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Wang R, Lv Y, Dou T, Yang Q, Yu C, Guan Q. Autoimmune thyroid disease and ovarian hypofunction: a review of literature. J Ovarian Res 2024; 17:125. [PMID: 38877588 PMCID: PMC11177435 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones(THs) are essential for the proper functioning of the ovaries, and multiple studies have shown that thyroid abnormalities, especially during adolescence and reproductive age, can lead to lifelong ovarian dysfunction. Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), one of the most common organ specific autoimmune diseases, is mainly mediated by cellular autoimmune reactions, and has strong inflammatory infiltration and immune active cells, including chemokines and cytokines, which are important components of ovarian aging. This suggests that autoimmune and inflammatory molecular processes may play a role in the emergence of ovarian dysfunction. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent in vivo and in vitro evidence of a complex relationship between AITD and ovarian dysfunction. AITD is closely related to the decline of ovarian function from the perspective of antibody, cytokine, oxidative stress, and genetic factors. Finally, some of the currently known treatments for AITD and hypo ovarian disease are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging,Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital of Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Youyuan Lv
- Internal Medicine Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Dou
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging,Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital of Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging,Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital of Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Chunxiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging,Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital of Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
| | - Qingbo Guan
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging,Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital of Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
- Shandong Engineering Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Łebkowska A, Krentowska A, Adamska A, Uruska A, Rogowicz-Frontczak A, Araszkiewicz A, Ożegowska K, Leśniewska M, Sowa P, Wender-Ożegowska E, Zozulińska-Ziółkiewicz D, Kowalska I. The association of thyroid autoimmunity with ovarian reserve in women with type 1 diabetes with and without polycystic ovary syndrome. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13223. [PMID: 38851814 PMCID: PMC11162496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63741-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), reflected as the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb), and parameters of ovarian reserve in women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We studied 83 euthyroid women with T1DM (age - 26 ± 5 years, BMI - 24 ± 3 kg/m2) - 12 with PCOS and positive TPOAb (PCOS + TPOAb), 29 with PCOS with negative TPOAb (PCOS + noTPOAb), 18 without PCOS with positive TPOAb (noPCOS + TPOAb), 24 without PCOS with negative TPOAb (noPCOS + noTPOAb). Serum concentrations of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), sex hormones, TSH, thyroid hormones and TPOAb were assessed. The prevalence of TAI was comparable between PCOS and noPCOS. We did not observe differences in hormonal profile or AMH concentration between two PCOS groups-PCOS + TPOAb and PCOS + noTPOAb (p > 0.05). Women with PCOS + TPOAb had lower FSH concentration and higher LH/FSH index than noPCOS + noTPOAb (p = 0.027; p = 0.019, respectively). Moreover, PCOS + TPOAb had lower oestradiol level than noPCOS + TPOAb (p = 0.041). AMH concentration was higher in both groups with PCOS, independent of TPOAb presence, than in noPCOS + noTPOAb (both p < 0.001). The presence of positive TPOAb titre was not related to the studied parameters of ovarian reserve - AMH and ovarian follicle number. In multiple linear regression analysis, the only significant predictor of AMH in the whole studied group with T1DM was total daily insulin dose U/kg (β = - 0.264; p = 0.022). The presence of TAI did not affect the hormonal profile or ovarian reserve in women with T1DM with and without PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Łebkowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Krentowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Uruska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anita Rogowicz-Frontczak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Araszkiewicz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ożegowska
- Department of Infertility and Reproductive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Leśniewska
- Department of Reproduction and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Paweł Sowa
- Department of Population Medicine and Lifestyle Diseases Prevention, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Wender-Ożegowska
- Department of Reproduction, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Irina Kowalska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Bialystok, M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
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Herman T, Török P, Laganà AS, Chiantera V, Venezia R, Jakab A. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Negatively Influences Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcome in Euthyroid Women on T4 Substitution Therapy: A Retrospective Study. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2024; 89:150-158. [PMID: 38368857 DOI: 10.1159/000537836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) on reproductive outcome parameters of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles as compared to TAI-negative ICSI cycles. DESIGN In this single in vitro fertilization (IVF) center retrospective study, 86 infertile women with elevated thyroid peroxidase or TGAb levels, but euthyroid after thyroxine replacement (study group), were compared to 69 female patients with no thyroid abnormalities (controls). Following ICSI treatment fertilization rate (FR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), miscarriage rate (MR), and live birth rate (LBR) were analyzed. MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS All subjects with various infertility factors were treated with ICSI in university-based IVF center. Patients in the study group received thyroxine replacement and were euthyroid at IVF treatment. Before the IVF cycles, endocrinological parameters were uniformly assessed: thyroid function and antibodies, reproductive hormones (anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH], follicular stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone, E2, PRL, testosterone, DHEAS, 17-OHP, AD) and OGTT (0-60-120 min glucose and insulin). Following descriptive comparison of laboratory parameters, age-adjusted analyses of FR, CPR, MR, and LBR were performed. RESULTS TAI-positive women were older (mean age 35.31 ± 4.95 vs. 32.15 ± 4.87 years; p = 0.002), had higher FSH (8.4 ± 3.4 vs. 7.4 ± 2.32 U/L; p = 0.024), higher E2 (53.94 ± 47.61 vs. 42.93 ± 18.92 pg/mL; p = 0.025) levels, while AMH (2.88 ± 2.62 vs. 3.61 ± 1.69 ng/mL; p = 0.0002) was lower. There were no differences in TSH levels (1.64 ± 0.96 vs. 1.66 ± 0.65 µIU/mL; p = 0.652) between the two groups. FT3 (2.63 ± 0.58 vs. 2.98 ± 0.55 pg/mL; p = 0.002) was lower and FT4 (1.3 ± 0.29 vs. 1.13 ± 0.21 ng/dL; p = 0.0002) was higher in the TAI-positive group, reflecting clinically irrelevant differences. Egg cell counts (6 ± 3.8 vs. 7.5 ± 3.95; p = 0.015) were lower in TAI and remained so following age adjustment. Although the overall ICSI FR did not differ (62.9% vs. 69.1%, p = 0.12), it was lower for patients under 35 with TAI showing decreasing differences in line with age. The CPR (36.04% vs. 69.56%; p < 0.001) and LBR (23.25% vs. 60.86%; p < 0.001) were lower, the MR (35.48% vs. 12.5%; p = 0.024) was higher in the TAI group, and these differences remained after age adjustment. LIMITATIONS Since the higher age of the study group may interfere with the effect of TAI, age adjustment calculations were necessary to perform to eliminate this confounding factor. CONCLUSION Despite optimal thyroid supplementation in clinical or subclinical hypothyroidism, the presence of TAI negatively influences CPR and is connected to a higher MR, thus resulting in a lower LBR after ICSI. Decreased FR with ICSI in TAI patients may also contribute to poorer outcomes, especially in younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Herman
- Assisted Reproduction Center, Clinical Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Török
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Paolo Giaccone" Hospital, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Chiantera
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Unit of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Institute - IRCCS - Fondazione "G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Venezia
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Paolo Giaccone" Hospital, Palermo, Italy
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Attila Jakab
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Zynat J, Wang X, Han L, Xing S, Jvlaiti G, Liu Q, Dong L, Guo Y. Elevated Thyroglobulin Antibody Level is Associated with Decreased Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Women of Reproductive Age. Int J Endocrinol 2023; 2023:1861752. [PMID: 38125684 PMCID: PMC10733051 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1861752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Women with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) have an increased risk of ovarian insufficiency. However, whether thyroid antibodies affect the ovarian reserve remains controversial. The aim of this study was to explore the possible relationship between anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels in women of reproductive age. Methods A total of 483 women between 18 and 45 years old who had their TPOAb, TgAb, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and AMH levels measured on the same day were enrolled in this study. The levels of TSH, FT4, TPOAb, and TgAb, the prevalence of overt and subclinical hypothyroidism, and the positive rate of TPOAb and TgAb were compared between patients with low (below the 10th percentile), normal (10th to 90th percentile), and high (higher than the 90th percentile) AMH levels. Results The median AMH level was 1.72 (0.33-4.27) ng/mL. A total of 9.9% of patients had low AMH levels. The TgAb levels and the prevalence of TgAb positivity were higher in the low AMH group (37.62 (13.10-232.68) IU/mL, 35.42%) than in the normal (12.46 (10.0-67.04) IU/mL, 19.59%) and high (13.61 (10.0-95.74) IU/mL, 23.4%) AMH groups (p=0.001, p=0.040, respectively). Serum AMH levels were inversely correlated with TgAb levels (r = -0.114, p=0.013). Conclusion The AMH of women of reproductive age is affected by HT. Furthermore, women with the lowest AMH level had higher levels of TgAb and a positive rate of TgAb, and high TgAb levels may cause autoimmune damage to the ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazyra Zynat
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xinling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Shuqing Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guzailinuer Jvlaiti
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lingling Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yanying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
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Wei SX, Wang L, Liu YB, Fan QL, Fan Y, Qiao K. TPOAb positivity can impact ovarian reserve, embryo quality, and IVF/ICSI outcomes in euthyroid infertile women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2023; 39:2266504. [PMID: 37798837 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2023.2266504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of positive anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies on fertility, embryo quality, and pregnancy outcomes in women with normal thyroid function. A cross-sectional study of 1223 infertile women who received assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment for the first time was conducted at our hospital from January 2019 to March 2022. Overall, 263 infertile women were included, comprising 263 cycles and 1813 embryos, and were divided into a positive group and a control group based on TPO antibody levels. The positive group was further divided into two subgroups according to the median antibody titer, and the therapeutic indices and pregnancy outcomes for each group were compared. The results showed that the AMH level in the positive group was significantly lower than that in the control group (2.37 (1.26-3.63) ng/ml vs. 3.54 (1.74-5.41) ng/ml, p < 0.001). The high-quality embryo rate (40.04% vs. 45.49%, p = 0.034) and live birth rate (23.26% vs. 36.16, p = 0.035) of the positive group were lower than those of the control group; the miscarriage rate was higher than that of the control group (37.50% vs. 17.95%, p = 0.035). The live birth rate in the low-titer group was significantly higher than that in the high-titer group (32.56% vs. 13.95%, p = 0.041). Studies have shown that positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies are associated with a decreased ovarian reserve and decreased embryo quality. High titers of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies can reduce the live birth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xi Wei
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Bing Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Lin Fan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Halici M, Seker ME, Gebedek IY, Gokbak MN, Cetisli AF, Ciftci AB, Konac E, Kopuk SY, Tiras B, Cakiroglu Y. Thyroid hormones and ovarian reserve: a comprehensive study of women seeking infertility care. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:570. [PMID: 37925426 PMCID: PMC10625203 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02725-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian reserve is the number of oocytes remaining in the ovary and is one of the most important aspects of a woman's reproductive potential. Research on the association between thyroid dysfunction and ovarian reserve has yielded controversial results. In our study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and ovarian reserve markers. METHODS From 1443 women seeking infertility care, the data of 1396 women aged between 20-45 years old who had a body mass index between 18-30 kg/m2 were recruited for this retrospective study. The anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and TSH relationship was analyzed with generalized linear and polynomial regression. RESULTS Median age, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), AMH, and TSH levels were 36.79 years, 9.55 IU/L, 3.57 pmol/L, and 1.80 mIU/L, respectively. Differences between TSH groups were statistically significant in terms of AMH level, antral follicle count (AFC), and age (p = 0.007 and p = 0.038, respectively). A generalized linear regression model could not explain age-matched TSH levels concerning AMH levels (p > 0.05). TSH levels were utilized in polynomial regression models of AMH, and the 2nd degree was found to have the best fit. The inflection point of the model was 2.88 mIU/L. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows a correlation between TSH and AMH values in a population of infertile women. Our results are as follows: a TSH value of 2.88 mIU/L yields the highest AMH result. It was also found that AMH and AFC were positively correlated, while AMH and FSH were negatively correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Halici
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Ege Seker
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | - Irem Yagmur Gebedek
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | - Merve Nida Gokbak
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Berkan Ciftci
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | - Emine Konac
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
| | - Sule Yildirim Kopuk
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies Unit, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34398, Turkey
| | - Bulent Tiras
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies Unit, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34398, Turkey
| | - Yigit Cakiroglu
- School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Atasehir, Istanbul, 34752, Turkey
- Assisted Reproductive Technologies Unit, Acibadem Maslak Hospital, Sariyer, Istanbul, 34398, Turkey
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Palomba S, Colombo C, Busnelli A, Caserta D, Vitale G. Polycystic ovary syndrome and thyroid disorder: a comprehensive narrative review of the literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1251866. [PMID: 37635968 PMCID: PMC10453810 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1251866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Published data on the relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and thyroid dysfunction are sparse and confusing. Objective To comprehensively review data available in the literature regarding the relationship between PCOS and the thyroid function, and its abnormalities. Methods Nine main areas of interest were identified and analyzed according to the available evidence: 1) Evaluation of thyroid function for PCOS diagnosis; 2) Epidemiology data on thyroid function/disorders in patients with PCOS, and vice versa; 3) Experimental data supporting the relationship between thyroid function/disorders and PCOS; 4) Effects of thyroid function/disorders on PCOS features, and vice versa; 5) Effect of thyroid alterations on the cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS; 6) Effect of thyroid abnormalities on reproductive outcomes in women with PCOS; 7) Relationship between thyroid function/abnormalities in patients with PCOS who are undergoing fertility treatment; 8) Effect of treatments for thyroid diseases on PCOS; and 9) Effect of treatments for PCOS on thyroid function. An extensive literature search for specific keywords was performed for articles published from 1970 to March 2023 using PubMed and Web of Science. Data were reported in a narrative fashion. Results PCOS is a diagnosis of exclusion for which diagnosis is possible only after excluding disorders that mimic the PCOS phenotype, including thyroid dysfunctions. However, the tests and the cutoff values used for this are not specified. Many experimental and clinical data suggest a relationship between perturbations of the thyroid function and PCOS. Direct and unequivocal evidence on the effects of thyroid function/disorders on PCOS features are lacking. High thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and subclinical hypothyroidism may be associated with significant worsening of several intermediate endpoints of cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS. Thyroid abnormalities may worsen reproductive outcomes, especially in patients undergoing fertility treatment. To date, there are no data demonstrating the efficacy of thyroid medications on fertility and cardiometabolic risk in women with PCOS. Lifestyle modification changes, metformin, and vitamin D seem to improve thyroid function in the general population. Conclusion PCOS and thyroid disorders are closely related, and their coexistence may identify patients with a higher reproductive and metabolic risk. Regular screening for thyroid function and thyroid-specific autoantibodies in women with PCOS, particularly before and during pregnancy, is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Palomba
- Division of Gynecology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University “Sapienza” of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Colombo
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Busnelli
- Department of Gynecology, Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Fertility Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Caserta
- Division of Gynecology, Sant’Andrea Hospital, University “Sapienza” of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory of Geriatric and Oncologic Neuroendocrinology Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Liang Z, Xu Z, Liu J. Mendelian randomization study of thyroid function and anti-Müllerian hormone levels. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1188284. [PMID: 37547307 PMCID: PMC10400324 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1188284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Although previous studies have reported an association between thyroid function and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels, which is considered a reliable marker of ovarian reserve, the causal relationship between them remains uncertain. This study aims to investigate whether thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), hypo- and hyperthyroidism are causally linked to AMH levels. Methods We obtained summary statistics from three sources: the ThyroidOmics Consortium (N = 54,288), HUNT + MGI + ThyroidOmics meta-analysis (N = 119,715), and the most recent AMH genome-wide association meta-analysis (N = 7,049). Two-sample MR analyses were conducted using instrumental variables representing TSH and fT4 levels within the normal range. Additionally, we conducted secondary analyses to explore the effects of hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Subgroup analyses for TSH were also performed. Results MR analyses did not show any causality relationship between thyroid function and AMH levels, using normal range TSH, normal range fT4, subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism and overt hypothyroidism as exposure, respectively. In addition, neither full range TSH nor TSH with individuals <50 years old was causally associated with AMH levels. MR sensitivity analyses guaranteed the robustness of all MR results, except for the association between fT4 and AMH in the no-DIO1+DIO2 group. Conclusion Our findings suggest that there was no causal association between genetically predicted thyroid function and AMH levels in the European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Bay Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Bay Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Bay Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Sun Y, Fang Y, Xu M, Liu Y. Relationship between thyroid antibody levels and ovarian reserve function in infertile chinese women with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:100. [PMID: 37202757 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To analyze the relationship of thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroid globulin antibody levels with ovarian reserve function in infertile women. METHODS The data of 721 infertile patients who visited the hospital from January 2019 to September 2022 and whose thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were in the normal range, were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into two sets of three groups-the negative group, the 2.6 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group and the TPOAb > 100 IU/ml group according to the TPOAb (thyroid peroxidase antibody) level, or the TgAb (anti-thyroglobulin antibody) negative group, the 14.58 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group and the TgAb > 100 IU/ml group according to the TgAb level. They were compared for differences in ovarian reserve function index and thyroid hormone levels and analyzed for the relationship among thyroid antibody levels, ovarian reserve function, and thyroid hormone levels. RESULTS When TSH > 2.5 mIU/L, the bFSH (basal follicle stimulating hormone) level in the TPOAb > 100 IU/ml group (9.10 ± 1.16 IU/L) was significantly higher than that in the TPOAb negative group (8.12 ± 1.97 IU/L) and the 2.6 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group (7.90 ± 1.48 IU/L) (P < 0.05); when TSH ≤ 2.5 mIU/L, there were no statistically significant differences in the bFSH and AFC (antral follicle count) number at different TPOAb levels. Whether TSH ≤ 2.5 mIU/L or TSH > 2.5 mIU/L, there were no statistically significant differences in the bFSH and AFC number at different TgAb levels (P > 0.05). FT3/FT4 ratio in the TPOAb 2.6 IU/ml ~ 100 IU/ml group and the > 100 IU/ml group was significantly lower than in the negative group. FT3/FT4 ratio in the TgAb 14.58 ~ 100 IU/ml group and the > 100 IU/ml group was also significantly lower than in the TgAb negative group (P < 0.05). TSH level in the TPOAb > 100 IU/ml group was significantly higher than in the 2.6 ~ 100 IU/ml group and the TPOAb negative group, but there were no statistically significant differences among different TgAb groups. CONCLUSIONS When TPOAb > 100 IU/ml and TSH > 2.5 mIU/L, it may affect the ovarian reserve function in infertile patients, and the mechanism may be associated with increased TSH and the imbalance of FT3/FT4 ratio caused by the increase of TPOAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunyao Fang
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Miaoyi Xu
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaofang Liu
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No.25 of Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Hazarika S, Dasari P, Chanu SM, Basu S. Factors Associated with Poor Ovarian Reserve in Young Infertile Women: A Hospital-based Cohort Study. J Hum Reprod Sci 2023; 16:140-147. [PMID: 37547093 PMCID: PMC10404012 DOI: 10.4103/jhrs.jhrs_28_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In practice, we encounter many young infertile women with poor ovarian reserve though ovarian reserve starts to decline after 35 years of age. One of the established risk factors for poor ovarian reserve in young women is endometriosis. There are other conditions that are reported to be associated which require further research. Aims We aimed to study the prevalence of poor ovarian reserve and to find out the associated factors in women who are <35 years of age. Settings and Design This was a prospective observational cohort study conducted in a tertiary care setting. Materials and Methods Women aged more than 21 years and <35 years without Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) or ovarian dysgenesis with normal male factor were included after ethical approval. The sample size was 166 and serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) was estimated by immunoenzymatic assay and expressed in ng/ml. AMH ≤0.99 ng/ml was considered poor ovarian reserve. Apart from established risk factors, the proposed risk factors studied were age 31-35 years, presence of medical disorders, gynaecological pathology and history of repeated ovulation induction (OI). Statistical Analysis Used Data were analysed by SPSS version 25. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare the variables between normal ovarian reserve and poor ovarian reserve. Risk estimation was done by logistic regression and was expressed in odds ratio (OR). Results Poor ovarian reserve was diagnosed in 40% of this cohort, and 62% were between 31 and 35 years. After adjusting for age >30 years, women with endometrioma, hypothyroidism and prior history of ≥3 cycles of OI were found to be having poor ovarian reserve (OR was 5.7, 2.5 and 2.3, respectively). Conclusion Poor ovarian reserve was present in 40% of young women, and significantly associated factors were hypothyroidism and history of repeated multiple OI. This could be a confounder for other underlying mechanisms driving early exhaustion of ovarian reserve in certain young women. Hence, along with established risk factors, these women should undergo AMH testing irrespective of age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paapa Dasari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Sharbari Basu
- Department of Biochemistry, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
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11
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Zhong Y, Peng S, Chen Q, Huang D, Zhang G, Zhou Z. Preconceptional thyroid stimulating hormone level and fecundity: a community-based cohort study of time to pregnancy. Fertil Steril 2023; 119:313-321. [PMID: 36402618 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between preconception thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level and time to pregnancy within a community-based population. DESIGN A community-based cohort study. SETTING Two free preconception check-up centers. PATIENT(S) Women who enrolled in the National Free Preconception Check-up Projects from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018 in Tianhe and Zengcheng districts of Guangzhou city. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Time to pregnancy. RESULT(S) A total of 1,478 women were eligible for the analysis; of these, 1,401 had a preconception TSH level within the range of 0.50 and 5.59 mIU/L (2.5th-97.5th percentiles) were taken as target study population. Among them, 968 (69.1%) couples achieved pregnancy within the first 6 months and 1,082 (77.2%) within 12 months. Dichotomized by the recommended cut-off value of 2.5 mIU/L, the percentage of women conceived in the high TSH level category (2.50-5.59 mIU/L) was comparable to that of the low category (0.50-2.49 mIU/L) (79.0% vs. 78.1%), with a crude fecundity odd ratio of 0.99 (95% confidence interval at 0.87-1.13). No statistically significant difference was observed after the adjustment in all models. Continuous TSH level was further examined, and the nonlinear association between TSH level and fecundity odds ratios was of no statistical significance. CONCLUSION(S) Preconception TSH level was not associated with fecundity in a healthy community-based population. Women attempting pregnancy with a TSH level ≥ 2.5 mIU/L can be reassured that they are unlikely to have an increased time to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujian Peng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiujun Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanglan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehong Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Busnelli A, Beltratti C, Cirillo F, Bulfoni A, Lania A, Levi-Setti PE. Impact of Thyroid Autoimmunity on Assisted Reproductive Technology Outcomes and Ovarian Reserve Markers: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Thyroid 2022; 32:1010-1028. [PMID: 35819278 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) has a high prevalence among women of reproductive age. Investigating its possible impact on ovarian function and fertility is, thus, of utmost relevance. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to elucidate the effect of TAI on both assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes and ovarian reserve. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis was restricted to two groups of research articles investigating the association between TAI and: (1) autologous ART outcomes (i.e., fertilization rate [FR], implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate [CPR], miscarriage rate, and live birth rate), (2) markers of ovarian reserve (i.e., anti-Müllerian hormone, basal follicle stimulating hormone, antral follicle count, and number of oocytes retrieved). Studies including women affected by overt hypo/hyperthyroidism were excluded. Relevant studies were identified by a systematic search in PubMed, MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Embase, and Scopus, from database inception to May 1, 2022. Results: From a total of 432 identified publications, 22 studies were included in Group 1 and 26 studies in Group 2. The presence of TAI was associated with a higher risk of miscarriage (7606 participants, odds ratio [OR] 1.52, confidence interval [CI 1.14-2.01], p = 0.004, I2 = 53%), lower chance of embryo implantation (7118 participants, OR 0.72, [CI 0.59-0.88], p = 0.001, I2 = 36%), and live birth (11417 participants, OR 0.73, [CI 0.56-0.94], p = 0.02, I2 = 71%). These associations were no longer observed in a subgroup analysis of patients who exclusively underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The FR and CPR as well as the mean values of surrogate markers of oocyte quantity appeared not to be affected by TAI. Conclusions: This data synthesis suggest a higher risk of adverse ART outcomes in women with positive TAI. However, the reliability of these findings is hampered by the relatively low quality of the evidence and significant heterogeneity in many of the meta-analyses. The possible protective effect of ICSI is promising but should be confirmed in controlled prospective clinical trials. PROSPERO Registration ID: CRD42021236529.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Busnelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Fertility Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Carola Beltratti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Federico Cirillo
- Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Fertility Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bulfoni
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Humanitas S. Pio X Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Lania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Medical Andrology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Emanuele Levi-Setti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Division of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Fertility Center, Rozzano, Italy
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Giusti M, Mittica M. Evaluation of anti-Müllerian hormone in pre-menopausal women stratified according to thyroid function, autoimmunity and age. Thyroid Res 2022; 15:15. [PMID: 35965323 PMCID: PMC9377054 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-022-00133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background AMH is a reliable index of ovarian reserve. It is not clear whether, or how much, thyroid function and/or thyroid autoimmunity can impair ovarian function and AMH secretion in the long term. Aim This retrospective cross-sectional study compared AMH levels in pre-menopausal women with/without positive thyroid autoimmunity or hypofunction. Methods From January 2019 to May 2022, AMH was evaluated in 250 pre-menopausal women not undergoing assisted fertility procedures who were referred to a secondary endocrine centre. Thyroid function and autoimmunity, sonographically measured thyroid volume, FSH and E2 in the early follicular phase, and PRL and progesterone in the luteal phase were also evaluated. Exclusion criteria were: age < 18 years, genetic hypogonadism, pregnancy and previous treatments that have potentially damaging effects on gonads. Results We evaluated 171 women (mean age ± SD: 31.5 ± 9.0 years) off L-T4 treatment and 79 women on L-T4 treatment (39.7 ± 9.5 years; P < 0.001). AMH (median, IQR, CI) was 16.1 pmol/l (7.1 – 35.7 pmol/l, 21.4 – 29.9 pmol/l) and 7.6 pmol/l (1.4 – 17.8 pmol/l, 8.6 – 14.7 pmol/l; P < 0.001), respectively. When the women were stratified according to age (18-25, 26-30, 31-35, 36-40, 41-45, > 46 years) no significant difference emerged between those on/off L-T4 treatment in groups of the same age-range. In women on- or off-L-T4 treatment, AMH was negatively related with age on univariate and multivariate analyses (P < 0.0001). In both groups, AMH was negatively related to FSH (P < 0.0001). On multivariate analysis, AMH was positively related to the age of the mother on spontaneous menopause (P = 0.006) and negatively to thyroid volume (P = 0.02) in women on L-T4. AMH levels were significantly (P = 0.03) higher in TPOAb-negative than in TPOAb-positive women, but age was significantly (P = 0.001) lower in TPOAb-negative than in TPOAb-positive women. Conclusions In our cohort of women, age proved to be a better predictor of AMH levels than any of the other factors linked to thyroid function and autoimmunity. Our data do not support the hypothesis that subclinical hypothyroidism and/or autoimmunity are associated with decreased ovarian reserve. However, a larger number of cases is needed in order to obtain conclusive data.
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14
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and ovarian reserve. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Association of thyroid autoimmunity with the decline of ovarian reserve in euthyroid women. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 45:615-622. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bucci I, Giuliani C, Di Dalmazi G, Formoso G, Napolitano G. Thyroid Autoimmunity in Female Infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology Outcome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:768363. [PMID: 35721757 PMCID: PMC9204244 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.768363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of the female reproductive system is one of the most relevant actions of thyroid hormones. Adequate thyroid hormones production is essential for normal menstrual function and fertility as well as for the successful maintenance of pregnancy. The relationship between reproductive failure and thyroid disorders is particularly relevant and attracts attention worldwide. Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), defined by the presence of circulating antithyroid antibodies targeting thyroid peroxidase (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin (TgAb), is prevalent among women of reproductive age and is the most frequent cause of thyroid dysfunction. Several studies addressed the association between TAI, thyroid function, and fertility as well as pregnancy outcome after spontaneous or assisted conception. Infertility, miscarriages, and fetal-maternal complications are described in overt autoimmune hypothyroidism. More debatable is the role of mild thyroid dysfunction, mainly subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), and TAI in the absence of thyroid dysfunction in infertility and reproductive outcome. Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has become an integral element of care for infertility. Women with TAI undergoing ART are of particular interest since they carry a higher risk of developing hypothyroidism after the ovarian stimulation but whether TAI, in absence of thyroid dysfunction, adversely affects ART outcome is still controversial. Likewise, the role of levothyroxine (LT4) in improving fertility and the success of ART in euthyroid women with TAI is unclear. This review discusses the role of TAI, in the absence of thyroid dysfunction, in infertility and in ART outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Bucci
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ines Bucci,
| | - Cesidio Giuliani
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Dalmazi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gloria Formoso
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giorgio Napolitano
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti‐Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Kabodmehri R, Sharami SH, Sorouri ZZ, Gashti NG, Milani F, Chaypaz Z, Ghalandari M. The relationship between thyroid function and ovarian reserve: a prospective cross-sectional study. Thyroid Res 2021; 14:22. [PMID: 34598733 PMCID: PMC8485554 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-021-00112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid dysfunction can affect fertility and miscarriage risk by affecting the process of follicular growth, embryo development, implantation, and placental formation. It has been suggested that thyroid disorders are associated with ovarian reserve by affecting the follicular process. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and ovarian reserve. Methods Three hundred fourteen women with infertility due to various etiologies were enrolled in this study (172 individuals with Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) level ≥ 1.1 ng/ml and 142 individuals with AMH < 1.1 ng/ml). Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2) on day 2–4 of menstrual cycles, AMH, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroxine (free T4) were evaluated. Results In participants with age over 35 years, median TSH level in women with AMH < 1.1 ng/ml was significantly higher than those with AMH ≥1.1 ng/ml (P-value =0.037). There was no significant difference in body mass index (BMI) in patients with age older than 35 years and younger than 35 years sub-groups based on AMH level (P-value = 0.102, and P-value = 0.909 respectively). With one unit increase in TSH level, the odds of having AMH < 1.1 ng/ml increases by 1.25 times or by 25% (P-value =0.017). Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed a TSH cut-off point of 1.465 mIU/L in participants over 35 years in identifying decreased AMH level. Conclusion Our study supports the relationship between TSH level and ovarian reserve so that with an increase in TSH from a certain level is associated with a decrease in ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kabodmehri
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Namjoo Street, P.O.Box: 4144654839, Rasht, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Hajar Sharami
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Namjoo Street, P.O.Box: 4144654839, Rasht, Iran
| | - Ziba Zahiri Sorouri
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Namjoo Street, P.O.Box: 4144654839, Rasht, Iran.,Mehr Fertility Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Nasrin Ghanami Gashti
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Namjoo Street, P.O.Box: 4144654839, Rasht, Iran
| | - Forozan Milani
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Namjoo Street, P.O.Box: 4144654839, Rasht, Iran.
| | - Zeinab Chaypaz
- Reproductive Health Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Al-Zahra Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Namjoo Street, P.O.Box: 4144654839, Rasht, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghalandari
- Vice-Chancellorship of Research and Technology, Guilan University of Medical Science, Rasht, Iran
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Adamska A, Popławska-Kita A, Siewko K, Łebkowska A, Krentowska A, Buczyńska A, Popławski Ł, Szumowski P, Szelachowska M, Krętowski AJ, Kowalska I. Body Composition and Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels in Euthyroid Caucasian Women With Hashimoto Thyroiditis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:657752. [PMID: 34393994 PMCID: PMC8358788 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.657752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Women with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) are characterized by increased incidence of infertility and disturbances in body composition. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which reflects functional ovarian reserve, is decreased in women with HT and it be related to body mass. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between serum levels of AMH and body composition in HT compared to control group. Patients and Methods We examined 85 euthyroid women: 39 subjects with HT and 46 control women. Body composition was analysed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and with bioimpedance method. Serum concentrations of AMH, leptin, TSH, thyroid hormones were assessed. Results We observed lower serum concentration of AMH in women with HT in comparison to the control group (p=0.01), but without differences in serum concentration of leptin between studied groups (p=0.28). Women with HT were characterized by higher %body fat (p=0.01) estimated with bioimpedance method without differences in BMI, android and gynoid fat mass and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass estimated with DXA method when compared to the control group (all p>0.05). We found a negative relationship between serum concentration of AMH and %body fat (r=-0.38,p=0.03) in women with HT. Additionally, in HT group, the relationship between serum levels of AMH and leptin was not statistically significant (r=0.01,p=0.96). We observed a relationship between serum concentration of leptin and BMI, %body fat mass, android, gynoid and VAT mass in HT and in the control group (all p<0.01). Conclusions Women with HT are characterized by lower levels of AMH and it is associated with higher fat mass, independently of serum levels of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Adamska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Popławska-Kita
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siewko
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łebkowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Krentowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Angelika Buczyńska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Łukasz Popławski
- Department of Radiology, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Piotr Szumowski
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szelachowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Jacek Krętowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Irina Kowalska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Hsieh YT, Ho JYP. Thyroid autoimmunity is associated with higher risk of premature ovarian insufficiency-a nationwide Health Insurance Research Database study. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:1621-1629. [PMID: 33569594 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is thyroid autoimmunity associated with a higher risk of low ovarian reserve and POI? SUMMARY ANSWER Thyroid autoimmunity significantly increases the risk of POI in women. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY POI is closely related with autoimmune disease, and according to some studies, thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) may account for diminished ovarian reserve. However, no large-scale cohort study has demonstrated the association between TAI and POI. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A longitudinal population-based retrospective cohort study on the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) was designed. Since 1 March 1995, the National Health Insurance (NHI) programme in Taiwan has included 99.9% of the 23 million population of Taiwan. Patients between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2012 were eligible for recruitment, and 21 325 subjects were analysed in our study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Two cohorts, Hashimoto's and Grave's disease, were composed of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease between 20 and 40 years of age. The comparison cohorts consisted of patients in the NHIRD without autoimmune thyroid disease matched by age at a ratio of 1:4 in subject numbers. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The Hashimoto's disease (HD) cohort, Grave's disease (GD) cohort and two comparison cohorts were followed up until a diagnosis of amenorrhoea, menopausal syndrome, other ovarian failure or infertility due to ovarian failure had been made. Compared statistically with the non-HD cohort, patients with HD exhibited an 89% higher risk of amenorrhoea (95% CI =1.36-2.61). The HD patients exhibited a 2.40-fold higher risk of infertility due to ovarian failure than the non-HD subjects (hazard ratio (HR)=2.40, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.02-5.68). In comparison with the non-GD cohort, patients with GD exhibited a 68% higher risk of amenorrhoea (95% CI = 1.43-1.98) after adjustment. According to the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the cumulative incidence of amenorrhoea and menopausal syndrome was significantly higher in the TAI groups than in the control groups. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is a retrospective study using ICD-9 disease code analysis to determine the statistical association between two diseases. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Given that autoimmune thyroid disease is highly associated with early diminished ovarian reserve or even premature ovarian failure or POI, the options for infertility treatment may be re-directed to more efficient methods in infertile patients diagnosed with the disease. If the ovarian reserve is normal at the time of diagnosis of thyroid autoimmune disease, close follow-up of ovarian reserve may be highly recommended. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study is supported in part by Taiwan Ministry of Health and Welfare Clinical Trial Center, Grant Number: MOHW109-TDU-B-212-114004. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jason Y P Ho
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Taipei Fertility Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Morales-Martínez FA, Sordia-Hernández LH, Ruiz MM, Garcia-Luna S, Valdés-Martínez OH, Vidal-Gutierez O. Association between thyroid autoimmunity and ovarian reserve in women with hypothyroidism. Thyroid Res 2021; 14:6. [PMID: 33752726 PMCID: PMC7983266 DOI: 10.1186/s13044-021-00095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ovarian function and therefore the ovarian reserve may be compromised by the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases of which, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is the most common in women of reproductive age. Furthermore, a prolonged reduction in thyroid hormone concentration results in a broad spectrum of reproductive alteration. Previous reports in the literature have been controversial regarding the impact of hypothyroidism and alterations in the ovarian reserve. Thus, this prospective and comparative study aimed to evaluate the association of hypothyroidism with low ovarian reserve. Materials and Methods A subset of 27 patients with primary autoimmune hypothyroidism were compared to healthy women. The ovarian reserve was assessed through the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and the antral follicle count (AFC). Results Overall, the two groups did not display significant differences in length of their menstrual cycles neither in the AMH serum levels nor the AFC. Conclusions No significant alteration was found in the ovarian reserve of women with HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Morales-Martínez
- Centro Universitario de Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, Edificio Rodrigo Barragán 3er piso Ave., Av. Francisco I. Madero s/n y Gonzalitos Col. Mitras Centro, NL, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Mexico.
| | - Luis H Sordia-Hernández
- Centro Universitario de Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, Edificio Rodrigo Barragán 3er piso Ave., Av. Francisco I. Madero s/n y Gonzalitos Col. Mitras Centro, NL, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Martha Merino Ruiz
- Centro Universitario de Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, Edificio Rodrigo Barragán 3er piso Ave., Av. Francisco I. Madero s/n y Gonzalitos Col. Mitras Centro, NL, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Selene Garcia-Luna
- Centro Universitario de Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, Edificio Rodrigo Barragán 3er piso Ave., Av. Francisco I. Madero s/n y Gonzalitos Col. Mitras Centro, NL, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Otto H Valdés-Martínez
- Centro Universitario de Medicina Reproductiva, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, Edificio Rodrigo Barragán 3er piso Ave., Av. Francisco I. Madero s/n y Gonzalitos Col. Mitras Centro, NL, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Oscar Vidal-Gutierez
- Departamento de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, NL, Monterrey, México
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21
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Poppe K, Bisschop P, Fugazzola L, Minziori G, Unuane D, Weghofer A. 2021 European Thyroid Association Guideline on Thyroid Disorders prior to and during Assisted Reproduction. Eur Thyroid J 2021; 9:281-295. [PMID: 33718252 PMCID: PMC7923920 DOI: 10.1159/000512790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe thyroid dysfunction may lead to menstrual disorders and subfertility. Fertility problems may persist even after restoring normal thyroid function, and then an assisted reproductive technology (ART) may be a solution. Prior to an ART treatment, ovarian stimulation is performed, leading to high oestradiol levels, which may lead to hypothyroidism in women with thyroid autoimmunity (TAI), necessitating levothyroxine (LT4) supplements before pregnancy. Moreover, women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome and idiopathic subfertility have a higher prevalence of TAI. Women with hypothyroidism treated with LT4 prior to ART should have a serum TSH level <2.5 mIU/L. Subfertile women with hyperthyroidism planning an ART procedure should be informed of the increased risk of maternal and foetal complications, and euthyroidism should be restored and maintained for several months prior to an ART treatment. Fertilisation rates and embryo quality may be impaired in women with TSH >4.0 mIU/L and improved with LT4 therapy. In meta-analyses that mainly included women with TSH levels >4.0 mIU/L, LT4 treatment increased live birth rates, but that was not the case in 2 recent interventional studies in euthyroid women with TAI. The importance of the increased use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection as a type of ART on pregnancy outcomes in women with TAI deserves more investigation. For all of the above reasons, women of subfertile couples should be screened routinely for the presence of thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Poppe
- Endocrine Unit, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- *Kris Poppe, Endocrine Unit, University Hospital CHU-St-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Rue Haute 322, BE–1000 Bruxelles (Belgium),
| | - Peter Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, and Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gesthimani Minziori
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - David Unuane
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Unit, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrea Weghofer
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology & Reproductive Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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22
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Wu J, Zhao YJ, Wang M, Tang MQ, Liu YF. Correlation Analysis Between Ovarian Reserve and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Infertile Women of Reproductive Age. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:745199. [PMID: 34646238 PMCID: PMC8503559 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.745199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the correlation between ovarian reserve and thyroid function in women with infertility. METHODS Retrospective analysis of the data of 496 infertility patients who visited the clinic between January 2019 and December 2020. According to the TSH level, it is grouped into <2.5 mIU/L, 2.5~4.0mIU/L and ≥4.0 mIU/L or according to the positive/negative thyroid autoimmune antibody. The relationship was assessed through the ovarian reserve, thyroid function, and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in infertile patients. On the other hand, the patients are divided into groups according to age (≤29 years old, 30-34 years old and ≥35 years old), basic FSH (<10 IU/L and ≥10 IU/L), and AMH levels. The ovarian reserve was evaluated through the AMH and the antral follicle count (AFC). RESULTS The average age of the patients was 30.31 ± 4.50 years old, and the average AMH level was 5.13 ± 4.30 ng/mL. 3.63% (18/496) of patients had abnormal TSH levels (normal: 0.35-5.5 mIU/L), the positive rate of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) was 14.52% (72/496), the positive rate of anti-thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) was 16.94% (84/496), and the positive rate of TPOAb and TgAb was 10.48% (52/496). After grouping according to TSH level or thyroid autoimmune antibody positive/negative grouping, the analysis found that there was no statistical significance in age, AMH level and basic FSH level among the groups (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the levels of TSH, FT3, and FT4 among different ages, AMH, and FSH levels (P>0.05). CONCLUSION There is no significant correlation between ovarian reserve and thyroid function in infertile women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fushun Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Fushun, China
| | - Ying-jie Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fushun Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Fushun, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fushun Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Fushun, China
| | - Ming-qiang Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fushun Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Fushun, China
| | - Yao-fang Liu
- Department of Reproductive Technology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yao-fang Liu,
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23
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Samsami A, Ghasmpour L, Moradi Alamdarloo S, Davoodi S, Rahmati J, Karimian A, Tavasoli M. Women with Autoimmune Thyroiditis have Lower Reproductive Life Span or Not? A Cross- Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY BASED NURSING AND MIDWIFERY 2020; 8:305-310. [PMID: 33178853 PMCID: PMC7648858 DOI: 10.30476/ijcbnm.2020.84255.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background: Autoimmune diseases are a main cause of primary ovarian insufficiency. This study was designed to elucidate the relationship between ovarian reserve and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies in women of different ages. Methods: 98 women in a cross-sectional study was conducted at the infertility Center of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Hazrate Zeinab Hospital, from September 2018 to March 2019. Women with infertility and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) > 3mIU/L were included in the study with convenience sampling. Data were collected by a form containing demographic characteristics, thyroid hormones, and ovarian reserve data. Participants were categorized based on the negative or positive anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies. According to a pilot sample, and possible dropout of 20%, the sample size was determined to be 49 cases in each group. The results were compared between groups using SPSS, version 22. All statistical comparisons were performed using the t-test, and the data are presented as the mean±SD. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results:
49 women were analyzed in each group. There was no significant difference between the groups in the mean age (P=0.42), body mass index (BMI) (P=0.34), duration of infertility (P=0.99), mean prolactin (P=0.66), TSH (P=0.17), thyroxine (T4) (P=0.87) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels (P=0.14). Ovarian reserve characteristics: antral follicular count (AFC) and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in anti-TPO positive group were 10.61±7.29 and 1.98±2.38, respectively, and AFC and AMH in anti- TPO negative group were 16.46±6.38 and 2.94±2.22, respectively. There were significant differences between the two groups on AFC (P <0.001) and AMH (P=0.04).
Conclusion: Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis were at higher risk for decreased ovarian reserve. They should consider their lower reproductive life span during their childbearing years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamtaj Samsami
- Infertility Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leila Ghasmpour
- Infertility Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Moradi Alamdarloo
- Infertility Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Davoodi
- Infertility Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jamshid Rahmati
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Karimian
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mona Tavasoli
- Infertility Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Poppe K, Autin C, Veltri F, Sitoris G, Kleynen P, Praet JP, Rozenberg S. Thyroid Disorders and In Vitro Outcomes of Assisted Reproductive Technology: An Unfortunate Combination? Thyroid 2020; 30:1177-1185. [PMID: 31950889 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: The impact of thyroid disorders on in vitro outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART) remains controversial. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO-Abs)/thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) or thyroid function (serum thyrotropin [TSH])/subclinical hypothyroidism are associated with an altered number of oocyte retrieval (NOR), fertilization rate (FR), and embryo quality (EQ). Methods: Cross-sectional study in 279 women in a single center, comprising 297 cycles and 1168 embryos. In vitro data (NOR, FR, and EQ) were documented in two groups; one according to thyroid function in women without TAI (TSH ≤2.5 and >2.5 mIU/L) and one according to the presence/absence of TAI (determined by TPO-Abs). EQ was evaluated according to international criteria and classified as excellent/good and poor. Women treated with levothyroxine (LT4) were excluded. Furthermore, the impact of thyroid parameters on outcomes, normal NOR (>6 or 8) and high FR (>60%), was verified in a multivariable logistic regression model. Results: In women without TAI, 27% had TSH levels >2.5 mIU/L, the prevalence of TAI was 8%, and overall, 6% of women had TSH levels >4.2 mIU/L. NOR, FR, and EQ were comparable between study groups. In the regression analysis, women aged ≥30 years and receiving a high ovarian stimulation dosage (>2300 IU/cycle) had lower rates of normal NOR (odds ratio [OR] 0.18 [95% confidence interval, CI 0.04-0.72]; p = 0.016 and OR 0.17 [CI 0.06-0.48]; p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Our results do not suggest an impact of thyroid antibodies/autoimmunity and (dys)function on ART in vitro outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Poppe
- Endocrine Unit; Departments of Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Candice Autin
- Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Reproductive Medicine Unit and Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Flora Veltri
- Endocrine Unit; Departments of Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georgiana Sitoris
- Endocrine Unit; Departments of Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Kleynen
- Endocrine Unit; Departments of Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Philippe Praet
- Internal Medicine; CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Rozenberg
- Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Reproductive Medicine Unit and Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Li F, Qi Z, Hua L, Wang X, Ling M, Juan D. The efficacy of acupuncture for the treatment and the fertility improvement in child-bearing period female with Hashimoto Disease: A randomized controlled study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20909. [PMID: 32629685 PMCID: PMC7337562 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is highly prevalent among reproductive-aged women and has a substantial negative impact on fertility. Currently, there is no specific treatment for Hashimoto thyroiditis. We hypothesize that acupuncture can halt or delay the progression of HT and improve fertility in child-bearing period female. We therefore designed a randomized controlled trial to test this hypothesis by comparing the therapeutic effect of acupuncture vs sham acupuncture in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis. METHODS In this randomized controlled study, a total of 284 eligible patients will be assigned to acupuncture group (n = 142) or sham acupuncture group (n = 142) in a 1:1 ratio. All patients will receive 36 sessions in total for 12 consecutive weeks with the same acupoint prescription (RN23, ST9, RN17, RN4, RN6, ST36, SP6, KI6). The primary assessment is the titers of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb). Secondary outcomes include the thyroid function, ovarian function, the rate of primary ovarian insufficiency, and pregnancy outcome. The thyroid function and thyroid antibodies tests will be measured at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 after randomization. The ovarian function will be examined on the 2nd to 4th day of the menstrual period in the 1st month, 2nd month and 3rd month compared with baseline. Both the pregnancy outcome and the rate of primary ovarian insufficiency will be evaluated 1 year after treatment. DISCUSSION This will be the first large-scale trial specifically evaluating acupuncture therapy in child-bearing period female with Hashimoto thyroiditis. If the study confirms the effectiveness of acupuncture treatment, more consistent acupuncture therapy can be set up for clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trials Register identifier, ChiCTR2000031320, registered on 27 March 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Zhang Qi
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Lu Hua
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital
| | - Xinxin Wang
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu
| | - Mi Ling
- Maternal and Child Reproductive Hospital affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Du Juan
- Maternal and Child Reproductive Hospital affiliated to Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
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Colella M, Cuomo D, Giacco A, Mallardo M, De Felice M, Ambrosino C. Thyroid Hormones and Functional Ovarian Reserve: Systemic vs. Peripheral Dysfunctions. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1679. [PMID: 32492950 PMCID: PMC7355968 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) exert pleiotropic effects in different mammalian organs, including gonads. Genetic and non-genetic factors, such as ageing and environmental stressors (e.g., low-iodine intake, exposure to endocrine disruptors, etc.), can alter T4/T3 synthesis by the thyroid. In any case, peripheral T3, controlled by tissue-specific enzymes (deiodinases), receptors and transporters, ensures organ homeostasis. Conflicting reports suggest that both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, assessed by mean of circulating T4, T3 and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), could affect the functionality of the ovarian reserve determining infertility. The relationship between ovarian T3 level and functional ovarian reserve (FOR) is poorly understood despite that the modifications of local T3 metabolism and signalling have been associated with dysfunctions of several organs. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge on the role of TH signalling and its crosstalk with other pathways in controlling the physiological and premature ovarian ageing and, finally, in preserving FOR. We will consider separately the reports describing the effects of circulating and local THs on the ovarian health to elucidate their role in ovarian dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Colella
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.C.); (A.G.)
- IRGS, Biogem-Scarl, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
| | - Danila Cuomo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Antonia Giacco
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Massimo Mallardo
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Mario De Felice
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- IEOS-CNR, Via Pansini 6, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, via De Sanctis, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (M.C.); (A.G.)
- IRGS, Biogem-Scarl, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
- IEOS-CNR, Via Pansini 6, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Background: Thyroid disease is prevalent in women of reproductive age, while infertility is common in women with thyroid dysfunction. In this study, we review the recent advances in the field of thyroid and fertility since the publication of the 2017 American Thyroid Association pregnancy guidelines. Summary: Recent studies have confirmed associations of thyrotropin (TSH) elevation and/or thyroid autoimmunity with infertility and low ovarian reserve in subsets of women, and have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis linking thyroid autoimmunity with infertility. Even though the benefit of treating patients with TSH >4 mIU/L has been confirmed in a large retrospective cohort study, two large randomized controlled trials have failed to show benefit of thyroid hormone on obstetrical outcomes in euthyroid women with thyroid autoimmunity. New data have emerged regarding the potential gonadal toxicity of radioactive iodine (RAI), based on its impact on ovarian reserve and sperm chromosomal abnormalities. Conclusions: There is continued evidence supporting an important role of thyroid hormone in regulation of reproductive tissues at many levels. Recent randomized trials have failed to identify a benefit of thyroid hormone in euthyroid women with thyroid autoimmunity. Further research in the field is needed to more completely delineate the relevant pathways and identify women who may benefit from levothyroxine treatment. The impact of RAI on fertility also merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Dosiou
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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28
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Ke H, Hu J, Zhao L, Ding L, Jiao X, Qin Y. Impact of Thyroid Autoimmunity on Ovarian Reserve, Pregnancy Outcomes, and Offspring Health in Euthyroid Women Following In Vitro Fertilization/Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. Thyroid 2020; 30:588-597. [PMID: 31928166 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is the most frequent autoimmune disease among reproductive-aged women. It has been related to premature ovarian insufficiency, but the mechanisms remain elusive, and its association with ovarian reserve in euthyroid women is debatable. Moreover, the impact of TAI on assisted reproduction is controversial: especially for women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), few studies are available. Therefore, the present study was aimed to look for an association between TAI and DOR, and to evaluate the effect of TAI on pregnancy outcomes and offspring health following assisted reproductive technology stratified by ovarian reserve. Methods: A total of 6213 euthyroid women from the Reproductive Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University between 2012 and 2017 were retrospectively included. The prevalence of DOR in women with negative or positive TAI was calculated, and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes after in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles were compared between the TAI-positive and TAI-negative groups both in women with DOR and in those with normal ovarian reserve (NOR). Longitudinal growth parameters and temperament type of the offspring were also observed in the TAI-positive and TAI-negative groups. Results: The prevalence of DOR in women with positive TAI and those with negative TAI was not significantly different (4.09% vs. 2.96%, p = 0.053), even after stratifying patients by age. In women with DOR, the live birth rate, pregnancy loss rate, neonatal complication rate, and offspring outcomes between the TAI-positive and TAI-negative groups were comparable (p > 0.05). In women with NOR, a higher rate of live births (44.94% vs. 40.34%, p = 0.027) and a higher prevalence of congenital anomalies (4.68% vs. 2.14%, p = 0.005) were observed in the TAI-positive group. Conclusions: TAI had no impact on ovarian reserve in euthyroid women and had no association with IVF/ICSI outcomes in women with DOR. Although an increased incidence of congenital anomalies in the TAI-positive group was observed in women with NOR, an association between neonatal anomalies and TAI cannot be demonstrated. Large cohort studies to evaluate the effects of TAI on offspring health are warranted, and further experimental studies are required to explore the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanni Ke
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Jingmei Hu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Lingling Ding
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Jiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
- Suzhou Institute of Shandong University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Jinan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China
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Rao M, Wang H, Zhao S, Liu J, Wen Y, Wu Z, Yang Z, Su C, Su Z, Wang K, Tang L. Subclinical Hypothyroidism Is Associated with Lower Ovarian Reserve in Women Aged 35 Years or Older. Thyroid 2020; 30:95-105. [PMID: 31650898 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Overt thyroid diseases have been identified as risk factors for female infertility. However, it remains largely unclear whether subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), a very common thyroid disorder, is associated with female infertility. This study aimed to investigate the potential association between SCH and the ovarian reserve in women seeking infertility treatment. Methods: This retrospective study included 2568 women with normal thyroid function (n = 2279) or SCH (n = 289) who visited our clinic for infertility treatment. Ovarian reserve markers, including follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations on days 2-4, the antral follicle count (AFC), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentration, were compared between euthyroid women and those with SCH. Multiple linear and Poisson regression analyses were used to estimate the associations of SCH with ovarian reserve markers. These analyses were repeated separately in women aged <35 (n = 1349) and ≥35 years (n = 1219). Results: In the total study population, women with SCH had significantly lower AMH concentrations (median: 2.05 vs. 2.51 ng/mL, p = 0.015) and AFCs (median: 10.0 vs. 11.0, p = 0.013), compared with euthyroid women. In linear and Poisson regression analyses, SCH was significantly associated with a higher basal FSH concentration (mean difference = 1.13 mIU/mL [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97 to 1.29 mIU/mL], p < 0.001), lower AMH concentration (mean difference = -0.27 ng/mL [CI -0.43 to -0.12 ng/mL], p = 0.001), and lower AFC (mean difference = -0.7 [CI -1.3 to -0.2], p = 0.005). In women aged ≥35 years, SCH was significantly associated with FSH (mean difference = 1.74 mIU/mL, p < 0.001) and AMH concentrations (mean difference = -0.40 mg/mL, p < 0.001) and AFC (mean difference = -0.8, p < 0.001). In women <35 years old, SCH was significantly associated with a higher FSH concentration (mean difference = 0.30 mIU/mL, p < 0.001), but not with AMH or AFC concentrations (p = 0.84 and 0.06, respectively). Thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb) positivity was not associated with measures of ovarian reserve. Conclusions: The data suggest that SCH is associated with decreased ovarian reserve during later reproductive age. TPOAb positivity was not associated with ovarian reserve. Future research is necessary to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating the diminished ovarian reserve in women with SCH and to evaluate whether levothyroxine supplementation may improve the ovarian function of women with SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Rao
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huawei Wang
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuhua Zhao
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ya Wen
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhao Wu
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zexing Yang
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Cunmei Su
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhenfang Su
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- The MOH Key Laboratory of Drug Addiction Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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Adamska A, Łebkowska A, Krentowska A, Hryniewicka J, Adamski M, Leśniewska M, Polak AM, Kowalska I. Ovarian Reserve and Serum Concentration of Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in Euthyroid Women With Different Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotypes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:440. [PMID: 32849259 PMCID: PMC7399035 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: It has been shown that women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as well as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), are characterized by increased incidence of infertility. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which reflects ovarian reserve, is elevated in PCOS women and is decreased in women with HT. The Rotterdam criteria recognize four clinical PCOS phenotypes, i.e., phenotypes A, B, C, and D. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between serum concentrations of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) and ovarian reserve in different PCOS phenotypes. Patients and methods: We examined 141 women with PCOS [phenotype A was diagnosed in 67 (47.5%) women, phenotype B in 30 (21.3%), phenotype C in 28 (19.9%), and phenotype D in 16 (11.3%)] and 88 control subjects of similar age; all women were euthyroid. Serum concentrations of AMH, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones, and TPOAbs were assessed. Results: We observed positive serum TPOAbs in 21.9% women with PCOS and in 23.9% controls (p = 0.07). We did not find differences in the frequency of detection of positive serum TPOAbs between phenotypes A, B, and C and the control group (p > 0.05). We did not observe a difference in AMH levels between TPOAbs-positive and TPOAbs-negative women, both in the control group and the PCOS women (all p > 0.05). However, serum AMH concentration was markedly higher in the whole PCOS group (p < 0.01) and in phenotype A (p < 0.01) vs. controls when the serum concentration of TPOAbs was negative. In the groups with positive serum levels of TPOAbs, serum concentration of AMH did not differ between PCOS phenotypes and controls (p = 0.23). Additionally, we observed that serum AMH concentration was related to the level of TPOAbs in the PCOS group (r = -0.4, p = 0.02). Conclusions: The frequency of serum detection of positive TPOAbs did not differ between PCOS phenotypes with clinical/biochemical hyperandrogenism and the control group. The observation of the difference in serum AMH between the PCOS and control groups only in TPOAbs negative women together with the inverse relation of TPOAbs with serum AMH only in the PCOS group might suggest that ovarian reserve is influenced by TPOAbs in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Adamska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Agnieszka Adamska
| | - Agnieszka Łebkowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Krentowska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Hryniewicka
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Adamski
- Faculty of Computer Science, Bialystok University of Technology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Monika Leśniewska
- Department of Reproduction and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Maria Polak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Irina Kowalska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Grigoryan OR, Krasnovskaya NS, Mikheev RK, Yarovaia IS, Andreeva EN, Dedov II. [Relationship of the ovarian reserve with autoimmune thyroid diseases in the reproductive period]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:14-18. [PMID: 32598626 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.10.000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare ovarian reserve in healthy women of reproductive age - carriers of antithyroid antibodies (ATA) and in healthy women of reproductive age negative for ATA. MATERIALS AND METHODS 70 healthy women of young reproductive age in the state of euthyroidism (from 18 to 38 years old) were examined. Participants were divided into equal groups (n=35) depending on the status of the presence of antithyroid antibodies (AT-TPO, AT-TG). On the 2nd-4th days of the menstrual cycle, the following markers of the ovarian reserve were determined: serum levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMG), inhibin B, FSH, LH, estradiol, testosterone and progesterone, as well as ultrasound parameters - the number of antral follicles and the volume of the ovaries. In addition, to determine the predisposition to premature ovarian failure, an analysis was performed to the number of CGG repeats in the FMR1 gene. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Statistically significantly differs such parameters as the level of estradiol and testosterone, while the differences were not clinically significant. All the parameters evaluated were within the normal range, the main predictors of the ovarian reserve (levels of AMG and inhibin B, the number of antral follicles) remained in the normal range. An increase in the number of repeats of CGG in the FMR1 gene was not detected in any of the participants in the study. CONCLUSION In healthy young reproductive age women, the status of ATA does not have a direct effect on the ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R K Mikheev
- Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | | | - E N Andreeva
- Endocrinology Research Centre.,Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
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Bahri S, Tehrani FR, Amouzgar A, Rahmati M, Tohidi M, Vasheghani M, Azizi F. Overtime trend of thyroid hormones and thyroid autoimmunity and ovarian reserve: a longitudinal population study with a 12-year follow up. BMC Endocr Disord 2019; 19:47. [PMID: 31064360 PMCID: PMC6505305 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-019-0370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian reserve, vital for reproductive function, can be adversely affected by thyroid diseases. Despite alternations of thyroid hormones with ageing, data on interactions between the overtime trend of thyroid functions and ovarian reserve status has rarely been reported. We aimed to examine the overtime trend of thyroid hormones, thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO Ab) and their associations with ovarian reserve status, identified by levels of age specific anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) in reproductive aged women, who participated in 12-year cohort of Tehran Thyroid Study (TTS). METHODS Reproductive age women(n = 775) without any thyroid disease or ovarian dysfunction were selected from the Tehran Thyroid Study cohort. Participants were divided into four age specific AMH quartiles (Q1-Q4), Q1, the lowest and Q4, the highest. AMH was measured at the initiation of study and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free T4 (FT4), and TPO Ab were measured at baseline and at three follow up visits. RESULTS At baseline, there was no statistically significant difference in thyroid hormones between women of the four quartiles, although TPO Ab levels were higher in women of Q1. During the follow ups, FT4 was decreased in all quartiles (p < 0.05), whereas TPO Ab increased in Q1 (p = 0.02). Odds ratio of overall TPO Ab positivity in women of Q1 was 2.08 fold higher than those in Q4. (OR: 2.08, 95%CI: 1.16, 3.72; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Women with the lowest ovarian reserves had higher levels of TPO Ab, with a positive trend of this antibody overtime in comparison to other quartiles, indicating that this group may be at a higher risk of hypothyroidism over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bahri
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani
- Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Amouzgar
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rahmati
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Tohidi
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Vasheghani
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Weiss JM. Schilddrüseneinstellung bei Kinderwunsch und in der Schwangerschaft. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-018-0225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Özalp Akın E, Aycan Z. Evaluation of the Ovarian Reserve in Adolescents with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Using Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2018; 10:331-335. [PMID: 29764793 PMCID: PMC6280326 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate ovarian reserve in adolescent girls with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) by assessment of serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels. It was hypothesized that HT decreases ovarian reserve and AMH levels are lower in the HT group. METHODS Thirty HT patients, aged between 10-18 years, and 30 healthy girls as the control group were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The mean serum AMH levels of the groups were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the patient and the control groups in terms of serum AMH levels. There was a negative correlation between serum AMH and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and no correlation between serum AMH and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) or anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibody levels. CONCLUSION Our results show that ovarian reserve of adolescent girls, as measured by serum AMH levels, is not affected by HT. Autoimmune damage to the ovaries may take time and the adolescent period may be too early to see these effects. Follow up of the patients for reproductive abnormalities and initiation of prospective studies is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Özalp Akın
- University of Health Sciences, Dr. Sami Ulus Children’s Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey,* Address for Correspondence: University of Health Sciences, Dr. Sami Ulus Children’s Health and Disease Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey Phone: +90 312 305 60 00 E-mail:
| | - Zehra Aycan
- University of Health Sciences, Ankara Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara, Turkey
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Korevaar TI, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Messerlian C, de Poortere RA, Williams PL, Broeren MA, Hauser R, Souter IC. Association of Thyroid Function and Autoimmunity with Ovarian Reserve in Women Seeking Infertility Care. Thyroid 2018; 28:1349-1358. [PMID: 29943679 PMCID: PMC6157366 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While overt thyroid disease is a well known risk factor for infertility, the potential consequences of mild thyroid dysfunction or thyroid autoimmunity remain unknown. Experimental studies suggest a considerable role for thyroid hormone in the physiological mechanisms of ovarian reserve, but translation of such findings to human studies remains rare. A potential role for thyroid function in female reproduction could be especially relevant when the cause of infertility remains unknown, such as in women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) or unexplained infertility. The aims of this study were to investigate the association of thyroid function and autoimmunity with markers of ovarian reserve day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations and antral follicle count (AFC), and to investigate whether thyroid function or autoimmunity may have different effects in women with DOR or unexplained infertility. METHODS Thyrotropin, free thyroxine, thyroxine, free triiodothyronine (fT3), triiodothyronine, thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs), and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs), as well as AFC and the day 3 FSH concentration, were measured among women seeking fertility treatment at the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center. Multiple linear or mixed regression models were used to study the association of thyroid function or autoimmunity with AFC or day 3 FSH. RESULTS In the total study population (436 women, 530 AFC measurements), there was no association of thyroid function or TPOAb positivity with AFC. However, TgAb positivity was associated with a higher AFC (mean difference = 3.4 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8-5.1], p < 0.001). In women with DOR or unexplained infertility, lower fT3 and TPOAb positivity were associated with a lower AFC (fT3: continuous nonlinear association, p = 0.009; TPOAb positivity: -2.3 follicles [confidence interval -3.8 to -0.5], p = 0.01), while TgAb positivity was not associated with AFC. Neither thyroid function nor thyroid antibody positivity was associated with the day 3 FSH concentration. CONCLUSIONS This study found that lower fT3 and TPOAb positivity are associated with a lower AFC in women with DOR or unexplained infertility. Future studies are required to replicate these findings and further elucidate the role of TgAbs and underlying mechanisms through which thyroid function and autoimmunity is associated with ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim I.M. Korevaar
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Address correspondence to:Tim I.M. Korevaar, MD, PhDDepartment of Environmental HealthHarvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health677 Huntington AvenueBoston, MA 02115
| | - Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carmen Messerlian
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ralph A. de Poortere
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paige L. Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maarten A. Broeren
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Irene C. Souter
- Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Amaral MEB, Ejzenberg D, Wajman DS, Monteleone PAA, Serafini P, Soares JM, Baracat EC. Risk factors for inadequate response to ovarian stimulation in assisted reproduction cycles: systematic review. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 36:19-28. [PMID: 30269205 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Controlled ovarian stimulation is a fundamental part of a successful assisted reproduction treatment, and recognizing patients at risk of a poor response allows the development of targeted research to propose new treatment strategies for this specific group. The objective of this systematic review was to determine risk factors for poor ovarian response (POR) to controlled stimulation in assisted reproduction cycles described in the literature. METHODS The primary databases MEDLINE, Cochrane, LILACS, and SciELO were consulted, using specific terms with a restriction for articles in English or Portuguese published in the last 10 years. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Our data suggest that environmental endocrine disruptors, tobacco, genetic mutations, endometriomas, ovarian surgery, chemotherapy, and short menstrual cycles are factors that influence stimulation in assisted reproduction cycles. Further studies are necessary for characterizing patients with prior risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda Bonavides Amaral
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Dani Ejzenberg
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil.
| | - Denis Schapira Wajman
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro Augusto Araújo Monteleone
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Serafini
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Jose Maria Soares
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Edmund Chada Baracat
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, 05403-000, Brazil
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Giusti M, Mittica M, Comite P, Campana C, Gay S, Mussap M. Anti-Müllerian hormone in pre-menopausal females after ablative radioiodine treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2018; 60:516-523. [PMID: 29302874 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) has been considered a reliable index of ovarian reserve. There are few data on AMH values in thyroid cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate AMH levels in pre-menopausal women with a history of low-risk thyroid cancer. METHODS Thirty-four women (aged 40.7 ± 6.7 years) were studied 7.1 ± 0.9 years after surgery and at least one RAI treatment. A group of 23 thyroid cancer women (41.6 ± 7.4 years) who had undergone only thyroidectomy served as controls. AMH, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol were assayed on days 2-3, and prolactin and progesterone levels on days 21-24 of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS Pregnancy (RAI group 62%; control group 61%) and miscarriage rates (18% and 26%) were similar. AMH levels were similar in the RAI (10.7 ± 1.7 pmol/l) and control (17.5 ± 4.7 pmol/l) groups. Regular menses were reported in 41% and 52% of RAI and control subjects, respectively. Non-ovulatory cycles were noted in 26% and 35% of RAI and control women, respectively. AMH levels were found to be negatively correlated with age (RAI group P = 0.0003; control group P = 0.0001) and FSH, and positively correlated with progesterone, but not with the other hormonal parameters. CONCLUSIONS AMH should replace FSH in the evaluation of gonadal reserve in pre-menopausal thyroid cancer women. At present, age is the only predictor of AMH levels. About one out of two women with a history of thyroid cancer suffers from menstrual dysregulation, but infertility must be considered a low risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Giusti
- Endocrine Unit, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Miranda Mittica
- Endocrine Unit, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Comite
- Endocrine Unit and Laboratory Medicine Unit, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Campana
- Endocrine Unit, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Gay
- Endocrine Unit, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Mussap
- Endocrine Unit and Laboratory Medicine Unit, University Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Kucukler FK, Gorkem U, Simsek Y, Kocabas R, Guler S. Evaluation of ovarian reserve in women with overt or subclinical hypothyroidism. Arch Med Sci 2018; 14:521-526. [PMID: 29765437 PMCID: PMC5949893 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.58621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thyroid dysfunction is among the most common autoimmune disorders in women of reproductive age. Previous studies have shown the association between autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and infertility. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is secreted by granulosa cells and is a useful marker for assessment of ovarian reserve. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the ovarian reserves of women with autoimmune thyroid disorder by measurement of AMH values. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective study included women with newly diagnosed AITD aged between 20 and 40 years. Patients were divided into three groups: subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH, n = 21), overt hypothyroidism (OH, n = 21) and controls (CG, n = 32). Study parameters included serum free T4, free T3, thyroid-stimulating hormone, anti-thyroglobulin, anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol and AMH concentrations measured in the early follicular phase. Antral follicle count (AFC) was assessed with ultrasound. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference of the patients were noted. RESULTS No significant difference was found among SCH, OH and CG in regard to ovarian reserves measured by AMH values (p = 0.19) and AFC (p = 0.80). A significant negative correlation was found between AMH and BMI (r = -0.382, p = 0.001). Anti-Müllerian hormone and waist circumference (r = -0.330, p = 0.004) were also negatively correlated. CONCLUSIONS Although AMH values were not significantly different among groups, AMH values were lower in OH and SCH patients, indicating a possible need for close monitoring of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferit Kerim Kucukler
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Umit Gorkem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Yasin Simsek
- Department of Endocrinology, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Kocabas
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Serdar Guler
- Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
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Kuroda M, Kuroda K, Segawa T, Noh JY, Yoshihara A, Ito K, Osada H, Takeda S, Teramoto S. Levothyroxine supplementation improves serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels in infertile patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018; 44:739-746. [PMID: 29297967 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity are associated with an adverse effect on fertility. An aberrant high thyroid stimulating hormone level is associated with diminished ovarian reserve in women of reproductive age; however, the utility of levothyroxine (LT4) replacement for infertile patients with subclinical hypothyroidism is still under discussion. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LT4 supplementation for infertile patients with subclinical hypothyroidism improves impaired ovarian function. METHODS We measured levels of serum thyroid-related hormones and a biomarker of ovarian function, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in infertile women from 2014 to 2015. Out of a consecutive 1431 infertile patients, 311 patients with an elevated thyroid stimulating hormone level (≥ 2.5 μIU/mL) underwent detailed thyroid examinations, including blood tests of thyroid antibodies. We recruited 174 infertile patients, excluding patients with factors impacting ovarian and thyroid function. We evaluated alterations in AMH and thyroid related hormone levels during LT4 supplementation and infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technology. RESULTS After LT4 supplementation, no significant change in the average AMH level was detected overall. However, the AMH level in 35 patients with Hashimoto's disease increased significantly after treatment (1 month 1.3 ± 0.5 fold, P = 0.007; 3 months 1.3 ± 0.4 fold, P = 0.040). The AMH level in patients with thyroglobulin antibody-positive and thyroid peroxidase antibody-negative also significantly increased after LT4 treatment (1 and 3 months 1.5 fold; P = 0.023). CONCLUSION In the patients with Hashimoto's disease, preconception LT4 treatment may relieve adverse effects, including autoimmune antibodies, and support follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Kuroda
- Shinbashi Yume Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.,Natural ART Clinic Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Kuroda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Satoru Takeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shokichi Teramoto
- Shinbashi Yume Clinic, Tokyo, Japan.,Natural ART Clinic Nihonbashi, Tokyo, Japan
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Stoumpos S, Lees J, Welsh P, Hund M, Geddes CC, Nelson SM, Mark PB. The utility of anti-Müllerian hormone in women with chronic kidney disease, on haemodialysis and after kidney transplantation. Reprod Biomed Online 2017; 36:219-226. [PMID: 29233504 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Women with renal disease have menstrual and gonadal dysfunction manifesting as hormonal imbalance. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a potential measure of ovarian reserve. We examined circulating AMH concentrations in young women with renal failure, determined associations with clinical characteristics, and compared AMH with age-matched healthy individuals. AMH was measured in 77 women: 26 had chronic kidney disease (CKD), 26 were on haemodialysis (HD), and 25 had a kidney transplant. Random AMH levels were highest in women on HD [HD 2.9 (1.1-5.2), CKD 1.6 (0.7-2.2), transplant 1.5 (1.0-4.2) ng/ml]. On multiple linear regression, AMH was 53% higher [95% CI 0.20-0.98, P = 0.002] in women on HD and decreased by 20% per 5-year increase in age (P < 0.001). AMH was 43% lower in women with renal failure compared with 600 age-matched controls [1.7 (0.9-3.8) versus 3.0 (1.9-5.0) ng/ml, P < 0.001]; however, we found no difference in AMH between those on HD and healthy individuals [2.9 (1.1-5.2) versus 3.0 (1.9-5.0) ng/ml]. AMH may be a useful biomarker in female renal patients with non-dialysis dependent renal disease pursuing pregnancy. In contrast, AMH levels are higher in HD but unlikely to reflect ovarian reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sokratis Stoumpos
- The Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Jennifer Lees
- The Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Welsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Martin Hund
- Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz, Switzerland
| | - Colin C Geddes
- The Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Patrick B Mark
- The Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Chen CW, Huang YL, Tzeng CR, Huang RL, Chen CH. Idiopathic Low Ovarian Reserve Is Associated with More Frequent Positive Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies. Thyroid 2017; 27:1194-1200. [PMID: 28810821 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While screening of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) has been recommended in women with primary ovarian insufficiency, the relationship between thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) and ovarian reserve remains undetermined. Because the TAI prevalence was reported to be different between different ethnic/racial groups, this study aimed to investigate the TAI prevalence in Chinese women with variable ovarian reserve. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a university infertility clinic between October 2013 and March 2016. Among patients at their first entry to the infertility clinic, a total of 1044 patients with available results of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), thyrotropin (TSH), TPOAb, and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) were enrolled. The TSH levels and the prevalence of positive TPOAb and positive TgAb were compared between patients with low, normal, and high ovarian reserve categorized with age-specific AMH levels. RESULTS For the whole study population, the TSH levels, TPOAb positivity, and TgAb positivity were comparable between patients with variable ovarian reserve. However, after patients with known causes compromising ovarian reserve (iatrogenic or genetic) were excluded, only TPOAb positivity became significantly different between patients with low (22.7%), normal (14.0%), and high ovarian reserve (10.3%; p = 0.012). The TPOAb levels were not significantly correlated to AMH levels (Spearman's ρ = -0.027; p = 0.413). For the infertile subgroup, TPOAb positivity was significantly associated with idiopathic low ovarian reserve in unexplained infertility (low ovarian reserve: 28.6%; normal: 15.7%; high: 9.5%; p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Idiopathic low ovarian reserve was associated with more frequent positive TPOAb rather than thyroid function or TgAb positivity in Chinese women.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anti-Mullerian Hormone/blood
- Asian People
- Autoantibodies/analysis
- Autoimmunity
- Biomarkers/blood
- China/ethnology
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Hospitals, University
- Humans
- Infertility, Female/blood
- Infertility, Female/ethnology
- Infertility, Female/etiology
- Infertility, Female/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Outpatient Clinics, Hospital
- Ovarian Reserve
- Severity of Illness Index
- Taiwan
- Thyroid Gland/immunology
- Thyroid Gland/physiopathology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/blood
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/ethnology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/physiopathology
- Thyrotropin/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wen Chen
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- 2 Division of Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Li Huang
- 3 Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
- 4 School of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chii-Ruey Tzeng
- 2 Division of Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rui-Lan Huang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huang Chen
- 2 Division of Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Hospital , Taipei, Taiwan
- 5 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
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42
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Moncayo R, Moncayo H. A post-publication analysis of the idealized upper reference value of 2.5 mIU/L for TSH: Time to support the thyroid axis with magnesium and iron especially in the setting of reproduction medicine. BBA CLINICAL 2017; 7:115-119. [PMID: 28409122 PMCID: PMC5385584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Laboratory medicine approaches the evaluation of thyroid function mostly through the single determination of the blood level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Some authors have suggested an upper reference value for TSH of 2.5 mIU/L. This suggestion has not been confirmed by recent clinical studies. These studies have delivered a clinically valid reference range going from 0.3 to 3.5 mIU/L. These values are valid for both for the general population as well as in the setting of fertility and pregnancy. Current biochemical evidence about the elements required to maintain thyroid function shows that these not only include dietary iodine but also magnesium, iron, selenium and coenzyme Q10. Iron is important for the synthesis of thyroid peroxidase; magnesium-ATP contributes to the active process of iodine uptake; iodine has to be sufficiently present in the diet; selenium acts through selenoproteins to protect the thyroid cell during hormone synthesis and in deiodination of thyroxine; coenzyme Q10 influences thyroid vascularity. As a consequence, good clinical practice requires additional biochemical information on the blood levels of magnesium, selenium, coenzyme Q10 as well as iron status. Since these elements are also important for the maintenance of reproductive function, we postulate that they constitute the connecting link between both endocrine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Moncayo
- WOMED, Karl-Kapferer-Strasse 5, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Meng L, Rijntjes E, Swarts HJM, Keijer J, Teerds KJ. Prolonged hypothyroidism severely reduces ovarian follicular reserve in adult rats. J Ovarian Res 2017; 10:19. [PMID: 28302175 PMCID: PMC5356350 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-017-0314-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is substantial evidence both in humans and in animals that a prolonged reduction in plasma thyroid hormone concentration leads to reproductive problems, including disturbed folliculogenesis, impaired ovulation and fertilization rates, miscarriage and pregnancy complications. The objective of the present study is to examine the consequences of chronic hypothyroidism, induced in adulthood, for the size of the ovarian follicle pool. In order to investigate this, adult female rats were provided either a control or an iodide deficient diet in combination with perchlorate supplementation to inhibit iodide uptake by the thyroid. Sixteen weeks later animals were sacrificed. Blood was collected for hormone analyses and ovaries were evaluated histologically. Results At the time of sacrifice, plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations were 20- to 40-fold increased, thyroxine concentrations were negligible while tri-iothyronin concentrations were decreased by 40% in the hypothyroid group, confirming that the animals were hypothyroid. Primordial, primary and preantral follicle numbers were significantly lower in the hypothyroid ovaries compared to the euthyroid controls, while a downward trend in antral follicle and corpora lutea numbers was observed. Surprisingly the percentage of atretic follicles was not significantly different between the two groups, suggesting that the reduced preantral and antral follicle numbers were presumably not the consequence of increased degeneration of these follicle types in the hypothyroid group. Plasma anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels showed a significant correlation with the growing follicle population represented by the total ovarian number of primary, preantral and antral follicles, suggesting that also under hypothyroid conditions AMH can serve as a surrogate marker to assess the growing ovarian follicle population. Conclusions The induction of a chronic hypothyroid condition in adult female rats negatively affects the ovarian follicular reserve and the size of the growing follicle population, which may impact fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans J M Swarts
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja J Teerds
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kim C, Karvonen-Gutierrez C, Kong S, Arends V, Steffes M, McConnell DS, Randolph JF, Harlow SD. Antimüllerian hormone among women with and without type 1 diabetes: the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study and the Michigan Bone Health and Metabolism Study. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:1446-1452. [PMID: 27475411 PMCID: PMC5159208 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare concentrations of antimüllerian hormone (AMH) in women with and without type 1 diabetes. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of longitudinal studies, adjusting for repeated measures. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) Women aged 30-45 years who had not undergone oophorectomy, hysterectomy, or natural menopause at the time of AMH measurement were included (n = 376 in the Michigan Bone Health and Metabolism Study and n = 321 in the Epidemiology of Interventions and Complications Study). Linear mixed regression was used to evaluate whether AMH concentrations differed by diabetes status, adjusting for repeated measurements of AMH within individual women, body mass index, smoking status, and oral contraceptive use. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Concentrations of AMH. RESULT(S) In unadjusted comparisons, women with and without diabetes had similar median AMH values before 35 years of age, although women with type 1 diabetes had a lower proportion of women with elevated AMH concentrations (≥5.0 ng/dL). After adjustment for covariates and multiple observations per woman, log AMH concentrations were significantly lower among women with type 1 diabetes compared with women without diabetes (β-coefficient -1.27, 95% confidence interval [-2.18, -0.36] in fully adjusted models) before 35 years of age. CONCLUSION(S) Before 35 years of age, women with type 1 diabetes have lower AMH levels than women without diabetes. Further investigation is needed to determine the etiologies of this difference and how it may contribute to reproductive disorders among women with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | | | | | - Valerie Arends
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Steffes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - John F Randolph
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Siobán D Harlow
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels in euthyroid adolescent girls with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: relationship to antioxidant status. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 203:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Busnelli A, Paffoni A, Fedele L, Somigliana E. The impact of thyroid autoimmunity on IVF/ICSI outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2016; 22:775-790. [PMID: 27323769 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) is the most frequent autoimmune condition and the first cause of thyroid dysfunction among women of reproductive age. Notably, it has been associated with adverse obstetric outcomes during all trimesters of pregnancy. Furthermore, since most studies show an increased prevalence of TAI among women attending infertility clinics, a detrimental impact of this condition on natural fertility and on the rate of success of assisted reproductive techniques has been suggested. However, to date, the results have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE The objective of this study was to define the relation between TAI per se and the outcome of in vitro fertilisation (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles. SEARCH METHODS A systematic literature review and meta-analysis were conducted. A Medline search was performed to identify all the comparative studies published from January 1990 to November 2015 in the English language literature on IVF/ICSI outcome in women with and without TAI, using combinations of the medical subject heading terms 'thyroid autoimmunity', 'thyroid autoantibodies', 'IVF', 'ICSI', 'pregnancy', 'miscarriage' and 'delivery'. The primary outcome was live birth rate (LBR). Our secondary outcomes were number of oocytes retrieved (NOR), fertilisation rate (FR), implantation rate (IR), clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) and miscarriage rate (MR). We also extracted data on mean age and basal serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and performed a meta-regression analysis to assess the effect of these two covariates on CPR and MR. OUTCOMES We selected 12 studies for the meta-analysis. Six of the included studies were prospective cohort studies, and six were retrospective cohort studies. Compared with women with negative TAI, women with positive TAI had a lower LBR (odds ratio (OR) 0.73; 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.54-0.99]; P = 0.04; 9 studies; 4396 women; I2 = 41%), a higher MR (OR 1.44; 95% CI [1.06-1.95]; P = 0.02; 12 studies; 4876 women; I2 = 35%), a similar CPR (OR 0.90; 95% CI [0.77-1.06]; P = 0.22; 12 studies; 4876 women; I2 = 7%), a similar number of oocytes (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.10; 95% CI [-0.09 to 0.29]; P = 0.28; 5 studies; 1506 women; I2 = 47%), a similar FR (OR 1.11; 95% CI [0.97-1.27]; P = 0.13; 3 studies; 1082 women; I2 = 0%) and a similar IR (OR 0.98; 95% CI [0.73-1.32]; P = 0.91; 2 studies; 918 women; I2 = 0%). Both mean age (SMD 0.96; 95% CI [0.66-1.27]; P < 0.00001; 9 studies; 3256 women; I2 = 85%) and serum TSH (SMD 0.24; 95% CI [0.15-0.34]; P < 0.00001; 6 studies; 2098 women; I2 = 59%) were higher in women with TAI. However, neither of these two covariates were significantly associated with CPR or MR. WIDER IMPLICATIONS TAI does not impact on IVF/ICSI outcome in terms of NOR and likelihood of fertilisation, implantation and clinical pregnancy. On the contrary, the presence of thyroid autoantibodies may have a detrimental effect on the course of a pregnancy, determining an increased risk of miscarriage and a decreased chance of live birth. However, given the possible modifying effects of age and serum TSH, further evidence is warranted prior to drawing inferences on causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Busnelli
- Obstet-Gynecol Dept, Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Della Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy .,Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Paffoni
- Obstet-Gynecol Dept, Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Della Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Fedele
- Obstet-Gynecol Dept, Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Della Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Festa del Perdono 7, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Edgardo Somigliana
- Obstet-Gynecol Dept, Fondazione Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Della Commenda 12, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Weghofer A, Barad DH, Darmon S, Kushnir VA, Gleicher N. What affects functional ovarian reserve, thyroid function or thyroid autoimmunity? Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:26. [PMID: 27165095 PMCID: PMC4862175 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid dysfunction is the most common autoimmune endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age, and is associated with menstrual irregularities, anovulation and infertility. Whether it is thyroid function or thyroid autoimmunity that affects functional ovarian reserve (FOR, i.e., the small growing ovarian follicle pool) reflected in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has, however, remained under dispute. METHODS We investigated in 225 infertile women whether thyroid function, after adjustment for thyroid autoimmunity, affects FOR within what is considered normal thyroid function (TSH, 0.4-4.5μIU/mL) by assessing AMH levels in reference to TSH levels, stratified for TSH < or ≥3.0μIU/mL. Thyroid autoimmunity was defined by presence of anti-thyroid peroxidase, -thyroglobulin and/or -thyroid receptor antibodies. RESULTS Mean age of studied women was 38.4 ± 5.0 years; their mean AMH was 1.3 ± 2.0 ng/mL and mean TSH 1.8 ± 0.9 μIU/mL. Thyroid autoimmunity was present in 11.1 % of patients. Women with TSH <3.0μIU/mL presented with significantly higher AMH compared to those with TSH ≥3.0μIU/Ml (P = 0.03). This difference remained significant after adjustment for thyroid autoimmunity as well as age (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Even after adjustment for thyroid autoimmunity and age, TSH <3.0μIU/mL in euthyroid infertility patients is associated with significantly better FOR (higher AMH) than TSH ≥3.0μIU/mL. This observation suggests a direct beneficial effect of lower TSH levels on follicular recruitment, and warrants investigations of thyroxin supplementation in infertile women with TSH levels ≥3.0μIU/mL in attempts to improve FOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weghofer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David H Barad
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, USA
- The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Darmon
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vitaly A Kushnir
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Norbert Gleicher
- The Center for Human Reproduction, New York, NY, USA
- The Foundation for Reproductive Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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48
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Marsh EE, Bernardi LA, Steinberg ML, de Chavez PJ, Visser JA, Carnethon MR, Baird DD. Novel correlates between antimüllerian hormone and menstrual cycle characteristics in African-American women (23-35 years-old). Fertil Steril 2016; 106:443-450.e2. [PMID: 27114331 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize normative antimüllerian hormone (AMH) levels and ascertain which factors are associated with AMH in a large cohort of reproductive-age women. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Not applicable. PATIENT(S) A total of 1,654 African-American women (AAW) ages 23-34 at recruitment. INTERVENTION(S) Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Serum AMH measured using an ultrasensitive ELISA. RESULT(S) The median AMH was 3.18 ng/mL, and there was a significant, but nonlinear, relationship between age and AMH, with levels peaking at age 25. As AMH was not normally distributed, log transformation was performed and used for all analyses. In a multivariable age-adjusted model, body mass index, current use of hormonal contraception, and history of a thyroid condition were inversely associated with AMH, while history of abnormal menstrual bleeding and menstrual cycles longer than 35 days were positively associated with AMH. CONCLUSION(S) While age is correlated with AMH, it accounts for only a portion of the variation seen. This study adds valuable information to the existing literature on normative AMH levels in young reproductive-age women. While our findings fill a critical data gap for ovarian reserve in AAW, the insights gained will be of benefit for all women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica E Marsh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Lia A Bernardi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marissa L Steinberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peter J de Chavez
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Donna D Baird
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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49
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Elenkova A, Petrossians P, Zacharieva S, Beckers A. High prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases in patients with prolactinomas: A cross-sectional retrospective study in a single tertiary referral centre. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:37-42. [PMID: 26874995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin has been shown to exert potent immunomodulatory activities. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study examining the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) in patients with prolactinomas. The medical files of 462 patients (367 women and 95 men) followed up at a single tertiary referral centre were analyzed. RESULTS The prevalence of AITD among prolactinoma patients was estimated at 21.0% (23.2% in females and 12.6% in males). In 51.5% of the patients, diagnosis of prolactinoma preceded the development of AITD; in 37.2%, both diseases were simultaneously diagnosed and 11.3% of patients were diagnosed first with AITD. Hyperthyroidism was observed in 1.24% of the investigated subjects. Primary hypothyroidism was detected in 15.6% of all patients (16.4% in women; 10.7% in men) with a mean incidence of 24 cases/1000/year. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the high frequency of AITD in patients with prolactinomas. The prevalence rate of hyperthyroidism is comparable with the literature data from community-based studies. In contrast, the prevalence of the spontaneous hypothyroidism due to autoimmune thyroiditis is significantly higher in female and male subgroups of patients with prolactinomas in comparison with the general population. A possible role of supraphysiologically increased prolactin levels in the pathogenesis and the clinical course of AITD in patients with prolactinomas can be suggested. Based on these findings we recommend routine screening for AITD with simple thyroid tests (TSH, TPO-Abs and ultrasound examination) in all patients diagnosed with prolactinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanaska Elenkova
- University Hospital of Endocrinology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Patrick Petrossians
- University of Liege, CHU of Liege, Department of Endocrinology, Liege, Belgium
| | - Sabina Zacharieva
- University Hospital of Endocrinology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Albert Beckers
- University of Liege, CHU of Liege, Department of Endocrinology, Liege, Belgium
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50
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Łukaszuk K, Kunicki M, Kulwikowska P, Liss J, Pastuszek E, Jaszczołt M, Męczekalski B, Skowroński K. The impact of the presence of antithyroid antibodies on pregnancy outcome following intracytoplasmatic sperm injection-ICSI and embryo transfer in women with normal thyreotropine levels. J Endocrinol Invest 2015; 38:1335-43. [PMID: 26280321 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-015-0377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (Anti-TPO) on pregnancy outcome following the in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in general groups and in subgroups divided according to AMH level and age. METHODS A total of 114 patients positive for anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (Anti-TPO+ group) and 495 infertile women negative for anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (Anti-TPO- group) undergoing IVF with ICSI from April 2010 to April 2012 were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS There were no significant differences in age, BMI, basal FSH, LH, AMH levels and duration of infertility between the two main groups. No significant differences in terms of the days of ovarian stimulation, estradiol level in day 8, total gonadotropin dose, number of oocytes retrieved, available embryos and blastocysts, number of embryos transferred nor in rates of fertilization, implantation, clinical pregnancy, live birth and abortion rate between two main groups were found. The only statistically significant difference among the groups with different anti-TPO antibodies levels was found in basal FSH concentration and BMI. Among the clinical outcomes of IVF with respect to the different anti-TPO levels, the only significant difference was found for the number of oocytes retrieved. Analysis of the baseline parameters in relationship to age categories and AMH levels found significant differences between women positive and negative for thyroid antibodies with respect to basal FSH and LH levels for women >37 years and for basal FSH in AMH <0.6 subgroup. CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals that patients with anti-TPO antibodies showed no significant differences in fertilization, implantation, pregnancy rates, live birth rates and no higher risk for miscarriage following IVF-ET when compared with those negative for anti-thyroid antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Łukaszuk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, Gdańsk, Poland
- INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, Invicta Złota 6 Str, 00019, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Kunicki
- INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, Invicta Złota 6 Str, 00019, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - P Kulwikowska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J Liss
- INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - E Pastuszek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- INVICTA Fertility and Reproductive Center, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - M Jaszczołt
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - B Męczekalski
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology, Poznan Univeristy of Medcial Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - K Skowroński
- Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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