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Belser JA, Eckert AM, Huynh T, Gary JM, Ritter JM, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. A Guide for the Use of the Ferret Model for Influenza Virus Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 190:11-24. [PMID: 31654637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
As influenza viruses continue to jump species barriers to cause human infection, assessments of disease severity and viral replication kinetics in vivo provide crucial information for public health professionals. The ferret model is a valuable resource for evaluating influenza virus pathogenicity; thus, understanding the most effective techniques for sample collection and usage, as well as the full spectrum of attainable data after experimental inoculation in this species, is paramount. This is especially true for scheduled necropsy of virus-infected ferrets, a standard component in evaluation of influenza virus pathogenicity, as necropsy findings can provide important information regarding disease severity and pathogenicity that is not otherwise available from the live animal. In this review, we describe the range of influenza viruses assessed in ferrets, the measures of experimental disease severity in this model, and optimal sample collection during necropsy of virus-infected ferrets. Collectively, this information is critical for assessing systemic involvement after influenza virus infection in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Alissa M Eckert
- Division of Communication Services, Office of the Associate Director for Communication, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thanhthao Huynh
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Joy M Gary
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jana M Ritter
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, Georgia
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Hause BM, Ducatez M, Collin EA, Ran Z, Liu R, Sheng Z, Armien A, Kaplan B, Chakravarty S, Hoppe AD, Webby RJ, Simonson RR, Li F. Isolation of a novel swine influenza virus from Oklahoma in 2011 which is distantly related to human influenza C viruses. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003176. [PMID: 23408893 PMCID: PMC3567177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, only influenza A viruses are thought to exist as multiple subtypes and has non-human maintenance hosts. In April 2011, nasal swabs were collected for virus isolation from pigs exhibiting influenza-like illness. Subsequent electron microscopic, biochemical, and genetic studies identified an orthomyxovirus with seven RNA segments exhibiting approximately 50% overall amino acid identity to human influenza C virus. Based on its genetic organizational similarities to influenza C viruses this virus has been provisionally designated C/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (C/OK). Phylogenetic analysis of the predicted viral proteins found that the divergence between C/OK and human influenza C viruses was similar to that observed between influenza A and B viruses. No cross reactivity was observed between C/OK and human influenza C viruses using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Additionally, screening of pig and human serum samples found that 9.5% and 1.3%, respectively, of individuals had measurable HI antibody titers to C/OK virus. C/OK virus was able to infect both ferrets and pigs and transmit to naive animals by direct contact. Cell culture studies showed that C/OK virus displayed a broader cellular tropism than a human influenza C virus. The observed difference in cellular tropism was further supported by structural analysis showing that hemagglutinin esterase (HE) proteins between two viruses have conserved enzymatic but divergent receptor-binding sites. These results suggest that C/OK virus represents a new subtype of influenza C viruses that currently circulates in pigs that has not been recognized previously. The presence of multiple subtypes of co-circulating influenza C viruses raises the possibility of reassortment and antigenic shift as mechanisms of influenza C virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M. Hause
- Newport Laboratories, Worthington, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Mariette Ducatez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Emily A. Collin
- Newport Laboratories, Worthington, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zhiguang Ran
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Runxia Liu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Anibal Armien
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bryan Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Suvobrata Chakravarty
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Randy R. Simonson
- Newport Laboratories, Worthington, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
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Nichols JE, Fitzgerald TF, Roberts NJ. Human macrophage responses to vaccine strains of influenza virus: synthesis of viral proteins, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 inhibitor. Vaccine 1993; 11:36-42. [PMID: 8427035 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between influenza viruses and human macrophages were examined to detect potential mechanisms for enhanced febrile reactions previously associated with administration of an avian-human H1N1 reassortant vaccine. Cells exposed to that strain were compared with cells exposed to wild-type and cold-adapted H1H1 and H3H2 strains and an avian-human H3N2 strain. Cells exposed to the avian-human H1N1 virus showed increased synthesis of viral neuraminidase, previously reported to induce fever-producing cytokines, but no detectable increase in production of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha measured by immunoassay, or decrease in interleukin-1 inhibitor activity by bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Nichols
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY 14642
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