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Bouhrour N, Nibbering PH, Bendali F. Medical Device-Associated Biofilm Infections and Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens. Pathogens 2024; 13:393. [PMID: 38787246 PMCID: PMC11124157 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Medical devices such as venous catheters (VCs) and urinary catheters (UCs) are widely used in the hospital setting. However, the implantation of these devices is often accompanied by complications. About 60 to 70% of nosocomial infections (NIs) are linked to biofilms. The main complication is the ability of microorganisms to adhere to surfaces and form biofilms which protect them and help them to persist in the host. Indeed, by crossing the skin barrier, the insertion of VC inevitably allows skin flora or accidental environmental contaminants to access the underlying tissues and cause fatal complications like bloodstream infections (BSIs). In fact, 80,000 central venous catheters-BSIs (CVC-BSIs)-mainly occur in intensive care units (ICUs) with a death rate of 12 to 25%. Similarly, catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTIs) are the most commonlyhospital-acquired infections (HAIs) worldwide.These infections represent up to 40% of NIs.In this review, we present a summary of biofilm formation steps. We provide an overview of two main and important infections in clinical settings linked to medical devices, namely the catheter-asociated bloodstream infections (CA-BSIs) and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CA-UTIs), and highlight also the most multidrug resistant bacteria implicated in these infections. Furthermore, we draw attention toseveral useful prevention strategies, and advanced antimicrobial and antifouling approaches developed to reduce bacterial colonization on catheter surfaces and the incidence of the catheter-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Bouhrour
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria;
| | - Peter H. Nibbering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Farida Bendali
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Appliquée, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria;
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2
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Westcott MM, Morse AE, Troy G, Blevins M, Wierzba T, Sanders JW. Photochemical inactivation as an alternative method to produce a whole-cell vaccine for uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0366123. [PMID: 38315025 PMCID: PMC10913755 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03661-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of lower urinary tract infection (UTI). UTI presents a serious health risk and has considerable secondary implications including economic burden, recurring episodes, and overuse of antibiotics. A safe and effective vaccine would address this widespread health problem and emerging antibiotic resistance. Killed, whole-cell vaccines have shown limited efficacy to prevent recurrent UTI in human trials. We explored photochemical inactivation with psoralen drugs and UVA light (PUVA), which crosslinks nucleic acid, as an alternative to protein-damaging methods of inactivation to improve whole-cell UTI vaccines. Exposure of UPEC to the psoralen drug AMT and UVA light resulted in a killed but metabolically active (KBMA) state, as reported previously for other PUVA-inactivated bacteria. The immunogenicity of PUVA-UPEC as compared to formalin-inactivated UPEC was compared in mice. Both generated high UPEC-specific serum IgG titers after intramuscular delivery. However, using functional adherence as a measure of surface protein integrity, we found differences in the properties of PUVA- and formalin-inactivated UPEC. Adhesion mediated by Type-1 and P-fimbriae was severely compromised by formalin but was unaffected by PUVA, indicating that PUVA preserved the functional conformation of fimbrial proteins, which are targets of protective immune responses. In vitro assays indicated that although they retained metabolic activity, PUVA-UPEC lost virulence properties that could negatively impact vaccine safety. Our results imply the potential for PUVA to improve killed, whole-cell UTI vaccines by generating bacteria that more closely resemble their live, infectious counterparts relative to vaccines generated with protein-damaging methods. IMPORTANCE Lower urinary tract infection (UTI), caused primarily by uropathogenic Escherichia coli, represents a significant health burden, accounting for 7 million primary care and 1 million emergency room visits annually in the United States. Women and the elderly are especially susceptible and recurrent infection (rUTI) is common in those populations. Lower UTI can lead to life-threatening systemic infection. UTI burden is manifested by healthcare dollars spent (1.5 billion annually), quality of life impact, and resistant strains emerging from antibiotic overuse. A safe and effective vaccine to prevent rUTI would address a substantial healthcare issue. Vaccines comprised of inactivated uropathogenic bacteria have yielded encouraging results in clinical trials but improvements that enhance vaccine performance are needed. To that end, we focused on inactivation methodology and provided data to support photochemical inactivation, which targets nucleic acid, as a promising alternative to conventional protein-damaging inactivation methods to improve whole-cell UTI vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M. Westcott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexis E. Morse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gavin Troy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Blevins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas Wierzba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Sanders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Section, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Stærk K, Schrøder B, Jensen LK, Petersen T, Andersen TE, Nielsen LF. Catheter-associated bladder mucosal trauma during intermittent voiding: An experimental study in pigs. BJUI COMPASS 2024; 5:217-223. [PMID: 38371199 PMCID: PMC10869658 DOI: 10.1002/bco2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study is to characterize bladder mucosal trauma associated with intermittent catheterization with conventional eyelet catheters (CECs) and to assess if a microhole zone catheter (MHZC) design concept reduces this adverse effect. Materials and Methods A porcine model was developed to reflect human catheterization and bladder drainage. Nine pigs were randomized for catheterization with CEC (n = 6) or MHZC (n = 3). The bladder was drained repeatedly 20 times through the catheter. Cystoscopy was performed before and after the procedure, and bladders were analysed by histopathology. Two additional pigs were used for cystoscopy visualization of suction events in vivo. Cystoscopy, gross pathology, histopathological score, leucocyte infiltration, and intracatheter pressure at flow stops during voiding were compared for each group. Results A significant higher pressure gradient was measured inside the CECs compared with MHZCs during flow stop. Consequently, CECs resulted in suction events inflicting bladder trauma characterized by loss of epithelium, oedema, haemorrhage, and neutrophil tissue infiltration. No significant trauma was identified when using MHZC. Conclusions Considerable mucosal bladder trauma is inflicted by CECs which may be an overlooked risk factor for urinary tract infection. Catheters can be designed to minimize mucosal suction and reduce associated trauma. This may be a solution to reduce infection frequency and increase user comfort. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the potential of pigs as an attractive animal model for investigating urinary catheter performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Stærk
- Department of Clinical Research University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
| | - Brit Schrøder
- Preclinical, R&D, Innovation Coloplast A/S Humlebaek Denmark
| | | | - Troels Petersen
- Preclinical, R&D, Innovation Coloplast A/S Humlebaek Denmark
| | - Thomas Emil Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
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Hansson A, Karlsen EA, Stensen W, Svendsen JSM, Berglin M, Lundgren A. Preventing E. coli Biofilm Formation with Antimicrobial Peptide-Functionalized Surface Coatings: Recognizing the Dependence on the Bacterial Binding Mode Using Live-Cell Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:6799-6812. [PMID: 38294883 PMCID: PMC10875647 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can kill bacteria by destabilizing their membranes, yet translating these molecules' properties into a covalently attached antibacterial coating is challenging. Rational design efforts are obstructed by the fact that standard microbiology methods are ill-designed for the evaluation of coatings, disclosing few details about why grafted AMPs function or do not function. It is particularly difficult to distinguish the influence of the AMP's molecular structure from other factors controlling the total exposure, including which type of bonds are formed between bacteria and the coating and how persistent these contacts are. Here, we combine label-free live-cell microscopy, microfluidics, and automated image analysis to study the response of surface-bound Escherichia coli challenged by the same small AMP either in solution or grafted to the surface through click chemistry. Initially after binding, the grafted AMPs inhibited bacterial growth more efficiently than did AMPs in solution. Yet, after 1 h, E. coli on the coated surfaces increased their expression of type-1 fimbriae, leading to a change in their binding mode, which diminished the coating's impact. The wealth of information obtained from continuously monitoring the growth, shape, and movements of single bacterial cells allowed us to elucidate and quantify the different factors determining the antibacterial efficacy of the grafted AMPs. We expect this approach to aid the design of elaborate antibacterial material coatings working by specific and selective actions, not limited to contact-killing. This technology is needed to support health care and food production in the postantibiotic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hansson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research
Institutes of Sweden, Borås 50115, Sweden
| | - Eskil André Karlsen
- Amicoat
A/S, Sykehusvegen 23, Tromsø 9019, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University
of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Wenche Stensen
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University
of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - John S. M. Svendsen
- Amicoat
A/S, Sykehusvegen 23, Tromsø 9019, Norway
- Department
of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University
of Norway, Tromsø 9037, Norway
| | - Mattias Berglin
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research
Institutes of Sweden, Borås 50115, Sweden
| | - Anders Lundgren
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
- Centre
for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41346, Sweden
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5
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Brambilla L, Frangione V, Meloni M. Non Clinical Model to Assess the Mechanism of Action of a Combined Hyaluronic Acid, Chondroitin Sulfate and Calcium Chloride: HA+CS+CaCl 2 Solution on a 3D Human Reconstructed Bladder Epithelium. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2024; 17:47-58. [PMID: 38312113 PMCID: PMC10838052 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s433261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Medical Device Regulation (EU) 2017/745 requires the principal mode of action (MoA) to be demonstrated by experimental data. The MoA of Ialuril® Prefill (combined as HA+CS+CaCl2: sodium hyaluronate 1.6%, sodium chondroitin sulphate 2% w/v and calcium chloride 0.87%) Class III medical device, indicated for intravesical instillation to reduce urinary tract infections, has been evaluated on a 3D reconstructed human bladder epithelium (HBE). Methods Three experimental designs; i) E. coli strain selection (DSM 103538, DSM 1103) to investigate the HA+CS+CaCl2 properties in modifying bacterial growth in liquid broth (CFU 4h and 24h) at 80%, 50% and 25% concentrations; ii) evaluation of film forming properties on HBE after 15 min exposure by quantifying caffeine permeation across the epithelium; iii) capacity to counteract E. coli adhesion and biofilm formation on colonized HBE by viable counts and ultrastructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using ciprofloxacin as the reference antimicrobial molecule. Results No significant differences were observed in bacterial viability for both the E. coli strains. HA+CS+CaCl2 reduced caffeine permeation of 51.7% and 38.1% at 1h and 2h, respectively and determined a significant decrease in caffeine permeation rate at both timepoints supporting HA+CS+CaCl2 capacity to firmly adhere to the bladder epithelium creating a physical barrier on the surface. The viable counts in HBE treated tissues then infected with E. coli resulted not different from the negative control suggesting that the device did not inhibit E. coli growth. SEM images showed homogenous product distribution over the HBE surface and confirmed the capacity of HA+CS+CaCl2 to adhere to the bladder epithelium, counteracting biofilm formation. Conclusion The results support the capacity of HA+CS+CaCl2 to counteract bacterial invasion by using a physico-mechanical mode of action: this medical device represents a valid alternative to antibiotics in the treatment of recurrent UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marisa Meloni
- VitroScreen, in vitro Research Laboratory, Milan, Italy
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Salamzade R, McElheny CL, Manson AL, Earl AM, Shaikh N, Doi Y. Genomic epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibility profiling of uropathogenic Escherichia coli among children in the United States. mSphere 2023; 8:e0018423. [PMID: 37581436 PMCID: PMC10597468 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00184-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children, and yet the underlying mechanisms of virulence and antibiotic resistance and the overall population structure of the species is poorly understood within this age group. To investigate whether uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) from children who developed pyelonephritis carried specific genetic markers, we generated whole-genome sequence data for 96 isolates from children with UTIs. This included 57 isolates from children with either radiologically confirmed pyelonephritis or cystitis and 27 isolates belonging to the well-known multidrug-resistant sequence type ST131, selected to investigate their population structure and antibiotic resistance characteristics. We observed a UPEC population structure that is similar to those reported in adults. In comparison with prior investigations, we found that the full pap operon was more common among UPEC from pediatric cases of pyelonephritis. Further, in contrast with recent reports that the P-fimbriae adhesin-encoding papGII allele is substantially more prevalent in invasive UPEC from adults, we found papGII was common to both invasive and non-invasive UPEC from children. Among the set of ST131 isolates from children with UTIs, we found antibiotic resistance was correlated with known genetic markers of resistance, as in adults. Unexpectedly, we observed that fimH30, an allele of the fimbrial gene fimH often used as a proxy to type ST131 isolates into the most drug-resistant subclade C, was carried by some of the subclade A and subclade B isolates, suggesting that the fimH30 allele could confer a selective advantage for UPEC. IMPORTANCE Urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are most often caused by Escherichia coli, are not well studied in children. Here, we examine genetic characteristics that differentiate UTI-causing bacteria in children that either remain localized to the bladder or are involved in more serious kidney infections. We also examine patterns of antibiotic resistance among strains from children that are part of E. coli sequence type 131, a group of bacteria that commonly cause UTIs and are known to have high levels of drug resistance. This work provides new insight into the virulence and antibiotic resistance characteristics of the bacteria that cause UTIs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Salamzade
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christi L. McElheny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Abigail L. Manson
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashlee M. Earl
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nader Shaikh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yohei Doi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
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Mancuso G, Midiri A, Gerace E, Marra M, Zummo S, Biondo C. Urinary Tract Infections: The Current Scenario and Future Prospects. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040623. [PMID: 37111509 PMCID: PMC10145414 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, occurring in both community and healthcare settings. Although the clinical symptoms of UTIs are heterogeneous and range from uncomplicated (uUTIs) to complicated (cUTIs), most UTIs are usually treated empirically. Bacteria are the main causative agents of these infections, although more rarely, other microorganisms, such as fungi and some viruses, have been reported to be responsible for UTIs. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common causative agent for both uUTIs and cUTIs, followed by other pathogenic microorganisms, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus spp. In addition, the incidence of UTIs caused by multidrug resistance (MDR) is increasing, resulting in a significant increase in the spread of antibiotic resistance and the economic burden of these infections. Here, we discuss the various factors associated with UTIs, including the mechanisms of pathogenicity related to the bacteria that cause UTIs and the emergence of increasing resistance in UTI pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mancuso
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Angelina Midiri
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Maria Marra
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Sebastiana Zummo
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Biondo
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
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Pons S, Frapy E, Sereme Y, Gaultier C, Lebreton F, Kropec A, Danilchanka O, Schlemmer L, Schrimpf C, Allain M, Angoulvant F, Lecuyer H, Bonacorsi S, Aschard H, Sokol H, Cywes-Bentley C, Mekalanos JJ, Guillard T, Pier GB, Roux D, Skurnik D. A high-throughput sequencing approach identifies immunotherapeutic targets for bacterial meningitis in neonates. EBioMedicine 2023; 88:104439. [PMID: 36709579 PMCID: PMC9900374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, Escherichia coli is the leading cause of neonatal Gram-negative bacterial meningitis, but full understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease is not yet achieved. Moreover, to date, no vaccine is available against bacterial neonatal meningitis. METHODS Here, we used Transposon Sequencing of saturated banks of mutants (TnSeq) to evaluate E. coli K1 genetic fitness in murine neonatal meningitis. We identified E. coli K1 genes encoding for factors important for systemic dissemination and brain infection, and focused on products with a likely outer-membrane or extra-cellular localization, as these are potential vaccine candidates. We used in vitro and in vivo models to study the efficacy of active and passive immunization. RESULTS We selected for further study the conserved surface polysaccharide Poly-β-(1-6)-N-Acetyl Glucosamine (PNAG), as a strong candidate for vaccine development. We found that PNAG was a virulence factor in our animal model. We showed that both passive and active immunization successfully prevented and/or treated meningitis caused by E. coli K1 in neonatal mice. We found an excellent opsonophagocytic killing activity of the antibodies to PNAG and in vitro these antibodies were also able to decrease binding, invasion and crossing of E. coli K1 through two blood brain barrier cell lines. Finally, to reinforce the potential of PNAG as a vaccine candidate in bacterial neonatal meningitis, we demonstrated that Group B Streptococcus, the main cause of neonatal meningitis in developed countries, also produced PNAG and that antibodies to PNAG could protect in vitro and in vivo against this major neonatal pathogen. INTERPRETATION Altogether, these results indicate the utility of a high-throughput DNA sequencing method to identify potential immunotherapy targets for a pathogen, including in this study a potential broad-spectrum target for prevention of neonatal bacterial infections. FUNDINGS ANR Seq-N-Vaq, Charles Hood Foundation, Hearst Foundation, and Groupe Pasteur Mutualité.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Pons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Sorbonne University, GRC 29, AP-HP, DMU DREAM, Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Eric Frapy
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France,Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris City, Paris, France
| | - Youssouf Sereme
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France,Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris City, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Gaultier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - François Lebreton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrea Kropec
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Laura Schlemmer
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Schrimpf
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Margaux Allain
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - François Angoulvant
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Pediatric Emergency Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, University of Paris City, Paris, France,INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lecuyer
- CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France,Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris City, Paris, France,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Prématurité (FHU PREMA), Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, University of Paris City, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bonacorsi
- E IAME, UMR 1137, INSERM, Université de Paris, AP-HP, Paris, France,Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Hugues Aschard
- Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harry Sokol
- Gastroenterology Department, Sorbonne University, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, F-75012 Paris, France,INRA, UMR1319 Micalis & AgroParisTech, Jouy en Josas, France,Paris Centre for Microbiome Medicine FHU, Paris, France
| | - Colette Cywes-Bentley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John J. Mekalanos
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thomas Guillard
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, SFR CAP-Santé, Inserm UMR-S 1250 P3Cell, Reims, France,Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie-Hygiène Hospitalière-Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU, Reims, France
| | - Gerald B. Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Damien Roux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR 1137 IAME, F-75018 Paris, France,AP-HP, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Hôpital Louis Mourier, F-92700 Colombes, France
| | - David Skurnik
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; CNRS, INSERM, Institut Necker Enfants Malades-INEM, F-75015 Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, University of Paris City, Paris, France; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Prématurité (FHU PREMA), Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, University of Paris City, Paris, France.
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9
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Stærk K, Hjelmager JS, Alm M, Thomsen P, Andersen TE. A new catheter-integrated drug-delivery system for controlled intravesical mitomycin C release. Urol Oncol 2022; 40:409.e19-409.e26. [PMID: 35753849 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravesical treatment of bladder cancer is preferred over systemic administration. However, the efficacy of intravesical instillations is challenged by the periodic voiding that flushes out the instilled drug and ultimately reduces drug exposure to the bladder epithelium. Here, we demonstrate a new catheter-integrated drug-delivery concept that utilizes a silicone-based interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) as material for the catheter balloon, to facilitate continuous release of the bladder cancer adjuvant, Mitomycin C, from a balloon-reservoir to the urinary bladder. METHODS Long-term release properties and anti-carcinoma cell efficacy of released drug was investigated in vitro. Short-term release experiments were performed in live pigs to evaluate the IPN prototype catheter in a physiological relevant environment in vivo. RESULTS Sustained zero-order release of Mitomycin C was achieved for 12 days in vitro without refilling the balloon. Mitomycin C was released from the IPN-balloons into the urinary bladder of live pigs in concentrations adequate to inhibit carcinoma cell growth. CONCLUSION The IPN catheter represents a new drug-delivery concept for prolonged Mitomycin C delivery to the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Stærk
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Emil Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
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10
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Firoozeh F, Zibaei M, Badmasti F, Khaledi A. Virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance and the relationship between these characteristics in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Andersen S, Nawrocki A, Johansen AE, Herrero-Fresno A, Menéndez VG, Møller-Jensen J, Olsen JE. Proteomes of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Growing in Human Urine and in J82 Urinary Bladder Cells. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10020015. [PMID: 35645373 PMCID: PMC9149909 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the most common cause of urinary tract infection (UTI). UPEC normally reside in the intestine, and during establishment of UTI, they undergo metabolic adaptations, first to urine and then upon tissue invasion to the bladder cell interior. To understand these adaptations, we used quantitative proteomic profiling to characterize protein expression of the UPEC strain UTI89 growing in human urine and when inside J82 bladder cells. In order to facilitate detection of UPEC proteins over the excess amount of eukaryotic proteins in bladder cells, we developed a method where proteins from UTI89 grown in MOPS and urine was spiked-in to enhance detection of bacterial proteins. More than 2000 E. coli proteins were detected. During growth in urine, proteins associated with iron acquisition and several amino acid uptake and biosynthesis systems, most prominently arginine metabolism, were significantly upregulated. During growth in J82 cells, proteins related to iron uptake and arginine metabolisms were likewise upregulated together with proteins involved in sulfur compound turnover. Ribosomal proteins were downregulated relative to growth in MOPS in this environment. There was no direct correlation between upregulated proteins and proteins reported to be essential for infections, showing that upregulation during growth does not signify that the proteins are essential for growth under a condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisse Andersen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (S.A.); (A.E.J.); (A.H.-F.); (V.G.M.)
| | - Arkadiusz Nawrocki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; (A.N.); (J.M.-J.)
| | - Andreas Eske Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (S.A.); (A.E.J.); (A.H.-F.); (V.G.M.)
| | - Ana Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (S.A.); (A.E.J.); (A.H.-F.); (V.G.M.)
| | - Vanesa García Menéndez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (S.A.); (A.E.J.); (A.H.-F.); (V.G.M.)
| | - Jakob Møller-Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark; (A.N.); (J.M.-J.)
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (S.A.); (A.E.J.); (A.H.-F.); (V.G.M.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Stærk K, Andersen MØ, Andersen TE. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli can cause cystitis at extremely low inocula in a pig model. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35475768 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide. Experimental models that accurately reflect the high susceptibility to UTI in humans have, however, been lacking. This situation has limited detailed research into the early bladder colonization by uropathogens and the early innate defence mechanisms elicited to prevent this. We recently presented a model of urinary tract infection in pigs, animals that are naturally susceptible to UTI and have greater similarity to the physiology and anatomy of the human urinary tract than traditional rodent UTI models. In the current study, we used the pig model to investigate the minimal infectious inoculum of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, the most common cause of urinary tract infection. We show that in this animal a few individual bacteria that come into contact with the urothelium can give rise to fulminant cystitis, indicating the high infectious potential of uropathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Stærk
- Research unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Emil Andersen
- Research unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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13
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Torres-Puig S, García V, Stærk K, Andersen TE, Møller-Jensen J, Olsen JE, Herrero-Fresno A. “Omics” Technologies - What Have They Told Us About Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Fitness and Virulence During Urinary Tract Infection? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:824039. [PMID: 35237532 PMCID: PMC8882828 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the main etiological agent of urinary tract infection (UTI), a widespread infectious disease of great impact on human health. This is further emphasized by the rapidly increase in antimicrobial resistance in UPEC, which compromises UTI treatment. UPEC biology is highly complex since uropathogens must adopt extracellular and intracellular lifestyles and adapt to different niches in the host. In this context, the implementation of forefront ‘omics’ technologies has provided substantial insight into the understanding of UPEC pathogenesis, which has opened the doors for new therapeutics and prophylactics discovery programs. Thus, ‘omics’ technologies applied to studies of UPEC during UTI, or in models of UTI, have revealed extensive lists of factors that are important for the ability of UPEC to cause disease. The multitude of large ‘omics’ datasets that have been generated calls for scrutinized analysis of specific factors that may be of interest for further development of novel treatment strategies. In this review, we describe main UPEC determinants involved in UTI as estimated by ‘omics’ studies, and we compare prediction of factors across the different ‘omics’ technologies, with a focus on those that have been confirmed to be relevant under UTI-related conditions. We also discuss current challenges and future perspectives regarding analysis of data to provide an overview and better understanding of UPEC mechanisms involved in pathogenesis which should assist in the selection of target sites for future prophylaxis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Torres-Puig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vanesa García
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Kristian Stærk
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas E. Andersen
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Møller-Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ana Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Ana Herrero-Fresno,
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14
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Wu KY, Cao B, Wang CX, Yang XL, Zhao SJ, Diao TY, Lin LR, Zhao GX, Zhou W, Yang JR, Li K. The C5a/C5aR1 Axis Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Acute Cystitis Through Enhancement of Adhesion and Colonization of Uropathogenic E. coli. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:824505. [PMID: 35433513 PMCID: PMC9005882 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work using a murine model of pyelonephritis demonstrated that the C5a/C5aR1 axis plays a pathogenic role in acute kidney infection. In this study, we report that the C5a/C5aR1 axis also plays a pathogenic role in acute bladder infection. C5aR1-deficient mice had reduced bladder bacterial load and attenuated bladder tissue injury, which is associated with reduced expression of terminal α-mannosyl residues (Man) (a potential ligand for type 1 fimbriae of E. coli) at the luminal surface of the bladder epithelium and reduced early bacterial colonization of the bladder. In vitro, C5a stimulation enhanced mannose expression in and facilitated bacterial adhesion/colonization to human bladder epithelial cells. C5a stimulation also upregulated the activation of ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., Il6, Il1b, Cxcl1, Ccl2) in the epithelial cells, which could drive pro-inflammatory responses leading to tissue injury. Administration of the C5aR1 antagonist effectively reduced bladder bacterial load and tissue injury. Thus, our findings demonstrate a previously unknown pathogenic role for the C5a/C5aR1 axis in bladder infection and suggest that the C5a/C5aR1 axis-mediated upregulation of Man expression, enhancement of bacterial adhesion/colonization, and excessive inflammatory responses contribute to acute bladder infection. These findings improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of bladder infection with therapeutic implications for UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yi Wu
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Cao
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Xuan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xue-Ling Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhao
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Teng-Yue Diao
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Rong Lin
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Xiu Zhao
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wuding Zhou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ju-Rong Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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15
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Stærk K, Grønnemose RB, Nielsen TK, Petersen NA, Palarasah Y, Torres-Puig S, Møller-Jensen J, Kolmos HJ, Lund L, Andersen TE. Escherichia coli type-1 fimbriae are critical to overcome initial bottlenecks of infection upon low-dose inoculation in a porcine model of cystitis. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2021; 167. [PMID: 34623231 PMCID: PMC8698211 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Most uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) express type-1 fimbriae (T1F), a key virulence factor for urinary tract infection (UTI) in mice. Evidence that conclusively associates this pilus with uropathogenesis in humans has, however, been difficult to obtain. We used an experimental porcine model of cystitis to assess the role of T1F in larger mammals more closely related to humans. Thirty-one pigs were infected with UPEC strain UTI89 or its T1F deficient mutant, UTI89ΔfimH, at inoculum titres of 102 to 108 colony forming units per millilitre. Urine and blood samples were collected and analysed 7 and 14 days post-inoculation, and whole bladders were removed at day 14 and analysed for uroepithelium-associated UPEC. All animals were consistently infected and reached high urine titres independent of inoculum titre. UTI89ΔfimH successfully colonized the bladders of 1/6 pigs compared to 6/6 for the wild-type strain. Intracellular UPEC were detectable in low numbers in whole bladder explants. In conclusion, low doses of UPEC are able to establish robust infections in pigs, similar to what is presumed in humans. T1F are critical for UPEC to surpass initial bottlenecks during infection but may be dispensable once infection is established. While supporting the conclusions from mice studies regarding a general importance of T1F in successfully infecting the host, the porcine UTI models’ natural high, more human-like, susceptibility to infection, allowed us to demonstrate a pivotal role of T1F in initial establishment of infection upon a realistic low-inoculum introduction of UPEC in the bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Stærk
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Birkholm Grønnemose
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Kastberg Nielsen
- Research Unit of Urology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicky Anúel Petersen
- Research Unit of Urology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sergi Torres-Puig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Møller-Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørn Kolmos
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Lund
- Research Unit of Urology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Urology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Emil Andersen
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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16
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Plavec TV, Mitrović A, Perišić Nanut M, Štrukelj B, Kos J, Berlec A. Targeting of fluorescent Lactococcus lactis to colorectal cancer cells through surface display of tumour-antigen binding proteins. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2227-2240. [PMID: 34347360 PMCID: PMC8449671 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of targeted treatment for colorectal cancer is crucial to avoid side effects. To harness the possibilities offered by microbiome engineering, we prepared safe multifunctional cancer cell-targeting bacteria Lactococcus lactis. They displayed, on their surface, binding proteins for cancer-associated transmembrane receptors epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and co-expressed an infrared fluorescent protein for imaging. Binding of engineered L. lactis to tumour antigens EpCAM and HER2 was confirmed and characterised in vitro using soluble receptors. The proof-of-principle of targeting was demonstrated on human cell lines HEK293, HT-29 and Caco-2 with fluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry. The highest L. lactis adhesion was seen for the HEK293 cells with the overexpressed tumour antigens, where colocalisation with their tumour antigens was seen for 39% and 67% of EpCAM-targeting and HER2-targeting bacteria, respectively. On the other hand, no binding was observed to HEK293 cells without tumour antigens, confirming the selectivity of the engineered L. lactis. Apart from cell targeting in static conditions, targeting ability of engineered L. lactis was also shown in conditions of constant flow of bacterial suspension over the HEK293 cells. Successful targeting by engineered L. lactis support the future use of these bacteria in biopharmaceutical delivery for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Vida Plavec
- Department of BiotechnologyJožef Stefan InstituteJamova 39LjubljanaSlovenia
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaAškerčeva 7LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Department of BiotechnologyJožef Stefan InstituteJamova 39LjubljanaSlovenia
| | | | - Borut Štrukelj
- Department of BiotechnologyJožef Stefan InstituteJamova 39LjubljanaSlovenia
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaAškerčeva 7LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of BiotechnologyJožef Stefan InstituteJamova 39LjubljanaSlovenia
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaAškerčeva 7LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Aleš Berlec
- Department of BiotechnologyJožef Stefan InstituteJamova 39LjubljanaSlovenia
- Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LjubljanaAškerčeva 7LjubljanaSlovenia
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17
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Mohammad Zadeh F, Zarei H, Honarmand Jahromy S. Type1 and 3 fimbriae phenotype and genotype as suitable markers for uropathogenic bacterial pathogenesis via attachment, cell surface hydrophobicity, and biofilm formation in catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:1098-1106. [PMID: 34804427 PMCID: PMC8591770 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.53691.12079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Catheters are one of the factors for complicated urinary tract infections. Uropathogenic bacteria can attach to the catheter via cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH), form biofilms, and remain in urinary tract. The study was evaluated phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of fimbriae in Klebsiella pneumoniae and uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) isolates from patients with catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) and their association with biofilm formation. Materials and Methods: Urine specimens were collected through catheters in patients with CAUTIs. Sixty bacterial isolates were identified by biochemical tests. For determination of biofilm formation a tissue culture plate was used. Microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons (MATH) was conducted for CSH determination. The mannose-sensitive haemagglutination (MSHA) and mannose-resistant haemagglutination (MRHA) were determined for type 1 and type 3 fimbriae. Finally, the presence of genes encoding fimbriae was determined by PCR. Results: All isolates showed strong CSH, biofilm capacity and MRHA phenotype. The results showed that 20% of UPEC and 23% of K. pneumoniae isolates contained MSHA phenotypes. There was a significant association between biofilm formation and MSHA phenotype in UPEC isolates. The frequency of fimA (80%) and fimH (96.6%) in K. pneumoniae isolates was higher than UPEC isolates. Both types of bacterial isolates with MSHA phenotypes harbored the fimH gene. Conclusion: The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of two bacterial species were highly similar. Also, the type of fimbriae affected bacterial biofilm formation through catheterization. It seems that fimH and mrk gene cluster subunits are suitable markers for identifying bacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mohammad Zadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
| | - Hamed Zarei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic science, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Josephs-Spaulding J, Krogh TJ, Rettig HC, Lyng M, Chkonia M, Waschina S, Graspeuntner S, Rupp J, Møller-Jensen J, Kaleta C. Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: Unraveling the Complicated Environment of Uncomplicated rUTIs. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:562525. [PMID: 34368008 PMCID: PMC8340884 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.562525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent in humans, affecting the upper and lower urinary tract. Present diagnosis relies on the positive culture of uropathogenic bacteria from urine and clinical markers of inflammation of the urinary tract. The bladder is constantly challenged by adverse environmental stimuli which influence urinary tract physiology, contributing to a dysbiotic environment. Simultaneously, pathogens are primed by environmental stressors such as antibiotics, favoring recurrent UTIs (rUTIs), resulting in chronic illness. Due to different confounders for UTI onset, a greater understanding of the fundamental environmental mechanisms and microbial ecology of the human urinary tract is required. Such advancements could promote the tandem translation of bench and computational studies for precision treatments and clinical management of UTIs. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the ecological interactions of the human urogenital microbial communities which precede rUTIs. This review aims to outline the mechanistic aspects of rUTI ecology underlying dysbiosis between both the human microbiome and host physiology which predisposes humans to rUTIs. By assessing the applications of next generation and systems level methods, we also recommend novel approaches to elucidate the systemic consequences of rUTIs which requires an integrated approach for successful treatment. To this end, we will provide an outlook towards the so-called 'uncomplicated environment of UTIs', a holistic and systems view that applies ecological principles to define patient-specific UTIs. This perspective illustrates the need to withdraw from traditional reductionist perspectives in infection biology and instead, a move towards a systems-view revolving around patient-specific pathophysiology during UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Josephs-Spaulding
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thøger Jensen Krogh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hannah Clara Rettig
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mark Lyng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mariam Chkonia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Silvio Waschina
- Research Group Nutriinformatics, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Graspeuntner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jakob Møller-Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Research Group Medical Systems Biology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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19
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Stærk K, Grønnemose RB, Palarasah Y, Kolmos HJ, Lund L, Alm M, Thomsen P, Andersen TE. A Novel Device-Integrated Drug Delivery System for Local Inhibition of Urinary Tract Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:685698. [PMID: 34248906 PMCID: PMC8267894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.685698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is a frequent community-acquired infection and the most common nosocomial infection. Here, we developed a novel antimicrobial catheter concept that utilizes a silicone-based interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) as balloon material to facilitate a topical slow-release prophylaxis of antibacterial agents across the balloon to the urinary bladder. Methods: The balloon material was achieved by modifying low shore hardness silicone tubes with a hydrogel interpenetrating polymer in supercritical CO2 using the sequential method. Release properties and antibacterial efficacy of the IPN balloon treatment concept was investigated in vitro and in a porcine CAUTI model developed for the study. In the latter, Bactiguard Infection Protection (BIP) Foley catheters were also assessed to enable benchmark with the traditional antimicrobial coating principle. Results: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli was undetectable in urinary bladders and on retrieved catheters in the IPN treatment group as compared to control that revealed significant bacteriuria (>105 colony forming units/ml) as well as catheter-associated biofilm. The BIP catheters failed to prevent E. coli colonization of the bladder but significantly reduced catheter biofilm formation compared to the control. Conclusion: The IPN-catheter concept provides a novel, promising delivery route for local treatment in the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Stærk
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Birkholm Grønnemose
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørn Kolmos
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Lund
- Research Unit of Urology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | - Thomas Emil Andersen
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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20
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González de Llano D, Moreno-Arribas MV, Bartolomé B. Cranberry Polyphenols and Prevention against Urinary Tract Infections: Relevant Considerations. Molecules 2020; 25:E3523. [PMID: 32752183 PMCID: PMC7436188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is a distinctive source of polyphenols as flavonoids and phenolic acids that has been described to display beneficial effects against urinary tract infections (UTIs), the second most common type of infections worldwide. UTIs can lead to significant morbidity, especially in healthy females due to high rates of recurrence and antibiotic resistance. Strategies and therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics for prophylaxis and treatment against UTIs are continuously being sought after. Different to cranberry, which have been widely recommended in traditional medicine for UTIs prophylaxis, probiotics have emerged as a new alternative to the use of antibiotics against these infections and are the subject of new research in this area. Besides uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common bacteria causing uncomplicated UTIs, other etiological agents, such as Klebsiellapneumoniae or Gram-positive bacteria of Enterococcus and Staphylococcus genera, seem to be more widespread than previously appreciated. Considerable current effort is also devoted to the still-unraveled mechanisms that are behind the UTI-protective effects of cranberry, probiotics and their new combined formulations. All these current topics in the understanding of the protective effects of cranberry against UTIs are reviewed in this paper. Further progresses expected in the coming years in these fields are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores González de Llano
- Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Nicolás Cabrera, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.M.-A.); (B.B.)
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21
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Nielsen TK, Petersen NA, Stærk K, Grønnemose RB, Palarasah Y, Nielsen LF, Kolmos HJ, Andersen TE, Lund L. A Porcine Model for Urinary Tract Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2564. [PMID: 31824442 PMCID: PMC6882375 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infectious disease with a high frequency of recurrence and the leading cause of septicemia. In vivo experimentation has contributed significantly to the present-day knowledge on UTI pathogenesis. This research has traditionally been based on murine models of UTI. Occasional conflicting results between UTI in mice and humans and increasing skepticism toward small rodent models in general warrant the need of novel large-animal infection models that better resemble the anatomy and physiology of humans, and thus better mimic the course of infection in humans. Here, we report, to our knowledge, the first large-animal model of cystitis. The model is based on pigs, and the protocol supports the establishment of persistent, non-ascending infection in this animal and is established without invasive surgical procedures, pain, and discomfort for the animal. The course of infection is monitored by cystoscopy, microscopy of bladder biopsies, and biochemical analysis of urine and blood samples. At termination, harvested whole bladders from infected pigs are analyzed for microbiological colonization using microscopy, histology, and viable bacterial counts. The model is a useful tool in future studies of UTI pathogenesis and opens up novel possibilities to bridge the current knowledge obtained from small-animal UTI models to UTI pathogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kastberg Nielsen
- Research Unit of Urology, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicky Anúel Petersen
- Research Unit of Urology, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristian Stærk
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Birkholm Grønnemose
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Hans Jørn Kolmos
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Emil Andersen
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars Lund
- Research Unit of Urology, Department of Clinical Research, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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22
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Mortensen S, Johansen AE, Thøfner I, Christensen JP, Pors SE, Fresno AH, Møller-Jensen J, Olsen JE. Infectious potential of human derived uropathogenic Escherichia coli UTI89 in the reproductive tract of laying hens. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108445. [PMID: 31767071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) and human uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) harbour common virulence factors in spite of being associated with disease in different hosts. APEC strains have been shown to have zoonotic potential. In contrast, it is not known whether UPEC strains can cause infection in immunologically competent hens. The objective of the current study was to compare the ability of the well-characterized UPEC strain, UTI89, and the APEC strain, F149H1S2, to infect human and avian cells in culture and to cause salpingitis in an infection model in adult laying hens. In vitro characterization showed that the strains grew equally well in human urine, and both were able to infect human intestinal (Int407) and bladder (J82) epithelial cell lines, and they survived in avian macrophages (HD11) to the same extent. Groups of adult birds were inoculated with 108 bacteria directly into the oviduct using a surgical procedure. After an infection period of 48 h, bacterial load in the oviduct was determined by dilution series, and pathology was determined based on gross lesions and histological observations. Similar counts of UPEC UTI89 (ST95) and the APEC strain F149H1S2 (ST117) were obtained from tissues of infected birds, and salpingitis as evaluated by clinical score and histopathology was observed to a similar extent after infection with the two strains. Together, the results showed that UPEC UTI89 and APEC F149H1S2 have a similar potential for causing salpingitis in laying hens in the model used. No infection differences were observed between the UPEC UTI89 wild type and a mutant strain with knock-out of the well-known virulence gene, fimH, (UPEC UTI89ΔfimH), showing that the salpingitis model is not suitable for the detection of all UPEC virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisse Mortensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Eske Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ida Thøfner
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanne Elisabeth Pors
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ana Herrero Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Møller-Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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23
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Engelsöy U, Rangel I, Demirel I. Impact of Proinflammatory Cytokines on the Virulence of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1051. [PMID: 31143172 PMCID: PMC6520761 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a urinary tract infection on the host is a well-studied research field. However, how the host immune response affects uropathogenic Escherichia coli (CFT073) virulence is less studied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of proinflammatory cytokine exposure on the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. We found that all tested proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-γ) induced an increased CFT073 growth. We also found that biofilm formation and hemolytic activity was reduced in the presence of all proinflammatory cytokines. However, a reduction in siderophore release was only observed in the presence of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. Real time-qPCR showed that all proinflammatory cytokines except TNF-α significantly increased genes associated with the iron acquisition system in CFT073. We also found that the proinflammatory cytokines induced significant changes in type-1 fimbriae, P-fimbriae and gluconeogenetic genes. Furthermore, we also showed, using a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) killing assay that all cytokines decreased the survival of C. elegans worms significantly. Taken together, our findings show that proinflammatory cytokines have the ability to alter the virulence traits of UPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Engelsöy
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ignacio Rangel
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Nutrition-Gut-Brain Interactions Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Isak Demirel
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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24
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Meštrović T, Wilson J, Ljubin-Sternak S, Sviben M, Bedenić B, Barać A, Neuberg M, Drenjančević D, Ribić R, Kozina G. A 'pathogenic needle' in a 'commensal haystack': Genetic virulence signatures of Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum that may drive its infectious propensity for the male urogenital system. Med Hypotheses 2019; 126:38-41. [PMID: 31010496 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The predominance of the genus Corynebacterium in the healthy male urogenital system contributes to the resident microbiome of not only the distal urethra, but potentially the proximal urethra and urinary bladder as well. However, for certain species in this genus, pathogenic potential was described, and the salient representative is Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum (C. glucuronolyticum) implicated in cases of urethritis and prostatitis in men. Nonetheless, some still question whether C. glucuronolyticum can actually be considered pathogenic or rather just a commensal species fortuitously isolated in patients with urogenital symptoms and/or syndromes. Although pathogen/commensal dichotomy is not always clear-cut, we hypothesize that specific genetic markers may expose C. glucuronolyticum as a convincingly pathogenic Corynebacterium. More specifically, characteristic pathogenic gene constellation inherent to this species (most notably the presence of specific sortase/SpaA-type pili gene clusters, but also the augmentative role of type VII secretion system) may significantly facilitate host tissue adhesion, with subsequent suppression/evasion of the immune response and acquisition of vitally important nutrients. Consequently, these genetic markers differentiate C. glucuronolyticum from its commensal counterparts, and give this species a pathogenic facet, which can be even further influenced by the Allee effect. In this paper we also propose a specific methodological approach on how to analyze C. glucuronolyticum epithelial colonization capacity and explore inceptive host cell-pathogen interactions that manipulate host environment and immune responses. This entails moving from approaches based primarily on overall homology of primary sequences towards specific structure-function studies to precisely evaluate all stakeholders involved in pili assemblage, cell adhesion and the expression of other virulence traits. In the era of high precision medicine, the hypothesized roles of C. glucuronolyticum adhesion systems in both virulence and nutrient acquisition may also reveal promising targets for future drug developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Meštrović
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit, Polyclinic "Dr. Zora Profozić", Zagreb, Croatia; University Centre Varaždin, University North, Varaždin, Croatia.
| | - Jonas Wilson
- Sint Maarten Medical Center, Cay Hill, Sint Maarten (Dutch Part)
| | - Sunčanica Ljubin-Sternak
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Clinical Microbiology Department, Teaching Institute of Public Health "Dr Andrija Štampar", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Sviben
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Microbiology Service, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Branka Bedenić
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia; Department of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Barać
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Domagoj Drenjančević
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia; University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Rosana Ribić
- University Centre Varaždin, University North, Varaždin, Croatia
| | - Goran Kozina
- University Centre Varaždin, University North, Varaždin, Croatia
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25
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Ramstedt M, Ribeiro IAC, Bujdakova H, Mergulhão FJM, Jordao L, Thomsen P, Alm M, Burmølle M, Vladkova T, Can F, Reches M, Riool M, Barros A, Reis RL, Meaurio E, Kikhney J, Moter A, Zaat SAJ, Sjollema J. Evaluating Efficacy of Antimicrobial and Antifouling Materials for Urinary Tract Medical Devices: Challenges and Recommendations. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1800384. [PMID: 30884146 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In Europe, the mean incidence of urinary tract infections in intensive care units is 1.1 per 1000 patient-days. Of these cases, catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) account for 98%. In total, CAUTI in hospitals is estimated to give additional health-care costs of £1-2.5 billion in the United Kingdom alone. This is in sharp contrast to the low cost of urinary catheters and emphasizes the need for innovative products that reduce the incidence rate of CAUTI. Ureteral stents and other urinary-tract devices suffer similar problems. Antimicrobial strategies are being developed, however, the evaluation of their efficacy is very challenging. This review aims to provide considerations and recommendations covering all relevant aspects of antimicrobial material testing, including surface characterization, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo tests, microbial strain selection, and hydrodynamic conditions, all in the perspective of complying to the complex pathology of device-associated urinary tract infection. The recommendations should be on the basis of standard assays to be developed which would enable comparisons of results obtained in different research labs both in industry and in academia, as well as provide industry and academia with tools to assess the antimicrobial properties for urinary tract devices in a reliable way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel A C Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Bujdakova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81499, Bratislava 1, Slovakia
| | - Filipe J M Mergulhão
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luisa Jordao
- Department of Environmental Health, Research and Development Unit, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Thomsen
- BioModics ApS, Stengårds Alle 31A, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Alm
- BioModics ApS, Stengårds Alle 31A, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Todorka Vladkova
- Department of Polymers, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy (UCTM), 8 Kliment Ohridski Blvd, 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Fusun Can
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Koc University, 34450, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meital Reches
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Martijn Riool
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Barros
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Guimarães, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Emilio Meaurio
- Department of Mining-Metallurgy Engineering and Materials Science, POLYMAT, School of Engineering, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leina, Bizkaia, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Judith Kikhney
- Biofilmcenter, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Moter
- Biofilmcenter, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian A J Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Sjollema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Arais LR, Barbosa AV, Andrade JRC, Gomes TAT, Asensi MD, Aires CAM, Cerqueira AMF. Zoonotic potential of atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) isolated from puppies with diarrhoea in Brazil. Vet Microbiol 2018; 227:45-51. [PMID: 30473351 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies point atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) to be an important agent in childhood diarrhoea in Brazil. aEPEC are commonly found in various animal species, including dogs. Although the true zoonotic risk remains unknown, some strains recovered from dogs present the same serotypes and carry the same virulence genes implicated in human disease. In this study, we compared the virulence and genetic relationship among a set of aEPEC strains previously isolated from diarrheic faeces from companion dogs and humans. A total of 17 strains, 12 from puppies and five from children, were studied. The strains were assessed for: (i) presence of virulence-associated genes (a total of 31 genes) using PCR assays; (ii) genetic relationship by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE); and (iii) adherence pattern in intestinal Caco-2 cells. The occurrence of virulence genes was similar between the canine and human isolates presenting the same serotype. The fimbrial genes ecpA and fimH were the most frequently detected, followed by hcpA, tccP, tccP2, lpfA1, lpfA2, astA and toxB genes. Several nle genes were also detected, with one canine strain (O156:H- / ST327) showing all PAI O-122 genes investigated (efa-1, nleB, nleE and ent/espL2). Canine and human strains of the same serotype were grouped into a single cluster by RAPD and PFGE, in which the ST10 and ST206 were identified. Additionally, most of the strains exhibited a localized adherence-like phenotype when interacting with Caco-2 cells. The results showed that some canine aEPEC strains share virulence genes commonly found in human pathogenic strains. Moreover, strains of the same serotype, isolated from dogs and children, share virulence genes and are phylogenetically close, suggesting a potential zoonotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavicie R Arais
- Laboratório de Enteropatógenos, Microbiologia Veterinária e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Professor Hernani Melo Street, 101, Niterói, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
| | - André V Barbosa
- Laboratório de Enteropatógenos, Microbiologia Veterinária e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Professor Hernani Melo Street, 101, Niterói, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil.
| | - João R C Andrade
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Prof., Manuel de Abreu Avenue, 444, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
| | - Tânia A T Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Botucatu Street, 862, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Marise D Asensi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infecção Hospitalar, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil Avenue, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Caio A M Aires
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Infecção Hospitalar, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brasil Avenue, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Aloysio M F Cerqueira
- Laboratório de Enteropatógenos, Microbiologia Veterinária e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Professor Hernani Melo Street, 101, Niterói, RJ, 24210-130, Brazil
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27
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Hollenbeck EC, Antonoplis A, Chai C, Thongsomboon W, Fuller GG, Cegelski L. Phosphoethanolamine cellulose enhances curli-mediated adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to bladder epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10106-10111. [PMID: 30232265 PMCID: PMC6176564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801564115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) are the major causative agents of urinary tract infections, employing numerous molecular strategies to contribute to adhesion, colonization, and persistence in the bladder niche. Identifying strategies to prevent adhesion and colonization is a promising approach to inhibit bacterial pathogenesis and to help preserve the efficacy of available antibiotics. This approach requires an improved understanding of the molecular determinants of adhesion to the bladder urothelium. We designed experiments using a custom-built live cell monolayer rheometer (LCMR) to quantitatively measure individual and combined contributions of bacterial cell surface structures [type 1 pili, curli, and phosphoethanolamine (pEtN) cellulose] to bladder cell adhesion. Using the UPEC strain UTI89, isogenic mutants, and controlled conditions for the differential production of cell surface structures, we discovered that curli can promote stronger adhesive interactions with bladder cells than type 1 pili. Moreover, the coproduction of curli and pEtN cellulose enhanced adhesion. The LCMR enables the evaluation of adhesion under high-shear conditions to reveal this role for pEtN cellulose which escaped detection using conventional tissue culture adhesion assays. Together with complementary biochemical experiments, the results support a model wherein cellulose serves a mortar-like function to promote curli association with and around the bacterial cell surface, resulting in increased bacterial adhesion strength at the bladder cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Hollenbeck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Chew Chai
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Gerald G Fuller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
| | - Lynette Cegelski
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305;
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28
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Stubenrauch CJ, Dougan G, Lithgow T, Heinz E. Constraints on lateral gene transfer in promoting fimbrial usher protein diversity and function. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170144. [PMID: 29142104 PMCID: PMC5717340 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fimbriae are long, adhesive structures widespread throughout members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are multimeric extrusions, which are moved out of the bacterial cell through an integral outer membrane protein called usher. The complex folding mechanics of the usher protein were recently revealed to be catalysed by the membrane-embedded translocation and assembly module (TAM). Here, we examine the diversity of usher proteins across a wide range of extraintestinal (ExPEC) and enteropathogenic (EPEC) Escherichia coli, and further focus on a so far undescribed chaperone–usher system, with this usher referred to as UshC. The fimbrial system containing UshC is distributed across a discrete set of EPEC types, including model strains like E2348/67, as well as ExPEC ST131, currently the most prominent multi-drug-resistant uropathogenic E. coli strain worldwide. Deletion of the TAM from a naive strain of E. coli results in a drastic time delay in folding of UshC, which can be observed for a protein from EPEC as well as for two introduced proteins from related organisms, Yersinia and Enterobacter. We suggest that this models why the TAM machinery is essential for efficient folding of proteins acquired via lateral gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Stubenrauch
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Infection Genomics Program, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Trevor Lithgow
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Eva Heinz
- Infection Genomics Program, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
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29
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Demirel I, Persson A, Brauner A, Särndahl E, Kruse R, Persson K. Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Is Virulence Factor-Dependent and Influences Colonization of Bladder Epithelial Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:81. [PMID: 29662840 PMCID: PMC5890162 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β release have recently been suggested to be important for the progression of urinary tract infection (UTI). However, much is still unknown regarding the interaction of UPEC and the NLRP3 inflammasome. The purpose of this study was to elucidate what virulence factors uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) use to modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation and subsequent IL-1β release and the role of NLRP3 for UPEC colonization of bladder epithelial cells. The bladder epithelial cell line 5637, CRISPR/Cas9 generated NLRP3, caspase-1 and mesotrypsin deficient cell lines and transformed primary bladder epithelial cells (HBLAK) were stimulated with UPEC isolates and the non-pathogenic MG1655 strain. We found that the UPEC strain CFT073, but not MG1655, induced an increased caspase-1 activity and IL-1β release from bladder epithelial cells. The increase was shown to be mediated by α-hemolysin activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in an NF-κB-independent manner. The effect of α-hemolysin on IL-1β release was biphasic, initially suppressive, later inductive. Furthermore, the phase-locked type-1-fimbrial ON variant of CFT073 inhibited caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release. In addition, the ability of CFT073 to adhere to and invade NLRP3 deficient cells was significantly reduced compare to wild-type cells. The reduced colonization of NLRP3-deficient cells was type-1 fimbriae dependent. In conclusion, we found that the NLRP3 inflammasome was important for type-1 fimbriae-dependent colonization of bladder epithelial cells and that both type-1 fimbriae and α-hemolysin can modulate the activity of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isak Demirel
- iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Alexander Persson
- iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Annelie Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Särndahl
- iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Robert Kruse
- iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Katarina Persson
- iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Lawan A, Jesse FFA, Idris UH, Odhah MN, Arsalan M, Muhammad NA, Bhutto KR, Peter ID, Abraham GA, Wahid AH, Mohd-Azmi ML, Zamri-Saad M. Mucosal and systemic responses of immunogenic vaccines candidates against enteric Escherichia coli infections in ruminants: A review. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:175-183. [PMID: 29471137 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innumerable Escherichia coli of animal origin are identified, which are of economic significance, likewise, cattle, sheep and goats are the carrier of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, which are less pathogenic, and can spread to people by way of direct contact and through the contamination of foodstuff or portable drinking water, causing serious illness. The immunization of ruminants has been carried out for ages and is largely acknowledged as the most economical and maintainable process of monitoring E. coli infection in ruminants. Yet, only a limited number of E. coli vaccines are obtainable. Mucosal surfaces are the most important ingress for E. coli and thus mucosal immune responses function as the primary means of fortification. Largely contemporary vaccination processes are done by parenteral administration and merely limited number of E. coli vaccines are inoculated via mucosal itinerary, due to its decreased efficacy. Nevertheless, aiming at maximal mucosal partitions to stimulate defensive immunity at both mucosal compartments and systemic site epitomises a prodigious task. Enormous determinations are involved in order to improve on novel mucosal E. coli vaccines candidate by choosing apposite antigens with potent immunogenicity, manipulating novel mucosal itineraries of inoculation and choosing immune-inducing adjuvants. The target of E. coli mucosal vaccines is to stimulate a comprehensive, effective and defensive immunity by specifically counteracting the antibodies at mucosal linings and by the stimulation of cellular immunity. Furthermore, effective E. coli mucosal vaccine would make vaccination measures stress-free and appropriate for large number of inoculation. On account of contemporary advancement in proteomics, metagenomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics research, a comprehensive appraisal of the immeasurable genes and proteins that were divulged by a bacterium is now in easy reach. Moreover, there exist marvellous prospects in this bourgeoning technologies in comprehending the host bacteria affiliation. Accordingly, the flourishing knowledge could massively guarantee to the progression of immunogenic vaccines against E. coli infections in both humans and animals. This review highlight and expounds on the current prominence of mucosal and systemic immunogenic vaccines for the prevention of E. coli infections in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
| | - F F A Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Farm & Exotic Animals Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - U H Idris
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - M N Odhah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Yemen
| | - M Arsalan
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Livestock and Dairy Development Department Baluchistan, Pakistan
| | - N A Muhammad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - K R Bhutto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Veterinary Research & Diagnosis, Livestock and Fisheries Department, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - I D Peter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - G A Abraham
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Farm & Exotic Animals Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A H Wahid
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M L Mohd-Azmi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - M Zamri-Saad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
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Pedersen RM, Grønnemose RB, Stærk K, Asferg CA, Andersen TB, Kolmos HJ, Møller-Jensen J, Andersen TE. A Method for Quantification of Epithelium Colonization Capacity by Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:16. [PMID: 29450193 PMCID: PMC5799267 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most bacterial infections initiate at the mucosal epithelium lining the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. At these sites, bacterial pathogens must adhere and increase in numbers to effectively breach the outer barrier and invade the host. If the bacterium succeeds in reaching the bloodstream, effective dissemination again requires that bacteria in the blood, reestablish contact to distant endothelium sites and form secondary site foci. The infectious potential of bacteria is therefore closely linked to their ability to adhere to, colonize, and invade epithelial and endothelial surfaces. Measurement of bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells is therefore standard procedure in studies of bacterial virulence. Traditionally, such measurements have been conducted with microtiter plate cell cultures to which bacteria are added, followed by washing procedures and final quantification of retained bacteria by agar plating. This approach is fast and straightforward, but yields only a rough estimate of the adhesive properties of the bacteria upon contact, and little information on the ability of the bacterium to colonize these surfaces under relevant physiological conditions. Here, we present a method in which epithelia/endothelia are simulated by flow chamber-grown human cell layers, and infection is induced by seeding of pathogenic bacteria on these surfaces under conditions that simulate the physiological microenvironment. Quantification of bacterial adhesion and colonization of the cell layers is then performed by in situ time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and automatic detection of bacterial surface coverage. The method is demonstrated in three different infection models, simulating Staphylococcus aureus endothelial infection and Escherichia coli intestinal- and uroepithelial infection. The approach yields valuable information on the fitness of the bacterium to successfully adhere to and colonize epithelial surfaces and can be used to evaluate the influence of specific virulence genes, growth conditions, and antimicrobial treatment on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune M Pedersen
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rasmus B Grønnemose
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristian Stærk
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Cecilie A Asferg
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thea B Andersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans J Kolmos
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Møller-Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas E Andersen
- Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
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Vila J, Sáez-López E, Johnson JR, Römling U, Dobrindt U, Cantón R, Giske CG, Naas T, Carattoli A, Martínez-Medina M, Bosch J, Retamar P, Rodríguez-Baño J, Baquero F, Soto SM. Escherichia coli: an old friend with new tidings. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 40:437-463. [PMID: 28201713 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is one of the most-studied microorganisms worldwide but its characteristics are continually changing. Extraintestinal E. coli infections, such as urinary tract infections and neonatal sepsis, represent a huge public health problem. They are caused mainly by specialized extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) strains that can innocuously colonize human hosts but can also cause disease upon entering a normally sterile body site. The virulence capability of such strains is determined by a combination of distinctive accessory traits, called virulence factors, in conjunction with their distinctive phylogenetic background. It is conceivable that by developing interventions against the most successful ExPEC lineages or their key virulence/colonization factors the associated burden of disease and health care costs could foreseeably be reduced in the future. On the other hand, one important problem worldwide is the increase of antimicrobial resistance shown by bacteria. As underscored in the last WHO global report, within a wide range of infectious agents including E. coli, antimicrobial resistance has reached an extremely worrisome situation that ‘threatens the achievements of modern medicine’. In the present review, an update of the knowledge about the pathogenicity, antimicrobial resistance and clinical aspects of this ‘old friend’ was presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vila
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Sáez-López
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J R Johnson
- VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA, and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - U Römling
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - U Dobrindt
- Institute of Hygiene, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - R Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - C G Giske
- Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Naas
- Hôpital de Bicêtre, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - A Carattoli
- Department of infectious, parasitic and immune-mediated diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Martínez-Medina
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - J Bosch
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Retamar
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen Macarena y Virgen del Rocío, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - J Rodríguez-Baño
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospitales Universitarios Virgen Macarena y Virgen del Rocío, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Baquero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - S M Soto
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Altered Regulation of the Diguanylate Cyclase YaiC Reduces Production of Type 1 Fimbriae in a Pst Mutant of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00168-17. [PMID: 28924030 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00168-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pst gene cluster encodes the phosphate-specific transport (Pst) system. Inactivation of the Pst system constitutively activates the two-component regulatory system PhoBR and attenuates the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. In uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073, attenuation by inactivation of pst is predominantly attributed to the decreased expression of type 1 fimbriae. However, the molecular mechanisms connecting the Pst system and type 1 fimbriae are unknown. To address this, a transposon library was constructed in the pst mutant, and clones were tested for a regain in type 1 fimbrial production. Among them, the diguanylate cyclase encoded by yaiC (adrA in Salmonella) was identified to connect the Pst system and type 1 fimbrial expression. In the pst mutant, the decreased expression of type 1 fimbriae is connected by the induction of yaiC This is predominantly due to altered expression of the FimBE-like recombinase genes ipuA and ipbA, affecting at the same time the inversion of the fim promoter switch (fimS). In the pst mutant, inactivation of yaiC restored fim-dependent adhesion to bladder cells and virulence. Interestingly, the expression of yaiC was activated by PhoB, since transcription of yaiC was linked to the PhoB-dependent phoA-psiF operon. As YaiC is involved in cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) biosynthesis, an increased accumulation of c-di-GMP was observed in the pst mutant. Hence, the results suggest that one mechanism by which deletion of the Pst system reduces the expression of type 1 fimbriae is through PhoBR-mediated activation of yaiC, which in turn increases the accumulation of c-di-GMP, represses the fim operon, and, consequently, attenuates virulence in the mouse urinary tract infection model.IMPORTANCE Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections in humans. They are mainly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). We previously showed that interference with phosphate homeostasis decreases the expression of type 1 fimbriae and attenuates UPEC virulence. Herein, we identified that alteration of the phosphate metabolism increases production of the signaling molecule c-di-GMP, which in turn decreases the expression of type 1 fimbriae. We also determine the regulatory cascade leading to the accumulation of c-di-GMP and identify the Pho regulon as new players in c-di-GMP-mediated cell signaling. By understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to the expression of virulence factors, we will be in a better position to develop new therapeutics.
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Grønnemose RB, Saederup KL, Kolmos HJ, Hansen SWK, Asferg CA, Rasmussen KJ, Palarasah Y, Andersen TE. A novel in vitro model for haematogenous spreading ofS. aureusdevice biofilms demonstrating clumping dispersal as an advantageous dissemination mechanism. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Grønnemose
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - K. L. Saederup
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - H. J. Kolmos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - S. W. K. Hansen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - C. A. Asferg
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - K. J. Rasmussen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - Y. Palarasah
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry; University of Southern Denmark; Esbjerg Denmark
| | - T. E. Andersen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology; University of Southern Denmark and Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
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Stubenrauch C, Belousoff MJ, Hay ID, Shen HH, Lillington J, Tuck KL, Peters KM, Phan MD, Lo AW, Schembri MA, Strugnell RA, Waksman G, Lithgow T. Effective assembly of fimbriae in Escherichia coli depends on the translocation assembly module nanomachine. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16064. [DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Siderophore biosynthesis coordinately modulated the virulence-associated interactive metabolome of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and human urine. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24099. [PMID: 27076285 PMCID: PMC4831015 DOI: 10.1038/srep24099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) growth in women’s bladders during urinary tract infection (UTI) incurs substantial chemical exchange, termed the “interactive metabolome”, which primarily accounts for the metabolic costs (utilized metabolome) and metabolic donations (excreted metabolome) between UPEC and human urine. Here, we attempted to identify the individualized interactive metabolome between UPEC and human urine. We were able to distinguish UPEC from non-UPEC by employing a combination of metabolomics and genetics. Our results revealed that the interactive metabolome between UPEC and human urine was markedly different from that between non-UPEC and human urine, and that UPEC triggered much stronger perturbations in the interactive metabolome in human urine. Furthermore, siderophore biosynthesis coordinately modulated the individualized interactive metabolome, which we found to be a critical component of UPEC virulence. The individualized virulence-associated interactive metabolome contained 31 different metabolites and 17 central metabolic pathways that were annotated to host these different metabolites, including energetic metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and gut microbe metabolism. Changes in the activities of these pathways mechanistically pinpointed the virulent capability of siderophore biosynthesis. Together, our findings provide novel insights into UPEC virulence, and we propose that siderophores are potential targets for further discovery of drugs to treat UPEC-induced UTI.
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Khandige S, Møller-Jensen J. Fimbrial phase variation: stochastic or cooperative? Curr Genet 2015; 62:237-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0529-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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