1
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Johnson M, Lazarus SK, Bennett AE, Tovar-Salazar A, Robertson CE, Kofonow JM, Li S, McCollister B, Nunes MC, Madhi SA, Frank DN, Weinberg A. Gut Microbiota and Other Factors Associated With Increased Regulatory T Cells in Hiv-exposed Uninfected Infants. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3909424. [PMID: 38352510 PMCID: PMC10862973 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3909424/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
HIV-exposed uninfected infants (HEU) have higher infectious morbidity than HIV-unexposed infants (HUU). HEU have multiple immune defects of unknown origin. We hypothesized that HEU have higher regulatory T cells (Treg) than HUU, which may dampen their immune defenses against pathogens. We compared 25 Treg subsets between HEU and HUU and sought the factors that may affect Treg frequencies. At birth, 3 Treg subsets, including CD4 + FOXP3 + and CD4 + FOXP3 + CD25+, had higher frequencies in 123 HEU than 117 HUU and 3 subsets were higher in HUU. At 28 and 62 weeks of life, 5 Treg subsets were higher in HEU, and none were higher in HUU. The frequencies of the discrepant Treg subsets correlated at birth with differential abundances of bacterial taxas in maternal gut microbiome and at subsequent visits in infant gut microbiomes. In vitro, bacterial taxa most abundant in HEU expanded Treg subsets with higher frequencies in HEU, recapitulating the in vivo observations. Other factors that correlated with increased Treg were low maternal CD4 + T cells in HEU at birth and male sex in HUU at 28 weeks. We conclude that maternal and infant gut dysbiosis are central to the Treg increase in HEU and may be targeted by mitigating interventions.
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2
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Davé V, Richert-Spuhler LE, Arkatkar T, Warrier L, Pholsena T, Johnston C, Schiffer JT, Prlic M, Lund JM. Recurrent infection transiently expands human tissue T cells while maintaining long-term homeostasis. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20210692. [PMID: 37314481 PMCID: PMC10267593 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections are known to lead to T cell exhaustion or dysfunction. However, it remains unclear if antigen exposure episodes from periodic viral reactivation, such as herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) recrudescence, are sufficient to induce T cell dysfunction, particularly in the context of a tissue-specific localized, rather than a systemic, infection. We designed and implemented a stringent clinical surveillance protocol to longitudinally track both viral shedding and in situ tissue immune responses in a cohort of HSV+ volunteers that agreed to avoid using anti-viral therapy for the course of this study. Comparing lesion to control skin biopsies, we found that tissue T cells expanded immediately after reactivation, and then returned numerically and phenotypically to steady state. T cell responses appeared to be driven at least in part by migration of circulating T cells to the infected tissue. Our data indicate that tissue T cells are stably maintained in response to HSV reactivation, resembling a series of acute recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Davé
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura E. Richert-Spuhler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tanvi Arkatkar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Christine Johnston
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, Graduate Program in Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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3
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Elkoshi Z. The Contrasting Seasonality Patterns of Some Cancer-Types and Herpes Zoster Can Be Explained by a Binary Classification of Immunological Reactions. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6761-6771. [PMID: 36544697 PMCID: PMC9762256 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s392082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A binary classification of the pathogenic immune reactions as anti-inflammatory high-Treg reactions or pro-inflammatory low-Treg reactions explains both the relatively low incidence rate of several types of cancer, and the relatively high incidence rate of herpes zoster cases diagnosed in the summer compared to cases diagnosed in the winter (in regions with temperate climate). This binary model also elucidates the longer survival of cancer patients diagnosed during the summer compared to these diagnosed in the winter. The three key elements of this explanation are: (a) the effect of sunlight on Treg production; (b) the evolvement of cancer from a low-Treg condition at early stage, to a high-Treg condition at advanced stage, and (c) the evolvement of herpes zoster from a high-Treg condition at pre-exudative stage to a low-Treg condition at acute exudative stage. A significant proportion of indolent tumors at the time of diagnosis (>20%) is a prerequisite for a beneficial effect of sunlight on cancer incidence rate and prognosis. This prerequisite restricts the beneficial effect of diagnosis during summer to certain types of cancer. Clinical implication: the prognosis of early stage tumors may be improved by a course of corticosteroid (or other immunosuppressant) treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Elkoshi
- Research and Development Department, Taro Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Haifa, Israel,Correspondence: Zeev Elkoshi, Email
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4
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Traxinger B, Vick SC, Woodward-Davis A, Voillet V, Erickson JR, Czartoski J, Teague C, Prlic M, Lund JM. Mucosal viral infection induces a regulatory T cell activation phenotype distinct from tissue residency in mouse and human tissues. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1012-1027. [PMID: 35821289 PMCID: PMC9391309 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) mediate immune homeostasis, yet also facilitate nuanced immune responses during infection, balancing pathogen control while limiting host inflammation. Recent studies have identified Treg populations in non-lymphoid tissues that are phenotypically distinct from Tregs in lymphoid tissues (LT), including performance of location-dependent roles. Mucosal tissues serve as critical barriers to microbes while performing unique physiologic functions, so we sought to identify distinct phenotypical and functional aspects of mucosal Tregs in the female reproductive tract. In healthy human and mouse vaginal mucosa, we found that Tregs are highly activated compared to blood or LT Tregs. To determine if this phenotype reflects acute activation or a general signature of vaginal tract (VT)-residency, we infected mice with HSV-2 to discover that VT Tregs express granzyme-B (GzmB) and acquire a VT Treg signature distinct from baseline. To determine the mechanisms that drive GzmB expression, we performed ex vivo assays to reveal that a combination of type-I interferons and interleukin-2 is sufficient for GzmB expression. Together, we highlight that VT Tregs are activated at steady state and become further activated in response to infection; thus, they may exert robust control of local immune responses, which could have implications for mucosal vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Traxinger
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah C Vick
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Valentin Voillet
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jami R Erickson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Czartoski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Candice Teague
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutch, Seattle, WA, USA.
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5
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Role of T Regulatory Cells and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in COVID-19. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:5545319. [PMID: 35497875 PMCID: PMC9042623 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5545319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been raised as a pandemic disease since December 2019. Immunosuppressive cells including T regulatory cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are key players in immunological tolerance and immunoregulation; however, they contribute to the pathogenesis of different diseases including infections. Tregs have been shown to impair the protective role of CD8+ T lymphocytes against viral infections. In COVID-19 patients, most studies reported reduction, while few other studies found elevation in Treg levels. Moreover, Tregs have a dual role, depending on the different stages of COVID-19 disease. At early stages of COVID-19, Tregs have a critical role in decreasing antiviral immune responses, and consequently reducing the viral clearance. On the other side, during late stages, Tregs reduce inflammation-induced organ damage. Therefore, inhibition of Tregs in early stages and their expansion in late stages have potentials to improve clinical outcomes. In viral infections, MDSC levels are highly increased, and they have the potential to suppress T cell proliferation and reduce viral clearance. Some subsets of MDSCs are expanded in the blood of COVID-19 patients; however, there is a controversy whether this expansion has pathogenic or protective effects in COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, further studies are required to investigate the role and function of immunosuppressive cells and their potentials as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in COVID-19 patients.
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6
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Ssemaganda A, Cholette F, Perner M, Kambaran C, Adhiambo W, Wambugu PM, Gebrebrhan H, Lee A, Nuhu F, Mwatelah RS, Jahan N, Omole TE, Wanjiru T, Gitau A, Kimani J, McKinnon LR. Endocervical Regulatory T Cells Are Associated With Decreased Genital Inflammation and Lower HIV Target Cell Abundance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:726472. [PMID: 34630402 PMCID: PMC8495419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play important roles in tissue homeostasis, but few studies have investigated tissue Tregs in the context of genital inflammation, HIV target cell density, and vaginal microbiota in humans. In women from Nairobi (n=64), the proportion of CD4+ CD25+ CD127low Tregs in the endocervix correlated with those in blood (r=0.31, p=0.01), with a higher Treg frequency observed in the endocervix (median 3.8 vs 2.0%, p<0.0001). Most Tregs expressed FOXP3 in both compartments, and CTLA-4 expression was higher on endocervical Tregs compared to blood (median 50.8 vs 6.0%, p<0.0001). More than half (34/62, 55%) of participants displayed a non-Lactobacillus dominant vaginal microbiota, which was not associated with endocervical Tregs or CD4+ T cell abundance. In a multivariable linear regression, endocervical Treg proportions were inversely associated with the number of elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines (p=0.03). Inverse Treg associations were also observed for specific cytokines including IL-1β, G-CSF, Eotaxin, IL-1RA, IL-8, and MIP-1 β. Higher endocervical Treg proportions were associated with lower abundance of endocervical CD4+ T cells (0.30 log10 CD4+ T cells per log10 Treg, p=0.00028), with a similar trend for Th17 cells (p=0.09). Selectively increasing endocervical Tregs may represent a pathway to reduce genital tract inflammation in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysious Ssemaganda
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Francois Cholette
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Michelle Perner
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Cheli Kambaran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Wendy Adhiambo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter M Wambugu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Henok Gebrebrhan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Amy Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Faisal Nuhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Ruth S Mwatelah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Naima Jahan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Tosin E Omole
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada
| | - Tabitha Wanjiru
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Apollo Gitau
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lyle R McKinnon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MN, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MN, Canada.,Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
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7
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Jamali A, Hu K, Sendra VG, Blanco T, Lopez MJ, Ortiz G, Qazi Y, Zheng L, Turhan A, Harris DL, Hamrah P. Characterization of Resident Corneal Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Their Pivotal Role in Herpes Simplex Keratitis. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108099. [PMID: 32877681 PMCID: PMC7511260 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence and potential functions of resident plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in peripheral tissues is unclear. We report that pDCs constitutively populate naïve corneas and are increased during sterile injuries or acute herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) keratitis. Their local depletion leads to severe clinical disease, nerve loss, viral dissemination to the trigeminal ganglion and draining lymph nodes, and mortality, while their local adoptive transfer limits disease. pDCs are the main source of HSV-1-induced IFN-α in the corneal stroma through TLR9, and they prevent re-programming of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to effector ex-Tregs. Clinical signs of infection are observed in pDC-depleted corneas, but not in pDC-sufficient corneas, following low-dose HSV-1 inoculation, suggesting their critical role in corneal antiviral immunity. Our findings demonstrate a vital role for corneal pDCs in the control of local viral infections. Jamali et al. show that the cornea, as an immune-privileged tissue, hosts resident pDCs, which mediate immunity against HSV-1 by secreting IFN-a via TLR9 and preserving Tregs. pDCs minimize the clinical severity of HSV-1 keratitis, infiltration of immune cells, nerve damage, and viral dissemination to TG and dLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsia Jamali
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kai Hu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor G Sendra
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomas Blanco
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria J Lopez
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gustavo Ortiz
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yureeda Qazi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aslihan Turhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deshea L Harris
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Immunology, School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Katz I, De Luca F, Dzudzor B, Sarpong BK, Osei-Appiah B, Azoulay D, Katz D, Dey D, Gilburd B, Amital H, Vento S, Shoenfeld Y, Shovman O. Seroprevalences of autoantibodies and anti-infectious antibodies among Ghana's healthy population. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2814. [PMID: 32071361 PMCID: PMC7028981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies, which are antibodies that target self-epitopes, have considerable diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value in specific autoimmune diseases. Various infectious agents have been linked via numerous mechanisms to the formation of different autoantibodies. Therefore, estimating the prevalence of autoantibodies and anti-infectious antibodies in different populations is of high importance. Different genetic and environmental pressures, such as these found in Ghana's different geographical provinces, may affect the prevalence of autoantibodies. In this study, we assessed the seroprevalence of a diverse panel of autoantibodies and anti-infectious antibodies among the healthy Ghanaian population and investigated possible environmental and genetic predispositions for autoantibodies and autoimmunity. The sera of 406 healthy individuals were obtained from Greater Accra, Upper West, Eastern and Volta regions. Multiplexed assay and chemiluminescent immunoassay techniques were utilized to assess the presence of a panel of autoantibodies and anti-infectious antibodies. We found a high prevalence of anti-HSV-1 IgG (91-100%), anti-EBNA IgG (81-93%) and anti-EBV-VCA IgG (97-100%) antibodies. The prevalence of ANA (at least one of: anti-dsDNA; anti-chromatin; anti-ribosomal-P; anti-Ro/SSA; anti-La/SSB; anti-centromere B; anti-Sm; anti-Sm/RNP; anti-Scl-70; anti-Jo1; anti-DFS70) was estimated at 14%. An inverse association between anti-HSV-2 antibodies and ANA (p = 0.044; adjusted OR = 0.398; CI [0.162-0.975]) was found, after adjusting for differences in gender, age, and familial history of autoimmune diseases. A trend towards reduced seroprevalence of anti-dsDNA antibodies among subjects who were positive for anti-HSV-2 antibodies was also noted (p = 0.1). In conclusion, the inverse association between anti-HSV-2 antibodies and ANA positivity suggests a possible protective role of HSV-2 infection against autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itai Katz
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - F De Luca
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Department of Allergology and Immunology, Niguarda Ca' Granda Metropolitan Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Bartholomew Dzudzor
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Baffour Kyei Sarpong
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Beatrice Osei-Appiah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Danielle Azoulay
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daphna Katz
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel
| | - Dzifa Dey
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Korle-Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Boris Gilburd
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Howard Amital
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of internal medicine 'B', Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sandro Vento
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Past Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ora Shovman
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Department of internal medicine 'B', Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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9
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Le Tortorec A, Matusali G, Mahé D, Aubry F, Mazaud-Guittot S, Houzet L, Dejucq-Rainsford N. From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1349-1414. [PMID: 32031468 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Le Tortorec
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Giulia Matusali
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Mahé
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Aubry
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Houzet
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Dejucq-Rainsford
- University of Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)-UMR_S1085, Rennes, France
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10
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Sandgren KJ, Truong NR, Smith JB, Bertram K, Cunningham AL. Vaccines for Herpes Simplex: Recent Progress Driven by Viral and Adjuvant Immunology. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2060:31-56. [PMID: 31617171 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9814-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) types 1 and 2 are ubiquitous. They both cause genital herpes, occasionally severe disease in the immunocompromised, and facilitate much HIV acquisition globally. Despite more than 60 years of research, there is no licensed prophylactic HSV vaccine and some doubt as to whether this can be achieved. Nevertheless, a previous HSV vaccine candidate did have partial success in preventing genital herpes and HSV acquisition and another immunotherapeutic candidate reduced viral shedding and recurrent lesions, inspiring further research. However, the entry pathway of HSV into the anogenital mucosa and the subsequent cascade of immune responses need further elucidation so that these responses could be mimicked or improved by a vaccine, to prevent viral entry and colonization of the neuronal ganglia. For an effective novel vaccine against genital herpes the choice of antigen and adjuvant may be critical. The incorporation of adjuvants of the vaccine candidates in the past, may account for their partial efficacy. It is likely that they can be improved by understanding the mechanisms of immune responses elicited by different adjuvants and comparing these to natural immune responses. Here we review the history of vaccines for HSV, those in development and compare them to successful vaccines for chicken pox or herpes zoster. We also review what is known of the natural immune control of herpes lesions, via interacting innate immunity and CD4 and CD8 T cells and the lessons they provide for development of new, more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie J Sandgren
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi R Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacinta B Smith
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirstie Bertram
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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11
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Yu W, Geng S, Suo Y, Wei X, Cai Q, Wu B, Zhou X, Shi Y, Wang B. Critical Role of Regulatory T Cells in the Latency and Stress-Induced Reactivation of HSV-1. Cell Rep 2019; 25:2379-2389.e3. [PMID: 30485807 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) spreads in populations through a latency entry and reactivation cycle. The role of host immune-suppressive factor regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in controlling latency establishment and reactivation is not completely understood. Here, using an HSV-1 ocular infection murine model, we observe a positive correlation between the level of Treg cells and viral infectivity and demonstrate the requirement for Treg cells in latency establishment. Furthermore, we show that host stress leads to HSV-1 reactivation via increased Treg cell control of CD8+ T cells, permitting viral replication under diminished immune surveillance. Together, we propose that Treg cell regulation may serve as a key target for controlling HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- Medical School of Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xunbin Wei
- Medical School of Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Institute for Immunology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOH and MOE, School of Basic Medical Sciences and National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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12
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Pre-exposure prophylaxis differentially alters circulating and mucosal immune cell activation in herpes simplex virus type 2 seropositive women. AIDS 2019; 33:2125-2136. [PMID: 31335802 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an important tool for prevention of new HIV infections, which also reduces subclinical herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) shedding and symptomatic lesions in HIV-negative, HSV-2-seropositive individuals. However, the impact of PrEP on mucosal immunity has not been examined in detail. DESIGN Here we evaluate paired genital tissue and systemic immune profiles to characterize the immunological effects of PrEP in HIV-negative, HSV-2-seropositive African women sexually exposed to HIV. METHODS We compared local and systemic innate and T-cell characteristics in samples collected during PrEP usage and 2 months after PrEP discontinuation. RESULTS We found that frequencies of cervical CCR5CD4 cells, regulatory T cells, and tissue macrophages were significantly reduced during PrEP use compared with after PrEP discontinuation. In contrast, peripheral blood CD4 and CD8 T cells expressing markers of activation and trafficking were increased during PrEP usage. CONCLUSION Together, our data are consistent with PrEP altering immunity differentially in the female genital tract compared with circulation in HSV-2+ women. Further study including comparison with HSV-2 negative women is needed to define the overall impact and mechanisms underlying these effects. These results point to the critical need to study the human mucosal compartment to characterize immune responses to mucosal infections.
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13
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Schiffer JT, Swan DA, Prlic M, Lund JM. Herpes simplex virus-2 dynamics as a probe to measure the extremely rapid and spatially localized tissue-resident T-cell response. Immunol Rev 2019; 285:113-133. [PMID: 30129205 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-2 infection is characterized by frequent episodic shedding in the genital tract. Expansion in HSV-2 viral load early during episodes is extremely rapid. However, the virus invariably peaks within 18 hours and is eliminated nearly as quickly. A critical feature of HSV-2 shedding episodes is their heterogeneity. Some episodes peak at 108 HSV DNA copies, last for weeks due to frequent viral re-expansion, and lead to painful ulcers, while others only reach 103 HSV DNA copies and are eliminated within hours and without symptoms. Within single micro-environments of infection, tissue-resident CD8+ T cells (TRM ) appear to contain infection within a few days. Here, we review components of TRM biology relevant to immune surveillance between HSV-2 shedding episodes and containment of infection upon detection of HSV-2 cognate antigen. We then describe the use of mathematical models to correlate large spatial gradients in TRM density with the heterogeneity of observed shedding within a single person. We describe how models have been leveraged for clinical trial simulation, as well as future plans to model the interactions of multiple cellular subtypes within mucosa, predict the mechanism of action of therapeutic vaccines, and describe the dynamics of 3-dimensional infection environment during the natural evolution of an HSV-2 lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martin Prlic
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Lund
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Truong NR, Smith JB, Sandgren KJ, Cunningham AL. Mechanisms of Immune Control of Mucosal HSV Infection: A Guide to Rational Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2019; 10:373. [PMID: 30894859 PMCID: PMC6414784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a highly prevalent sexually transmitted infection that aside from causing cold sores and genital lesions, causes complications in the immunocompromised and has facilitated a large proportion of HIV acquisition globally. Despite decades of research, there is no prophylactic HSV vaccine ready for use in humans, leaving many questioning whether a prophylactic vaccine is an achievable goal. A previous HSV vaccine trial did have partial success in decreasing acquisition of HSV2–promising evidence that vaccines can prevent acquisition. However, there is still an incomplete understanding of the immune response pathways elicited by HSV after initial mucosal infection and how best to replicate these responses with a vaccine, such that acquisition and colonization of the dorsal root ganglia could be prevented. Another factor to consider in the rational design of an HSV vaccine is adjuvant choice. Understanding the immune responses elicited by different adjuvants and whether lasting humoral and cell-mediated responses are induced is important, especially when studies of past trial vaccines found that a sufficiently protective cell-mediated response was lacking. In this review, we discuss what is known of the immune control involved in initial herpes lesions and reactivation, including the importance of CD4 and CD8 T cells, and the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in response to primary infection, specifically focusing on the viral relay involved. Additionally, a summary of previous and current vaccine trials, including the components used, immune responses elicited and the feasibility of prophylactic vaccines looking forward, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi R Truong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jacinta B Smith
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kerrie J Sandgren
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens add significant morbidity and even mortality to pregnancy-with adverse effects extending to both the gravida and the newborn. Three herpesviruses deserve considerable attention given the effects of perinatal infection on obstetric outcomes, specifically maternal and neonatal morbidity. In the following review, we will provide a description of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and varicella zoster virus. For each viral pathogen, we will describe the epidemiology, natural history, screening and diagnosis modalities, treatments, and implications for antepartum care. Furthermore, we will highlight future directions of work in reducing the morbidities associated with these viral pathogens.
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Increase in HSV shedding at initiation of antiretroviral therapy and decrease in shedding over time on antiretroviral therapy in HIV and HSV-2 infected persons. AIDS 2018; 32:2525-2531. [PMID: 30289810 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES HIV-infected persons with chronic herpesvirus infections may experience paradoxical worsening after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), but the impact of longer term ART is unclear. We evaluated the relationships between genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) shedding and ART initiation and time on therapy in HIV and HSV-2-infected persons. DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS Rates of HSV shedding in 45 HIV and HSV-2-infected persons on or off ART were prospectively followed over up to three, noncontiguous, 60-day periods, during which participants performed daily genital swabs for HSV detection by real-time HSV DNA PCR and reported symptoms. Initiation or discontinuation of ART was at the discretion of participants' healthcare providers. RESULTS In all, 6425 daily genital swabs were obtained from 45 persons (38 men and seven women) during 105 swabbing sessions. During the three sessions, 67, 74, and 92% of persons were on ART. HSV was detected on 26.5% of days in men and 22.3% of days in women. The overall rates of genital HSV shedding were 19.4% of days in persons not on ART, 30.2% in persons within 90 days of ART initiation, and 23.3% in persons on ART for longer than 90 days. After initiation of ART, HSV shedding decreased by 2% per month, or 23% per year (RR 0.98/month on ART; P = 0.0003 in adjusted analysis). This finding was consistent after including consideration of HIV viral load and CD4 cell count. CONCLUSIONS HSV shedding increased significantly shortly after ART initiation, but decreased with time on prolonged ART.
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