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Lin Z, Luo W, Zhang K, Dai S. Environmental and Microbial Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model Establishment: A Review Partly through Mendelian Randomization. Gut Liver 2024; 18:370-390. [PMID: 37814898 PMCID: PMC11096900 DOI: 10.5009/gnl230179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex condition resulting from environmental, microbial, immunologic, and genetic factors. With the advancement of Mendelian randomization research in IBD, we have gained new insights into the relationship between these factors and IBD. Many animal models of IBD have been developed using different methods, but few studies have attempted to model IBD by combining environmental factors and microbial factors. In this review, we examine how environmental factors and microbial factors affect the development and progression of IBD, and how they interact with each other and with the intestinal microbiota. We also summarize the current methods for creating animal models of IBD and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Based on the latest findings from Mendelian randomization studies on the role of environmental factors in IBD, we discuss which environmental and microbial factors could be used to construct a more realistic and reliable IBD experimental model. We propose that animal models of IBD should consider both environmental and microbial factors to better mimic human IBD pathogenesis and to reveal the underlying mechanisms of IBD at the immune and genetic levels. We highlight the importance of environmental and microbial factors in IBD pathogenesis and offer new perspectives and suggestions for improving experimental animal modeling. Our goal is to create a model that closely resembles the clinical picture of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Lin
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Luo
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaijun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, ChinaNational Key Clinical Specialty, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixue Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, ChinaNational Key Clinical Specialty, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatric Center, National Regional Medical Center, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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Tan J, Xu T, Gou Y, Wang H, Liang Z, Cao Y, Wang H, Yu Y, Jiao N, Zhang Z. CCL20/CCR6 axis mediates macrophages to promote proliferation and migration of ESCs by blocking autophagic flux in endometriosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:294. [PMID: 35841069 PMCID: PMC9284876 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endometriosis (EMs) is a common benign gynecological disease that affects approximately 10% of females of reproductive age. Endometriosis ectopic lesions could recruit macrophages, which in turn facilitates endometriosis progression. Several studies have indicated that CCL20 derived from macrophages activates the expression of CCR6 in several cells and induces cell proliferation and migration. However, the function of the CCL20/CCR6 axis in the interactions between macrophages and endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs) in EMs has yet to be elucidated. Methods Ectopic and normal endometrial tissues were collected from 35 ovarian endometriosis patients and 21 control participants for immunohistochemical staining. It was confirmed that macrophages secreted CCL20 to promote CCR6 activation of ESCs during co-culture by ELISA, qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. CCK8 and Edu assays were used to detect cell proliferation, and wound healing and Transwell assay were used to detect cell migration. Autophagic flux was detected by measuring the protein expression levels of LC3 and P62by western blot and analyzing the red/yellow puncta after ESCs were transfected with mRFP-GFP-LC3 double fluorescence adenovirus (Ad‐LC3). Lysosomal function was tested by quantifying the fluorescent intensities of Lyso-tracker and Gal3 and activity of acid phosphatase. In addition, co-IP experiments verified the binding relationship between CCR6 and TFEB. Finally, the suppressive effect of CCL20-NAb on endometriosis lesions in vivo was demonstrated in mice models. Results We demonstrated that macrophages secreted CCL20 to promote CCR6 activation of ESCs during co-culture, which further induced the proliferation and migration of ESCs. We observed that the CCL20/CCR6 axis impaired lysosomal function and then blocked the autolysosome degradation process of autophagic flux in ESCs. The combination of CCR6 and TFEB to inhibit TFEB nuclear translocation mediates the role of the CCL20/CCR6 axis in the above process. We also found that co-culture with ESCs upregulated the production and secretion of CCL20 by macrophages. The suppression effect of CCL20-NAb on endometriosis lesions in vivo was demonstrated in mice models. Conclusions Our data indicate that macrophages block TFEB-mediated autolysosome degradation process of autophagic flux in ESCs via the CCL20/CCR6 axis, thereby promoting ESC proliferation and migration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02981-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Tenghan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Luohe Central Hospital, Luohe, China
| | - Yanling Gou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Honglin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Zongwen Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Yingying Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Yangyang Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Na Jiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Zongfeng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 148 Baojian Road, Harbin, 150086, China.
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de Costa A. The appendix‐mucosal immunity and tolerance in the gut: consequences for the syndromes of appendicitis and its epidemiology. ANZ J Surg 2022; 92:653-660. [PMID: 35152541 PMCID: PMC9304207 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cause of appendicitis is unknown. A review is presented across diverse sources relating to the biology of the appendix and its perturbations. A mechanistic model of the function of the appendix is presented, and its application to the syndromes and consequences of appendicitis is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan de Costa
- College of Medicine and Dentistry James Cook University, Cairns Clinical School, Cairns Hospital Cairns Queensland Australia
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Heuthorst L, Mookhoek A, Wildenberg ME, D'Haens GR, Bemelman WA, Buskens CJ. High prevalence of ulcerative appendicitis in patients with ulcerative colitis. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:1148-1156. [PMID: 34750986 PMCID: PMC8672077 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated that the appendix may be a priming site of ulcerative colitis (UC). Appendectomy is inversely associated with the development of UC, and is suggested to have a beneficial effect on the disease course in patients with refractory disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to assess histological features of appendices from patients with UC and their clinical relevance. METHODS Patients with UC in remission and active UC (therapy refractory) that underwent appendectomy between 2012 and 2019 were included. Histological features of UC appendices were compared to those of patients with acute appendicitis and colon carcinoma. The Robarts Histopathology Index (RHI) was used to assess appendiceal inflammation. In patients with active UC, histological and clinical characteristics were compared between patients with and without endoscopic response following appendectomy. RESULTS In total, 140 appendix specimens were assessed (n = 35 UC remission, n = 35 active UC, n = 35 acute appendicitis, n = 35 colon carcinoma). Histological features of appendices from UC patients looked like UC rather than acute appendicitis. The presence of active appendiceal inflammation was comparable between patients in remission versus active disease (53.7% vs. 46.3%, p = 0.45) and limited versus extensive disease (58.5% vs. 41.5%, p = 0.50). Endoscopic response (Mayo 0-1) following appendectomy, assessed in 28 therapy refractory patients, was more frequently seen in patients with higher RHI scores (RHI > 6: 81.8% vs. RHI ≤ 6: 9.1%, p = 0.03) and limited disease (proctitis/left sided 63.6% vs. pancolitis 36.4%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION The presence of active appendiceal inflammation is common in UC and does not correlate with colonic disease activity. More than 50% of UC patients in remission showed active histological disease in the appendix. Favorable response to appendectomy for refractory UC was seen in cases with ulcerative appendicitis. These findings might support the role of the appendix as a pivotal organ in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Heuthorst
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aart Mookhoek
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Bemelman
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christianne J Buskens
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Haring E, Zeiser R, Apostolova P. Interfering With Inflammation: Heterogeneous Effects of Interferons in Graft- Versus-Host Disease of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705342. [PMID: 34249014 PMCID: PMC8264264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine can be the target of several immunologically mediated diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). GVHD is a life-threatening complication that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract is associated with a particularly high mortality. GVHD development starts with the recognition of allo-antigens in the recipient by the donor immune system, which elicits immune-mediated damage of otherwise healthy tissues. IBD describes a group of immunologically mediated chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine. Several aspects, including genetic predisposition and immune dysregulation, are responsible for the development of IBD, with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis being the two most common variants. GVHD and IBD share multiple key features of their onset and development, including intestinal tissue damage and loss of intestinal barrier function. A further common feature in the pathophysiology of both diseases is the involvement of cytokines such as type I and II interferons (IFNs), amongst others. IFNs are a family of protein mediators produced as a part of the inflammatory response, typically to pathogens or malignant cells. Diverse, and partially paradoxical, effects have been described for IFNs in GVHD and IBD. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of type I, II and III IFNs, including basic concepts and controversies about their functions in the context of GVHD and IBD. In addition, therapeutic options, research developments and remaining open questions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Haring
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petya Apostolova
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Song MY, Ullah S, Yang HY, Ahmed MR, Saleh AA, Liu BR. Long-term effects of appendectomy in humans: is it the optimal management of appendicitis? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15:657-664. [PMID: 33350352 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2021.1868298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Appendectomy remains the gold standard for treating uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis. However, the vermiform appendix may play a significant role in the immune system (secondary immune function) and maintain a reservoir of the normal microbiome for the human body. The aim of this study was to summarize the long-term effects after appendectomy and discuss whether appendectomy is suitable for all appendicitis patients. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive and unbiased literature search was performed in PubMed. The terms 'appendix,' 'appendicitis,' 'appendectomy,' and 'endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy' were searched in the title and/or abstract. This review summarizes the long-term effects of appendectomy on some diseases in humans and describes three methods including appendectomy, medical treatment, and an 'organ-sparing' technique, named endoscopic retrograde appendicitis therapy (ERAT) to treat appendicitis. EXPERT OPINION Appendectomy remains the first-line therapy for appendicitis. The patient's problem is appendix, not appendicitis. If we treat appendicitis, the problem should be resolved. During COVID-19, an initial antibiotic treatment of mild appendicitis represents a promising strategy. For patients who are worried about the long-term adverse effect after appendectomy and have a strong desire to preserve the appendix and are aware of the risk of appendicitis recurrence, medical treatment, or ERAT could be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,The Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Saif Ullah
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Md Robin Ahmed
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Bing-Rong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Sun Y, Zuo Z, Kuang Y. Prolactin-Releasing Peptide Differentially Regulates Gene Transcriptomic Profiles in Mouse Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094456. [PMID: 33923285 PMCID: PMC8123224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolactin-releasing Peptide (PrRP) is a neuropeptide whose receptor is GPR10. Recently, the regulatory role of PrRP in the neuroendocrine field has attracted increasing attention. However, the influence of PrRP on macrophages, the critical housekeeper in the neuroendocrine field, has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the effect of PrRP on the transcriptome of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) with RNA sequencing, bioinformatics, and molecular simulation. BMDMs were exposed to PrRP (18 h) and were subjected to RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were acquired, followed by GO, KEGG, and PPI analysis. Eight qPCR-validated DEGs were chosen as hub genes. Next, the three-dimensional structures of the proteins encoded by these hub genes were modeled by Rosetta and Modeller, followed by molecular dynamics simulation by the Gromacs program. Finally, the binding modes between PrRP and hub proteins were investigated with the Rosetta program. PrRP showed no noticeable effect on the morphology of macrophages. A total of 410 DEGs were acquired, and PrRP regulated multiple BMDM-mediated functional pathways. Besides, the possible docking modes between PrRP and hub proteins were investigated. Moreover, GPR10 was expressed on the cell membrane of BMDMs, which increased after PrRP exposure. Collectively, PrRP significantly changed the transcriptome profile of BMDMs, implying that PrRP may be involved in various physiological activities mastered by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-29-8846-0332
| | - Zhuo Zuo
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Kuang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Z.Z.); (Y.K.)
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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