Physical pain and emotion regulation as the main predictive factors of health-related quality of life in women living with endometriosis

Analysis of the Biopsychosocial Impacts Associated with Endometriosis to Improve Patient Care

Endometriosis is a non-malignant, inflammatory condition that impacts individuals across various hormonal stages, including before their first menstruation, throughout their reproductive years, and after menopause. This condition arises when tissue resembling the uterine lining grows outside the uterus, resulting in inflammation and a range of symptoms, such as dysmenorrhea, pain during intercourse, chronic discomfort, and challenges with fertility. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the medical strategies implemented to address the pathology of endometriosis, highlighting its significant impact on the quality of life of the individuals affected by this condition. Endometriosis can influence various aspects of life, including physical health, emotional well-being, social interactions, and professional performance. Usually, to assess the quality of life in women with endometriosis, validated instruments, such as different questionnaire types, are used to measure the physical, psychological, social, and reproductive health impacts. To improve the quality of life of the women experiencing endometriosis, several supportive strategies are proposed. The findings underscore the necessity of managing endometriosis through a multidisciplinary approach that encompasses both medical and surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and psychological support.

Effectiveness of psychological interventions in endometriosis: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Introduction

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease associated with chronic debilitating pain, poor mental health and quality of life. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of psychological interventions aimed at improving the pain, quality of life and mental health of women with endometriosis.

Methods

A systematic review (SR) of the literature with meta-analysis (MA) was carried out. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and CENTRAL were searched to locate Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). The risk of bias assessment of each study was conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration's RoB 2.0 tool.

Results

Seven RCTs were included (N = 757). The data obtained suggest that psychological interventions reduce dyspareunia [standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.54, 95% CI: -0.86, -0.22] and dyschezia [mean difference (MD): -2.90, 95% CI: -4.55, -1.26] and increase mental health levels (SMD: 0.70, 95% CI: 0. 42, 0.99); they also point to a large reduction in levels of trait anxiety (MD: -6.63, 95% CI: -8.27, -4.99) and depression (MD: -2.49, 95% CI: -3.20, -1.79), and a likely reduction in state anxiety (MD: -9.72, 95% CI: -13.11, -6.33) experienced by women with endometriosis. It was also identified that psychological interventions probably slightly reduce pelvic pain and may increase physical health. However, most of the included studies have a high overall risk of bias or have certain concerns, which limit conclusions about the certainty of the evidence.

Discussion

The available evidence indicates that psychological interventions are effective in improving the pain, quality of life and mental health variables of women with endometriosis.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, CRD42024516100.

Acupuncture and Related Therapies for Endometriosis: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background

Acupuncture and related therapies are effective and safe ways to relieve the pain, and improve the health and quality of life in women with endometriosis-related pain. However, it is still unclear which treatment is the most effective. Our study aims to summarize the evidence and determine the most effective and safe method to treat the endometriosis.

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of science, China Biology Medicine, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan fang Data, Chinese Scientific Journal Database and conducted manual searches of relevant papers, summarized randomized clinical trials of acupuncture-related therapies for endometriosis from database inception to 21 April 2024. After independent literature screening and data extraction that pain VAS was selected as the primary outcome measure. The quality evaluation was conducted by Review Manager 5.4. Perform network meta-analysis (NMA) used Stata 15.0 software.

Results

Forty-two eligible trials involving six acupuncture-related interventions and 3,635 participants were included in this NMA. Pairwise meta-analyses show that combination therapy was more efficacious than western medicine and Chinese herb medicine for pain VAS scores, serum CA125 level and response rate results. The NMA estimates indicated that: for pain VAS scores, acupuncture (SMD: -2.33; 95% CI: -4.37, -0.29) and combination therapy (SMD: 1.79 95% CI: 1.21, 2.41) were superior to western medicine. For serum CA125 level, acupoint application (SMD: -11.33 95% CI: -20.28, -2.97) and combination therapy (SMD: 6.20; 95% CI: 1.60, 10.75) were associated with better efficacy when considered alongside western medicine. For response rate, combination therapy (SMD: 0.20; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.29) and auricular therapy (SMD: 8.01; 95% CI: 2.08, 45.37) were more efficacious than western medicine. The comprehensive ranking results show that acupoint catgut embedding was the best performing at lowering pain VAS scores, acupoint application was identified as the most effective in reducing serum CA125 level, and auricular therapy was ranked first in improving the response rate.

Conclusion

Acupoint catgut embedding, auricular therapy, acupoint application and combination therapy may be the best solutions for the treatment of endometriosis. Additional trials are needed to develop higher-quality evidence and optimal regimens.

Causal Relationship Between Mood Swing and Gynecological Disorders: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Background

Gynecological disorders are a wide range of health problems affecting the female reproductive system, which poses substantial health challenges worldwide. Increasing number of observational studies have associated mood instability to common female diseases, but the underlying causal relationship remains unclear. In this work, Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was applied to explore the genetically predicted causal relationship of mood swings and several prevalent gynecological disorders.

Methods

Instrumental variables (IVs) of mood swings were selected from UK Biobank (UKB), with 204,412 cases and 247,207 controls being incorporated. The genetic variants for female disorders were obtained from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and FinnGen consortium. To avoid biases caused by racial difference, only European population was included here. Five strong analytical methodologies were used to increase the validity of the results, the most substantial of which was the inverse variance weighting (IVW) method. Pleiotropy, sensitivity, and heterogeneity were assessed to strengthen the findings.

Results

We found mood swings was significantly positively associated with risk of endometrial cancer (OR= 2.60 [95% CI= 1.36, 4.95], P= 0.0037), cervical cancer (OR= 1.01[95% CI= 1.00,1.02], P= 0.0213) and endometriosis (OR= 2.58 [95% CI= 1.18, 5.60], P= 0.0170) by IVW method. However, there was no causal relationship between mood swing and ovarian cancer. No pleiotropy and heterogeneity existed and sensitivity tests were passed.

Conclusion

This study reveals that mood swing may serve as a genetically predicted causal risk factor for endometrial cancer, cervical cancer, and endometriosis in the European population, while no such association was observed for ovarian cancer. These findings make up for observational research's inherent limitations and may improve patient outcomes in the field of gynecological health. However, the study's focus on European populations may limit the applicability of these results globally.

The causal relationship of depression, anxiety, and neuroticism with endometriosis: A bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization study

Endometriosis, identified by the abnormal growth of endometrial cells beyond the inner lining of the uterus, often manifests through symptoms like painful menstruation and challenges in conceiving. Observational studies suggest that endometriosis is often comorbid with mental disorders, including anxiety and depression. The nature of these connections, whether they are causal, is still debated and calls for further empirical evidence. We utilized a bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, harnessing genome-wide association study data to explore the connections among depression, anxiety, neuroticism, and endometriosis. To scrutinize the causative connections between mental health issues and endometriosis, Inverse Variance Weighting (IVW) was employed as the primary analytical tool, complemented by Weighted Median Estimation, Simple mode, Weighted mode, and MR-Egger regression for additional analysis. To examine the potential for reverse causation, reverse MR was applied. To strengthen the reliability of our findings, we carried out sensitivity analyses that included heterogeneity tests, tests for pleiotropy, and leave-one-out analyses. The IVW analysis revealed a significant correlation between the genetic inclination towards depression and a heightened risk of developing endometriosis [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.151, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.025-1.293, P = .017]. Similarly, a genetic predisposition to neuroticism was significantly associated with an increased risk of endometriosis (OR = 1.128, 95% CI = 1.038-1.226, P = .004). However, no causative link was found between genetic susceptibility to anxiety and the occurrence of endometriosis. Reverse MR analysis did not support a bidirectional genetic susceptibility between endometriosis and psychiatric disorders. The MR analysis presents genetic data supporting the notion that depression and neuroticism are risk factors for endometriosis. Conversely, it found no evidence of a causal connection between anxiety and the development of endometriosis. Enhancing mental health treatment should be considered a preventive measure against endometriosis.

Virtual Mindfulness-Based Therapy for the Management of Endometriosis Chronic Pelvic Pain: A Novel Delivery Platform to Increase Access to Care

OBJECTIVES

This study assessed the effectiveness of a virtual mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program to improve quality of life and pain in people with endometriosis.

METHODS

This was a multiple-method, before and after study design. Fifteen patients with a clinical or surgical diagnosis of endometriosis were recruited from a Canadian outpatient gynaecology clinic. Participants completed the Endometriosis Health Profile, a validated survey tool, and a pain medication use questionnaire before and after a virtual 8-week MBSR program run by an experienced social worker. A focus group was held upon completion of the program to assess participants' experiences using mindfulness for management of endometriosis symptoms. Quantitative data was analyzed with paired-samples t tests. Qualitative data was thematically analyzed.

RESULTS

A total of 67% of people enrolled completed the MBSR course (10/15). Following the MBSR program, participants had a statistically significant decrease in 4 components of the Endometriosis Health Profile: control and powerlessness (P = 0.012), emotional well-being (P = 0.048), social support (P = 0.030), and self-image (P = 0.014). There was no change in pain scores or medication use. Participants felt the program's benefits came from a sense of community, education about their condition, and application of mindfulness tools when approaching pain. Participants felt more comfortable with the virtual format over in-person sessions.

CONCLUSIONS

A virtual MBSR course can improve quality of life domains in people with endometriosis. The virtual format was effective and preferred by participants. Virtual MBSR programs may increase access to this type of care.

Integration of 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, metabonomics and metagenome analysis to investigate the mechanism of Sparganium stoloniferum-Curcuma phaeocaulis in treating of endometriosis in rats

BACKGROUND

Endometriosis is a gynecological disease that causes severe chronic pelvic pain and infertility in women. The therapeutic efficacy of the traditional herbal combination of Sparganium stoloniferum-Curcuma phaeocaulis (Sangleng-Ezhu, SL-EZ) in the treatment of endometriosis has been established. However, the precise mechanism by which this treatment exerts its effects remains elusive.

METHODS

To gain further insights, UPLC-MS/MS was employed to identify the primary chemical constituents of SL-EZ in serum. Additionally, network pharmacology was utilized to analyze the active ingredients and their corresponding targets. Furthermore, the impact of SL-EZ on ectopic endometrial growth in endometrial implants was assessed using a rat model. The therapeutic mechanism of SL-EZ in rats with endometriosis was further investigated through the application of 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomic sequencing, and metabolomics.

RESULTS

The primary compounds in serum were zederone, p-coumaric acid, dehydrocostus lactone, curdione, curcumol. The growth of ectopic lesions in a rat model was effectively inhibited by SL-EZ. In comparison to the control group, the endometriotic rats exhibited a decrease in α-diversity of the gut microbiota, an increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and a reduction in the abundance of Ruminococcaceae. Following SL-EZ intervention, the potential probiotic strains Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus johnsonii were able to restore the intestinal microenvironment at the species level. The altered metabolites were significantly correlated with Verrucomicrobia, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The metabolomic analysis demonstrated significant alterations in intestinal metabolites. And SL-EZ intervention also exerted regulatory effects on various metabolic pathways in gut microbiota, including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, monobactam biosynthesis, cyanoamino acid metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and amino acid biosynthesis.

CONCLUSION

The identification of novel treatment formulations for endometriosis was achieved through the utilization of network pharmacology and gut microbiota analyses. Our findings revealed simultaneous alterations in the microbiota within the rat model of endometriosis. The therapeutic efficacy of SL-EZ in treating endometriosis is attributed to its ability to restore the gut microbiota and regulate metabolism. This investigation offers valuable insights into the therapeutic mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for endometriosis.

Factors influencing health-related quality of life in women with endometriosis: A cross-sectional study

This study aimed to assess the health-related quality of life and identify its associated factors in women with endometriosis. A cross-sectional correlation study design and convenience sampling were conducted in the gynecological outpatient clinic of a teaching hospital in northern Taiwan. A total of 216 women with endometriosis were recruited. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Participants reported a moderate level of health-related quality of life. The most significant impact of endometriosis on health-related quality of life was emotional well-being, followed by feeling of control or powerless, pain, social support, and self-image. Educational attainment, menstrual cycle, period length, perceived menstrual flow, symptom distress, and self-management strategies explained 66% of the variance in health-related quality of life. Factors influencing health-related quality of life in women with endometriosis play a key role in promoting women's well-being. Interventions based on these related factors should be developed and taken into practice to effectively manage the disease-related symptoms for women with endometriosis and thereby improve their overall health-related quality of life.

Mindfulness intervention effect on endometriosis-related pain dimensions and its mediator role on stress and vitality: a path analysis approach

Endometriosis-related pain is supposedly mainly responsible for generating psychological stress and deteriorating the quality of life. However, the interaction between these factors has not been investigated, considering its multidimensional nature and through the path of effects of psychosocial approaches. The present study aims to investigate the effect of a brief mindfulness-based intervention (bMBI) on pain dimensions and its mediator role on psychological stress and QoL-Vitality improvement. A secondary analysis of a pilot randomized controlled trial using a series of parallel and serial mediators was carried out. The results showed that bMBI improves the sensory (B = -6.09 [-9.81, -2.52], β = -0.42) and affective (B = -3.40 [-5.02, -1.80], β = -0.47) pain. The bMBI effect on psychological stress reduction was mediated by these changes in sensory (B = -2.81 [-6.06, -0.41], β = -0.21) and affective (B = -1.97 [-5.07, -0.17], β = -0.15) pain. Serial sensory pain and psychological stress reduction (B = 2.27 [0.11, 5.81], β = -0.09) mediated the bMBI effect on quality of life vitality. Meditation training promotes additional improvement in affective and sensory pain characteristics through which psychological stress is reduced. The sensory pain dimension must be positively impacted in combination with psychological stress for the bMBI improves women's vitality. Adding a psychosocial intervention like meditation training to the standard treatment plan may be required for some women to achieve the needed changes to restore well-being.

Physical and psychosocial factors are crucial for maintaining physical and mental health in endometriosis: a longitudinal analysis

OBJECTIVE

To test the associations of physical and psychosocial factors with physical and mental health in individuals living with endometriosis (EM) by means of cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

METHODS AND MEASURES

Data were gathered via an online survey between February and August 2021. At survey date t1, sociodemographic, EM-related and psychosocial factors as well as physical and mental health of people with EM were assessed. At survey date t2 three months later, physical and mental health was reassessed. The sample consisted of n_t1 = 723 (30.60 ± 6.31 years) and n_t2 = 216 (30.56 ± 6.47 years) cis women with EM. Statistical analyses included bivariate and partial correlation analyses and hierarchical regression analyses.

RESULTS

The participants' physical health was within the average range and their mental health was below-average at t1 and t2. Cross-sectional analyses revealed that worse health was associated with longer diagnostic delay, more surgeries, greater pelvic pain and lower sense of coherence, self-efficacy, sexual satisfaction and satisfaction with the gynecological treatment. In longitudinal analyses, pelvic pain and participants' satisfaction with the gynecological treatment remained significantly associated with health.

CONCLUSION

Treatment should address both pelvic pain and psychosocial factors to improve long-term physical and mental health in EM.

A thematic synthesis of qualitative studies and surveys of the psychological experience of painful endometriosis

BACKGROUND

Endometriosis is a widespread problem in women of reproductive age, causing cyclical and non-cyclical pain in the pelvis and elsewhere, and associated with fatigue, fertility problems, and other symptoms. As a chronic pain problem, psychological variables are important in adjustment and quality of life, but have not been systematically studied.

METHODS

A systematic search of multiple databases was conducted to obtain surveys and qualitative studies of women's experience of pain from endometriosis. Surveys were combined narratively; qualitative studies were combined by thematic synthesis, and the latter rated for methodological quality.

RESULTS

Over 2000 records were screened on title and abstract, and provided 22 surveys and 33 qualitative studies from which accounts could be extracted of the psychological components of pain in endometriosis. Surveys mostly addressed quality of life in endometriosis, with poorer quality of life associated with higher levels of pain and of distress, but few referred to coherent psychological models. Qualitative studies focused rather on women's experience of living with endometriosis, including trajectories of diagnosis and treatment, with a few addressing meaning and identity. Thematic synthesis provided 10 themes, under the groupings of internal experience of endometriosis (impact on body, emotions, and life); interface with the external world (through self-regulation and social regulation); effects on interpersonal and social life, and encounters with medical care.

CONCLUSIONS

The psychological components of pain from endometriosis only partly corresponded with standard psychological models of pain, derived from musculoskeletal pain studies, with fewer fears about physical integrity and more about difficulties of managing pain and other symptoms in social settings, including work. Better understanding of the particular psychological threats of endometriosis, and integration of this understanding into medical care with opportunities for psychologically-based pain management, would substantially improve the experience and quality of life of women with painful endometriosis.

Laparoscopic natural orifice specimen extraction colectomy versus conventional laparoscopic colorectal resection in patients with rectal endometriosis: a randomized, controlled trial

BACKGROUND

The conventional laparoscopic approach for the surgical management of deep endometriosis (DE) infiltrating the rectum appears to ensure improved digestive functional outcomes. The natural orifice specimen extraction (NOSE) technique for the treatment of colorectal DE can significantly accelerate postoperative recovery; however, data on gastrointestinal function following conventional laparoscopic segmental bowel resection (CLR) compared with NOSE colectomy (NC) for DE are sparse.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Between 30 September 2019 and 31 December 2020, a randomized, open-label, two-arm, parallel-group controlled trial with women aged 18-45 years was conducted at University Hospital.Ninety-nine patients were randomized to CLR or NC, with DE infiltrating at least the muscular layer, at least 50% of the circumference of the bowel, up to 15 cm from the anal verge, exhibiting pain and bowel symptoms and/or infertility. The primary endpoint was bowel function, represented by low anterior resection syndrome (LARS). Secondary parameters included the Endometriosis Health Profile 30 (EHP30), Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores preoperatively and at set times (1 and 6 months, 1 year) following surgery.

RESULTS

No significant differences were observed in the postoperative LARS scores, VAS, EHP30, and GIQLI between the NC and CLR groups. LARS scores did not reveal significant differences 12 months postoperatively compared to the preoperative values in both groups (CLR group P =0.93 versus NC group, P =0.87). GIQLI scores were significantly improved 12 months after the operation compared with baseline values in the CLR group ( P =0.002) and NC group ( P =0.001). Pain symptoms and quality of life scores significantly improved 12 months postoperatively in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

NC is a feasible surgical approach for treating patients with rectal DE. Our study did not show a statistically significant difference between CLR and NC techniques in mid-term digestive and pain outcomes.

Effects of a physical activity and endometriosis-based education program delivered by videoconference on endometriosis symptoms: the CRESCENDO program (inCRease physical Exercise and Sport to Combat ENDOmetriosis) protocol study

BACKGROUND

Endometriosis is a chronic disease characterized by growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity which could affect 200 million women (The term "woman" is used for convenience. Individuals gendered as man or as nonbinary can also suffer from this disease) worldwide. One of the most common symptoms of endometriosis is pelvic chronic pain associated with fatigue. This pain can cause psychological distress and interpersonal difficulties. As for several chronic diseases, adapted physical activity could help to manage the physical and psychological symptoms. The present study will investigate the effects of a videoconference-based adapted physical activity combined with endometriosis-based education program on quality of life, pain, fatigue, and other psychological symptoms and on physical activity.

METHODS

This multicentric randomized-controlled trial will propose to 200 patients with endometriosis to be part of a trial which includes a 6-month program with 45 min to more than 120 min a week of adapted physical activity and/or 12 sessions of endometriosis-based education program. Effects of the program will be compared to a control group in which patients will be placed on a waiting list. All participants will be followed up 3 and 6 months after the intervention. None of the participants will be blind to the allocated trial arm. The primary outcome measure will be quality of life. Secondary outcomes will include endometriosis-related perceived pain, fatigue, physical activity, and also self-image, stereotypes, motivational variables, perceived support, kinesiophobia, basic psychological need related to physical activity, and physical activity barriers. General linear models and multilevel models will be performed. Predictor, moderator, and mediator variables will be investigated.

DISCUSSION

This study is one of the first trials to test the effects of a combined adapted physical activity and education program for improving endometriosis symptoms and physical activity. The results will help to improve care for patients with endometriosis.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05831735 . Date of registration: April 25, 2023.

Quality of life, social support, and adherence in female patients with thyroid disorders

BACKGROUND

According to the 2010 European Health Interview Survey, 51% of women in Hungary have a chronic disease, and is among the poorest quartile in the EU countries. Thyroid diseases affected more than 650,000 women in 2021 based on a recent report by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. Despite the high prevalence rates, quality of life in these patients is scarcely researched in Hungary. To fill this gap, this study aims to explore the associations of the quality of life of thyroid patients in Hungary with social support and adherence.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted via an online questionnaire. Data from 885 female Hungarian thyroid patients with pharmacological treatment (M = 35.6 years, SD = 10.7, age range: 18-73 years) were analyzed. Participants were divided into two patient groups based on the type of thyroid disorder: hypothyroidism (n = 824; 93.1%) and hyperthyroidism (n = 61; 6.9%). Group comparisons, correlations, and a mediation model were performed to explore differences between thyroid patients.

RESULTS

No differences were found between patients with different types of thyroid disorders in quality of life, adherence, and social support. Consistent, weak associations were found between quality of life and social support in both patient groups. Higher perceived social support partially explained the relationship between adherence and life quality in thyroid patients.  CONCLUSIONS: No substantial differences were found between patients with different types of thyroid disease in mental well-being indicators. These patients are psychologically more vulnerable and need a socially supportive environment to recover, because higher adherence is associated with a better quality of life, and social support can facilitate this process.

Cognitive-affective changes mediate the mindfulness-based intervention effect on endometriosis-related pain and mental health: A path analysis approach

BACKGROUND

There is poor knowledge about the therapeutic mechanisms of the conservative interventions for endometriosis. We hypothesized that the effects of a brief mindfulness-based intervention (bMBI) on pelvic pain intensity (PPI), pain unpleasantness (PU) and quality of life mental health (QoL-MH) are mediated by direct and indirect paths of changes in pain catastrophizing (PC), positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA).

METHODS

A secondary analysis of a pilot randomized controlled trial of women with endometriosis, assigned to standard medical treatment (n = 32) and standard medical treatment plus bMBI (n = 31). We tested a series of parallel and serial mediators (PC, PA and NA) of the relationship between bMBI and outcomes (PPI, PU and QoL-MH).

RESULTS

The bMBI group demonstrated improvement in PA (Cohen's f2  = 0.12 [0.01, 0.36]), decreases in NA (Cohen's f2  = 0.06 [0.00, 0.24]) and PC (Cohen's f2  = 0.16 [0.02, 0.42]). The PC reduction mediated the effect of the bMBI on PPI and PU directly; however, the PC effect through PA increase mediated the PU marginally but not PPI changes. bMBI effect on Qol-MH was mediated directly by PA and NA. The PC improved Qol-MH through PA increase and Pain decrease but not via NA.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings showed that bMBI impacts pain through changes in pain-related cognitive-affective factors. bMBI can improve QoL-MH by multiple pathways, including but not limited to pain reduction, highlighting the independent potential of improvement in affect to restore mental health in endometriosis.

SIGNIFICANCE

Brief mindfulness-based intervention improves endometriosis pain through pain-related cognitive-affective factors and quality of life mental health via pain and affect changes unrelated to pain.

Dysmenorrhea and psychological wellbeing among females with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Although rarely examined together, ADHD, emotional regulation (ER), and dysmenorrhea may be associated, which could create additive burdens on psychological well-being (PWB). Clinicians working with ADHD populations may need to take these challenges into consideration to maximize treatment outcomes. This study investigated the relationships among ADHD, dysmenorrhea, ER, and PWB within a sample of 266 adult females with a self-reported ADHD diagnosis. ADHD symptom severity was positively correlated with dysmenorrhea severity, but ER skills were not a significant moderator of this relationship. ADHD symptom severity was negatively correlated with PWB; however, this relationship was not moderated by dysmenorrhea severity nor ER ability. Overall, a positive association between ADHD symptom severity and dysmenorrhea severity was found in our sample. Further research is needed to understand the nature of this association, as well as factors that may contribute to PWB among individuals with these comorbid conditions.

The temporal effect of emotional distress on psychological and physical functioning in endometriosis: A 12-month prospective study

Psychological factors of emotional distress and cognition have an important role in the understanding and management of endometriosis; however, their temporal relationship with key pain variables is not fully understood. This exploratory study sought to establish the temporal relationship between psychological and pain-related factors in a 12-month prospective study of 208 Australian women with endometriosis. Participants, aged 18-50 years and living in Australia, were recruited via social media and completed baseline (May 2019) and 12-month follow-up (June 2020) surveys. Participants who reported a diagnosis of endometriosis and menses in the past 12 months were included in the study. Structural equation modelling was used to determine the temporal effects of psychological and pain-related factors in endometriosis. In a covariate-adjusted model, baseline emotional distress was the only variable to predict pain catastrophizing (β = .24, p < .01), functional pain disability (β = .16, p < .05) and concomitant emotional distress (β = .55, p < .001) 12 months later, adjusting for age and chronic illness. Women who exhibit symptoms of distress may be at risk of poorer psychological and physical function at 12 months. Further research is required to understand the impact of psychological management early in the disease course.

"Illness perceptions and factors of distress as mediators between trait emotional intelligence and quality of life in endometriosis"

Past findings highlighted the presence of distress symptoms and poor quality of life in people with endometriosis. Several studies showed that trait Emotional Intelligence (trait EI) is a key component of one's wellbeing, whilst Illness Perceptions may play an important role in psychological distress and perceived quality of life. The current study sought to test the hypothesis that an association between trait EI and Quality of Life in individuals with endometriosis would be mediated by Illness Perceptions, examining also the relations with General Distress (depression, anxiety, and stress). 364 women with endometriosis aged between 18 and 58 years old (M = 33.87; SD = 8.64) filled a protocol to assess Trait EI, Illness Perceptions, General Distress, and Quality of Life. Structural Equation Modelling was used to assess the relationship between the observed variables. Illness Perception was a mediator in the relationship between Trait EI, General Distress, and Quality of Life. Moreover, General Distress was a mediator between Trait EI and Quality of Life, and between Illness Perceptions and Quality of Life. Results showed that both Trait EI and Illness perceptions are key components for levels of distress and quality of life in women with endometriosis.

Understanding Psychological Symptoms of Endometriosis from a Research Domain Criteria Perspective

Endometriosis is currently the second most common gynecological disease and is associated with severe pain, vegetative impairment, and infertility. In association, there are considerable psychological symptoms that limit the quality of life of those affected. In this narrative review, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework was utilized to display the different transdiagnostic processes involved in disease progression and maintenance in regard to psychosocial functioning. Using the RDoC framework, it becomes clear that immune/endocrinological dysregulation is interlocked with (pelvic) pain chronification processes and psychological symptoms such as depressive mood, loss of control, higher vigilance toward the onset or worsening of symptoms, social isolation, and catastrophizing. This paper will discuss and identify promising treatment approaches, in addition to medical care, as well as further research implications. Endometriosis can come with substantial psychosomatic and social burden, requiring more research to understand the interdependence of different factors involved in its chronic development pathway. However, it is already clear that standard care should be extended with multifaceted treatments addressing pain, as well as the psychological and social burden, in order to halt the cycle of aggravation of symptoms and to improve quality of life for patients.

Impact of endometriosis on women's health-related quality of life: A national prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association between endometriosis and women's health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

STUDY DESIGN

This study included 3728 women born in 1973-78 using data from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Women with endometriosis were identified using self-reported longitudinal surveys linked to administrative health records. A mixed effect model with only random intercept and generalised estimating equations with binary logistic regressions were used to examine the association between endometriosis and health-related quality of life over eight time points. Each HRQoL scale was analysed in terms of binary outcomes by comparing women who had a lower HRQoL (scoring below the 25th percentile) with those who had a higher HRQoL (scoring above the 25th percentile).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Women's HRQoL was assessed using the 36-item Short Form Survey every 3 years from 1996 to 2018.

RESULTS

Endometriosis was associated with significantly worse reports of HRQoL over time. In the comparison against women without endometriosis, the following adjusted odds ratios (95 % confidence intervals) were calculated for women with endometriosis having worse scores on the eight domains of the Short Form Survey: physical functioning 1.33 (1.19, 1.50), role physical 1.57 (1.41, 1.74), bodily pain 1.65 (1.48, 1.82), general health 1.61 (1.42, 1.81), vitality 1.38 (1.23, 1.55), social functioning 1.38 (1.25, 1.53), role emotion 1.19 (1.06, 1.33), mental health 1.32 (1.18, 1.48). Women with endometriosis also had significantly lower physical health 1.68 (1.51, 1.88) and mental health components scores 1.28 (1.14, 1.44).

CONCLUSIONS

Endometriosis is associated with worse physical, mental, and social functioning and well-being. Bodily pain was the most affected HRQoL domain.

Endometriosis pain and epistemic community: Mapping discourses in online discussions among sufferers

We focused in this study on how the private experience of pain is made public through online discourse by sufferers of endometriosis. Empirically, we analyse two highly active endometriosis communities on the online social platform Reddit. Drawing on a mixed-methods design, we leverage large-scale social data, and a combination of computational and interpretive approaches for text analysis to study the role and shape of interactions relating to 'pain' for the formation of epistemic community online around endometriosis. The dataset, consisting of 70,817 forum posts and comments, was collected in May of 2021. Our study shows how pain becomes meaningful for endometriosis sufferers in relation to a multidimensional discursive space of words and concepts that are used to express it. Pain was frequently disguised, underplayed or hidden altogether, from fears of misunderstanding, medical dismissal, and embarrassment. Clearly, peer validation can be found in the relative anonymity of Reddit discussions. While the experience of pain is individual and subjective, when communities share similar experiences this reinforces patient ownership of the pain, which in turn supports the epistemic authority of the patient collective. A detailed understanding of how and why pain is discussed in online spaces has much to contribute more broadly to discussions of experiential collective knowledge production among individuals with endometriosis and other chronic illnesses.

Assessment of quality of life and psychological repercussions in women with endometriosis according to pain intensity

The objective is to evaluate quality of life, anxiety, and depression in women with endometriosis, and to correlate these parameters with pain intensity. This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted on 102 women with endometriosis from 2017 to 2020. The women were divided into two groups according to the pain intensity: group 1 (severe pain, 62 women) and group 2 (mild/moderate pain, 40 women). The Endometriosis Health Profile Questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess quality of life and levels of anxiety and depression, respectively. In both groups, mean age and mean body mass index were similar (p˃ 0.5). Most women had deep endometriosis and were on treatment, but group 2 had a longer treatment time (p = 0.044). Group 1 exhibited more depression and anxiety than group 2 (17.1 ± 9.98 vs. 11.15 ± 9.25, p = 0.003 and 23.71 ± 12.92 vs 12.58 ± 10.53, p = 0.001, respectively). Women with high pain had a significantly worse quality of life than those with low pain (48.88 ± 16.02 vs. 23.32 ± 15.93, p < 0.001). Women with endometriosis and high pain intensity have a worse quality of life, and more severe levels of anxiety and depression.

Factors associated with deep infiltrating endometriosis, adenomyosis and ovarian endometrioma

Introduction: To compare epidemiological features and clinical presentations of deep infiltrating endometriosis with endometrioma and adenomyosis, as well as to identify risk factors for the respective histologically confirmed conditions. Method: Patients undergoing index surgery at the National University Hospital, Singapore for endometriosis or adenomyosis over a 7-year period—from 2015 to 2021—were identified from hospital databases using the Table of Surgical Procedures coding. Social and epidemiological features of cases with histologically confirmed diagnoses of endometrioma only, adenomyosis only, and deep infiltrating endometriosis were compared. Significant variables from univariate analysis were entered into 3 binary multivariate logistic regression models to obtain independent risk factors for: deep infiltrating endometriosis versus endometrioma only, deep infiltrating endometriosis versus adenomyosis only, and adenomyosis only versus endometrioma only. Results: A total of 258 patients were included with 59 ovarian endometrioma only, 47 adenomyosis only, and 152 deep infiltrating endometrioses. Compared to endometrioma only, deep infiltrating endometriosis was associated with higher rates of severe dysmenorrhoea (odds ratio [OR] 2.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02–7.70) and out-of-pocket private surgical care (OR 4.72, 95% CI 1.85–12.04). Compared to adenomyosis only, deep infiltrating endometriosis was associated with a higher fertility desire (OR 13.47, 95% CI 1.01–180.59) and a lower body mass index (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79–0.99). In contrast, heavy menstrual bleeding was the hallmark of adenomyosis, being less common in patients with endometriosis. Conclusion: Deep infiltrating endometriosis is associated with severe dysmenorrhoea, pain related to urinary and gastrointestinal tracts, higher fertility desire and infertility rate. Patients with pain symptomatology and subfertility should be referred early to a tertiary centre with the capability to diagnose and manage deep infiltrating endometriosis. Keywords: Adenomyosis, deep infiltrating endometriosis, obstetrics and gynaecology, ovarian endometrioma, public health

Quality of life and clinical factors in women with endometriosis, the role of dienogest vs EE/dienogest over time: a single-center study

PURPOSE

The aims of this observational study were: to assess the relationship between psychological variables, pain, Duration Untreated Endometriosis (DUE) in a sample of women with Endometriosis; and to assess the effect of dienogest 2 mg/daily (DNG) and dienogest/ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg/daily (EE/DNG) on Symptoms, QoL, HRQoL, pain and sexual satisfaction, over time.

METHODS

64 women constituted the study group; (56%) took DNG and (44%) took EE/DNG. VAS, SF-36, EHP-30 and ISS were used to assess endometriosis-associated pelvic pain, QoL, HRQoL and sexual satisfaction, respectively. The study included one follow-up at 18 months.

RESULTS

At T0, a longer period of DUE was related both to worst HRQoL and Physical QoL. At T1, a correlation was found between longer DUE and worst HRQoL. At T0, a negative correlation was found between VAS and PCS and between VAS and EHP-30. At T1, the same above correlation was found between VAS and PCS/MCS and VAS and EHP-30 scale. There was a correlation between ISS and VAS. ANOVA showed a reduction in dysmenorrhea, in general pain level and an improvement in emotional wellbeing, relationship with medical profession, and PCS over time, regardless to type of treatment. Moreover, a significant time × treatment group interaction for dysmenorrhea was found.

CONCLUSION

DUE and pain are important variables related to psychological aspects of women with endometriosis. Treatment with both DNG and EE/DNG may have positive effects on the QoL, HRQoL and symptoms. Moreover, DNG seems to have a greater effect than EE/DNG on dyspareunia reduction over time.

Endometriosis diagnosis buffers reciprocal effects of emotional distress on pain experience

OBJECTIVES

Emotional profile is involved in the experience of chronic pain related to endometriosis. Following the Örebro Model of Behavioral Emotion Regulation of Pain, the aim of this study was to understand the processes involved in the psychological adaptation to pain experienced during menstruations in women either diagnosed or not diagnosed with endometriosis.

METHODS

The study was conducted on a sample of 545 women, either diagnosed with endometriosis or not, during their menstruations. Functional repercussions and intensity of pain, catastrophic thinking, difficulties in emotional regulation and emotional distress were assessed through an online questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was carried out.

RESULTS

Women diagnosed with endometriosis experience more suffering than women who have not had such a diagnosis. The model we adapted from Örebro's model fits the data well. A differential effect is observed regarding the retroactive effect of depression on pain. Although emotional distress increases functional repercussions among women both with and without the diagnosis, growing pain intensity only occurs among those without.

CONCLUSIONS

A woman presenting pain during menstruation faces emotional regulation issues that make her more vulnerable to the development of emotional distress. Pain impacts emotional distress, but emotional distress does not impact pain among women for whom the origin of the pain was known (i.e., a diagnosis of endometriosis). Having a diagnosis allows women to externalize the origin of their pain, attributing it to the disease and not to their psychological state.

Analysis of preoperative and postoperative quality of life, sexual function, and sleep in patients with endometriosis: a prospective cohort study

PURPOSE

Endometriosis affects the quality of life, sleep, and sexual life of patients due to pain. This study compared the scores of endometriosis patients in these three areas before and after surgery.

METHODS

Patients between the ages of 18 and 60 with a prediagnosis of endometriosis were enrolled. Postoperative histopathological diagnosis of endometriosis was confirmed in all patients. This study included 56 patients who completed pre- and postoperative (three months) evaluation of quality scale questionnaires: a visual analog scale for pelvic pain, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Endometriosis Health Profile-30 Questionnaire, and Female Sexual Function Index were administered prior to and 3 months after each patient's surgery.

RESULTS

Among the 56 female patients included in this study, statistically significant improvement was observed in pain scores, quality of life, sexual function, and sleep of all patients regardless of endometriosis stage.

CONCLUSION

Endometriosis is a disease that progresses, with increasing pain scores; it has negative effects on the quality of life, sexual function, and sleep of patients. Surgical or medical treatment can be performed considering the complaints and fertility status of the patients.

Does Quality of Care (QoC) Perception Influence the Quality of Life (QoL) in Women with Endometriosis? Results from an Italian Nationwide Survey during Covid Pandemic

(1) Background: Endometriosis is a chronic and progressive illness that generates a slew of issues, lowering the quality of life of women. The purpose of this study was to look at the quality of life in women with endometriosis and how it relates to the quality of care. (2) Methods: This study is an online survey performed in Italy during the COVID pandemic using the Italian version of the Health Questionnaire SF-36 and a questionnaire for assessing the quality of care received. (3) Results: 1052 women with a self-reported diagnosis of endometriosis participated in the survey. The mean levels of Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) were 38.89 ± 10.55 and 34.59 ± 11.17, respectively. A total of 77% of women judged the services they received positively, and 51% considered the coordination between healthcare professionals to be satisfactory. The satisfaction index mean was 23.11 ± 4.80. PCS was positively related to Occupation, high educational level, physical activity, and health care satisfaction. MCS was positively related to higher age, physical activity, and health care satisfaction. (4) Conclusions: The study indicated that satisfaction with health care was a significant predictor of QoL in women with endometriosis, for both physical and mental health.

Can Internet-Delivered Pain Management Programs Reduce Psychological Distress in Chronic Pain? Exploring Relationships Between Anxiety and Depression, Pain Intensity, and Disability

Background

Adults with chronic pain who also report high pain intensity and disability are more likely to experience depression and anxiety symptoms. The present study examined changes in anxiety and depression symptoms after an Internet-delivered pain management program based on baseline pain intensity and disability severity categories.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of data from four randomized controlled trials (N = 1,333).

Results

Greater pain intensity and disability were associated with increased odds of elevated anxiety or depression symptoms at baseline. Treatment led to greater reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms compared with a waitlist control, and these improvements occurred irrespective of baseline pain intensity or disability severity. Those individuals who reported ≥30% improvements in pain intensity or disability after treatment were more likely to also report ≥30% improvements in psychological symptoms. Importantly, most participants who achieved ≥30% improvements in depression and anxiety had not experienced such improvements in pain intensity or disability.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that emerging Internet-delivered pain management programs can lead to reductions in psychological distress even when pain intensity and disability are severe or do not improve with treatment. This indicates the value of such treatments in treating distress and improving mental health in people with chronic pain.

Quality evaluation of endometriosis guidelines using AGREE II

BACKGROUND

To systematically evaluate the guidelines for endometriosis published in the past decade, and to provide reference for the selection of guidelines for endometriosis through quality evaluation and comparison.

METHODS

PubMed database, Embase database, evidence-based medicine clinical practice guidelines (CPG) database and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom were searched by computer from December 2012 to December 2020 to retrieve published endometriosis CPG published by professional institutions or organizations. The search languages are English and Portuguese. Two researchers evaluated the quality of included CPG according to appraisal of guidelines for research and evaluation (AGREE II). The evaluation includes 6 areas: scope and purpose, participants, rigor of formulation, clarity of expression, applicability and independence. The recommendation level of CPG is determined by the distribution of standardized scores in the above 6 areas.

RESULTS

A total of 8 articles on endometriosis CPG were included, including 5 guidelines and 3 consensuses, covering 5 countries in 2 continents; the publication year was 2013 to 2020. The average standardized scores of the scope and purpose, participants, rigor, clarity, applicability and independence of CPG were 77.1%, 52.8%, 50.5%, 86.8%, 31.3%, and 36.5%, respectively. Among the 8 CPGs, 1 was grade A (recommended), 5 were grade B (recommended after improvement), and 2 were grade C (not recommended). Seven CPG recommendations were based on expert consensus, and one was developed through detailed literature retrieval, analysis and evidence rating evaluation. There was little difference between the guidelines in terms of treatment-related recommendations.

CONCLUSIONS

The quality of endometriosis CPG released in 2013 to 2020 is quite different, and some CPGs are not ideal in terms of rigor, applicability and independence. The guidelines issued by NICE in 2017 are A-grade recommendations. The standardized scores in various fields are high, and the formation process of CPG is the most standardized, which is worth learning and reference.

Psychosocial factors associated with pain and health-related quality of life in Endometriosis: A systematic review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Endometriosis is associated with pain and impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Psychosocial factors have been associated with pain and HRQoL in other conditions, suggesting their potential relevance in Endometriosis. However, the role of psychosocial factors in this population has not been systematically explored yet. This systematic review aims to explore the association of psychosocial factors with pain intensity/severity and HRQoL in women with Endometriosis.

DATABASES AND DATA TREATMENT

Observational and experimental studies that explored the association of psychosocial factors with pain and HRQoL in women with Endometriosis were eligible. The following databases were searched: Medline, Embase, Cochrane library, Web of Science, PsychInfo and Cumulative index of nursing and allied health literature. The methodological quality was assessed, and findings were synthesized using narrative synthesis.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven studies were eligible for inclusion, which included 5419 women with Endometriosis. Catastrophising and anxiety were the factors most consistently associated with greater pain, whilst depression, anxiety and stress were related to worse HRQoL. Findings regarding depression and pain were mixed, and research on social factors was limited.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review highlights the role of psychosocial factors in Endometriosis. Anxiety, depression and catastrophising are suggested as potential treatment targets. The review also indicates the lack of research on other potentially important psychosocial factors, such as avoidance, perceived injustice and social support.

SIGNIFICANCE

This systematic review explored the role of psychosocial factors in Endometriosis, suggesting that these are associated with pain and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Among the psychosocial factors included, anxiety, depression and catastrophising were the factors most often associated with pain and HRQoL in Endometriosis. These findings highlight the need to target psychological factors in the treatment of women with Endometriosis.

Incremental validity of acceptance over coping in predicting adjustment to endometriosis

Psychological acceptance has emerged as an important construct to explain low psychological distress in different clinical samples. However, the incremental validity of psychological acceptance to explain adjustment to medical conditions over other related and well-established constructs, such as coping, is relatively unclear. This study explored whether psychological acceptance significantly contributes to explain adjustment above and beyond coping in females with endometriosis. A total of 169 females (M_age = 34.95 years; SD_age = 6.07 years) with endometriosis and pain symptoms completed the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II, the Brief-COPE, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Psychological Wellbeing Scale, and the Endometriosis Health Profile-5. We conducted Hierarchical Regression Analyses to determine the contribution of psychological acceptance to explaining adjustment. The results showed that the contribution of psychological acceptance ranged from 11 to 20% when controlling for coping, while coping explained from 1 to 8% when the model was reversed. The findings suggest that psychological acceptance is a more useful construct than coping for predicting PD and other psychological outcomes in females with endometriosis.

Determinants of Pain-Induced Disability in German Women with Endometriosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic

(1) Background: The main aim of this research was to examine the factors leading to pain-induced disability by assessing the impact of demographic, endometriosis-specific, pandemic-specific, and mental health factors. (2) Methods: Women with endometriosis who attended online support groups were invited to respond to an online survey during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. The Pain Disability Index (PDI) was employed to assess disability-related daily functioning. Independent predictors of pain-induced disability were determined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. (3) Results: The mean PDI score of the study population was 31.61 (SD = 15.82), which was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that reported in a previously published normative study of the German population. In the present study, a high level of pain-induced disability, as defined by scores equal to or higher than the median of the study population, older age (OR 1.063, 95% CI 1.010−1.120, p = 0.020), dysmenorrhea (OR 1.015, 95% CI 1.005−1.026, p = 0.005), dysuria (OR 1.014; 95% CI 1.001−1.027, p = 0.029), lower back pain (OR 1.018, 95% CI 1.007−1.029, p = 0.001), and impaired mental health (OR 1.271, 95% CI 1.134−1.425, p < 0.001) were found to be independent risk factors. Pandemic-specific factors did not significantly influence the pain-induced disability of the participants in this study. (4) Conclusions: The level of pain-induced disability was significantly higher among the women with endometriosis than among women in the normative German validation study. Our findings identified risk factors for experiencing a high level of pain-induced disability, such as demographic and specific pain characteristics. Pandemic-specific factors did not significantly and independently influence the pain-induced disability during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Impaired mental health negatively influenced functioning during daily activities. Thus, women with endometriosis should be managed by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to prevent negative effects of pain-induced disability on their quality of life.

Chronic Pelvic Pain in Endometriosis: Cross-Sectional Associations with Mental Disorders, Sexual Dysfunctions and Childhood Maltreatment

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the rates of mental disorders, sexual dysfunctions and childhood maltreatment (CM) in women with endometriosis with either chronic pelvic pain (CPP) or minimal to no pelvic pain. Additionally, two models to predict a current mental disorder were tested, including pelvic-pain-related or psychosocial predictor variables. We examined 100 women with confirmed endometriosis (group CPP, n = 50; group NOPAIN, n = 50). Participants responded to a comprehensive questionnaire and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. The Diagnostic Interview for Mental Disorders was used to assess mental disorders according to DSM-5 and to screen for sexual dysfunctions. The mean age was 28.8 ± 5.6 (CPP)/2.7 ± 6.3 (NOPAIN). Participants with CPP had higher rates of current mental disorders (p = 0.019), lifetime mental disorders (p = 0.006) and sexual dysfunctions (p < 0.001), but not CM (p = 0.074). In two binary-logistic regression analyses, a greater need for pain relief (aOR = 4.08, p = 0.026) and a sexual dysfunction (aOR = 2.69, p = 0.031) were significant predictors for a current mental disorder. Our findings confirmed the crucial role of pelvic pain for mental and sexual well-being in endometriosis. They highlight the need for pain relief and interdisciplinary care in the treatment of endometriosis.

Mental Health and Social Support Are Key Predictors of Resilience in German Women with Endometriosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Endometriosis is a multifaceted chronic pain disorder that can have an impact on both physical and mental health. Women suffering from chronic pain may be more susceptible to various health disorders, especially during adversity, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research has identified resilience as a mediator between internal or external stressors and well-being. Methods: An online survey was conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany through patient support groups of women with endometriosis. The Brief Resilience Score (BRS) was employed to evaluate resilience, while the PHQ-4 questionnaire was used to assess self-reported mental health. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to determine resilience’s independent risk and protective parameters. Results: High educational level was found to be an independent supportive moderator of high resilience in women with a resilience score greater than the study population’s median (BRS > 2.66; OR 2.715; 95% CI 1.472−5.007; p = 0.001) but not in women in the highest resilience score quartile (BRS > 3.33). A decrease in perceived social support was detected to be the most powerful independent risk factor for low resilience: OR 0.541, 95% CI 0.307−0.952, p = 0.033 for predicting BRS > 2.66, and OR 0.397, 95% CI 0.189−0.832, p = 0.014 for predicting scores > 3.33 on the BRS scale. A high burden of mental health symptoms, as measured by the PHQ-4 scale, was negatively associated with resilience. Conclusions: Satisfying social support and good mental health were shown to be key resources for resilience. The results of this study may assist in the identification of women at risk for low resilience and the development of resilience-building strategies in patients with endometriosis.

Hormonal treatments for endometriosis: The endocrine background

Endometriosis is a benign uterine disorder characterized by menstrual pain and infertility, deeply affecting women's health. It is a chronic disease and requires a long term management. Hormonal drugs are currently the most used for the medical treatment and are based on the endocrine pathogenetic aspects. Estrogen-dependency and progesterone-resistance are the key events which cause the ectopic implantation of endometrial cells, decreasing apoptosis and increasing oxidative stress, inflammation and neuroangiogenesis. Endometriotic cells express AMH, TGF-related growth factors (inhibin, activin, follistatin) CRH and stress related peptides. Endocrine and inflammatory changes explain pain and infertility, and the systemic comorbidities described in these patients, such as autoimmune (thyroiditis, arthritis, allergies), inflammatory (gastrointestinal/urinary diseases) and mental health disorders.The hormonal treatment of endometriosis aims to block of menstruation through an inhibition of hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis or by causing a pseudodecidualization with consequent amenorrhea, impairing the progression of endometriotic implants. GnRH agonists and antagonists are effective on endometriosis by acting on pituitary-ovarian function. Progestins are mostly used for long term treatments (dienogest, NETA, MPA) and act on multiple sites of action. Combined oral contraceptives are also used for reducing endometriosis symptoms by inhibiting ovarian function. Clinical trials are currently going on selective progesterone receptor modulators, selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors. Nowadays, all these hormonal drugs are considered the first-line treatment for women with endometriosis to improve their symptoms, to postpone surgery or to prevent post-surgical disease recurrence. This review aims to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art on the current and future hormonal treatments for endometriosis, exploring the endocrine background of the disease.

Effect of sex education on sexual function and sexual quality of life in women with endometriosis: A quasi-experimental study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of a sex education program on sexual function and sexual quality of life in women with endometriosis.

METHODS

In a quasi-experimental study, women with endometriosis who had undergone laparoscopic surgery were assigned to an intervention group (n = 36) or a control group (n = 36). The intervention group received a sex education program consisting of two sessions a week (90 min each) for two consecutive weeks; the control group received none. Both groups were followed for 12 weeks. Sexual function and sexual quality of life were assessed on the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Sexual Quality of life-Female (SQOL-F) questionnaire before the intervention, as well as 8 and 12 weeks after the intervention. Outcomes were analyzed using Student t test, the χ² test, Fisher exact test, and repeated measures analysis of variance.

RESULTS

The mean age of the study participants was 36.9 ± 5.7 years. The two groups did not differ significantly in terms of demographics and pre-intervention clinical characteristics. At the end of the study, sex education reduced female sexual dysfunction by 58.1% in the intervention group. The mean FSFI score increased significantly in the intervention group from pre-intervention to 8 and 12 weeks post-intervention compared with the scores in the control group (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Sex education appears to be a promising intervention for reducing sexual dysfunction and improving sexual function and sexual quality of life in women with endometriosis. Future studies should encompass longer periods of follow up to obtain further data on the efficacy of sex education in this setting.

Endometriosis and Sexual Functioning: How Much Do Cognitive and Psycho-Emotional Factors Matter?

Women with endometriosis often suffer from genito-pelvic pain. The objective of the present study was to analyze the relationship between cognitive and psycho-emotional factors and sexual functioning of women with endometriosis, comparing women with and without endometriosis. A total of 87 women with endometriosis (EG) and 100 women without endometriosis (CG) completed a socio-demographic questionnaire; the short-form of McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ); the Female Sexual Functioning Index (FSFI); the Sexual Distress Scale (SDS); the Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90-R); the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20); the Positive and Negative Affects Scale (PANAS); the Sexual Dysfunctional Belief Questionnaire (SDBQ); the Sexual Modes Questionnaire (SMQ); and the Questionnaire of Cognitive Schema Activation in Sexual Context (QCSASC). EG obtained worse scores than CG in SF-MPQ, Pain subscale of FSFI, and SDS. EG reached higher scores than CG on almost all scales of SCL-90-R and lower scores in the “Identifying Feelings” scale of TAS-20. Furthermore, EG reported more negative emotions toward sexuality than CG (PANAS) higher scores on the “Affection Primacy” scale of SDBQ and the “Helpless” sexual cognitive schema of QCSASC than CG. No significant differences were found in SMQ. Sexual health professionals should address psychological, emotional, and cognitive factors since they seem involved in patients’ sexual experiences.

Predictors of Psychological Distress in Women with Endometriosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Endometriosis is a multifaceted chronic pain condition that can have a negative impact on mental health. Patients suffering from chronic pain may face an additional psychological burden during adversity, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The main aim of this research was to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported depression and anxiety, the influence of demographic, endometriosis-specific, pandemic-specific factors, and resilience on mental health outcomes of patients with endometriosis. Methods: An online survey was conducted through patient support groups of women suffering from endometriosis during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The PHQ-4 questionnaire, which combines two items of the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression (PHQ-2) and two items from the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-2) was used to assess self-reported mental health. The Brief Resilience Score (BRS) was employed to evaluate resilience. Independent risk and protective factors for mental health were investigated by multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: The PHQ-4 questionnaire was completed by 274 respondents. More than 40% reached depression (PHQ-2) and anxiety (GAD-2) scores of ≥3, and more than 20% achieved PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scores of ≥5. High resilience was found to be a reliable and strong independent protector for the probability of developing adverse psychological outcomes: OR 0.295, p < 0.001 for developing generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-2 ≥ 3), and OR 0.467, p < 0.001 for having major depression (PHQ-2 ≥ 3). Conclusions: Pain-induced disability is an independent risk factor for developing major depression and anxiety, while resilience was identified as a potential protective parameter in terms of positive psychological outcomes in women with endometriosis. The results of this study may help to identify women at risk for adverse mental health outcomes and should encourage healthcare practitioners to establish strategies for the reduction of negative psychological and psychiatric impacts on patients with endometriosis.

The State of Health and the Quality of Life in Women Suffering from Endometriosis

Quality of life is related to good health, family relations, feeling of self-esteem, and ability to cope with difficult situations. Endometriosis is a chronic condition which affects different areas of life. The lack of satisfaction in everyday life is mainly due to constant pain. The process of adjusting to a life with illness is associated with negative emotions. The aim of the article is to review the current state of knowledge concerning the impact of social and medical factors on a population of women affected by endometriosis. Women with endometriosis have an impaired quality of life compared to the general female population. Psychological consequences of endometriosis include: depression, anxiety, powerlessness, guilt, self-directed violence, and deterioration of interpersonal relations. It may contribute to lower productivity at work and less satisfying intimate life. A multi-disciplinary, evidence-based care is needed. The disease can take away the ability to be physically active, obtain an education, work continuously, and interact with friends. Social support and cognitive-behavioral therapy are extremely important for healing.

Endometriosis, psychiatric comorbidities and neuroimaging: Estimating the odds of an endometriosis brain

Endometriosis is a chronic pain disorder that affects young women, impairing their physical, mental and social well-being. Apart from personal suffering, it imposes a significant economic burden on the healthcare system. We analyzed studies reporting comorbid mental disorders in endometriosis based on the ICD/DSM criteria, discussing them in the context of available neuroimaging studies. We postulate that at least one-third of endometriosis patients suffer from mental disorders (mostly depression or anxiety) and require psychiatric or psychotherapeutic support. According to three neuroimaging studies involving patients with endometriosis, brain regions related not only to pain processing but also to emotion, cognition, self-regulation and reward likely constitute the so-called "endometriosis brain". It is not clear, however, whether the neurobiological changes seen in these patients are caused by chronic pain, mental comorbidities or endometriosis itself. Given the paucity of high-quality data on mental comorbidities and neurobiological correlates in endometriosis, further research is needed.

Effect of Surgical Treatment for Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis on Pelvic Floor Disorders: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

 To evaluate the impact of surgical treatment of deep infiltrative endometriosis (DIE) on pelvic floor dysfunction (urinary incontinence [UI], pelvic organ prolapse [POP], fecal incontinence [FI)] or constipation, and sexual function [dyspareunia]).

DATA SOURCE

 The present systematic review was performed in the PubMed database. For the selection of studies, articles should be published by January 5, 2021, without language restriction.

STUDY SELECTION

 Six randomized controlled studies that evaluated surgical treatment for DIE and the comparison of different surgical techniques were included.

DATA COLLECTION

 The studies were selected independently by title and abstract by two authors. Disagreements were resolved by a third author. All included studies were also evaluated according to the Cochrane risk of bias tool and the quality of the evidence was analyzed using the GRADE criteria. Subgroup analysis by different treatments and follow-up periods was also performed.

RESULTS

 Six studies were included in the quantitative analysis. The risk of bias between studies showed an uncertain risk of bias for most studies, with concealment of allocation being the least reported category. The quality of the evidence was considered low. High heterogeneity was found between the studies. No study has evaluated UI or POP comparatively before and after surgery.

CONCLUSION

 Dyspareunia and FI have improved after the surgical procedure, but it was not possible to demonstrate which surgical technique was related to these outcomes as there was surgical heterogeneity. This diversity was found across data, with the recommendation of future prospective studies addressing pelvic floor disorders with DIE.

Challenges of and possible solutions for living with endometriosis: a qualitative study

Background

Endometriosis as a chronic gynecological disease has several negative effects on women’s life, thereby placing a huge burden on the patients and the health system. The negative impact of living with endometriosis (impaired quality of life, diverse medical experiences) is detailed in the literature, however, we know less about patients’ self-management, social support, the meaning of life with a chronic disease, and the needs of patients. To implement a proper multidisciplinary approach in practice, we need to have a comprehensive view of the complexity of endometriosis patients’ life and disease history.

Methods

Four focus group discussions were conducted between October 2014 and November 2015 by a team consisting of medical and psychological specialists. 21 women (age: 31.57; SD = 4.45) with surgical and histological confirmation of endometriosis were included in the study. Discussions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, and a 62,051-word corpus was analyzed using content analysis.

Results

Four main themes emerged from the analysis: (1) the impact of endometriosis on quality of life, (2) medical experiences, (3) complementary and alternative treatments, and (4) different coping strategies in disease management. All themes were interrelated and highly affected by a lack of information and uncertainty caused by endometriosis. A supporting doctor-patient relationship, active coping, and social support were identified as advantages over difficulties. Finding the positive meaning of life after accepting endometriosis increased the possibility of posttraumatic growth. Furthermore, women’s needs were identified at all levels of the ecological approach to health promotion.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the need for multidisciplinary healthcare programs and interventions to find solutions to the difficulties of women with endometriosis. To achieve this goal, a collaboration of professionals, psychologists, and support organizations is needed in the near future.

Limitations in Activities of Daily Living Among Spanish Women Diagnosed With Endometriosis

IMPORTANCE

Understanding the impact of endometriosis symptoms on patients' activities of daily living (ADLs) is a priority to establish effective and personalized intervention programs.

OBJECTIVE

To explore limitations in ADLs and instrumental ADLs (IADLs) and their association with pelvic pain (PP), chronic fatigue, and pain-catastrophizing thoughts among women with endometriosis.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Spain.

PARTICIPANTS

Two hundred thirty women with endometriosis. Outcomes and Measures: Information regarding performance of ADLs (Barthel Index) and IADLs (Lawton-Brody questionnaire), PP intensity (Numeric Rating Scale), chronic fatigue (Piper Fatigue Scale), and pain-catastrophizing thoughts (Pain Catastrophizing Scale) was gathered. Multivariate regression analyses were created, and mediating effects of fatigue and pain-catastrophizing thoughts on the association between PP and ADL and IADL limitations were assessed.

RESULTS

The prevalence of limitations in at least one ADL and one IADL was 22.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] [17.2, 28.1]) and 39.1% (95% CI [32.8, 45.5]), respectively. Limitations in bowel continence, housework, shopping, and meal preparation were reported most frequently. Women reporting severe PP showed higher risk for ADL (odds ratio [OR] = 3.33, 95% CI [1.10, 10.10]) and IADL (OR = 7.99, 95% CI [2.86, 22.34]) limitations. Chronic fatigue and pain-catastrophizing thoughts were also positively related to ADL-IADL limitations, showing a mediating effect on the association between PP and ADL-IADL limitations.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

This study reveals the widespread presence of difficulties in ADL-IADL performance among women with endometriosis, with some symptoms underlying these difficulties in occupational performance. This study points to the need for cost-effective occupational therapy interventions for affected women. What This Article Adds: This research shows that the occupational performance of women with endometriosis is frequently impaired; therefore, the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions should be addressed in the near future.

Evaluation of the SF-36 questionnaire for assessment of the quality of life of endometriosis patients undergoing treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Endometriosis has a negative influence on the physical, psychological, and social aspects of a patient's life; therefore, it affects the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The current review aimed to investigate the efficiency of a 36-item generic questionnaire survey (SF-36) for patients with endometriosis who were undergoing medical or surgical treatment. A search strategy including the key words ‘endometriosis’, ‘quality of life’ (QOL), and ‘questionnaire SF-36’ was applied using the PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases in order to include articles that evaluated the QOL among women with endometriosis using the SF-36. Only articles that included interviews of patients both before and after surgical or medical endometriosis treatment or those articles that compared study groups were considered. The qualitative analysis was based on 37 articles, whereas the quantitative analysis utilized 14 articles. The research participants included 11,101 women, among whom 6,888 patients were diagnosed with endometriosis. The analysis recorded 17 studies dealing with all types of endometriosis, 9 studies dealing with deep infiltrative endometriosis (DIE), and 9 studies dealing with bowel endometriosis or DIE with bowel involvement. QOL was evaluated using only SF-36 in 12 studies that collectively included 1,912 women and using SF-36 in association with other questionnaires in 25 studies that collectively included 8,022 women. For patients with endometriosis, physical functioning [odds ratio (OR), 78.87; 95% confidence interval (CI), 68.97-88.77; I²=98.77%; P≤0.001] was the most affected life parameter. This parameter showed the highest improvement after surgical intervention (OR, 63.39; 95% CI, 48.71-78.07; I²=97.65%; P≤0.001) or hormonal treatment (OR, 38.65; 95% CI, 14.39-62.91; I²=38.65%; P≤0.001). The 36-item survey generic questionnaire seems to be an efficient tool for assessment of the QOL of life of women with endometriosis who are undergoing surgical or medical treatment. It can be applied before and after the procedure, and it can also be used for comparing study groups.

Effect of physical activity and exercise on endometriosis-associated symptoms: a systematic review

Background

Endometriosis is a common benign gynecological disease that has the potential to debilitate due to pain and reduced quality of life. Treatment modalities such as hormones and surgery have limitations and do not treat all dimensions of the problems caused by endometriosis, and physical activity (PA) and exercise have been suggested as alternative treatments. Aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of PA and exercise on endometriosis-associated symptoms.

Methods

Eleven databases were searched systematically. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were carried out by two independent researchers in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Eligibility criteria were women with diagnosed endometriosis receiving an intervention (PA and/or exercise). The primary outcome was pain intensity, but all outcomes were accepted.

Results

This study screened 1045 citations for eligibility. Four interventional studies were identified, of which one showed fatal design flaws and so was excluded. Three studies, two randomized controlled trials (RCT) and one pre-post study with no control group, involving 109 patients were included in a descriptive synthesis. The interventions included flexibility and strength training, cardiovascular fitness, and yoga, and were performed from one to four times per week for a total duration of 8–24 weeks, with or without supervision. Only one study found improvements in pain intensity. One study showed decreases in stress levels. Due to the heterogeneity of the study outcomes and measures, as well as confounding factors, a quantitative meta-analysis could not be performed.

Conclusion

The effect of PA and exercise as treatments for endometrioses-associated symptoms could not be determined due to significant limitations of the included studies. Future research should be based on RCTs of high methodological quality, measuring and reporting relevant core outcomes such as pain, improvements in symptoms and quality of life, and acceptability and satisfaction from the perspectives of patients. Furthermore, these outcomes need to be measured using reliable and validated tools.

Trial registration number

CRD42021233138.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12905-021-01500-4.

Depression, Anxiety, and Correlating Factors in Endometriosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Endometriosis stage is not directly related to the burden of symptoms, and recurrence of symptoms occurs frequently. It is suggested that symptoms are associated with psychological distress, as in depression and anxiety disorders. Our aim was to explore the strength of the associations between endometriosis and depression or anxiety and to review correlating factors. Materials and Methods: A literature search was carried out using the electronic databases Embase, PubMed, Web-of-science, and PsycINFO. Search terms related to depression, anxiety, and endometriosis were combined resulting in 1,837 records. Articles were included when describing an association between patients with endometriosis and symptoms of depression or anxiety assessed by validated tools, structured psychiatric interviews, or a documented diagnosis. With 47 articles a systematic qualitative review was performed. Seventeen studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Results: Endometriosis patients experienced significantly more symptoms of depression (standardized mean difference [SMD] of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36-1.06)) and anxiety (SMD 0.60 (95% CI 0.35-0.84)) compared with healthy controls, but no differences were found comparing endometriosis patients with other chronic pelvic pain patients (SMD -0.01 [95% CI -0.17 to 0.15] for depression and SMD -0.02 [95% CI -0.22 to 0.18] for anxiety). Besides the effect of pain, other correlating factors included age, quality of life, quality of sleep, fatigue, sexual function, gastrointestinal symptoms, comorbidity, self-esteem, emotional self-efficacy, coping style, social adjustment, pain imagery, and pain sensitization. Conclusion: This systematic review supports the assumption that symptoms of depression and anxiety occur frequently in endometriosis patients and are related to chronic pain. Correlating factors should further be investigated.

Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Directed Violence in Women With Endometriosis: A Retrospective Matched-Cohort Study

The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of mental health outcomes in women in the United States with and without documented endometriosis. In a retrospective matched-cohort study using administrative health claims data from Optum's Clinformatics DataMart from May 1, 2000, through March 31, 2019, women aged 18-50 years with endometriosis (n = 72,677), identified by International Classification of Disease diagnosis codes (revisions 9 or 10), were matched 1:2 on age and calendar time to women without endometriosis (n = 147,251), with a median follow-up of 529 days (interquartile range, 195, 1,164). The rate per 1,000 person-years of anxiety, depression, and self-directed violence among women with endometriosis was 57.1, 47.7, and 0.9, respectively. Comparing women with endometriosis to those without, the adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were 1.38 (1.34, 1.42) for anxiety, 1.48 (1.44, 1.53) for depression, and 2.03 (1.60, 2.58) for self-directed violence. The association with depression was stronger among women younger than 35 years (P for heterogeneity < 0.01). Risk factors for incident depression, anxiety, and self-directed violence among women with endometriosis included endometriosis-related pain symptoms and prevalence of other chronic conditions associated with pain. The identification of risk factors for mental health conditions among women with endometriosis may improve patient-centered disease management.

Endometriosis-associated pain: a review of quality of life, sexual health and couple relationship

INTRODUCTION

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease that affects women's quality of life, sexuality, and relationship. Endometriosis-associated pain plays an essential role in well-being impairment. The present review aimed to analyze literature about endometriosis-associated pain and quality of life, sexual health, and quality of the relationship, assessing the role of the biopsychosocial factors involved and the women's pain experience.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

Bibliographic research of relevant articles published from 2015 to 2020 in PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO, and Cochrane Library.

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

Endometriosis is associated with impairing all women's quality of life domains, and pain appears to be the most influential variable. The pain mechanism is not simple and implies several biological, psychological, and social factors. Women's sexual health is also impaired, and patients report dyspareunia, sexual dysfunctions, dissatisfaction, and distress. Partners' sexual well being is compromised as well. Endometriosis negatively influences relationship quality, and the illness burden affects both couple members.

CONCLUSIONS

A multidisciplinary team using a couple-centered and a biopsychosocial approach is crucial to provide appropriate treatment for endometriosis-associated pain. A better comprehension of all bio-psycho-social aspects implicated in women's well-being and pain experience needs more research.

Impact of symptom burden on work performance status in Spanish women diagnosed with endometriosis

OBJECTIVE

To explore work performance status in Spanish women with endometriosis and to identify those endometriosis-related symptoms that potentially contribute to the reduced work performance.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Spain.

POPULATION

Women with endometriosis working at enrolment (n = 148).

METHODS

Work performance status was assessed through the Work Role Functioning Questionnaire (WRFQ). Endometriosis-related symptoms (pelvic pain, catastrophizing thoughts related to pain, chronic fatigue, sleep quality, mood status, gastrointestinal discomfort and social support) were also evaluated through validated scales. Statistical analyses were performed through multivariate linear regression analyses.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Work performance status.

RESULTS

Median WRFQ score was 72.0, with the lowest scores found in demands related to worker's needs to manage the workday from beginning to end and those dynamic and static physical loads required in the conduct of work duties. Severe pelvic pain, depressive mood and poorer sleep quality was inversely related to work performance status (p-values <0.020). Finally, self-perceived social support was borderline associated with better work performance (p = 0.057). Considered together, these four psychosocial factors were responsible to explain the 37.9 % of the limitations on work performance observed in our study sample.

CONCLUSIONS

Spanish women with endometriosis reported lower WRQF scores (predominantly in work scheduling and physical demands) in comparison with previous studies on Spanish healthy adults. Psychosocial factors, including pelvic pain, sleep quality and depressive mood are related with work performance status. Thus, the effectiveness of physical and psychological rehabilitation programs in work productivity in women with endometriosis should be evaluated in the close future.