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Illés A, Pikó H, Árvai K, Donka V, Szepesi O, Kósa J, Lakatos P, Beke A. Screening of premature ovarian insufficiency associated genes in Hungarian patients with next generation sequencing. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:98. [PMID: 38649916 PMCID: PMC11036647 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-024-01873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature ovarian insuffiency (POI) is one of the main cause behind infertility. The genetic analysis of POI should be part of the clinical diagnostics, as several genes have been implicated in the genetic background of it. The aim of our study was to analyse the genetic background of POI in a Hungarian cohort. METHODS The age of onset was between 15 and 39 years. All patients had the 46,XX karyotype and they were prescreened for the most frequent POI associated FMR1 premutation. To identify genetic alterations next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 31 genes which were previously associated to POI were carried out in 48 unrelated patients from Hungary. RESULTS Monogenic defect was identified in 16.7% (8 of 48) and a potential genetic risk factor was found in 29.2% (14 of 48) and susceptible oligogenic effect was described in 12.5% (6 of 48) of women with POI using the customized targeted panel sequencing. The genetic analysis identified 8 heterozygous damaging and 4 potentially damaging variants in POI-associated genes. Further 10 potential genetic risk factors were detected in seven genes, from which EIF2B and GALT were the most frequent. These variants were related to 15 genes: AIRE, ATM, DACH2, DAZL, EIF2B2, EIF2B4, FMR1, GALT, GDF9, HS6ST2, LHCGR, NOBOX, POLG, USP9X and XPNPEP2. In six cases, two or three coexisting damaging mutations and risk variants were identified. CONCLUSIONS POI is characterized by heterogenous phenotypic features with complex genetic background that contains increasing number of genes. Deleterious variants, which were detected in our cohort, related to gonadal development (oogenesis and folliculogenesis), meiosis and DNA repair, hormonal signaling, immune function, and metabolism which were previously associated with the POI phenotype. This is the first genetic epidemiology study targeting POI associated genes in Hungary. The frequency of variants in different POI associated genes were similar to the literature, except EIF2B and GALT. Both of these genes potential risk factor were detected which could influence the phenotype, although it is unlikely that they can be responsible for the development of the disease by themselves. Advances of sequencing technologies make it possible to aid diagnostics of POI Since individual patients show high phenotypic variance because of the complex network controlling human folliculogenesis. Comprehensive NGS screening by widening the scope to genes which were previously linked to infertility may facilitate more accurate, quicker and cheaper genetic diagnoses for POI. The investigation of patient's genotype could support clinical decision-making process and pave the way for future clinical trials and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anett Illés
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henriett Pikó
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Árvai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika Donka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olívia Szepesi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Kósa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Lakatos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Artúr Beke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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2
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Yao X, Wang C, Yu W, Sun L, Lv Z, Xie X, Tian S, Yan L, Li L, Liu J. BCAS2 regulates oocyte meiotic prophase I by participating in mRNA alternative splicing. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23361. [PMID: 38085152 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301234rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Oocyte meiotic prophase I (MI) is an important event in female reproduction. Breast cancer amplified sequence 2 (BCAS2) is a component of the spliceosome. Previous reports have shown that BCAS2 is critical in male germ cell meiosis, oocyte development, and early embryo genome integrity. However, the role of BCAS2 in oocyte meiosis has not been reported. We used Stra8-GFPCre mice to knock out Bcas2 in oocytes during the pachytene phase. The results of fertility tests showed that Bcas2 conditional knockout (cKO) in oocytes results in infertility in female mice. Morphological analysis showed that the number of primordial follicles in the ovaries of 2-month-old (M) mice was significantly reduced and that follicle development was blocked. Further analysis showed that the number of primordial follicles decreased and that follicle development was slowed in 7-day postpartum (dpp) ovaries. Moreover, primordial follicles undergo apoptosis, and DNA damage cannot be repaired in primary follicle oocytes. Meiosis was abnormal; some oocytes could not reach the diplotene stage, and more oocytes could not develop to the dictyotene stage. Alternative splicing (AS) analysis revealed abnormal AS of deleted in azoospermia like (Dazl) and diaphanous related formin 2 (Diaph2) oogenesis-related genes in cKO mouse ovaries, and the process of AS was involved by CDC5L and PRP19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaofan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiran Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Longjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Vanderschelden RK, Rodriguez-Escriba M, Chan SH, Berman AJ, Rajkovic A, Yatsenko SA. Heterozygous TP63 pathogenic variants in isolated primary ovarian insufficiency. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:2211-2218. [PMID: 37453019 PMCID: PMC10440319 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02886-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study aimed to identify the genetic causes of non-syndromic primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in female patients. METHODS We performed whole exome sequencing in females suffering from isolated POI and in their available family members. Copy number variations were validated by long-range PCR and Sanger sequencing, and conservation analysis was used to evaluate the impact of sequence variants on protein composition. RESULTS We detected two pathogenic TP63 heterozygous deleterious single nucleotide variants and a novel TP63 intragenic copy number alteration in three unrelated women with isolated POI. Two of these genetic variants are predicted to result in loss of transactivation inhibition of p63, whereas the third one affects the first exon of the ΔNp63 isoforms. CONCLUSION Our results broaden the spectrum of TP63-related disorders, which now includes sporadic and familial, isolated, and syndromic POI. Genomic variants that impair the transactivation inhibitory domain of the TAp63α isoform are the cause of non-syndromic POI. Additionally, variants affecting only the ΔNp63 isoforms may result in isolated POI. In patients with isolated POI, careful evaluation of genomic variants in pleiotropic genes such as TP63 will be essential to establish a full clinical spectrum and atypical presentation of a disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Serena H Chan
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrea J Berman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aleksandar Rajkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Svetlana A Yatsenko
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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4
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Takahashi N, Franciosi F, Daldello EM, Luong XG, Althoff P, Wang X, Conti M. CPEB1-dependent disruption of the mRNA translation program in oocytes during maternal aging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:416. [PMID: 36697412 PMCID: PMC9877008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular causes of deteriorating oocyte quality during aging are poorly defined. Since oocyte developmental competence relies on post-transcriptional regulations, we tested whether defective mRNA translation contributes to this decline in quality. Disruption in ribosome loading on maternal transcripts is present in old oocytes. Using a candidate approach, we detect altered translation of 3'-UTR-reporters and altered poly(A) length of the endogenous mRNAs. mRNA polyadenylation depends on the cytoplasmic polyadenylation binding protein 1 (CPEB1). Cpeb1 mRNA translation and protein levels are decreased in old oocytes. This decrease causes de-repression of Ccnb1 translation in quiescent oocytes, premature CDK1 activation, and accelerated reentry into meiosis. De-repression of Ccnb1 is corrected by Cpeb1 mRNA injection in old oocytes. Oocyte-specific Cpeb1 haploinsufficiency in young oocytes recapitulates all the translation phenotypes of old oocytes. These findings demonstrate that a dysfunction in the oocyte translation program is associated with the decline in oocyte quality during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Takahashi
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Federica Franciosi
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Reproductive and Developmental Biology Lab, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Daldello
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD-IBPS, Paris, France
| | - Xuan G Luong
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Peter Althoff
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Marco Conti
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,USA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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5
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Sakka R, Abdelhedi F, Sellami H, Pichon B, Lajmi Y, Mnif M, Kebaili S, Derbel R, Kamoun H, Gdoura R, Delbaere A, Desir J, Abramowicz M, Vialard F, Dupont JM, Ammar-Keskes L. An unusual familial Xp22.12 microduplication including EIF1AX: A novel candidate dosage-sensitive gene for premature ovarian insufficiency. Eur J Med Genet 2022; 65:104613. [PMID: 36113757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on the results of array-CGH and Whole exome sequencing (WES) studies carried out in a Tunisian family with 46,XX premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). This study has led to the identification of a familial Xp22.12 tandem duplication with a size of 559.4 kb, encompassing only three OMIM genes (RPS6KA3, SH3KBP1and EIF1AX), and a new heterozygous variant in SPIDR gene: NM_001080394.3:c.1845_1853delTATAATTGA (p.Ile616_Asp618del) segregating with POI. Increased mRNA expression levels were detected for SH3KBP1 and EIF1AX, while a normal transcript level for RPS6KA3 was detected in the three affected family members, explaining the absence of intellectual disability (ID). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first duplication involving the Xp22.12 region, reported in a family without ID, but rather with secondary amenorrhea (SA) and female infertility. As EIF1AX is a regulatory gene escaping X-inactivation, which has an extreme dosage sensitivity and highly expressed in the ovary, we suggest that this gene might be a candidate gene for ovarian function. Homozygous nonsense pathogenic variants of SPIDR gene have been reported in familial cases in POI. It has been suggested that chromosomal instability associated with SPIDR molecular defects supports the role of SPIDR protein in double-stranded DNA damage repair in vivo in humans and its causal role in POI. In this family, the variant (p.Ile616_Asp618del), present in a heterozygous state, is located in the domain that interacts with BLM and might disrupt the BLM binding ability of SPIDR protein. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that the additional effect of this variant could lead to POI in this family. Although the work represents the first evidence that EIF1AX duplication might be responsible for POI through its over-expression, further functional studies are needed to clarify and prove EIF1AX involvement in POI phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Sakka
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia; Center of Medical Genetics, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fatma Abdelhedi
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia; Medical Genetics Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Hanen Sellami
- Water Researches and Technologies Center (CERTE), University of Carthage, Tourist Road Soliman, Nabeul, Tunisia; Toxicology, Environmental Microbiology and Health Research Laboratory (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Pichon
- Center of Medical Genetics, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yosra Lajmi
- Cytogenetics Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Mouna Mnif
- Department of Endocrinology, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sahbi Kebaili
- Department of Gynecology, HediChaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rihab Derbel
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hassen Kamoun
- Medical Genetics Department, Hedi Chaker Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Radhouane Gdoura
- Toxicology, Environmental Microbiology and Health Research Laboratory (LR17ES06), Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Anne Delbaere
- Fertility Clinic, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Erasme Hospital, UniversitéLibre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Desir
- Center of Medical Genetics, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Abramowicz
- Center of Medical Genetics, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Vialard
- Genetics Department, CHI Poissy St Germain-en-Laye, F-78300, Poissy, France; RHuMA Team, UMR-BREED, INRAE-UVSQ-ENVA, UFR-SVS, F-78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Jean-Michel Dupont
- Cytogenetics Department, Cochin Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Descartes University, Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Leila Ammar-Keskes
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
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6
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McGlacken-Byrne SM, Achermann JC, Conway GS. Management of a Girl With Delayed Puberty and Elevated Gonadotropins. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac108. [PMID: 35935072 PMCID: PMC9351373 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A girl presenting with delayed puberty and elevated gonadotropins may have a range of conditions such as Turner syndrome (TS), primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), and 46,XY disorders of sexual development (DSD). An organized and measured approach to investigation can help reach a timely diagnosis. Management of young people often requires specialist multidisciplinary input to address the endocrine and nonendocrine features of these complex conditions, as well as the psychological challenges posed by their diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing within the research setting has revealed several genetic causes of POI and 46,XY DSD, which may further facilitate an individualized approach to care of these young people in the future. Pubertal induction is required in many and the timing of this may need to be balanced with other issues specific to the condition (eg, allowing time for information-sharing in 46,XY DSD, optimizing growth in TS). Shared decision-making and sign-posting to relevant support groups from the outset can help empower young people and their families to manage these conditions. We describe 3 clinical vignettes of girls presenting with delayed puberty and hypergonadotropic amenorrhea and discuss their clinical management in the context of current literature and guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad M McGlacken-Byrne
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6AU, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - John C Achermann
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gerard S Conway
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6AU, UK
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7
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Tucker EJ, Gutfreund N, Belaud-Rotureau MA, Gilot D, Brun T, Kline BL, Domin-Bernhard M, Théard C, Touraine P, Robevska G, van den Bergen J, Ayers KL, Sinclair AH, Dötsch V, Jaillard S. Dominant TP63 missense variants lead to constitutive activation and premature ovarian insufficiency. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1443-1453. [PMID: 35801529 PMCID: PMC9542062 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a leading form of female infertility, characterised by menstrual disturbance and elevated follicle‐stimulating hormone before age 40. It is highly heterogeneous with variants in over 80 genes potentially causative, but the majority of cases having no known cause. One gene implicated in POI pathology is TP63. TP63 encodes multiple p63 isoforms, one of which has been shown to have a role in the surveillance of genetic quality in oocytes. TP63 C‐terminal truncation variants and N‐terminal duplication have been described in association with POI, however, functional validation has been lacking. Here we identify three novel TP63 missense variants in women with nonsyndromic POI, including one in the N‐terminal activation domain, one in the C‐terminal inhibition domain, and one affecting a unique and poorly understood p63 isoform, TA*p63. Via blue‐native page and luciferase reporter assays we demonstrate that two of these variants disrupt p63 dimerization, leading to constitutively active p63 tetramer that significantly increases the transcription of downstream targets. This is the first evidence that TP63 missense variants can cause isolated POI and provides mechanistic insight that TP63 variants cause POI due to constitutive p63 activation and accelerated oocyte loss in the absence of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena J Tucker
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Niklas Gutfreund
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marc-Antoine Belaud-Rotureau
- CHU Rennes, Service de Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, F-35033, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - David Gilot
- CHU Rennes, Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, F-35033, Rennes, France.,INSERM U1242, COSS, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, 35042, France
| | - Tiffany Brun
- CHU Rennes, Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, F-35033, Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Reproduction Humaine, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - Brianna L Kline
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mathilde Domin-Bernhard
- CHU Rennes, Département de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Reproduction Humaine, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - Camille Théard
- CHU Rennes, Service de Génétique Clinique, CLAD Ouest, F-35033, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Touraine
- Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, AP-HP, Sorbonne University Medicine, Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Centre des Pathologies Gynécologiques Rares, Paris, France
| | - Gorjana Robevska
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jocelyn van den Bergen
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katie L Ayers
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew H Sinclair
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France.,CHU Rennes, Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, F-35033, Rennes, France
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8
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Chiereghin C, Robusto M, Massa V, Castorina P, Ambrosetti U, Asselta R, Soldà G. Role of Cytoskeletal Diaphanous-Related Formins in Hearing Loss. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111726. [PMID: 35681420 PMCID: PMC9179844 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hearing relies on the proper functioning of auditory hair cells and on actin-based cytoskeletal structures. Diaphanous-related formins (DRFs) are evolutionarily conserved cytoskeletal proteins that regulate the nucleation of linear unbranched actin filaments. They play key roles during metazoan development, and they seem particularly pivotal for the correct physiology of the reproductive and auditory systems. Indeed, in Drosophila melanogaster, a single diaphanous (dia) gene is present, and mutants show sterility and impaired response to sound. Vertebrates, instead, have three orthologs of the diaphanous gene: DIAPH1, DIAPH2, and DIAPH3. In humans, defects in DIAPH1 and DIAPH3 have been associated with different types of hearing loss. In particular, heterozygous mutations in DIAPH1 are responsible for autosomal dominant deafness with or without thrombocytopenia (DFNA1, MIM #124900), whereas regulatory mutations inducing the overexpression of DIAPH3 cause autosomal dominant auditory neuropathy 1 (AUNA1, MIM #609129). Here, we provide an overview of the expression and function of DRFs in normal hearing and deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Chiereghin
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Michela Robusto
- Experimental Therapeutics Program, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy;
| | - Valentina Massa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Di Rudinì 8, 20146 Milan, Italy;
| | | | - Umberto Ambrosetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, UO Audiologia, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (R.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Soldà
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (R.A.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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9
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Osterburg C, Dötsch V. Structural diversity of p63 and p73 isoforms. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:921-937. [PMID: 35314772 PMCID: PMC9091270 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-00975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The p53 protein family is the most studied protein family of all. Sequence analysis and structure determination have revealed a high similarity of crucial domains between p53, p63 and p73. Functional studies, however, have shown a wide variety of different tasks in tumor suppression, quality control and development. Here we review the structure and organization of the individual domains of p63 and p73, the interaction of these domains in the context of full-length proteins and discuss the evolutionary origin of this protein family.
Facts
Distinct physiological roles/functions are performed by specific isoforms.
The non-divided transactivation domain of p63 has a constitutively high activity while the transactivation domains of p53/p73 are divided into two subdomains that are regulated by phosphorylation.
Mdm2 binds to all three family members but ubiquitinates only p53.
TAp63α forms an autoinhibited dimeric state while all other vertebrate p53 family isoforms are constitutively tetrameric.
The oligomerization domain of p63 and p73 contain an additional helix that is necessary for stabilizing the tetrameric states. During evolution this helix got lost independently in different phylogenetic branches, while the DNA binding domain became destabilized and the transactivation domain split into two subdomains.
Open questions
Is the autoinhibitory mechanism of mammalian TAp63α conserved in p53 proteins of invertebrates that have the same function of genomic quality control in germ cells?
What is the physiological function of the p63/p73 SAM domains?
Do the short isoforms of p63 and p73 have physiological functions?
What are the roles of the N-terminal elongated TAp63 isoforms, TA* and GTA?
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10
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Afkhami F, Shahbazi S, Farzadi L, Danaei S. Novel bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) gene variants implicated in premature ovarian insufficiency. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2022; 20:42. [PMID: 35232444 PMCID: PMC8886931 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-022-00913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) is expressed in oocytes and plays a crucial role in the reproduction of mono-ovulating species. In humans, BMP15 gene mutations lead to imperfect protein function and premature ovarian insufficiency. Here we investigated the BMP15 gene variants in a population of Iranian women with premature ovarian insufficiency. We conducted predictive bioinformatics analysis to further study the outcomes of BMP15 gene alterations. METHODS Twenty-four well-diagnosed premature ovarian insufficiency cases with normal karyotype participated in this study. The entire coding sequence and exon-intron junctions of the BMP15 gene were analyzed by direct sequencing. In-silico analysis was applied using various pipelines integrated into the Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor online tool. The clinical interpretation was performed based on the approved guidelines. RESULTS By gene screening of BMP15, we discovered p.N103K, p.A180T, and p.M184T heterozygous variants in 3 unrelated patients. The p.N103K and p.M184T were not annotated on gnomAD, 1000 Genome and/or dbSNP. These mutations were not identified in 800 Iranians whole-exome sequencing that is recorded on Iranom database. We identified the p.N103K variant in a patient with secondary amenorrhea at the age of 17, elevated FSH and atrophic ovaries. The p.M184T was detected in a sporadic case with atrophic ovaries and very high FSH who developed secondary amenorrhea at the age of 31. CONCLUSIONS Here we newly identified p.N103K and p.M184T mutation in the BMP15 gene associated with idiopathic premature ovarian insufficiency. Both mutations have occurred in the prodomain region of protein. Despite prodomain cleavage through dimerization, it is actively involved in the mature protein function. Further studies elucidating the roles of prodomain would lead to a better understanding of the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Afkhami
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Shahbazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Laya Farzadi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahla Danaei
- Gynecology Departments, Eastern Azerbaijan ACECR ART Center, Eastern Azerbaijan Branch of ACECR, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Turkyilmaz A, Alavanda C, Ates EA, Geckinli BB, Polat H, Gokcu M, Karakaya T, Cebi AH, Soylemez MA, Guney Aİ, Ata P, Arman A. Whole-exome sequencing reveals new potential genes and variants in patients with premature ovarian insufficiency. J Assist Reprod Genet 2022; 39:695-710. [PMID: 35066699 PMCID: PMC8995228 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by the cessation of menstrual cycles before the age of 40 years due to the depletion or dysfunction of the ovarian follicles. POI is a highly heterogeneous disease in terms of etiology. The aim of this study is to reveal the genetic etiology in POI patients. METHODS A total of 35 patients (mean age: 27.2 years) from 28 different families diagnosed with POI were included in the study. Karyotype, FMR1 premutation analysis, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, and whole-exome sequencing (WES) were conducted to determine the genetic etiology of patients. RESULTS A total of 35 patients with POI were first evaluated by karyotype analysis, and chromosomal anomaly was detected in three (8.5%) and FMR1 premutation was detected in six patients (17%) from two different families. A total of 29 patients without FMR1 premutation were included in the SNP array analysis, and one patient had a 337-kb deletion in the chromosome 6q26 region including PARK2 gene, which was thought to be associated with POI. Twenty-nine cases included in SNP array analysis were evaluated simultaneously with WES analysis, and genetic variant was detected in 55.1% (16/29). CONCLUSION In the present study, rare novel variants were identified in genes known to be associated with POI, which contribute to the mutation spectrum. The effects of detected novel genes and variations on different pathways such as gonadal development, meiosis and DNA repair, or metabolism need to be investigated by experimental studies. Molecular etiology allows accurate genetic counseling to the patient and family as well as fertility planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayberk Turkyilmaz
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Ceren Alavanda
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Arslan Ates
- grid.414850.c0000 0004 0642 8921Department of Medical Genetics, Marmara University Pendik Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bilgen Bilge Geckinli
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hamza Polat
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gokcu
- grid.31564.350000 0001 2186 0630Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Taner Karakaya
- Department of Medical Genetics, Isparta City Hospital, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Alper Han Cebi
- grid.31564.350000 0001 2186 0630Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Soylemez
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet İlter Guney
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Ata
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Arman
- grid.16477.330000 0001 0668 8422Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is determined by exhaustion of follicles in the ovaries, which leads to infertility before the age of 40 years. It is characterized by a strong familial and heterogeneous genetic background. Therefore, we will mainly discuss the genetic basis of POI in this review. We identified 107 genes related to POI etiology in mammals described by several independent groups. Thirty-four of these genes (AARS2, AIRE, ANTXR1, ATM, BMPR1B, CLPP, CYP17A1, CYP19A1, DCAF17, EIF2B, ERAL1, FANCA, FANCC, FMR1, FOXL2, GALT, GNAS, HARS2, HSD17B4, LARS2, LMNA, MGME1, NBN, PMM2, POLG, PREPL, RCBTB1, RECQL2/3/4, STAR, TWNK, and XRCC4/9) have been linked to syndromic POI and are mainly implicated in metabolism function and meiosis/DNA repair. In addition, the majority of genes associated with nonsyndromic POI, widely expanded by high-throughput techniques over the last decade, have been implicated in ovarian development and meiosis/DNA repair pathways (ATG7, ATG9, ANKRD31, BMP8B, BMP15, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, BMPR2, BNC1, BRCA2, CPEB1, C14ORF39, DAZL, DIAPH2, DMC1, ERCC6, FANCL, FANCM, FIGLA, FSHR, GATA4, GDF9, GJA4, HELQ, HSF2BP, HFM1, INSL3, LHCGR, LHX8, MCM8, MCM9, MEIOB, MSH4, MSH5, NANOS3, NOBOX, NOTCH2, NR5A1, NUP107, PGRMC1, POLR3H, PRDM1, PRDM9, PSMC3IP, SOHLH1, SOHLH2, SPIDR, STAG3, SYCE1, TP63, UBR2, WDR62, and XRCC2), whereas a few are related to metabolic functions (EIF4ENIF1, KHDRBS1, MRPS22, POLR2C). Some genes, such as STRA8, FOXO3A, KIT, KITL, WNT4, and FANCE, have been shown to cause ovarian insufficiency in rodents, but mutations in these genes have yet to be elucidated in women affected by POI. Lastly, some genes have been rarely implicated in its etiology (AMH, AMHR2, ERRC2, ESR1, INHA, LMN4, POF1B, POU5F1, REC8, SMC1B). Considering the heterogeneous genetic and familial background of this disorder, we hope that an overview of literature data would reinforce that genetic screening of those patients is worthwhile and helpful for better genetic counseling and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Malheiros França
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Section of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Bestetti I, Barbieri C, Sironi A, Specchia V, Yatsenko SA, De Donno MD, Caslini C, Gentilini D, Crippa M, Larizza L, Marozzi A, Rajkovic A, Toniolo D, Bozzetti MP, Finelli P. Targeted whole exome sequencing and Drosophila modelling to unveil the molecular basis of primary ovarian insufficiency. Hum Reprod 2021; 36:2975-2991. [PMID: 34480478 PMCID: PMC8523209 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Can a targeted whole exome sequencing (WES) on a cohort of women showing a primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) phenotype at a young age, combined with a study of copy number variations, identify variants in candidate genes confirming their deleterious effect on ovarian function? SUMMARY ANSWER This integrated approach has proved effective in identifying novel candidate genes unveiling mechanisms involved in POI pathogenesis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY POI, a condition occurring in 1% of women under 40 years of age, affects women’s fertility leading to a premature loss of ovarian reserve. The genetic causes of POI are highly heterogeneous and several determinants contributing to its prominent oligogenic inheritance pattern still need to be elucidated. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION WES screening for pathogenic variants of 41 Italian women with non-syndromic primary and early secondary amenorrhoea occurring before age 25 was replicated on another 60 POI patients, including 35 French and 25 American women, to reveal statistically significant shared variants. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The Italian POI patients’ DNA were processed by targeted WES including 542 RefSeq genes expressed or functioning during distinct reproductive or ovarian processes (e.g. DNA repair, meiosis, oocyte maturation, folliculogenesis and menopause). Extremely rare variants were filtered and selected by means of a Fisher Exact test using several publicly available datasets. A case-control Burden test was applied to highlight the most significant genes using two ad-hoc control female cohorts. To support the obtained data, the identified genes were screened on a novel cohort of 60 Caucasian POI patients and the same case-control analysis was carried out. Comparative analysis of the human identified genes was performed on mouse and Drosophila melanogaster by analysing the orthologous genes in their ovarian phenotype, and two of the selected genes were fruit fly modelled to explore their role in fertility. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The filtering steps applied to search for extremely rare pathogenic variants in the Italian cohort revealed 64 validated single-nucleotide variants/Indels in 59 genes in 30 out of 41 screened women. Burden test analysis highlighted 13 ovarian genes as being the most enriched and significant. To validate these findings, filtering steps and Burden analysis on the second cohort of Caucasian patients yielded 11 significantly enriched genes. Among them, AFP, DMRT3, MOV10, FYN and MYC were significant in both patient cohorts and hence were considered strong candidates for POI. Mouse and Drosophila comparative analysis evaluated a conserved role through the evolution of several candidates, and functional studies using a Drosophila model, when applicable, supported the conserved role of the MOV10 armitage and DMRT3 dmrt93B orthologues in female fertility. LARGE SCALE DATA The datasets for the Italian cohort generated during the current study are publicly available at ClinVar database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/): accession numbers SCV001364312 to SCV001364375. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is a targeted WES analysis hunting variants in candidate genes previously identified by different genomic approaches. For most of the investigated sporadic cases, we could not track the parental inheritance, due to unavailability of the parents’ DNA samples; in addition, we might have overlooked additional rare variants in novel candidate POI genes extracted from the exome data. On the contrary, we might have considered some inherited variants whose clinical significance is uncertain and might not be causative for the patients’ phenotype. Additionally, as regards the Drosophila model, it will be extremely important in the future to have more mutants or RNAi strains available for each candidate gene in order to validate their role in POI pathogenesis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The genomic, statistical, comparative and functional approaches integrated in our study convincingly support the extremely heterogeneous oligogenic nature of POI, and confirm the maintenance across the evolution of some key genes safeguarding fertility and successful reproduction. Two principal classes of genes were identified: (i) genes primarily involved in meiosis, namely in synaptonemal complex formation, asymmetric division and oocyte maturation and (ii) genes safeguarding cell maintenance (piRNA and DNA repair pathways). STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by Italian Ministry of Health grants ‘Ricerca Corrente’ (08C621_2016 and 08C924_2019) provided to IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, and by ‘Piano Sostegno alla Ricerca’ (PSR2020_FINELLI_LINEA_B) provided by the University of Milan; M.P.B. was supported by Telethon-Italy (grant number GG14181). There are no conflicts of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Bestetti
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - C Barbieri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute and Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - A Sironi
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - V Specchia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - S A Yatsenko
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M D De Donno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - C Caslini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - D Gentilini
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - M Crippa
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - L Larizza
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - A Marozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - A Rajkovic
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San, Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Research Institute and Vita Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - M P Bozzetti
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - P Finelli
- Research Laboratory of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Segrate, Milan, Italy
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14
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Abstract
Almost 25 years have passed since a mutation of a formin gene, DIAPH1, was identified as being responsible for a human inherited disorder: a form of sensorineural hearing loss. Since then, our knowledge of the links between formins and disease has deepened considerably. Mutations of DIAPH1 and six other formin genes (DAAM2, DIAPH2, DIAPH3, FMN2, INF2 and FHOD3) have been identified as the genetic cause of a variety of inherited human disorders, including intellectual disability, renal disease, peripheral neuropathy, thrombocytopenia, primary ovarian insufficiency, hearing loss and cardiomyopathy. In addition, alterations in formin genes have been associated with a variety of pathological conditions, including developmental defects affecting the heart, nervous system and kidney, aging-related diseases, and cancer. This review summarizes the most recent discoveries about the involvement of formin alterations in monogenic disorders and other human pathological conditions, especially cancer, with which they have been associated. In vitro results and experiments in modified animal models are discussed. Finally, we outline the directions for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A. Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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15
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The Role of Mutant p63 in Female Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168968. [PMID: 34445673 PMCID: PMC8396438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63, one of the p53 family members, plays an essential role in regulating maternal reproduction and genomic integrity as well as epidermal development. TP63 (human)/Trp63 (mouse) produces multiple isoforms: TAp63 and ΔNp63, which possess a different N-terminus depending on two different promoters, and p63a, p63b, p63g, p63δ, and p63ε as products of alternative splicing at the C-terminus. TAp63 expression turns on in the nuclei of primordial germ cells in females and is maintained mainly in the oocyte nuclei of immature follicles. It has been established that TAp63 is the genomic guardian in oocytes of the female ovaries and plays a central role in determining the oocyte fate upon oocyte damage. Lately, there is increasing evidence that TP63 mutations are connected with female infertility, including isolated premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and syndromic POI. Here, we review the biological functions of p63 in females and discuss the consequences of p63 mutations, which result in infertility in human patients.
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16
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Hernández-López D, Geisinger A, Trovero MF, Santiñaque FF, Brauer M, Folle GA, Benavente R, Rodríguez-Casuriaga R. Familial primary ovarian insufficiency associated with an SYCE1 point mutation: defective meiosis elucidated in humanized mice. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:485-497. [PMID: 32402064 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 50% of cases of primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) and nonobstructive azoospermia in humans are classified as idiopathic infertility. Meiotic defects may relate to at least some of these cases. Mutations in genes coding for synaptonemal complex (SC) components have been identified in humans, and hypothesized to be causative for the observed infertile phenotype. Mutation SYCE1 c.721C>T (former c.613C>T)-a familial mutation reported in two sisters with primary amenorrhea-was the first such mutation found in an SC central element component-coding gene. Most fundamental mammalian oogenesis events occur during the embryonic phase, and eventual defects are identified many years later, thus leaving few possibilities to study the condition's etiology and pathogenesis. Aiming to validate an approach to circumvent this difficulty, we have used the CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate a mouse model with an SYCE1 c.721C>T equivalent genome alteration. We hereby present the characterization of the homozygous mutant mice phenotype, compared to their wild type and heterozygous littermates. Our results strongly support a causative role of this mutation for the POI phenotype in human patients, and the mechanisms involved would relate to defects in homologous chromosome synapsis. No SYCE1 protein was detected in homozygous mutants and Syce1 transcript level was highly diminished, suggesting transcript degradation as the basis of the infertility mechanism. This is the first report on the generation of a humanized mouse model line for the study of an infertility-related human mutation in an SC component-coding gene, thus representing a proof of principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hernández-López
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Geisinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.,Biochemistry-Molecular Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | | | - Mónica Brauer
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Experimental Neuropharmacology, IIBCE, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gustavo A Folle
- Department of Genetics, IIBCE, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.,Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Core, IIBCE, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ricardo Benavente
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rosana Rodríguez-Casuriaga
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.,Biochemistry-Molecular Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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17
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Cloke B, Rymer J. Premature ovarian insufficiency - the need for a genomic map. Climacteric 2021; 24:444-452. [PMID: 34308731 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2021.1945025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a life-long disorder of heterogeneous etiology, presenting as adolescent primary amenorrhea in its most severe form, with an overall incidence of 1%. Idiopathic POI accounts for up to 70% of women with POI; and genomic, genetic, epidemiological, familial and cohort studies demonstrate a genetic component to this condition. Currently, the only genetic tests routinely performed in non-syndromic POI are FMR1 premutation and cytogenetics, the latter specifically for X-chromosome abnormalities. However, a myriad of genetic aberrations has been identified and implicated, some of which act in a monogenic Mendelian fashion. The presence of multiple genetic aberrations and the complexity of POI genomics are hardly surprising since the embryological formation of the primordial oocyte pool, postnatal oogenesis and folliculogenesis are all highly complex pathways. With this review, the aim is to discuss the current genetic etiologies in the emerging field of POI genomics. Promising candidate genes include STAG3, SYCE1, FIGLA, NOBOX, FSHR, BMP15 and INHA. This area has the potential to progress rapidly in light of advances in genomic technologies. The development of a POI genomic map not only will assist in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms affecting ovarian function but will also be essential in designing predictive and diagnostic gene panels as well as future novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Cloke
- Menopause Research Unit, McNair Gynaecology Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - J Rymer
- Menopause Research Unit, McNair Gynaecology Centre, Guy's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK.,School of Medical Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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18
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Yang Q, Mumusoglu S, Qin Y, Sun Y, Hsueh AJ. A kaleidoscopic view of ovarian genes associated with premature ovarian insufficiency and senescence. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21753. [PMID: 34233068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100756r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian infertility and subfertility presenting with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and diminished ovarian reserve are major issues facing the developed world due to the trend of delaying childbirth. Ovarian senescence and POI represent a continuum of physiological/pathophysiological changes in ovarian follicle functions. Based on advances in whole exome sequencing, evaluation of gene copy variants, together with family-based and genome-wide association studies, we discussed genes responsible for POI and ovarian senescence. We used a gene-centric approach to sort out literature deposited in the Ovarian Kaleidoscope database (http://okdb.appliedbioinfo.net) by sub-categorizing candidate genes as ligand-receptor signaling, meiosis and DNA repair, transcriptional factors, RNA metabolism, enzymes, and others. We discussed individual gene mutations found in POI patients and verification of gene functions in gene-deleted model organisms. Decreased expression of some of the POI genes could be responsible for ovarian senescence, especially those essential for DNA repair, meiosis and mitochondrial functions. We propose to set up a candidate gene panel for targeted sequencing in POI patients together with studies on mitochondria-associated genes in middle-aged subfertile patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sezcan Mumusoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingpu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aaron J Hsueh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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19
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Piedade KC, Spencer H, Persani L, Nelson LM. Optimizing Fertility in Primary Ovarian Insufficiency: Case Report and Literature Review. Front Genet 2021; 12:676262. [PMID: 34249096 PMCID: PMC8261244 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.676262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a clinical spectrum of ovarian dysfunction. Overt POI presents with oligo/amenorrhea and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism before age 40 years. Overt POI involves chronic health problems to include increased morbidity and mortality related to estradiol deficiency and the associated osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease as well as psychological and psychiatric disorders related to the loss of reproductive hormones and infertility. Presently, with standard clinical testing, a mechanism for Overt POI can only be identified in about 10% of cases. Now discovery of new mechanisms permits an etiology to be identified in a research setting in 25-30% of overt cases. The most common genetic cause of Overt POI is premutation in FMR1. The associated infertility is life altering. Oocyte donation is effective, although many women prefer to conceive with their own ova. Surprisingly, the majority who have Overt POI still have detectable ovarian follicles (70%). The major mechanism of follicle dysfunction in Overt POI has been histologically defined by a prospective NIH study: inappropriate follicle luteinization due to the tonically elevated serum LH levels. A trial of physiologic hormone replacement therapy, clinically proven to suppress the elevated LH levels in these women, may improve follicle function and increase the chance of ovulation. Here, we report the case of a woman with Overt POI diagnosed at age 35 years. To attempt pregnancy, she elected a trial of intrauterine insemination (IUI) in conjunction with follicle monitoring and physiologic hormone replacement therapy. She conceived on the eighth cycle of treatment and delivered a healthy baby. Our report calls for a concerted effort to define the best methods by which to optimize fertility for women who have POI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hillary Spencer
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
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20
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Genetic etiologic analysis in 74 Chinese Han women with idiopathic premature ovarian insufficiency by combined molecular genetic testing. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:965-978. [PMID: 33538981 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the disease-causing genes of Chinese Han women with idiopathic premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). METHODS Seventy-four Chinese Han women with idiopathic POI were collected to analyze the genetic etiology. Triplet repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction (TP-PCR) was performed to screen the FMR1 (CGG)n premutation, and then 60 POI-related genes were sequenced by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) in POI patients with normal FMR1. RESULTS A total of one patient (1/74) with FMR1 premutation was identified. Targeted NGS revealed that 15.07% (11/73) patients had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants of Mendelian genes (FOXL2, EIF2B2, CYP17A1, CLPP, MCM9, GDF9, MSH5, ERCC6, POLG). Ten novel variants in six Mendelian genes were identified, such as CLPP c.355A>C (p.I119L) and c.688A>C (p.M230L), MCM9 c.1157C>T (p.T386M) and c.1291A>G (p.M431V), GDF9 c. 238C>T (p.Q80X), MSH5 c.604G>C (p.G202R) and c.2063T>C (p.I688T), ERCC6 c.C1769C>T (p.P590L), POLG c.2832G>C (p.E944D), and c.2821A>G (p.I941V). CONCLUSION This study suggested targeted NGS was an efficient etiologic test for idiopathic POI patients without FMR1 premutation and enriched the variant spectrum of POI-related genes.
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21
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Isoform-Specific Roles of Mutant p63 in Human Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030536. [PMID: 33572532 PMCID: PMC7866788 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The protein p63 belongs to the family of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mouse models have, however, shown that it is not a classical tumor suppressor but instead involved in developmental processes. Mutations in the p63 gene cause several developmental defects in human patients characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia due to p63’s role as a master regulator of epidermal development. In addition, p63 plays a key role as a quality control factor in oocytes and p63 mutations can result either in compromised genetic quality control or premature cell death of all oocytes. Abstract The p63 gene encodes a master regulator of epidermal commitment, development, and differentiation. Heterozygous mutations in the DNA binding domain cause Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal Dysplasia, characterized by limb deformation, cleft lip/palate, and ectodermal dysplasia while mutations in in the C-terminal domain of the α-isoform cause Ankyloblepharon-Ectodermal defects-Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome, a life-threatening disorder characterized by skin fragility, severe, long-lasting skin erosions, and cleft lip/palate. The molecular disease mechanisms of these syndromes have recently become elucidated and have enhanced our understanding of the role of p63 in epidermal development. Here we review the molecular cause and functional consequences of these p63-mutations for skin development and discuss the consequences of p63 mutations for female fertility.
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22
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Rossetti R, Moleri S, Guizzardi F, Gentilini D, Libera L, Marozzi A, Moretti C, Brancati F, Bonomi M, Persani L. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Indicates a Frequent Oligogenic Involvement in Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Onset. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:664645. [PMID: 34803902 PMCID: PMC8600266 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.664645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is one of the major causes of female infertility associated with the premature loss of ovarian function in about 3.7% of women before the age of 40. This disorder is highly heterogeneous and can manifest with a wide range of clinical phenotypes, ranging from ovarian dysgenesis and primary amenorrhea to post-pubertal secondary amenorrhea, with elevated serum gonadotropins and hypoestrogenism. The ovarian defect still remains idiopathic in some cases; however, a strong genetic component has been demonstrated by the next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach of familiar and sporadic POI cases. As recent evidence suggested an oligogenic architecture for POI, we developed a target NGS panel with 295 genes including known candidates and novel genetic determinants potentially involved in POI pathogenesis. Sixty-four patients with early onset POI (range: 10-25 years) of our cohort have been screened with 90% of target coverage at 50×. Here, we report 48 analyzed patients with at least one genetic variant (75%) in the selected candidate genes. In particular, we found the following: 11/64 patients (17%) with two variants, 9/64 (14%) with three variants, 9/64 (14%) with four variants, 3/64 (5%) with five variants, and 2/64 (3%) with six variants. The most severe phenotypes were associated with either the major number of variations or a worse prediction in pathogenicity of variants. Bioinformatic gene ontology analysis identified the following major pathways likely affected by gene variants: 1) cell cycle, meiosis, and DNA repair; 2) extracellular matrix remodeling; 3) reproduction; 4) cell metabolism; 5) cell proliferation; 6) calcium homeostasis; 7) NOTCH signaling; 8) signal transduction; 9) WNT signaling; 10) cell death; and 11) ubiquitin modifications. Consistently, the identified pathways have been described in other studies dissecting the mechanisms of folliculogenesis in animal models of altered fertility. In conclusion, our results contribute to define POI as an oligogenic disease and suggest novel candidates to be investigated in patients with POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Rossetti
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Raffaella Rossetti, ; Luca Persani,
| | - Silvia Moleri
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Guizzardi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genomics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Libera
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Marozzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Costanzo Moretti
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Medical Genetics, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
- Human Functional Genomics, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Raffaella Rossetti, ; Luca Persani,
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23
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Gebel J, Tuppi M, Sänger N, Schumacher B, Dötsch V. DNA Damaged Induced Cell Death in Oocytes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235714. [PMID: 33287328 PMCID: PMC7730327 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of haploid gametes through meiosis is central to the principle of sexual reproduction. The genetic diversity is further enhanced by exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes by the crossover mechanism. This mechanism not only requires correct pairing of homologous chromosomes but also efficient repair of the induced DNA double-strand breaks. Oocytes have evolved a unique quality control system that eliminates cells if chromosomes do not correctly align or if DNA repair is not possible. Central to this monitoring system that is conserved from nematodes and fruit fly to humans is the p53 protein family, and in vertebrates in particular p63. In mammals, oocytes are stored for a long time in the prophase of meiosis I which, in humans, can last more than 50 years. During the entire time of this arrest phase, the DNA damage checkpoint remains active. The treatment of female cancer patients with DNA damaging irradiation or chemotherapeutics activates this checkpoint and results in elimination of the oocyte pool causing premature menopause and infertility. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of this quality control system and discuss potential therapeutic intervention for the preservation of the oocyte pool during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Gebel
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcel Tuppi
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
| | - Nicole Sänger
- Department for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53217 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Research Center, and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Volker Dötsch
- Institute of Biophysical Chemistry and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; (J.G.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-69-798-29631
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24
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França MM, Funari MFA, Lerario AM, Santos MG, Nishi MY, Domenice S, Moraes DR, Costalonga EF, Maciel GAR, Maciel-Guerra AT, Guerra-Junior G, Mendonca BB. Screening of targeted panel genes in Brazilian patients with primary ovarian insufficiency. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240795. [PMID: 33095795 PMCID: PMC7584253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a heterogeneous disorder associated with several genes. The majority of cases are still unsolved. Our aim was to identify the molecular diagnosis of a Brazilian cohort with POI. Genetic analysis was performed using a customized panel of targeted massively parallel sequencing (TMPS) and the candidate variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Additional copy number variation (CNV) analysis of TMPS samples was performed by CONTRA. Fifty women with POI (29 primary amenorrhea and 21 secondary amenorrhea) of unknown molecular diagnosis were included in this study, which was conducted in a tertiary referral center of clinical endocrinology. A genetic defect was obtained in 70% women with POI using the customized TMPS panel. Twenty-four pathogenic variants and two CNVs were found in 48% of POI women. Of these variants, 16 genes were identified as BMP8B, CPEB1, INSL3, MCM9, GDF9, UBR2, ATM, STAG3, BMP15, BMPR2, DAZL, PRDM1, FSHR, EIF4ENIF1, NOBOX, and GATA4. Moreover, a microdeletion and microduplication in the CPEB1 and SYCE1 genes, respectively, were also identified in two distinct patients. The genetic analysis of eleven patients was classified as variants of uncertain clinical significance whereas this group of patients harbored at least two variants in different genes. Thirteen patients had benign or no rare variants, and therefore the genetic etiology remained unclear. In conclusion, next-generation sequencing (NGS) is a highly effective approach to identify the genetic diagnoses of heterogenous disorders, such as POI. A molecular etiology allowed us to improve the disease knowledge, guide decisions about prevention or treatment, and allow familial counseling avoiding future comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. França
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariana F. A. Funari
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio M. Lerario
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Mariza G. Santos
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mirian Y. Nishi
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Sequenciamento em Larga Escala (SELA), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sorahia Domenice
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela R. Moraes
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Everlayny F. Costalonga
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo A. R. Maciel
- Disciplina de Ginecologia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea T. Maciel-Guerra
- Departamento de Genética Médica e Medicina Genômica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra-Junior
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Berenice B. Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Sequenciamento em Larga Escala (SELA), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo FMUSP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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25
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Xue Q, Li G, Cao Y, Yin J, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Zhou C, Shen H, Dou X, Su Y, Wang K, Zou J, Han W. Identification of genes involved in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chickens. Anim Biosci 2020; 34:975-984. [PMID: 33152217 PMCID: PMC8100482 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Inbreeding depression of reproduction is a major concern in the conservation of native chicken genetic resources. Here, based on the successful development of strongly inbred (Sinb) and weakly inbred (Winb) Langshan chickens, we aimed to evaluate inbreeding effects on reproductive traits and identify candidate genes involved in inbreeding depression of reproduction in Langshan chickens. Methods A two-sample t-test was performed to estimate the differences in phenotypic values of reproductive traits between Sinb and Winb chicken groups. Three healthy chickens with reproductive trait values around the group mean values were selected from each of the groups. Differences in ovarian and hypothalamus transcriptomes between the two groups of chickens were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Results The Sinb chicken group showed an obvious inbreeding depression in reproduction, especially for traits of age at the first egg and egg number at 300 days (p<0.01). Furthermore, 68 and 618 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in the hypothalamus and ovary between the two chicken groups, respectively. In the hypothalamus, DEGs were mainly enriched in the pathways related to vitamin metabolism, signal transduction and development of the reproductive system, such as the riboflavin metabolism, Wnt signaling pathway, extracellular matrix-receptor interaction and focal adhesion pathways, including stimulated by retinoic acid 6, serpin family F member 1, secreted frizzled related protein 2, Wnt family member 6, and frizzled class receptor 4 genes. In the ovary, DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways associated with basic metabolism, including amino acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycosaminoglycan degradation. A series of key DEGs involved in folate biosynthesis (gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1), oocyte meiosis and ovarian function (cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1, structural maintenance of chromosomes 1B, and speedy/RINGO cell cycle regulator family member A), spermatogenesis and male fertility (prostaglandin D2 synthase 21 kDa), Mov10 RISC complex RNA helicase like 1, and deuterosome assembly protein 1) were identified, and these may play important roles in inbreeding depression in reproduction. Conclusion The results improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying inbreeding depression in chicken reproduction and provide a theoretical basis for the conservation of species resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xue
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Poultry Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Poultry Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yuxia Cao
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Jianmei Yin
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Poultry Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yunfen Zhu
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Poultry Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Chenghao Zhou
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Poultry Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Haiyu Shen
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Xinhong Dou
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Yijun Su
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Kehua Wang
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Jianmin Zou
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Wei Han
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Yangzhou 225000, China.,Science and Technology Innovation Center, Poultry Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225000, China
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26
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Hsueh AJW, Kawamura K. Hippo signaling disruption and ovarian follicle activation in infertile patients. Fertil Steril 2020; 114:458-464. [PMID: 32782158 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway, which is important in organ size regulation, is present in organisms from the fly to mammals. Disruption of the Hippo signaling pathway leads to increased nuclear translocation of the effector Yes-associated protein (YAP), resulting in the expression of cystein-rich 61, connective tissue growth factor, and nephroblastoma overexpressed (CCN) growth factors and baculoviral inhibitors of apoptosis repeat containing (BIRC) apoptosis inhibitors to increase organ sizes. Furthermore, genome-wide knockdown of genes in insect cells demonstrated that actin polymerization promoted nuclear translocation of YAP. In the mammalian ovary, we demonstrated the expression of Hippo signaling pathway genes and showed that ovarian fragmentation increased actin polymerization, leading to YAP nuclear translocation and increased expression of cystein-rich 61, CCN growth factors and BIRC apoptosis inhibitors, followed by enhanced follicle growth. Here we summarize evidence suggesting the role of mechanical stress on follicle growth in the ovary and describe recent use of ovary-damaging procedures to treat ovarian infertility. Ovarian fragmentation, together with in vitro incubation with Akt-stimulating drugs, formed the basis of an in vitro activation (IVA) therapy to treat patients with premature ovarian insufficiency, whereas ovarian fragmentation alone (drug-free IVA) was successful in treating patients with premature ovarian insufficiency with recent menses cessation. For middle-aged women with poor ovarian responses and diminished ovarian reserve, drug-free IVA was also effective in promoting follicle growth for infertility treatment. In addition, an in vivo follicle activation approach based on laparoscopic ovarian incision showed promise for patients with resistant ovary syndrome. With initial success using mechanical disruption approaches, future investigation could evaluate possibilities to refine mechanical methods and to locally administer actin polymerization-enhancing drugs for ovarian infertility treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J W Hsueh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
| | - Kazuhiro Kawamura
- Advanced Reproductive Medicine Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, International University of Health and Welfare School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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27
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Jiao W, Zhao S, Liu R, Guo T, Qin Y. CPEB1 deletion is not a common explanation for premature ovarian insufficiency in a Chinese cohort. J Ovarian Res 2020; 13:49. [PMID: 32354341 PMCID: PMC7193392 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-020-00630-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), which is characterized by early menopause before the age of 40 years, affects approximately 1–5% of women. Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1 (CPEB1) is a post-transcriptional regulatory protein that is highly expressed in germ cells and promotes oocytes maturation, and several studies have found microdeletions of chromosome 15q25.2, which contains the CPEB1 gene, in POI patients. However, the deleted region also includes other plausible genes, and thus the contribution of CPEB1 to POI is uncertain. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between CPEB1 deletion and POI in a Chinese cohort. Material and methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with primers for exon 4 and exon 11 of CPEB1 was performed to detect the CPEB1 deletion in 323 patients with POI and in 300 healthy controls. Subsequent qPCR with primers for each exon of CPEB1 was performed to precisely localize the deletion locus. Results One patient with primary amenorrhea was found to carry a heterozygous deletion of exons 8–12 of the CPEB1 gene. Conclusion Our study is the first to search for CPEB1 deletions in POI patients using a simple qPCR method, and we show that CPEB1 deletion is not a common cause for POI in a Chinese cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Jiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Shidou Zhao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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28
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Mathorne SW, Ravn P, Hansen D, Beck-Nielsen SS, Gjørup H, Sørensen KP, Fagerberg CR. Novel phenotype of syndromic premature ovarian insufficiency associated with TP63 molecular defect. Clin Genet 2020; 97:779-784. [PMID: 32067224 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that TP63 is associated with isolated as well as syndromic premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). We report two adolescent sisters diagnosed with undetectable ovaries, uterine hypoplasia, and mammary gland hypoplasia. A novel paternally inherited nonsense variant in TP63 [NM_003722.4 c.1927C > T,p.(Arg643*)] in exon 14 was identified by exome sequencing. One of the syndromes linked to TP63 is limb mammary syndrome (LMS), an autosomal dominant inherited disorder characterized by ectrodactyly, hypoplasia of mammary-gland and nipple, lacrimal duct stenosis, nail dysplasia, dental anomalies, cleft palate and/or cleft lip and absence of skin and hair defects. The TP63 variant segregated with symptoms of LMS in the family, however, no affected individual had limb defects. The phenotype reported here represents a novel syndromic phenotype associated with TP63. Reported cases with TP63 associated POI are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine W Mathorne
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pernille Ravn
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dorte Hansen
- H C Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Gjørup
- Center for Oral Health in Rare Diseases, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristina P Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Rossetti R, Ferrari I, Bestetti I, Moleri S, Brancati F, Petrone L, Finelli P, Persani L. Fundamental role of BMP15 in human ovarian folliculogenesis revealed by null and missense mutations associated with primary ovarian insufficiency. Hum Mutat 2020; 41:983-997. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Rossetti
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic ResearchIRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan Italy
| | - Ilaria Ferrari
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic ResearchIRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan Italy
| | - Ilaria Bestetti
- Lab of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular GeneticsIstituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCSMilan Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilan Italy
| | - Silvia Moleri
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic ResearchIRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan Italy
| | - Francesco Brancati
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental SciencesUniversity of L'AquilaL'Aquila Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell BiologyIstituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI) IRCCSRome Italy
| | - Luisa Petrone
- Dipartimento Medico‐Geriatico, EndocrinologiaAzienda ospedaliero‐Universitaria CareggiFirenze Italy
| | - Palma Finelli
- Lab of Medical Cytogenetics and Molecular GeneticsIstituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCSMilan Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational MedicineUniversity of MilanMilan Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Lab of Endocrine and Metabolic ResearchIRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilan Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community HealthUniversity of MilanMilan Italy
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30
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França MM, Mendonca BB. Genetics of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency in the Next-Generation Sequencing Era. J Endocr Soc 2020; 4:bvz037. [PMID: 32099950 PMCID: PMC7033037 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is characterized by amenorrhea, increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, and hypoestrogenism, leading to infertility before the age of 40 years. Elucidating the cause of POI is a key point for diagnosing and treating affected women. Here, we review the genetic etiology of POI, highlighting new genes identified in the last few years using next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches. We searched the MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for articles published in or translated to English. Several genes were found to be associated with POI genetic etiology in humans and animal models (SPIDR, BMPR2, MSH4, MSH5, GJA4, FANCM, POLR2C, MRPS22, KHDRBS1, BNC1, WDR62, ATG7/ATG9, BRCA2, NOTCH2, POLR3H, and TP63). The heterogeneity of POI etiology has been revealed to be remarkable in the NGS era, and discoveries have indicated that meiosis and DNA repair play key roles in POI development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Malheiros França
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Berenice Bilharinho Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular/LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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