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Huang S, Edie SM, Collins KS, Crouch NMA, Roy K, Jablonski D. Diversity, distribution and intrinsic extinction vulnerability of exploited marine bivalves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4639. [PMID: 37582749 PMCID: PMC10427664 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine bivalves are important components of ecosystems and exploited by humans for food across the world, but the intrinsic vulnerability of exploited bivalve species to global changes is poorly known. Here, we expand the list of shallow-marine bivalves known to be exploited worldwide, with 720 exploited bivalve species added beyond the 81 in the United Nations FAO Production Database, and investigate their diversity, distribution and extinction vulnerability using a metric based on ecological traits and evolutionary history. The added species shift the richness hotspot of exploited species from the northeast Atlantic to the west Pacific, with 55% of bivalve families being exploited, concentrated mostly in two major clades but all major body plans. We find that exploited species tend to be larger in size, occur in shallower waters, and have larger geographic and thermal ranges-the last two traits are known to confer extinction-resistance in marine bivalves. However, exploited bivalve species in certain regions such as the tropical east Atlantic and the temperate northeast and southeast Pacific, are among those with high intrinsic vulnerability and are a large fraction of regional faunal diversity. Our results pinpoint regional faunas and specific taxa of likely concern for management and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (SBiK-F), Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Stewart M Edie
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | | | - Nicholas M A Crouch
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Kaustuv Roy
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0116, USA
| | - David Jablonski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Collins KS, Edie SM, Jablonski D. Convergence and contingency in the evolution of a specialized mode of life: multiple origins and high disparity of rock-boring bivalves. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20221907. [PMID: 36750185 PMCID: PMC9904949 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary adaptation to novel, specialized modes of life is often associated with a close mapping of form to the new function, resulting in narrow morphological disparity. For bivalve molluscs, endolithy (rock-boring) has biomechanical requirements thought to diverge strongly from those of ancestral functions. However, endolithy in bivalves has originated at least eight times. Three-dimensional morphometric data representing 75 species from approximately 94% of extant endolithic genera and families, along with 310 non-endolithic species in those families, show that endolithy is evolutionarily accessible from many different morphological starting points. Although some endoliths appear to converge on certain shell morphologies, the range of endolith shell form is as broad as that belonging to any other bivalve substrate use. Nevertheless, endolithy is a taxon-poor function in Bivalvia today. This limited richness does not derive from origination within source clades having significantly low origination or high extinction rates, and today's endoliths are not confined to low-diversity biogeographic regions. Instead, endolithy may be limited by habitat availability. Both determinism (as reflected by convergence among distantly related taxa) and contingency (as reflected by the endoliths that remain close to the disparate morphologies of their source clades) underlie the occupation of endolith morphospace.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stewart M. Edie
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - David Jablonski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Lidgard S, Di Martino E, Zágoršek K, Liow LH. When fossil clades 'compete': local dominance, global diversification dynamics and causation. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211632. [PMID: 34547910 PMCID: PMC8456135 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Examining the supposition that local-scale competition drives macroevolutionary patterns has become a familiar goal in fossil biodiversity studies. However, it is an elusive goal, hampered by inadequate confirmation of ecological equivalence and interactive processes between clades, patchy sampling, few comparative analyses of local species assemblages over long geological intervals, and a dearth of appropriate statistical tools. We address these concerns by reevaluating one of the classic examples of clade displacement in the fossil record, in which cheilostome bryozoans surpass the once dominant cyclostomes. Here, we analyse a newly expanded and vetted compilation of 40 190 fossil species occurrences to estimate cheilostome and cyclostome patterns of species proportions within assemblages, global genus richness and genus origination and extinction rates while accounting for sampling. Comparison of time-series models using linear stochastic differential equations suggests that inter-clade genus origination and extinction rates are causally linked to each other in a complex feedback relationship rather than by simple correlations or unidirectional relationships, and that these rates are not causally linked to changing within-assemblage proportions of cheilostome versus cyclostome species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Lidgard
- Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605 USA
| | | | - Kamil Zágoršek
- Department of Geography, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 2, CZ-461 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Lee Hsiang Liow
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Olivares-Castro G, Cáceres-Jensen L, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Villagra C. Insect Epigenetic Mechanisms Facing Anthropogenic-Derived Contamination, an Overview. INSECTS 2021; 12:780. [PMID: 34564220 PMCID: PMC8468710 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the human species has been recognized as the primary species responsible for Earth's biodiversity decline. Contamination by different chemical compounds, such as pesticides, is among the main causes of population decreases and species extinction. Insects are key for ecosystem maintenance; unfortunately, their populations are being drastically affected by human-derived disturbances. Pesticides, applied in agricultural and urban environments, are capable of polluting soil and water sources, reaching non-target organisms (native and introduced). Pesticides alter insect's development, physiology, and inheritance. Recently, a link between pesticide effects on insects and their epigenetic molecular mechanisms (EMMs) has been demonstrated. EMMs are capable of regulating gene expression without modifying genetic sequences, resulting in the expression of different stress responses as well as compensatory mechanisms. In this work, we review the main anthropogenic contaminants capable of affecting insect biology and of triggering EMMs. EMMs are involved in the development of several diseases in native insects affected by pesticides (e.g., anomalous teratogenic reactions). Additionally, EMMs also may allow for the survival of some species (mainly pests) under contamination-derived habitats; this may lead to biodiversity decline and further biotic homogenization. We illustrate these patterns by reviewing the effect of neonicotinoid insecticides, insect EMMs, and their ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Olivares-Castro
- Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Avenida José Pedro Alessandri 774, Santiago 7760197, Chile;
| | - Lizethly Cáceres-Jensen
- Laboratorio de Físicoquímica Analítica, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile;
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Bosagna
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden;
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Department of Integrative Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cristian Villagra
- Instituto de Entomología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Avenida José Pedro Alessandri 774, Santiago 7760197, Chile;
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Adaptive ecological niche migration does not negate extinction susceptibility. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15411. [PMID: 34326356 PMCID: PMC8322071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction rates in the modern world are currently at their highest in 66 million years and are likely to increase with projections of future climate change. Our knowledge of modern-day extinction risk is largely limited to decadal-centennial terrestrial records, while data from the marine realm is typically applied to high-order (> 1 million year) timescales. At present, it is unclear whether fossil organisms with common ancestry and ecological niche exhibit consistent indicators of ecological stress prior to extinction. The marine microfossil record, specifically that of the planktonic foraminifera, allows for high-resolution analyses of large numbers of fossil individuals with incredibly well-established ecological and phylogenetic history. Here, analysis of the isochronous extinction of two members of the planktonic foraminiferal genus Dentoglobigerina shows disruptive selection differentially compounded by permanent ecological niche migration, “pre-extinction gigantism”, and photosymbiont bleaching prior to extinction. Despite shared ecological and phylogenetic affinity, and timing of extinction, the marked discrepancies observed within the pre-extinction phenotypic responses are species-specific. These behaviours may provide insights into the nature of evolution and extinction in the open ocean and can potentially assist in the recognition and understanding of marine extinction risk in response to global climate change.
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Schumm M, Edie SM, Collins KS, Gómez-Bahamón V, Supriya K, White AE, Price TD, Jablonski D. Common latitudinal gradients in functional richness and functional evenness across marine and terrestrial systems. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190745. [PMID: 31362632 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional diversity is an important aspect of biodiversity, but its relationship to species diversity in time and space is poorly understood. Here we compare spatial patterns of functional and taxonomic diversity across marine and terrestrial systems to identify commonalities in their respective ecological and evolutionary drivers. We placed species-level ecological traits into comparable multi-dimensional frameworks for two model systems, marine bivalves and terrestrial birds, and used global species-occurrence data to examine the distribution of functional diversity with latitude and longitude. In both systems, tropical faunas show high total functional richness (FR) but low functional evenness (FE) (i.e. the tropics contain a highly skewed distribution of species among functional groups). Functional groups that persist toward the poles become more uniform in species richness, such that FR declines and FE rises with latitude in both systems. Temperate assemblages are more functionally even than tropical assemblages subsampled to temperate levels of species richness, suggesting that high species richness in the tropics reflects a high degree of ecological specialization within a few functional groups and/or factors that favour high recent speciation or reduced extinction rates in those groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schumm
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - S M Edie
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - K S Collins
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - V Gómez-Bahamón
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street (MC066), Chicago, IL 60607, USA.,Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - K Supriya
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - A E White
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 166, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - T D Price
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - D Jablonski
- Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Sigwart JD, Bennett KD, Edie SM, Mander L, Okamura B, Padian K, Wheeler Q, Winston JE, Yeung NW. Measuring Biodiversity and Extinction-Present and Past. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:1111-1117. [PMID: 30535078 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How biodiversity is changing in our time represents a major concern for all organismal biologists. Anthropogenic changes to our planet are decreasing species diversity through the negative effects of pollution, habitat destruction, direct extirpation of species, and climate change. But major biotic changes-including those that have both increased and decreased species diversity-have happened before in Earth's history. Biodiversity dynamics in past eras provide important context to understand ecological responses to current environmental change. The work of assessing biodiversity is woven into ecology, environmental science, conservation, paleontology, phylogenetics, evolutionary and developmental biology, and many other disciplines; yet, the absolute foundation of how we measure species diversity depends on taxonomy and systematics. The aspiration of this symposium, and complementary contributed talks, was to promote better understanding of our common goals and encourage future interdisciplinary discussion of biodiversity dynamics. The contributions in this collection of papers bring together a diverse group of speakers to confront several important themes. How can biologists best respond to the urgent need to identify and conserve diversity? How can we better communicate the nature of species across scientific disciplines? Where are the major gaps in knowledge about the diversity of living animal and plant groups, and what are the implications for understanding potential diversity loss? How can we effectively use the fossil record of past diversity and extinction to understand current biodiversity loss?
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Sigwart
- Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, N. Ireland.,University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - K D Bennett
- Marine Laboratory, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, N. Ireland.,School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9AJ, Scotland
| | - Stewart M Edie
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Luke Mander
- School of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes MK76AA, UK
| | | | - Kevin Padian
- University of California Museum of Paleontology, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Quentin Wheeler
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Brodie JF. Environmental limits to mammal diversity vary with latitude and global temperature. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:480-485. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jedediah F. Brodie
- Division of Biological Sciences and Wildlife Biology Program; University of Montana; Missoula MT 59802 USA
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