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Scanlan PD, Bischofberger AM, Hall AR. Modification of Escherichia coli-bacteriophage interactions by surfactants and antibiotics in vitro. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2016; 93:fiw211. [PMID: 27737900 PMCID: PMC5091284 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiw211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although experiments indicate that the abiotic environment plays an important role in bacterial interactions with their parasitic viruses (bacteriophages or phages), it is not yet clear how exposure to compounds present in nature alters the impact of phages on bacterial growth and evolution. To address this question, we exposed Escherichia coli K12 MG1655, in combination with three lytic phages, to various substances that natural and clinical microbial populations are likely to encounter: bile salts (present in mammalian gastrointestinal tracts), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, a common surfactant in cleaning and hygiene products) and four antibiotics (present at variable concentrations in natural and clinical environments). Our results show that bile salts and SDS can reduce the detrimental effect of phages on bacterial growth. In some cases these compounds completely mitigated any negative effects of phages on bacterial growth and consequently bacteria did not evolve resistance to phages in these conditions. The proportional effects of phages were unaffected by antibiotics in most combinations, excepting three cases of phage-drug synergy. These results suggest that accounting for interactions between phages and environmental factors such as surfactants and antibiotics will improve understanding of both bacterial growth and resistance evolution to phages in vivo and in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline D Scanlan
- APC Microbiome Institute, Bioscience Building, University College Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Alex R Hall
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Roberts VM, Prause N. Effects of individual differences on the efficacy of different distracters during visual sexual stimulation in women. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2012; 41:297-310. [PMID: 22083654 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-011-9861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Distractions from sexual cues have been shown to decrease the sexual response, but it is unclear how distracters decrease sexual response. Individual differences may modulate the efficacy of distracters. Forty women viewed three sexual films while their labial temperature and continuous self-reported sexual arousal were monitored. One sexual film had simultaneous verbal distracters concerning dissatisfaction with one's physical appearance (higher salience distracter), a second had distracters concerning daily chores (lower salience distracter), and the third sexual film had no distracters. Participant's reporting greater relationship satisfaction and more communication with their partner about their own physical appearance were expected to decrease the efficacy (increased sexual arousal) of the distracters concerning physical appearance. Contrary to expectations, women who received less feedback about their body from their partners reported less sexual arousal during a sexual film with body distracters than a sexual film with general distracters or a sexual film with no distracters. All women exhibited lower labial temperature in Minutes 2 and 3 of the sexual film with body image distracters as compared to the other two sexual films. Possible explanations explored include self-verification theory and individual differences in the indicators that women consider when rating their sexual arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena M Roberts
- Denver Health Eastside Family Health Center, 501 28th Street, Denver, CO 80204, USA.
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Kemper N, Davison N, Fitzpatrick D, Marshall R, Lin A, Mundy K, Cobb RR. Characterization of the mechanical properties of bovine cortical bone treated with a novel tissue sterilization process. Cell Tissue Bank 2010; 12:273-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-010-9191-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ndesendo VMK, Pillay V, Choonara YE, Buchmann E, Bayever DN, Meyer LCR. A review of current intravaginal drug delivery approaches employed for the prophylaxis of HIV/AIDS and prevention of sexually transmitted infections. AAPS PharmSciTech 2008; 9:505-20. [PMID: 18431651 PMCID: PMC2976928 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-008-9073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to describe the current status of several intravaginal anti-HIV microbicidal delivery systems these delivery systems and microbicidal compounds in the context of their stage within clinical trials and their potential cervicovaginal defence successes. The global Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) pandemic continues to spread at a rate of more than 15,000 new infections daily and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can predispose people to acquiring HIV infection. Male-to-female transmission is eight times more likely to occur than female-to-male transmission due to the anatomical structure of the vagina as well as socio-economic factors and the disempowerment of women that renders them unable to refuse unsafe sexual practices in some communities. The increased incidence of HIV in women has identified the urgent need for efficacious and safe intravaginal delivery of anti-HIV agents that can be used and controlled by women. To meet this challenge, several intravaginal anti-HIV microbicidal delivery systems are in the process of been developed. The outcomes of three main categories are discussed in this review: namely, dual-function polymeric systems, non-polymeric systems and nanotechnology-based systems. These delivery systems include formulations that modify the genital environment (e.g. polyacrylic acid gels and lactobacillus gels), surfactants (e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate), polyanionic therapeutic polymers (e.g. carageenan and carbomer/lactic acid gels), proteins (e.g. cyanovirin-N, monoclonal antibodies and thromspondin-1 peptides), protease inhibitors and other molecules (e.g. dendrimer based-gels and the molecular condom). Intravaginal microbicide delivery systems are providing a new option for preventing the transmission of STIs and HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valence M. K. Ndesendo
- />Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Viness Pillay
- />Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yahya E. Choonara
- />Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eckhart Buchmann
- />Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Bertsham, Johannesburg, 2013 South Africa
| | - David N. Bayever
- />Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leith C. R. Meyer
- />Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg, 2193 South Africa
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Cone RA, Hoen T, Wong X, Abusuwwa R, Anderson DJ, Moench TR. Vaginal microbicides: detecting toxicities in vivo that paradoxically increase pathogen transmission. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:90. [PMID: 16740164 PMCID: PMC1523343 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbicides must protect against STD pathogens without causing unacceptable toxic effects. Microbicides based on nonoxynol-9 (N9) and other detergents disrupt sperm, HSV and HIV membranes, and these agents are effective contraceptives. But paradoxically N9 fails to protect women against HIV and other STD pathogens, most likely because it causes toxic effects that increase susceptibility. The mouse HSV-2 vaginal transmission model reported here: (a) Directly tests for toxic effects that increase susceptibility to HSV-2, (b) Determines in vivo whether a microbicide can protect against HSV-2 transmission without causing toxicities that increase susceptibility, and (c) Identifies those toxic effects that best correlate with the increased HSV susceptibility. METHODS Susceptibility was evaluated in progestin-treated mice by delivering a low-dose viral inoculum (0.1 ID50) at various times after delivering the candidate microbicide to detect whether the candidate increased the fraction of mice infected. Ten agents were tested - five detergents: nonionic (N9), cationic (benzalkonium chloride, BZK), anionic (sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS), the pair of detergents in C31G (C14AO and C16B); one surface active agent (chlorhexidine); two non-detergents (BufferGel, and sulfonated polystyrene, SPS); and HEC placebo gel (hydroxyethylcellulose). Toxic effects were evaluated by histology, uptake of a 'dead cell' dye, colposcopy, enumeration of vaginal macrophages, and measurement of inflammatory cytokines. RESULTS A single dose of N9 protected against HSV-2 for a few minutes but then rapidly increased susceptibility, which reached maximum at 12 hours. When applied at the minimal concentration needed for brief partial protection, all five detergents caused a subsequent increase in susceptibility at 12 hours of approximately 20-30-fold. Surprisingly, colposcopy failed to detect visible signs of the N9 toxic effect that increased susceptibility at 12 hours. Toxic effects that occurred contemporaneously with increased susceptibility were rapid exfoliation and re-growth of epithelial cell layers, entry of macrophages into the vaginal lumen, and release of one or more inflammatory cytokines (Il-1beta, KC, MIP 1alpha, RANTES). The non-detergent microbicides and HEC placebo caused no significant increase in susceptibility or toxic effects. CONCLUSION This mouse HSV-2 model provides a sensitive method to detect microbicide-induced toxicities that increase susceptibility to infection. In this model, there was no concentration at which detergents provided protection without significantly increasing susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Cone
- Mucosal Protection Laboratory, Dept. of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- ReProtect, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21286, USA
| | - Timothy Hoen
- Mucosal Protection Laboratory, Dept. of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - XiXi Wong
- Mucosal Protection Laboratory, Dept. of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Raed Abusuwwa
- Mucosal Protection Laboratory, Dept. of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Deborah J Anderson
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Urdaneta S, Wigdahl B, Neely EB, Berlin CM, Schengrund CL, Lin HM, Howett MK. Inactivation of HIV-1 in breast milk by treatment with the alkyl sulfate microbicide sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Retrovirology 2005; 2:28. [PMID: 15888210 PMCID: PMC1097759 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing transmission of HIV-1 through breast milk is needed to help decrease the burden of pediatric HIV/AIDS in society. We have previously reported that alkyl sulfates (i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) are microbicidal against HIV-1 at low concentrations, are biodegradable, have little/no toxicity and are inexpensive. Therefore, they may be used for treatment of HIV-1 infected breast milk. In this report, human milk was artificially infected by adding to it HIV-1 (cell-free or cell-associated) and treated with RESULTS SDS (>or=0.1%) was virucidal against cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 in breast milk. SDS could be substantially removed from breast milk, without recovery of viral infectivity. Viral load in artificially infected milk was reduced to undetectable levels after treatment with 0.1% SDS. SDS was virucidal against HIV-1 in human milk and could be removed from breast milk if necessary. Milk was not infectious after SDS removal. CONCLUSION The proposed treatment concentrations are within reported safe limits for ingestion of SDS by children of 1 g/kg/day. Therefore, use of alkyl sulfate microbicides, such as SDS, to treat HIV1-infected breast milk may be a novel alternative to help prevent/reduce transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Urdaneta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 USA
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Elizabeth B Neely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 USA
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 USA
| | - Cheston M Berlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 USA
| | - Cara-Lynne Schengrund
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 USA
| | - Hung-Mo Lin
- Department of Health Evaluation Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 USA
| | - Mary K Howett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033 USA
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Drexel University, College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 USA
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Urdaneta S, Berlin CM, Howett MK. Efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through human milk: past, present, and future. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 554:475-80. [PMID: 15384628 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4242-8_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Urdaneta
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, MS Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Thompson KD, Dragar C. Antiviral activity of Undaria pinnatifida against herpes simplex virus. Phytother Res 2004; 18:551-5. [PMID: 15305315 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The major component of an aqueous extract of the seaweed Undaria pinnati fi da has been identified previously as a galactofucan (GFS), a sulfated polysaccharide. The galactofucan was partially purified and the material tested in this study is 75% pure galactofucan sulfate. GFS was evaluated for antiviral activity against 32 clinical strains of herpes simplex virus (HSV): 14 strains of HSV-1 and 18 strains of HSV-2. Twelve strains (four HSV-1 and eight HSV-2) were resistant to acyclovir (ACV-R) and 20 strains (10 HSV-1 and 10 HSV-2) were susceptible to ACV (ACV-S). The median IC(50) of GFS for the 14 strains of HSV-1 was 32 micro g/mL. The median IC(50) of GFS for the 18 strains of HSV-2 was 0.5 micro g/mL. GFS is significantly more active against clinical strains of HSV-2 than HSV-1, p < 0.001. The mode of action of the GFS was shown to be the inhibition of viral binding and entry into the host cell. The cytotoxicity of GFS was >4.0 mg/mL in the neutral red dye uptake assay indicating that GFS is non-toxic in this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D Thompson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Achilles SL, Shete PB, Whaley KJ, Moench TR, Cone RA. Microbicide efficacy and toxicity tests in a mouse model for vaginal transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. Sex Transm Dis 2002; 29:655-64. [PMID: 12438901 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-200211000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbicides are being developed for woman-controlled protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). GOAL The goal of the study was to test candidate microbicides in a mouse model for preventing vaginal transmission of and for acute toxicity to columnar epithelium. STUDY DESIGN Progestin-sensitized CF-1 mice were treated vaginally with 50 microl of microbicide, followed either by vaginal inoculation with 10 ID(50) of serovar D or by examination of the epithelial surface for acute toxicity with a viability stain (ethidium homodimer-1). RESULTS Nonoxynol-9 (N9), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), chlorhexidine digluconate, and BufferGel all provided significant though incomplete protection against vaginal transmission. Other candidates, all of which were effective in vitro, provided no vaginal protection: kappa-carrageenan, dextran sulfate, polystyrene sulfonate, Concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, and agglutinin. The surface-active agents (N9, SDS, and chlorhexidine) caused significant acute epithelial toxicity: 3 days after chlorhexidine exposure, mice also had vaginal friability and markedly increased susceptibility to. BufferGel was the only candidate tested that was both protective and relatively nontoxic. CONCLUSION Microbicides can provide vaginal protection against in highly susceptible progestin-sensitized mice. Since N9 does not inactivate, it likely protects by killing target cells in the vagina. Despite the ability to both potently inactivate and kill target cells, two surface-active agents, SDS and chlorhexidine, failed to provide complete protection, a circumstance which emphasizes the importance of distributing microbicides to all susceptible surfaces.
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Gupta AK, Ahmad I, Summerbell RC. Fungicidal activities of commonly used disinfectants and antifungal pharmaceutical spray preparations against clinical strains of Aspergillus and Candida species. Med Mycol 2002; 40:201-8. [PMID: 12058733 DOI: 10.1080/mmy.40.2.201.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal efficacy of commercial chemical disinfectants and pharmaceutical antifungal agents against medically important moulds and yeast species was investigated. Chlorine, phenol, sodium dodecyl sulfate and quaternary ammonium salts were the chemical disinfectants, and bifonazole and terbinafine were the antifungal pharmaceutical products tested against clinical isolates of Aspergillus and Candida species. Fungal inocula were obtained from conidial preparations of two A. ochraceus strains and yeast cells of C. albicans, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis. The antifungal activities were evaluated either by determining the kill rate in a cell suspension media at different contact periods, or by examining the viability and growth on plates sprayed with the active ingredient. Chlorine (1%) was the only disinfectant with the ability to cause a rapid inactivation of all five strains. Phenol (5%) was equally effective against Candida species; however, a number of A. ochraceus conidia were able to survive this treatment for up to 1 h. Benzalkonium chloride (0.5%) and cetrimide (0.5%) were also able to disinfect the three Candida species rapidly; however, these two quaternary ammonium compounds were relatively ineffective against A. ochraceus. In spray experiments, quaternary ammonium compounds had a fungicidal activity against Candida species and were fungistatic against A. ochraceus conidia. All five fungal strains were able to resist 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate, present either in the suspension solution or on the sprayed plate. Of the two pharmaceutical antifungal products tested, bifonazole (1%) were essentially ineffective against all five strains. Terbinafine (1%) had a fungicidal activity against A. ochraceus and C. parapsilosis. In suspension experiments, an exposure to 0.01% terbinafine required a contact period of 1 h for a complete inactivation of A. ochraceus conidia and an onset of fungicidal effect on C. parapsilosis yeast cells. Terbinafine was only moderately effective against C. albicans and was completely ineffective against C. krusei.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Piret J, Gagné N, Perron S, Désormeaux A, Tremblay MJ, Gourde P, Omar RF, Bergeron AM. Thermoreversible gel as a candidate barrier to prevent the transmission of HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus type 2. Sex Transm Dis 2001; 28:484-91. [PMID: 11473223 DOI: 10.1097/00007435-200108000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) caused by HIV, herpes simplex virus (HSV), and other pathogens are spreading dramatically. The need to develop active products and vehicles to reduce this epidemic is urgent. GOAL The efficacy of a thermoreversible gel formulation as a possible barrier to prevent the transmission of pathogens causing STDs was evaluated. STUDY DESIGN This evaluation investigated the ability of the gel formulation to prevent infection of susceptible cells by HIV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro, the diffusion of radiolabeled herpes virus and micelles of polymer through an insertion membrane, and the electron microscopic appearance of herpes virus and gel alone or mixed together. RESULTS The gel formulation prevents infection of susceptible cells by HIV-1 and HSV-2. It acts as an effective artificial physical barrier against the herpes virus within the first 4 hours of incubation. Herpes virus is coated by the gel or entrapped within micelles of the gel, which could hinder its attachment to target cells and inhibit its infectivity. CONCLUSION This thermoreversible gel formulation represents an attractive matrix for the incorporation of microbicides to prevent the spread of STDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Piret
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Gupta AK, Ahmad I, Summerbell RC. Comparative efficacies of commonly used disinfectants and antifungal pharmaceutical spray preparations against dermatophytic fungi. Med Mycol 2001; 39:321-8. [PMID: 11556761 DOI: 10.1080/mmy.39.4.321.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthroconidia from five fungal strains belonging to three Trichophyton species, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. raubitschekii and T. tonsurans, were tested against commercial chemical disinfectants and pharmaceutical antifungal agents. The chemical disinfectants included chlorine, phenol, sodium dodecyl sulphate and several quaternary ammonium salts, while the two pharmaceutical preparations contained bifonazole and terbinafine as active agents. Arthroconidia were exposed to the antifungal agent either in a suspension solution for a given period of time and assayed for kill rate, or on a sprayed agar plate and monitored for surviving colonies over a period of 14 days. Chlorine (1%) and terbinafine (0.01%) were found to be high level disinfectants bringing about a rapid inactivation of conidia in all five strains. Phenol was equally effective against T. raubitschekii and T. tonsurans; however, T. mentagrophytes cells were able to survive for up to 1 h in 5% phenol. Quaternary ammonium compounds were less rapid in their action against dermatophytes and were needed at a level of about 0.5% to be completely fungicidal. Three commercial spray formulations with a range of 0.1 to 0.3% quaternary ammonium salts were fungistatic against T. mentagrophytes strains. Bifonazole (1%) was also fungistatic in its action against T. mentagrophytes. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (0.5%) was largely ineffective against Trichophyton arthroconidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Center, and the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Savle PS, Doncel GF, Bryant SD, Hubieki MP, Robinette RG, Gandour RD. Acylcarnitine analogues as topical, microbicidal spermicides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:2545-8. [PMID: 10498205 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00423-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acylcarnitine analogues, (+)-6-Carboxylatomethyl-2-alkyl-4,4-dimethylmorpholinium (Z-n, where n = the number of carbons in the alkyl chain), synthesized in multi-gram quantities show in vitro activities as spermicides, anti-HIV agents, and inhibitors of the growth of Candida albicans. Activity improves with increasing chain length. Compound Z-15 is a candidate for further study as a topical, microbicidal spermicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Savle
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061-0212, USA
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