biochemical characteristics were compared among the PCOS subgroups. RESULTS The PCOS subgroups with regular menstrual cycles (HA+PCO), had more luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), fasting glucose, fasting insulin, and high insulin resistance (IR) expressed as the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) score, compared with the IM+HA+PCO subgroups and controls. Similarly, the obese PCOS had high BMI, waist to hip ratio (WHR), fasting glucose, LH, LH/FSH, fasting insulin, HOMA score (IR), and dyslipidemia, compared with lean PCOS and controls. Unilateral polycystic ovary was seen in 32 (15.7%) patients, and bilateral involvement in 172 (84.3%) patients. All the controls showed normal ovaries. CONCLUSIONS Anthropometric, biochemical, and ultrasonographic findings showed significant differences among PCOS subgroups. The PCOS subgroups with regular menstrual cycles (HA+PCO), had high insulin resistance (IR) and gonadotropic hormonal abnormalities, compared with the IM+HA+PCO subgroups and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Thathapudi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Vasavi Medical and Research Centre, Khairatabad, Hyderabad, India
- Corresponding author: Sujatha Thathapudi, Quarter No.7, Kamineni Hospital, LB Nagar, Hyderabad, India. Tel: +40-24023335, E-mail:
| | - Vijayalakshmi Kodati
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Geneticist and Research Coordinator, Vasavi Medical and Research Centre, Khairatabad, India
| | - Jayashankar Erukkambattu
- Department of Pathology, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, LBnagar, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anuradha Katragadda
- Department of Gynaecology, Anu’s Fertility Centre, Somajiguda, Hyderabad, India
| | - Uma Addepally
- Department of Biotechnology, Research Coordinator, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Qurratulain Hasan
- Senior Scientist and Geneticist, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Centre and Vasavi Medical and Research Centre, Hyderabad, India
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Zheng YH, Wang XH, Lai MH, Yao H, Liu H, Ma HX. Effectiveness of Abdominal Acupuncture for Patients with Obesity-Type Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Altern Complement Med 2013; 19:740-5. [PMID: 23676106 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2012.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Zheng
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mao-Hua Lai
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xia Ma
- First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
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Zhao Y, Qiao J. Ethnic differences in the phenotypic expression of polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids 2013; 78:755-60. [PMID: 23624030 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine problem affecting women of reproductive age and is investigated from many regions of the world. Some reports have indicated ethnic difference in its manifestation. This review addressed the evidences for ethnic variation in the expression of PCOS phenotypes and explored the potential ethnic-specific diagnosis of this syndrome. To determine ethnic variation, community prevalence and clinical and metabolic problems, including hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhoea/amenorrhoea, polycystic ovaries, obesity, insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome, had been compared from differing backgrounds and populations. Moreover, a link between ethnicity and variation in the metabolic phenotype of PCOS had also been identified. East Asian women with PCOS have a lower BMI and a milder hyperandrogenic phenotype, but with the highest prevalence of metabolic syndrome. South Asians in particular have a high prevalence of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, and are at risk for type 2 diabetes, with central obesity more than BMI reflecting their metabolic risk. African American and Hispanic women are more obese and more prone to metabolic problems. Besides, there is a higher prevalence of hirsutism among women of Middle Eastern and Mediterranean origin. Ethnically appropriate guidelines are needed for identifying anthropometric thresholds for better screening and diagnosis in high-risk ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jeon YE, Lee KE, Jung JA, Yim SY, Kim H, Seo SK, Cho S, Choi YS, Lee BS. Kisspeptin, leptin, and retinol-binding protein 4 in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2013; 75:268-74. [PMID: 23571154 DOI: 10.1159/000350217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare plasma kisspeptin, serum leptin, and serum retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to correlate these among each other and with clinical, hormonal, and metabolic parameters. METHODS Ninety women, including 54 women with PCOS and 36 without PCOS, participated in this study. For all patients, history and physical examinations were performed and blood samples were collected between days 3 and 8 of a spontaneous bleeding episode in the PCOS group and during normal menses of controls. Plasma kisspeptin, serum leptin, and serum RBP4 levels were measured using specific commercial assays. RESULTS Kisspeptin, leptin, and RBP4 levels were significantly higher in the PCOS group than in controls. Kisspeptin and RBP4 levels were significantly higher among obese PCOS patients than controls. Leptin levels were higher among obese PCOS patients than non-obese PCOS patients or controls. Kisspeptin and leptin levels of PCOS patients were significantly correlated with RBP4 levels. When only obese PCOS patients were analyzed, kisspeptin levels correlated with only the free androgen index. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that kisspeptin, leptin, and RBP4 are associated with metabolic disturbances in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Eun Jeon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea
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Kim JJ, Chae SJ, Choi YM, Hwang KR, Song SH, Yoon SH, Kim SM, Ku SY, Kim SH, Kim JG, Moon SY. Atherogenic changes in low-density lipoprotein particle profiles were not observed in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2013; 28:1354-60. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/det057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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30
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Dong Z, Huang J, Huang L, Chen X, Yin Q, Yang D. Associations of acanthosis nigricans with metabolic abnormalities in polycystic ovary syndrome women with normal body mass index. J Dermatol 2013; 40:188-92. [PMID: 23289590 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acanthosis nigricans (AN) usually correlates to insulin resistance (IR) or obesity in obese populations, but adequate studies on the significance of AN in people with normal body mass index (BMI) have not been performed and discussed. Three hundred and thirty-nine polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients with normal BMI (<23 kg/m(2) ) were recruited. The anthropometric and biochemical parameters of these patients were measured. In these patients with normal BMI, 33 (9.7%) women had AN, and six (1.77%) women were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Most of the anthropometric and biochemical variables associated with metabolic status were more unfavorable in the AN-positive group compared with the AN-negative groups. The prevalence of central obesity, IR and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level were also significantly higher in the AN-positive group (P < 0.05). In multiple regression analysis, presence of AN was still significantly associated with IR (odds ratio [OR] = 2.952, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.367-6.376] and reduced HDL-C level (OR = 2.668, 95% CI = 1.160-6.135) after adjustments for age and BMI. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for AN to detect IR were 18.6%, 92.6%, 39.4% and 81.4%, respectively. In conclusion, presence of AN correlated with IR and reduced HDL-C level in PCOS women with normal BMI. AN status had high specificity to detect IR, but lack of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dong
- Center of Assisted Reproductive Technology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Clinical and metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome among Chinese adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2012; 25:390-5. [PMID: 23089573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the clinical and metabolic features exhibited by Chinese adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to determine the differences between nonobese and obese adolescent patients with PCOS. DESIGN Clinical cross-sectional study. SETTING Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Center. PARTICIPANTS 25 obese and 66 nonobese adolescents with PCOS and 26 age-matched controls. INTERVENTIONS Fasting venous blood samples and an oral glucose tolerance test using 75 g of glucose were obtained from PCOS patients and controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical features were summarized. Serum levels of FSH, LH, E(2), TT, SHBG, fasting insulin, and fasting glucose were measured. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity in adolescents with PCOS was 27% (25/91). 99% of these patients presented with menstrual disorders, 84% presented with clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and 90% exhibited an ultrasonographic appearance of polycystic ovaries. The prevalence of hirsutism and acanthosis nigricans were higher in the obese PCOS group than in the nonobese PCOS group (72% vs 41% and 44% vs 5%, respectively). A total of 5 of 20 obese (25%) and 5 of 36 nonobese patients (14%) demonstrated impaired glucose tolerance levels. CONCLUSIONS Chinese adolescents with PCOS manifest clinical and metabolic features similar to those of adult Chinese women with PCOS except for the increased prevalence of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance. Adolescents with high risk factors, especially those with menstrual disorders and hyperandrogenism, may need careful clinical screening.
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Zhou Z, Ni R, Hong Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, Yang D. Defining hyperandrogenaemia according to the free androgen index in Chinese women: a cross-sectional study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:446-52. [PMID: 22443308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) To determine the normative cut-off value for the free androgen index (FAI) among reproductive-age women in China. DESIGN Cross-sectional, population-based study. SETTING A multistage systematic cluster random sampling among 16 communities from two rural and two city regions. PATIENT(S) A total of 1526 women were randomly selected from a representative sample of 3009 women aged 20-45 years from the general population of southern China. Among these women, 444 subjects without known factors affecting androgen levels were selected as the reference group. INTERVENTION(S) Subjects underwent physical examination, blood tests of hormone and metabolic profiles, and ultrasound evaluations. MEASUREMENT OF THE MAIN OUTCOMES: The FAI was calculated according to the following equation: FAI = 100 × total testosterone (nmol/l)/sex hormone-binding globulin (nmol/l). The normative cut-off value of the FAI was computed based on the 5th-95th percentiles and K-means cluster analysis (K = 2). RESULTS A reference range of 0·7-6·4 of the FAI was indicated by the 5th and 95th percentiles. K-means cluster analysis identified 6·1 as the cut-off value for the FAI in the total population, which was close to the upper limit determined by the 95th percentile. Hyperandrogenic women present with elevated risk factors for metabolic disorders. The mean FAI values decreased with age among the total population, as evaluated by either K-means clustering or a percentile analysis. The FAI value was negatively correlated with age (r = -0·185, P < 0·0001) and positively correlated with body mass index after adjustment for age (r = 0·250, P < 0·0001). CONCLUSION A reference range of 0·7-6·4 FAI was indicated by the 5th and 95th percentiles among the reference group, which excluded the subjects with factors known to affect androgen levels; 6·1 was identified by the K-means cluster analysis as the cut-off value of the FAI for the general population. Hyperandrogenic women present with higher risks for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehong Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Fauser BCJM, Tarlatzis BC, Rebar RW, Legro RS, Balen AH, Lobo R, Carmina H, Chang RJ, Yildiz BO, Laven JSE, Boivin J, Petraglia F, Wijeyeratne CN, Norman RJ, Dunaif A, Franks S, Wild RA, Dumesic D, Barnhart K. Consensus on women's health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2012; 27:14-24. [PMID: 22147920 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in females with a high prevalence. The etiology of this heterogeneous condition remains obscure and its phenotype expression varies. Two, widely cited, previous ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored PCOS consensus workshops focused on diagnosis (published in 2004) and infertility management (published in 2008). The present third PCOS consensus paper summarizes current knowledge and identifies knowledge gaps regarding various women's health aspects of PCOS. Relevant topics addressed-all dealt with in a systematic fashion-include adolescence, hirsutism and acne, contraception, menstrual cycle abnormalities, quality of life, ethnicity, pregnancy complications, long-term metabolic and cardiovascular health and finally cancer risk. Additional, comprehensive background information is provided separately in an extended online publication.
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Consensus on women's health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Fertil Steril 2011; 97:28-38.e25. [PMID: 22153789 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1016] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in females, with a high prevalence. The etiology of this heterogeneous condition remains obscure, and its phenotype expression varies. Two widely cited previous ESHRE/ASRM sponsored PCOS consensus workshops focused on diagnosis (published in 2004) and infertility management (published in 2008), respectively. The present third PCOS consensus report summarizes current knowledge and identifies knowledge gaps regarding various women's health aspects of PCOS. Relevant topics addressed-all dealt with in a systematic fashion-include adolescence, hirsutism and acne, contraception, menstrual cycle abnormalities, quality of life, ethnicity, pregnancy complications, long-term metabolic and cardiovascular health, and finally cancer risk. Additional, comprehensive background information is provided separately in an extended online publication.
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Lafay Pillet MC, Schneider A, Borghese B, Santulli P, Souza C, Streuli I, de Ziegler D, Chapron C. Deep infiltrating endometriosis is associated with markedly lower body mass index: a 476 case-control study. Hum Reprod 2011; 27:265-72. [PMID: 22025227 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An inverse association between BMI and endometriosis has been reported but remains controversial. We decided to evaluate the association between BMI and the different types of endometriosis, classified as superficial endometriosis (SUP), deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) and ovarian endometrioma (OMA). METHODS From a prospective database of patients who underwent gynecological surgery between February 2005 and October 2008, we compared 238 patients with a histological diagnosis of endometriosis to 238 age- and smoking-status-matched controls using a prospective preoperative questionnaire and surgical data. Numerical variables means were compared for matched pairs, and non-parametric variables using Wilcoxon test. The Odds ratios for all types of endometriosis adjusted for confounding variables were computed according to predefined BMI groups [1(<18.5), 2 (≥18.5 and <22), 3(≥22 and <25), 4(≥25)], taking Group 3 as the reference population. RESULTS BMI was significantly lower for all 238 patients (21.70 ± 3.7 versus 23.29 ± 4.1, P < 0.001), for 101 OMA patients (21.88 ± 3.8 versus 22.99 ± 4, P < 0.038), and for 97 DIE patients (21.35 ± 3.4 versus 23.35 ± 3.8, P < 0.001) compared with their own controls, but not for the 40 SUP patients. Patients in Group 1 had adjusted odds ratios as high as 3.3 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6-6.8] for DIE and 2.7 (95% CI: 1.1-6.8) for OMA; in Group 2, the adjusted oddd ratios were 2.6 (95% CI: 1.3-5.5) for DIE and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.5-5.4) for OMA. CONCLUSIONS Endometriotic patients have lower BMI than age- and smoking-status-matched controls, independent of confounding variables. Patients with the lowest BMI (<18.5) are at a high risk of DIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Lafay Pillet
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique II, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP- HP), Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Ouest, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Cochin Saint Vincent de Paul, France.
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Huang J, Ni R, Chen X, Huang L, Mo Y, Yang D. Metabolic abnormalities in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome in south China. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:142. [PMID: 21083920 PMCID: PMC2994875 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can have multiple metabolic abnormalities. However, studies in the adolescent population are still limited and these results seem to vary widely. This study was to investigate the metabolic abnormalities in adolescents with PCOS in South China and the potential risk factors contributed to these health risks. METHODS Anthropometric measurements and biochemical parameters were evaluated in 128 adolescents with PCOS and their age- and BMI-matched controls. RESULTS The prevalence of pre-diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome in adolescents with PCOS was 11.7%, 46.9%, 29.7%, 22.7% and 4.7%, respectively. 16.3%, 74.4%, 67.4%, 39.5% and 14% of the PCOS subjects with BMI > 85th had pre-diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome, whereas 9.4%, 32.9%, 10.6%, 14.1% and 0% of the PCOS subjects with BMI < 85th had such disturbances. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with PCOS in South China had more metabolic abnormalities than their age- and BMI-matched non-PCOS counterparts. Obesity could worsen insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and metabolic syndrome in PCOS adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Renmin Ni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lili Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqin Mo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongzi Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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