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Campos RK, Liang Y, Azar SR, Ly J, Camargos VN, Hager-Soto EE, Eyzaguirre E, Sun J, Rossi SL. CD8 + T cell response promotes viral clearance and reduces chances of severe testicular damage in mouse models of long-term Zika virus infection of the testes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.575592. [PMID: 38328060 PMCID: PMC10849515 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.575592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) causes human testicular inflammation and alterations in sperm parameters and causes testicular damage in mouse models. The involvement of individual immune cells in testicular damage is not fully understood. We detected virus in the testes of the interferon (IFN) α/β receptor -/- A129 mice three weeks post-infection and found elevated chemokines in the testes, suggesting chronic inflammation and long-term infection play a role in testicular damage. In the testes, myeloid cells and CD4 + T cells were absent at 7 dpi but were present at 23 days post-infection (dpi), and CD8 + T cell infiltration started at 7 dpi. CD8 -/- mice with an antibody-depleted IFN response had a significant reduction in spermatogenesis, indicating that CD8 + T cells are essential to prevent testicular damage during long-term ZIKV infections. Our findings on the dynamics of testicular immune cells and importance of CD8 + T cells functions as a framework to understand mechanisms underlying observed inflammation and sperm alterations in humans.
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Calvet GA, Kara EO, Bôtto-Menezes CHA, da Costa Castilho M, de Oliveira Franca RF, Habib N, Neto AM, Pereira GFM, Giozza SP, Bermúdez XPD, Fernandes TJ, Modjarrad K, Brasil P, Broutet NJN, de Filippis AMB. Detection and persistence of Zika virus in body fluids and associated factors: a prospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21557. [PMID: 38057382 PMCID: PMC10700488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48493-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the detection and duration of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in plasma, urine, saliva, sweat, rectal swabs, vaginal secretions, breast milk, and semen and to explore risk factors associated with prolonged viral persistence. A prospective cohort study of symptomatic patients and their household contacts was conducted in Brazil from July 2017 to June 2019. A total of 260 individuals (184 women and 76 men) with confirmed ZIKV infection were enrolled and followed up for 12 months. ZIKV RNA was present in all body fluid specimens and detectable for extended periods in urine, sweat, rectal swabs, and semen. The longest detection duration was found in semen, with high viral loads in the specimens. ZIKV RNA clearance was associated with several factors, including age, sex, education level, body mass index, non-purulent conjunctivitis, joint pain, and whether the participant had a history of yellow fever vaccination. The influence of each of these factors on the low or fast viral clearance varied according to the specific body fluid under investigation. Recurrent ZIKV detection events after total viral clearance were observed in the cohort. Our findings provide valuable insights into the persistence and potential recurrence of ZIKV infection, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and follow-up of individuals infected with ZIKV and for effective prevention measures to reduce the risk of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Amaral Calvet
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Edna Oliveira Kara
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camila Helena Aguiar Bôtto-Menezes
- Department of Malaria, Tropical Medicine Foundation Doctor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences, Amazonas State University (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marcia da Costa Castilho
- Department of Malaria, Tropical Medicine Foundation Doctor Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Ndema Habib
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armando Menezes Neto
- Department of Virology and Experimental Therapy, Institute Aggeu Magalhães, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Gerson Fernando Mendes Pereira
- Department of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections (DATHI), Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Silvana Pereira Giozza
- Department of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections (DATHI), Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Jorge Fernandes
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Maria Bispo de Filippis
- Flavivirus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Haddow AD. Why does Zika virus persist in the semen of some men but not others? J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1125-1126. [PMID: 35924449 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Haddow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, 370 Paulding Ave NW, MD1201, Kennesaw, GA, USA, 30144
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