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Kim SG, Kwon J, Giri SS, Yun S, Kim HJ, Kim SW, Kang JW, Lee SB, Jung WJ, Park SC. Strategy for mass production of lytic Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage pSa-3: contribution of multiplicity of infection and response surface methodology. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:56. [PMID: 33653327 PMCID: PMC7923500 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have emerged as a serious problem; bacteriophages have, therefore, been proposed as a therapeutic alternative to antibiotics. Several authorities, such as pharmacopeia, FDA, have confirmed their safety, and some bacteriophages are commercially available worldwide. The demand for bacteriophages is expected to increase exponentially in the future; hence, there is an urgent need to mass-produce bacteriophages economically. Unlike the replication of non-lytic bacteriophages, lytic bacteriophages are replicated by lysing host bacteria, which leads to the termination of phage production; hence, strategies that can prolong the lysis of host bacteria in bacteria-bacteriophage co-cultures, are required. RESULTS In the current study, we manipulated the inoculum concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus and phage pSa-3 (multiplicity of infection, MOI), and their energy sources to delay the bactericidal effect while optimizing phage production. We examined an increasing range of bacterial inoculum concentration (2 × 108 to 2 × 109 CFU/mL) to decrease the lag phase, in combination with a decreasing range of phage inoculum (from MOI 0.01 to 0.00000001) to delay the lysis of the host. Bacterial concentration of 2 × 108 CFU/mL and phage MOI of 0.0001 showed the maximum final phage production rate (1.68 × 1010 plaque forming unit (PFU)/mL). With this combination of phage-bacteria inoculum, we selected glycerol, glycine, and calcium as carbon, nitrogen, and divalent ion sources, respectively, for phage production. After optimization using response surface methodology, the final concentration of the lytic Staphylococcus phage was 8.63 × 1010 ± 9.71 × 109 PFU/mL (5.13-fold increase). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, Staphylococcus phage pSa-3 production can be maximized by increasing the bacterial inoculum and reducing the seeding phage MOI, and this combinatorial strategy could decrease the phage production time. Further, we suggest that response surface methodology has the potential for optimizing the mass production of lytic bacteriophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Guen Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kwon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Saekil Yun
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bin Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Benyamin G, Lindh U, Frisk P, Friman G, Ilbäck NG. Arsenic is decreased in target organs during viral infection in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2006; 20:121-6. [PMID: 16785052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As), a potentially toxic trace element, has been shown to influence viral replication and resistance to microbial infection. However, the impact of infection on the normal As status in target organs involved in the disease process has not been studied to date. In the present study, As was measured through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the plasma, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, pancreas and brain at days 1 and 3 of coxsackievirus B3 infection in female Balb/c mice. The severity of the infection was assessed from clinical signs of disease. The infection changed plasma As in a biphasic pattern with a small increase (n.s.) at day 1 that turned into a decreasing trend (13%, p<0.05) by day 3. In the liver, spleen, heart, pancreas and kidney As was unchanged at day 1 but, at day 3, it had decreased by 71% (p<0.01), 64% (p<0.01), 55% (p<0.01), 63% (p<0.01) and 73% (p<0.01), respectively. In the brain, As went unchanged. The pathophysiological interpretation of these findings requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad Benyamin
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University Hospital, S-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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