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Elsener TA, Jolley KA, Sanders E, Maiden MCJ, Cehovin A, Tang CM. There are three major Neisseria gonorrhoeae β-lactamase plasmid variants which are associated with specific lineages and carry distinct TEM alleles. Microb Genom 2023; 9:mgen001057. [PMID: 37436798 PMCID: PMC10438826 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a significant threat to global health with an estimated incidence of over 80 million cases each year and high levels of antimicrobial resistance. The gonococcal β-lactamase plasmid, pbla, carries the TEM β-lactamase, which requires only one or two amino acid changes to become an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL); this would render last resort treatments for gonorrhoea ineffective. Although pbla is not mobile, it can be transferred by the conjugative plasmid, pConj, found in N. gonorrhoeae. Seven variants of pbla have been described previously, but little is known about their frequency or distribution in the gonococcal population. We characterised sequences of pbla variants and devised a typing scheme, Ng_pblaST that allows their identification from whole genome short-read sequences. We implemented Ng_pblaST to assess the distribution of pbla variants in 15 532 gonococcal isolates. This demonstrated that only three pbla variants commonly circulate in gonococci, which together account for >99 % of sequences. The pbla variants carry different TEM alleles and are prevalent in distinct gonococcal lineages. Analysis of 2758 pbla-containing isolates revealed the co-occurrence of pbla with certain pConj types, indicating co-operativity between pbla and pConj variants in the spread of plasmid-mediated AMR in N. gonorrhoeae. Understanding the variation and distribution of pbla is essential for monitoring and predicting the spread of plasmid-mediated β-lactam resistance in N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea A. Elsener
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Eduard Sanders
- Arum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa, and KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilfi, Kenya
| | | | - Ana Cehovin
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christoph M. Tang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Nokchan N, Nitayanon P, Tribuddharat C. Molecular epidemiology of penicillinase-producing <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> isolates and their <i>bla</i><sub>TEM-135</sub> gene variant in Bangkok, Thailand, 2015–2017. Jpn J Infect Dis 2022; 76:126-134. [PMID: 36450575 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) possessing blaTEM-135 is a serious public health threat. With only a single change in the amino acid sequence, blaTEM-135 could evolve into a TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which hydrolyzes extended-spectrum cephalosporins, including ceftriaxone and cefixime. We investigated the molecular epidemiological characteristics, types of plasmids in PPNG isolates, and prevalence of PPNG clinical isolates producing TEM-135 beta-lactamases. N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) was used to determine the molecular epidemiological characteristics of 99 PPNG isolates collected from 2015 to 2017. A mismatch amplification mutation assay was used to examine the blaTEM-135 gene prevalence. Of the 89 identified NG-MAST sequence types, 65 (73.0%) were novel. Only 17.7% (43/243) of PPNG isolates belonged to 16 genogroups. The most frequent plasmid was African, followed by Rio/Toronto, and Asian. The blaTEM-135 allele was found in Rio/Toronto plasmids. The blaTEM-135 allele was present in 23.2% (23/99) of the PPNG isolates. PPNG isolates expressing TEM-135 beta-lactamase exhibited significantly higher penicillin MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) values than TEM-1 PPNG isolates. The PPNG isolates showed high genetic diversity and a high proportion of blaTEM-135 alleles. Mutation of the blaTEM-135 allele is worrisome as only one mutation could cause TEM-1 to evolve into an ESBL variant that degrades ceftriaxone. Ongoing surveillance of blaTEM-135 and new PPNG isolates is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natakorn Nokchan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Perapon Nitayanon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Chanwit Tribuddharat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand
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Kandinov I, Gryadunov D, Vinokurova A, Antonova O, Kubanov A, Solomka V, Shagabieva J, Deryabin D, Shaskolskiy B. In vitro Susceptibility to β-Lactam Antibiotics and Viability of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strains Producing Plasmid-Mediated Broad- and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:896607. [PMID: 35794921 PMCID: PMC9251354 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.896607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae plasmids can mediate high-level antimicrobial resistance. The emergence of clinical isolates producing plasmid β-lactamases that can hydrolyze cephalosporins, the mainstay treatment for gonorrhea, may be a serious threat. In this work, N. gonorrhoeae strains producing plasmid-mediated broad- and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) were obtained in vitro, and their viability and β-lactam antibiotic susceptibility were studied. Artificial pblaTEM-1 and pblaTEM-20 plasmids were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis from a pblaTEM-135 plasmid isolated from a clinical isolate. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for a series of β-lactam antibiotics, including benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefotaxime, cefepime, meropenem, imipenem, and doripenem, were determined. The N. gonorrhoeae strain carrying the pblaTEM-20 plasmid exhibited a high level of resistance to penicillins and second–fourth-generation cephalosporins (MIC ≥2 mg/L) but not to carbapenems (MIC ≤0.008 mg/L). However, this strain stopped growing after 6 h of culture. The reduction in viability was not associated with loss of the plasmid but can be explained by the presence of the plasmid itself, which requires additional reproduction costs, and to the expression of ESBLs, which can affect the structure of the peptidoglycan layer in the cell membrane. Cell growth was mathematically modeled using the generalized Verhulst equation, and the reduced viability of the plasmid-carrying strains compared to the non-plasmid-carrying strains was confirmed. The cell death kinetics of N. gonorrhoeae strains without the pblaTEM-20 plasmid in the presence of ceftriaxone can be described by a modified Chick–Watson law. The corresponding kinetics of the N. gonorrhoeae strain carrying the pblaTEM-20 plasmid reflected several processes: the hydrolysis of ceftriaxone by the TEM-20 β-lactamase and the growth and gradual death of cells. The demonstrated reduction in the viability of N. gonorrhoeae strains carrying the pblaTEM-20 plasmid probably explains the absence of clinical isolates of ESBL-producing N. gonorrhoeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Kandinov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Ilya Kandinov,
| | - Dmitry Gryadunov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Vinokurova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Antonova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kubanov
- State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria Solomka
- State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Shagabieva
- State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Deryabin
- State Research Center of Dermatovenerology and Cosmetology, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Shaskolskiy
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Zhao L, Liu A, Li R, Zhang Z, Jia Y, Zhao S. High prevalence of blaTEM-135 and genetic epidemiology of blaTEM-135-carrying Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Shandong, China, 2017-19. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2406-2413. [PMID: 35706144 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only one additional specific SNP in blaTEM-135 in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) isolates is required for TEM-135 to evolve into an ESBL that is capable of degrading all extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs). METHODS Identification of the blaTEM-135 gene was achieved by performing a mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR. PPNG isolates were then genotyped using MLST and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) techniques. Finally, phylogenetic analyses based on MLST and NG-MAST were performed on all of the PPNG isolates, and genogroups were classified according to the phylogenetic relatedness on the basis of each MLST and NG-MAST gene typing and the blaTEM allele varieties. RESULTS Among the 197 PPNG isolates, one (0.5%) isolate possessed the blaTEM-220 allele, 90 (45.7%) possessed the blaTEM-135 allele, and 106 (53.8%) possessed the blaTEM-1 allele. Among the blaTEM-135-carrying PPNG isolates, MLST ST8109 (n = 30) and NG-MAST ST12199 (n = 5), ST12754 (n = 5) and ST15073 (n = 5) were the most prevalent in the Shandong province of China. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that MLST ST8109, ST8140 and ST14417, mainly carrying the blaTEM-135 allele, belonged to the same genogroup, G1, while NG-MAST ST12199 and ST15073, mainly carrying the blaTEM-135 allele, belonged to the same genogroup, Ga. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that the molecular epidemiology of PPNG isolates carrying the blaTEM-135 allele in Shandong has a dynamically changing status. Therefore, it is very pressing to continuously monitor the prevalence and mutation of the blaTEM-135 allele and the genetic epidemiology of PPNG isolates carrying the blaTEM-135 allele in this district.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Central Laboratory, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Ruiying Li
- Department of Gynaecology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Ying Jia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Shuping Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an 271000, China
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Walter de Walthoffen S. Penicillinase plasmid Australia type in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Poland. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:130. [PMID: 34999997 PMCID: PMC8743264 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02623-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an etiological agent of gonorrhea which remains a major public health problem the mechanisms that determine resistance to drugs of the beta-lactam class, which are recommended for the treatment of gonorrhea, are currently the most important problem in its treatment. Chromosomal mutations are responsible for resistance to ceftriaxone and cefepime. The possibility of mutations in the gene encoding beta-lactamase (blaTEM) in the penicillinase plasmid may also turn out to be a serious threat. Methods The occurrence of resistance encoded on penicillinase plasmid has been investigated. For this purpose, the susceptibility of bacteria was determined and the gene for resistance to beta-lactams as well as the plasmids themselves was typed. Results Of the 333 strains tested, 21 (6.3%) had the beta-lactamase gene and produced penicillinase. Two of the beta-lactamase: TEM-1 and TEM-135 occurred among the tested strains of N. gonorrhoeae. Most of the known penicillinase plasmid types of N. gonorrhoeae were demonstrated: the Asian, the African, the Toronto/Rio plasmids and Australian variants. Conclusions In the first 3 years, TEM-1 beta-lactamases dominated in N. gonorrhoeae, which were replaced by TEM-135 in the following years of the study. Not all molecular methods are capable of varying the types of penicillinase plasmids. A particularly noteworthy observation is the fact that the Australia-type of penicillinase plasmid (3270 bp) was identified for the first time in Europe, and the second time in the world. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00203-021-02623-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Straub C, Thirkell C, Tiong A, Woodhouse R, Szeto J, Dyet KH. The antimicrobial resistance landscape of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in New Zealand from November 2018 to March 2019 and the role of sexual orientation in transmission. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000701. [PMID: 34755593 PMCID: PMC8743534 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of culture independent diagnostic testing for the diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection has led to gaps in surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates due to limited availability of cultures. Our study reports the findings of a second national survey of N. gonorrhoeae in New Zealand, utilizing whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to study the population structure, prevalence of AMR, epidemiology and transmission of gonorrhoea isolates. We analysed 314 isolates and found a strong correlation between carriage of acquired resistance genes or chromosomal point mutations and phenotypic susceptibility testing results. Overall, the New Zealand rates of azithromycin resistance and decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone remain lower than in most countries, which are part of the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP). The phylogeny provides evidence of a diverse population significantly associated with sexual behaviour groups. Transmission clustering with a ten single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) cut-off identified 49 clusters, of which ten were solely associated with men who have sex with men (MSM), whereas remaining clusters included heterosexual patients, as well as MSM, suggesting that bridging of sexual networks is occurring. Utilizing pairwise SNP differences between isolates of the same sequence types we determined genetic variation for the three typing schemes used in this study [Multi locus sequence typing (MLST), multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST), and sequence typing for antimicrobial resistance (NG-STAR)]. A median of 0.0 to 52.5 pairwise SNP differences within a single NG-STAR sequence type underlines previous findings of the superiority of the NG-STAR typing scheme in terms of genomic inherency. With our analysis incorporating epidemiological and genomic data, we were able to show a comprehensive overview of the N. gonorrhoeae population circulating in New Zealand, focussing on AMR and transmission within sexual networks. Regular surveillance studies to understand the origin, evolution and spread of AMR for gonorrhoea remain necessary to make informed decisions about public health guidelines, as the internationally rising rates of ceftriaxone and azithromycin resistance have already led to adaptation of current treatment guidelines in the UK and the USA, highlighting the importance of regular surveillance in individual countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Straub
- The Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Auckland 1025, New Zealand
- Genomics Aotearoa, New Zealand
| | - Callum Thirkell
- The Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua 5022, New Zealand
| | - Audrey Tiong
- The Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua 5022, New Zealand
| | - Rosemary Woodhouse
- The Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua 5022, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Szeto
- The Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua 5022, New Zealand
| | - Kristin H. Dyet
- The Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua 5022, New Zealand
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7
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Tanaka M, Furuya R, Kobayashi I, Ohno A, Kanesaka I. Molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Fukuoka, Japan, 1996-2018. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2021; 26:45-51. [PMID: 34029771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) isolates collected in Fukuoka, Japan, from 1996-2018. METHODS Antimicrobial susceptibility to seven antibiotics was determined by the agar dilution method. Molecular characteristics were determined by Sanger sequencing of the blaTEM allele, plasmid typing and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). Furthermore, full sequences of the penA gene, encoding penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2), of PPNG isolates with reduced susceptibility to cefixime were analysed. RESULTS Among 50 PPNG isolates, 17 and 33 were collected during 1996-2006 and 2007-2018, respectively. In 1996-2006, blaTEM-1 in African plasmid was most frequent (64.7%), followed by blaTEM-1 in Asian plasmid (29.4%) and blaTEM-135 in Toronto/Rio plasmid (5.9%). In 2007-2018, blaTEM-135 in Toronto/Rio plasmid was predominant (54.5%), followed by blaTEM-1 in African plasmid (36.4%) and blaTEM-135 in Asian plasmid (6.1%). Among isolates with the blaTEM-135-carrying Toronto/Rio plasmid in 2007-2018, a novel genogroup G15576 was predominant (66.7%). Isolates with the TEM-135 β-lactamase were more resistant to ciprofloxacin but were more susceptible to ceftriaxone and tetracycline than isolates with TEM-1. Seven PPNG isolates less susceptible to cefixime possessed the plasmidic blaTEM-1 allele and had mosaic or non-mosaic alterations within PBP2. CONCLUSION The proportion of PPNG with the blaTEM135-carrying Toronto/Rio plasmid increased during the last 12 years. The increase in PPNG carrying the blaTEM-135 allele is of particular concern as it is considered a possible direct precursor of an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Fukuseikai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Ryusaburo Furuya
- Department of Urology, Fukuseikai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Intetsu Kobayashi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ohno
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izumo Kanesaka
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Faculty of Nursing, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
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Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates to beta-lactam antibiotics (benzylpenicillin and ceftriaxone) in Russia, 2015-2017. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220339. [PMID: 31344102 PMCID: PMC6657886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work was to study the phenotypic susceptibility and resistance determinants of N. gonorrhoeae isolates to beta-lactam antimicrobials (benzylpenicillin and ceftriaxone). A total of 522 clinical isolates collected in Russia in 2015–2017 were analysed for susceptibility using the agar dilution method. DNA loci involved in antimicrobial resistance were identified using DNA microarray analysis and sequencing. Resistance to benzylpenicillin remained high, with 7.7% of isolates resistant (MICpen > 1 mg/L) and 47.5% of isolates showing intermediate susceptibility (MICpen = 0.12–1 mg/L). The most frequent resistance determinant (72.4% isolates) was the Asp345 insertion in penA, both as a single mutation and in combination with other mutations, particularly with the substitution Leu421Pro in ponA (39.0%). Mutations affecting the influx and efflux of drugs were also found, including amino acid substitutions in PorB (26.8% isolates) and delA in the promoter region of mtrR (22.8%). The accumulation of mutations in chromosomal genes (penA, pon, porA, and mtrR) led to a stepwise increase in MICpen to values characteristic of intermediate resistance. The presence of blaTEM plasmids was found in 25 isolates (4.8%), resulting in a strong increase in resistance to penicillin (MICpen > 16 mg/L) compared with the chromosomal mutations; 23 plasmids were of the African type with TEM-1 beta-lactamase, and two plasmids were of the Toronto/Rio type with TEM-135 beta-lactamase. Only three isolates were found with reduced susceptibility to ceftriaxone, with MICcef = 0.12–0.25 mg/L. Sequencing of penA did not reveal mutations associated with resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, and the gene structure was non-mosaic. The majority of isolates (21 of 25) carrying the blaTEM plasmid also contained the conjugative plasmid with tetM (resistance to tetracyclines), consistent with previously reported data that the presence of the conjugative plasmid facilitates the transfer of other plasmids associated with antimicrobial resistance.
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Rim JH, Kim H, Lee H, Yong D, Jeong SH, Lee K. Recent Increase in the Incidence of TEM-135 β-Lactamase-harboring Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Korea. Ann Lab Med 2018; 38:324-330. [PMID: 29611382 PMCID: PMC5895861 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2018.38.4.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We investigated the molecular epidemiological characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) isolates to monitor the change in distribution of blaTEM in Korea. Methods We collected 804 PPNG isolates from diverse hospitals and clinics mainly located in Seoul, Korea, over a period of 11 years (2005–2015). Isolate susceptibility to seven antimicrobials was determined using the agar dilution test. The molecular epidemiological characteristics of the isolates were determined by Sanger sequencing of blaTEM, N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) and plasmid typing. Results Among 72 fully sequenced PPNG isolates, sixteen (22.2%) possessed TEM-135. All TEM-135 isolates had a common silent mutation (c.18C>T), which was previously unreported. We observed a pattern of continuous increase in the number of TEM-135 isolates since 2012. The median and 90% minimum inhibitory concentration of azithromycin were substantially lower in the TEM-135 group than in the non-PPNG and TEM-1 groups. All TEM-135 isolates showed different NG-MAST types and predominantly harbored Toronto/Rio (75%) plasmids. A comprehensive comparative analysis of PPNG with TEM-135 according to NG-MAST, plasmid type, and year of isolation revealed a wide distribution. Conclusions The proportion of TEM-135 PPNG has continuously increased since 2012, in association with clonal spread. The difference at position 18 of the TEM-135 sequence can be interpreted as the existence of multiple clonal complexes. The possibility that TEM-135 was acquired via foreign plasmids requires careful follow-up and continuous monitoring of TEM-135 to ascertain whether it constitutes a step towards evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hoon Rim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Medicine, Physician-Scientist Program, Yonsei University Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyukmin Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Dongeun Yong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Hoon Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungwon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Research Institute of Bacterial Resistance, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Eyre DW, De Silva D, Cole K, Peters J, Cole MJ, Grad YH, Demczuk W, Martin I, Mulvey MR, Crook DW, Walker AS, Peto TEA, Paul J. WGS to predict antibiotic MICs for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:1937-1947. [PMID: 28333355 PMCID: PMC5890716 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tracking the spread of antimicrobial-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major priority for national surveillance programmes. Objectives We investigate whether WGS and simultaneous analysis of multiple resistance determinants can be used to predict antimicrobial susceptibilities to the level of MICs in N. gonorrhoeae. Methods WGS was used to identify previously reported potential resistance determinants in 681 N. gonorrhoeae isolates, from England, the USA and Canada, with phenotypes for cefixime, penicillin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline determined as part of national surveillance programmes. Multivariate linear regression models were used to identify genetic predictors of MIC. Model performance was assessed using leave-one-out cross-validation. Results Overall 1785/3380 (53%) MIC values were predicted to the nearest doubling dilution and 3147 (93%) within ±1 doubling dilution and 3314 (98%) within ±2 doubling dilutions. MIC prediction performance was similar across the five antimicrobials tested. Prediction models included the majority of previously reported resistance determinants. Applying EUCAST breakpoints to MIC predictions, the overall very major error (VME; phenotypically resistant, WGS-prediction susceptible) rate was 21/1577 (1.3%, 95% CI 0.8%–2.0%) and the major error (ME; phenotypically susceptible, WGS-prediction resistant) rate was 20/1186 (1.7%, 1.0%–2.6%). VME rates met regulatory thresholds for all antimicrobials except cefixime and ME rates for all antimicrobials except tetracycline. Country of testing was a strongly significant predictor of MIC for all five antimicrobials. Conclusions We demonstrate a WGS-based MIC prediction approach that allows reliable MIC prediction for five gonorrhoea antimicrobials. Our approach should allow reasonably precise prediction of MICs for a range of bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Eyre
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit, Oxford, UK
| | - Dilrini De Silva
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Cole
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.,National Infection Service, Public Health England, UK
| | - Joanna Peters
- Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.,National Infection Service, Public Health England, UK
| | - Michelle J Cole
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI) Reference Unit, National Infection Service, London, UK
| | - Yonatan H Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter Demczuk
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Irene Martin
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael R Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Derrick W Crook
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit, Oxford, UK.,National Infection Service, Public Health England, UK
| | - A Sarah Walker
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim E A Peto
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit, Oxford, UK
| | - John Paul
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.,Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Brighton, UK.,National Infection Service, Public Health England, UK
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11
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Stefanelli P, Carannante A, Bonanno CL, Cusini M, Ghisetti V, Mencacci A, Barbui AM, Prignano G, Vocale C, Vacca P. Molecular Characterization of Penicillinase-Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolated in Two Time Periods, 2003-2004 and 2014-2015, in Italy. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:621-626. [PMID: 29293395 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistant strains poses a great concern for gonorrhea treatment. The aim of this study was to characterize penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) isolates collected in Italy in two time frames, 2003-2004 and 2014-2015. A total of 80 PPNG were characterized for the blaTEM gene variant and the plasmid type. Furthermore, gonococci were typed using Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing. Antibiotic susceptibility assay was performed for penicillin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and spectinomycin by Etest and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test strip methods. The β-lactamase production was detected using nitrocefin test. Among PPNG isolates, four blaTEM alleles were identified as follows: blaTEM-1, blaTEM-228, blaTEMP14S, and blaTEM-135. The African plasmid possessed the blaTEM-1, blaTEM-228, and blaTEMP14S, whereas blaTEM-135 was identified in Toronto/Rio and Asian plasmids. The percentage of isolates with the blaTEM-1-carrying African plasmid increased from 42.5% in 2003-2004 to 55% in 2014-2015; conversely, the isolates with blaTEM-135-carrying Toronto/Rio plasmid decreased from 57.5% to 35%. Among the isolates carrying the Toronto/Rio plasmids possessing blaTEM-135, sequence type (ST)661 and ST5624 were found to be the predominant STs in both periods 2003-2004 and 2014-2015, respectively. More than half of the PPNG isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Increase in the isolates carrying the African plasmid possessing blaTEM-1 and a parallel decrease of the blaTEM-135-carrying Toronto/Rio plasmid was observed. Moreover, PPNG isolate harbored Toronto/Rio plasmid with blaTEM-135 belonged mainly to two major STs (ST661 and ST5624). Given the possible role of a mutated blaTEM gene as an additional mechanism to extended spectrum β-lactamase resistance, it is crucial to monitor gonococci carrying these resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Stefanelli
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Carannante
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Cusini
- 3 Foundation IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Ghisetti
- 4 Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital , Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Mencacci
- 5 Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia , Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Barbui
- 6 Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Molinette Hospital , Turin, Italy
| | | | - Caterina Vocale
- 8 Unit of Clinical Microbiology, CRREM Laboratory, St. Orsola-Malpighi , University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Vacca
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
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12
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Unemo M, Golparian D, Sánchez-Busó L, Grad Y, Jacobsson S, Ohnishi M, Lahra MM, Limnios A, Sikora AE, Wi T, Harris SR. The novel 2016 WHO Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for global quality assurance of laboratory investigations: phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characterization. J Antimicrob Chemother 2016; 71:3096-3108. [PMID: 27432602 PMCID: PMC5079299 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gonorrhoea and MDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae remain public health concerns globally. Enhanced, quality-assured, gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance is essential worldwide. The WHO global Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (GASP) was relaunched in 2009. We describe the phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characteristics of the 2016 WHO gonococcal reference strains intended for quality assurance in the WHO global GASP, other GASPs, diagnostics and research worldwide. METHODS The 2016 WHO reference strains (n = 14) constitute the eight 2008 WHO reference strains and six novel strains. The novel strains represent low-level to high-level cephalosporin resistance, high-level azithromycin resistance and a porA mutant. All strains were comprehensively characterized for antibiogram (n = 23), serovar, prolyliminopeptidase, plasmid types, molecular AMR determinants, N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing STs and MLST STs. Complete reference genomes were produced using single-molecule PacBio sequencing. RESULTS The reference strains represented all available phenotypes, susceptible and resistant, to antimicrobials previously and currently used or considered for future use in gonorrhoea treatment. All corresponding resistance genotypes and molecular epidemiological types were described. Fully characterized, annotated and finished references genomes (n = 14) were presented. CONCLUSIONS The 2016 WHO gonococcal reference strains are intended for internal and external quality assurance and quality control in laboratory investigations, particularly in the WHO global GASP and other GASPs, but also in phenotypic (e.g. culture, species determination) and molecular diagnostics, molecular AMR detection, molecular epidemiology and as fully characterized, annotated and finished reference genomes in WGS analysis, transcriptomics, proteomics and other molecular technologies and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Unemo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Daniel Golparian
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Leonor Sánchez-Busó
- Pathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Yonatan Grad
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susanne Jacobsson
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Monica M Lahra
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Department of Microbiology, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, Australia
| | - Athena Limnios
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Department of Microbiology, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aleksandra E Sikora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Teodora Wi
- Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simon R Harris
- Pathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridgeshire, UK
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13
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Draft Genome Sequence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Strain NG_869 with Penicillin, Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin Resistance Determinants Isolated from Malaysia. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 56:225-7. [PMID: 27570316 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the increasing reports of multidrug-resistant gonococcal isolates are a global public health care concern. Herein, we report the genome sequence of N. gonorrhoeae strain NG_869 isolated from Malaysia which may provide insights into the drug resistance determinants in gonococcal bacteria.
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14
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Gianecini R, Oviedo C, Guantay C, Piccoli L, Stafforini G, Galarza P. Prevalence of bla TEM-220 gene in Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains carrying Toronto/Rio plasmid in Argentina, 2002 - 2011. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:571. [PMID: 26675423 PMCID: PMC4681013 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorroheae (PPNG) was first isolated in 1976. PPNG strains carrying blaTEM-1 and blaTEM-135 gene have been described in different countries. Recently, a novel blaTEM-220 allele was detected in PPNG isolates carrying Toronto/Rio plasmid. The prevalence and characteristics of TEM-220 strains worldwide are unknown, and therefore, it needs to be studied. The purpose of this study was to detect blaTEM-220 gene in PPNG strains possessing Toronto/Rio plasmid over a period of ten years in Argentina, and to evaluate the proportion of isolates producing non-TEM-220 containing the T539C substitution in the blaTEM allele. Methods One hundred and fifty one PPNG isolates carrying Toronto/Rio plasmid were studied between 2002 and 2011. A mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) PCR was used to identify the T539C substitution in the blaTEM allele and a MAMA-PCR protocol was developed to detect the G547A substitution in the blaTEM-220. The reference agar dilution method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) was used for susceptibility testing to five β-lactams antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and azithromycin. In all TEM-220-producing isolates, the whole blaTEM gene was sequenced and the isolates were typed using N. gonorroheae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). Results MAMA PCR successfully identified the G547A substitution in the blaTEM-220 allele. The proportion of isolates that possessed the blaTEM-220 allele was 2.6 %, and 93.2 % MAMA TEM-220 PCR-negative isolates showed the T539C substitution in the blaTEM gene. No differences in the susceptibility to five beta-lactam antibiotics tested were observed in PPNG isolates TEM-220-producing and PPNG isolates carrying the T539C substitution in the blaTEM gene. All TEM-220 isolates were indistinguishable by NG-MAST. Conclusion This is the first study which shows the prevalence of blaTEM-220 in N. gonorrhoeae isolates carrying Toronto/Rio plasmid in Argentina. Although the blaTEM-220 allele does not appear to be associated with an extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype of resistance, a single nucleotide polymorphism added to the blaTEM-220 or blaTEM containing the T539C substitution could lead to the emergence of ESBL. Thus, it is imperative to investigate in surveillance programs, not only the plasmid type in PPNG isolates and the blaTEM allele associated, but phenotypical characteristics and geographical distribution of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Gianecini
- Servicio de Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Claudia Oviedo
- Servicio de Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Cristina Guantay
- Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance Programme-Argentina (GASSP-AR), ᅟ, Argentina.
| | - Laura Piccoli
- Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance Programme-Argentina (GASSP-AR), ᅟ, Argentina.
| | - Graciela Stafforini
- Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility Surveillance Programme-Argentina (GASSP-AR), ᅟ, Argentina.
| | - Patricia Galarza
- Servicio de Enfermedades de Transmisión Sexual, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI)-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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15
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Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska B, Kujawa M, Mlynarczyk G, Malejczyk M, Majewski S. Susceptibility to ceftriaxone and occurrence of penicillinase plasmids in Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Poland in 2012-2013. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 61:269-73. [PMID: 26597276 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen rising concerns over increasing antibiotic resistance of the gonorrhea-causing bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae. This is especially true for third-generation cephalosporins, which are currently recommended for the treatment of such infections. Therefore, susceptibility to these antibiotics should be monitored internationally to the greatest extent possible. The susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae strains to ceftriaxone and penicillin, as well as production of beta-lactamase by the Cefinase test was determined. Moreover, the presence and type of penicillinase plasmids were determined by PCR. All strains were susceptible to ceftriaxone, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 0.002 to 0.125 mg/L; MIC50 was =0.016 mg/L and MIC90 was =0.064 mg/L. As much as 7.7 % of the strains demonstrated ceftriaxone MIC of 0.125 mg/L. For penicillin, the MICs ranged from 0.064 to 32 mg/L; MIC50 was =0.5 mg/L and MIC90 was =4 mg/L. It was shown that only 1.5 % of the strains were sensitive to penicillin according to The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Among the penicillin-resistant strains, six (30.0 %) produced penicillinase. The MICs of penicillin were substantially higher for penicillinase-producing than for penicillin-resistant, penicillinase-negative strains. MICs of ceftriaxone for penicillinase-producing strains were low (0.002-0.016 mg/L). Three of the penicillinase-producing strains possessed plasmids of African type (50 %) and three Toronto/Rio type (50 %). An increase of the proportion of beta-lactamase-positive strains in the last years as well as emergence of strains with elevated MIC of ceftriaxone indicate a need to constantly monitor N. gonorrhoeae strains for their susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics, as well as for their ability to produce beta-lactamases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Mlynarczyk-Bonikowska
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diagnostics, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82A, 02-008, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marlena Kujawa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grazyna Mlynarczyk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Malejczyk
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases Diagnostics, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82A, 02-008, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Majewski
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University of Warsaw, Koszykowa 82A, 02-008, Warsaw, Poland
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Bodoev IN, Il’ina EN. Molecular mechanisms of formation of drug resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: History and prospects. MOLECULAR GENETICS, MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416815030027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Zheng H, Wu X, Huang J, Qin X, Xue Y, Zeng W, Lan Y, Ou J, Tang S, Fang M. The prevalence and epidemiology of plasmid-mediated penicillin and tetracycline resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Guangzhou, China, 2002-2012. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:412. [PMID: 26453557 PMCID: PMC4600260 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gonococcal antimicrobial resistance is a global problem. Different resistance plasmids have emerged and spread among the isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae worldwide and in China. We conducted this study to monitor the plasmid-mediated penicillin and tetracycline resistance among N. gonorrhoeae isolates in Guangzhou from 2002 to 2012. Methods Consecutive isolates of N. gonorrhoeae were collected from outpatients with gonorrhea attending the STD clinic in Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention. Penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) isolates were analyzed by the paper acidometric method. Plasmid-mediated resistance to tetracycline in N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG) isolates was screened by the agar plate dilution method. Plasmid types were determined for TRNG and PPNG isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to penicillin and tetracycline were detected by the agar plate dilution. Results Of 1378 consecutive N. gonorrhoeae isolates, 429 PPNG and 639 TRNG isolates were identified. The prevalence of PPNG, TRNG, and PPNG/TRNG increased from 18.3 to 47.1 % (χ2 = 31.57, p < 0.001), from 29.4 to 52.1 % (χ2 = 16.28, p < 0.001) and from 10.0 to 26.2 % (χ2 = 10.46, p < 0.001) between 2002 and 2012, respectively. Genotyping of plasmids among PPNGs showed that the majority (93.7 %) of the isolates were the Asian type plasmids, while the African type plasmid emerged in 2008 and rapidly increased to 14.0 % in 2012 (χ2 = 25.03, p < 0.001). For TRNGs, all 639 isolates carried the Dutch type plasmid. MICs of penicillin G and tetracycline persisted at high levels and the MIC90s were 32-fold higher than the resistant cutoff point over 11 years. The prevalence rates of penicillin- and tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae varied from 90.9 to 91.1 % and from 88.3 to 89.3 % during 2002 to 2012, respectively. Conclusions Resistance to penicillin and tetracycline among N. gonorrhoeae isolates remained at high levels in Guangzhou. The Asian type PPNG continued to spread and Dutch type TRNG was still the dominant strain. The African type PPNG has emerged and is spreading rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Xingzhong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Jinmei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Xiaolin Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Yaohua Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Weiying Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Yinyuan Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Jiangli Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Sanmei Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Mingheng Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Centre for Skin Diseases and STIs Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
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Multitarget PCR Assay for Direct Detection of Penicillinase-Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae for Enhanced Surveillance of Gonococcal Antimicrobial Resistance. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2706-8. [PMID: 25994166 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00540-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multitarget PCR was developed for the direct detection of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG). The assay was validated by testing 342 PPNG isolates and 415 clinical samples. The method is suitable for routine detection of PPNG strains. Its multitarget approach reduces the potential for false-negative results caused by sequence variations.
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Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the 21st century: past, evolution, and future. Clin Microbiol Rev 2015; 27:587-613. [PMID: 24982323 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00010-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 760] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is evolving into a superbug with resistance to previously and currently recommended antimicrobials for treatment of gonorrhea, which is a major public health concern globally. Given the global nature of gonorrhea, the high rate of usage of antimicrobials, suboptimal control and monitoring of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and treatment failures, slow update of treatment guidelines in most geographical settings, and the extraordinary capacity of the gonococci to develop and retain AMR, it is likely that the global problem of gonococcal AMR will worsen in the foreseeable future and that the severe complications of gonorrhea will emerge as a silent epidemic. By understanding the evolution, emergence, and spread of AMR in N. gonorrhoeae, including its molecular and phenotypic mechanisms, resistance to antimicrobials used clinically can be anticipated, future methods for genetic testing for AMR might permit region-specific and tailor-made antimicrobial therapy, and the design of novel antimicrobials to circumvent the resistance problems can be undertaken more rationally. This review focuses on the history and evolution of gonorrhea treatment regimens and emerging resistance to them, on genetic and phenotypic determinants of gonococcal resistance to previously and currently recommended antimicrobials, including biological costs or benefits; and on crucial actions and future advances necessary to detect and treat resistant gonococcal strains and, ultimately, retain gonorrhea as a treatable infection.
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Li S, Su XH, Le WJ, Jiang FX, Wang BX, Rice PA. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from symptomatic men attending the Nanjing sexually transmitted diseases clinic (2011-2012): genetic characteristics of isolates with reduced sensitivity to ceftriaxone. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:622. [PMID: 25427572 PMCID: PMC4263019 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evolving gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to public health. The aim of this study was to: update antimicrobial susceptibility data of Neisseria gonorrhoeae recently isolated in Nanjing, China and identify specific deteminants of antimicrobial resistance and gentoypes of isolates with decreased sensitivity to ceftriaxone. METHODS 334 N. gonorrhoeae isolates were collected consecutively from symptomatic men attending the Nanjing STD Clinic between April 2011 and December 2012. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for penicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, spectinomycin and ceftriaxone were determined by agar plate dilution for each isolate. Penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG) were examined and typed for β-lactamase and tetM encoding plasmids respectively. Isolates that displayed elevated MICs to ceftriaxone (MIC ≥0.125 mg/L) were also tested for mutations in penA, mtrR, porB1b, ponA and pilQ genes and characterized by Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). RESULTS 98.8% (330/334) of N. gonorrhoeae isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin; 97.9% (327/334) to tetracycline and 67.7% (226/334) to penicillin. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone (MIC ≤0.25 mg/L) and spectinomycin (MIC ≤32 mg/L). Plasmid mediated resistance was exhibited by 175/334 (52%) of isolates: 120/334 (36%) of isolates were PPNG and 104/334 (31%) were TRNG. 90.0% (108/120) of PPNG isolates carried the Asia type β-lactamase encoding plasmid and 96% (100/104) of TRNG isolates carried the Dutch type tetM containing plasmid. Elevated MICs for ceftriaxone were present in 15 (4.5%) isolates; multiple mutations were found in penA, mtrR, porB1b and ponA genes. The 15 isolates were distributed into diverse NG-MAST sequence types; four different non-mosaic penA alleles were identified, including one new type. CONCLUSIONS N. gonorrhoeae isolates in Nanjing generally retained similar antimicrobial resistance patterns to isolates obtained five years ago. Fluctuations in resistance plasmid profiles imply that genetic exchange among gonococcal strains is ongoing and is frequent. Ceftriaxone and spectinomycin remain treatments of choice of gonorrhea in Nanjing, however, decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone and rising MICs for spectinomycin of N. gonorrhoeae isolates underscore the importance of maintaining surveillance for AMR (both phenotypic and genotypic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Li
- STD Clinic, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Xiao-Hong Su
- STD Clinic, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Wen-Jing Le
- STD Clinic, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Fa-Xing Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Bao-Xi Wang
- STD Clinic, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, 210042, China.
| | - Peter A Rice
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01602, USA.
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Penicillinase-producing plasmid types in Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolates from Australia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:7576-8. [PMID: 25267684 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04120-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) carrying the blaTEM-135 gene is of particular concern, as it is considered a stepping stone toward resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins. Here, we sought to characterize plasmid types and the occurrence of the blaTEM-135 gene for N. gonorrhoeae clinical isolates from Australia. We found that blaTEM-135 was prevalent in Australian PPNG and was detected on all three major plasmid types.
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Muhammad I, Golparian D, Dillon JAR, Johansson A, Ohnishi M, Sethi S, Chen SC, Nakayama SI, Sundqvist M, Bala M, Unemo M. Characterisation of blaTEM genes and types of β-lactamase plasmids in Neisseria gonorrhoeae - the prevalent and conserved blaTEM-135 has not recently evolved and existed in the Toronto plasmid from the origin. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:454. [PMID: 25149062 PMCID: PMC4152594 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major concern worldwide. It has been recently feared that the blaTEM-1 gene is, via blaTEM-135, evolving into an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), which could degrade all cephalosporins including ceftriaxone. The aims of the present study were to characterize the blaTEM genes, types of β-lactamase plasmids, the degradation of ampicillin by TEM-135 compared to TEM-1, and to perform molecular epidemiological typing of β-lactamase-producing N. gonorrhoeae strains internationally. Methods β-lactamase producing N. gonorrhoeae isolates (n = 139) cultured from 2000 to 2011 in 15 countries were examined using antibiograms, blaTEM gene sequencing, β-lactamase plasmid typing, and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST). Furthermore, the blaTEM gene was sequenced in the first described Toronto plasmid (pJD7), one of the first Asian plasmids (pJD4) and African plasmids (pJD5) isolated in Canada. The degradation of ampicillin by TEM-135 compared to TEM-1 was examined using a MALDI-TOF MS hydrolysis assay. Results Six different blaTEM sequences were identified (among isolates with 125 different NG-MAST STs), i.e. blaTEM-1 (in 104 isolates), blaTEM-135 (in 30 isolates), and four novel blaTEM sequences (in 5 isolates). The blaTEM-1 allele was only found in the African and Asian plasmids, while all Rio/Toronto plasmids possessed the blaTEM-135 allele. Most interesting, the first described gonococcal Toronto plasmid (pJD7), identified in 1984, also possessed the highly conserved blaTEM-135 allele. The degradation of ampicillin by TEM-135 compared to TEM-1 was indistinguishable in the MALDI-TOF MS hydrolysis assay. Conclusions blaTEM-135, encoding TEM-135, is predominantly and originally associated with the Rio/Toronto plasmid and prevalent among the β-lactamase producing gonococcal strains circulating globally. blaTEM-135 does not appear, as previously hypothesized, to have recently evolved due to some evolutionary selective pressure, for example, by the extensive use of extended-spectrum cephalosporins worldwide. On the contrary, the present study shows that blaTEM-135 existed in the Toronto plasmid from its discovery and that blaTEM-135 is highly conserved (not further evolved in the past >30 years). Nevertheless, international studies for monitoring the presence of different blaTEM alleles, the possible evolution of the blaTEM-135 allele, and the types of β-lactamase producing plasmids, remain imperative. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-454) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Magnus Unemo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Microbiology, Örebro University Hospital, SE-701 85, Örebro, Sweden.
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Molecular analyses of TEM genes and their corresponding penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Bangkok, Thailand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 56:916-20. [PMID: 22143532 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05665-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a major public health problem globally, especially because the bacterium has developed resistance to most antimicrobials introduced for first-line treatment of gonorrhea. In the present study, 96 N. gonorrhoeae isolates with high-level resistance to penicillin from 121 clinical isolates in Thailand were examined to investigate changes related to their plasmid-mediated penicillin resistance and their molecular epidemiological relationships. A β-lactamase (TEM) gene variant, bla(TEM-135), that may be a precursor in the transitional stage of a traditional bla(TEM-1) gene into an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), possibly causing high resistance to all extended-spectrum cephalosporins in N. gonorrhoeae, was identified. Clonal analysis using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) revealed the existence of a sexual network among patients from Japan and Thailand. Molecular analysis of the bla(TEM-135) gene showed that the emergence of this allele might not be a rare genetic event and that the allele has evolved in different plasmid backgrounds, which results possibly indicate that it is selected due to antimicrobial pressure. The presence of the bla(TEM-135) allele in the penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae population may call for monitoring for the possible emergence of ESBL-producing N. gonorrhoeae in the future. This study identified a bla(TEM) variant (bla(TEM-135)) that is a possible intermediate precursor for an ESBL, which warrants international awareness.
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Review and international recommendation of methods for typing neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and their implications for improved knowledge of gonococcal epidemiology, treatment, and biology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:447-58. [PMID: 21734242 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00040-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonorrhea, which may become untreatable due to multiple resistance to available antibiotics, remains a public health problem worldwide. Precise methods for typing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, together with epidemiological information, are crucial for an enhanced understanding regarding issues involving epidemiology, test of cure and contact tracing, identifying core groups and risk behaviors, and recommending effective antimicrobial treatment, control, and preventive measures. This review evaluates methods for typing N. gonorrhoeae isolates and recommends various methods for different situations. Phenotypic typing methods, as well as some now-outdated DNA-based methods, have limited usefulness in differentiating between strains of N. gonorrhoeae. Genotypic methods based on DNA sequencing are preferred, and the selection of the appropriate genotypic method should be guided by its performance characteristics and whether short-term epidemiology (microepidemiology) or long-term and/or global epidemiology (macroepidemiology) matters are being investigated. Currently, for microepidemiological questions, the best methods for fast, objective, portable, highly discriminatory, reproducible, typeable, and high-throughput characterization are N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) or full- or extended-length porB gene sequencing. However, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Opa typing can be valuable in specific situations, i.e., extreme microepidemiology, despite their limitations. For macroepidemiological studies and phylogenetic studies, DNA sequencing of chromosomal housekeeping genes, such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST), provides a more nuanced understanding.
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Enhancing gonococcal antimicrobial resistance surveillance: a real-time PCR assay for detection of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae by use of noncultured clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 49:513-8. [PMID: 21159935 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02024-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing concerns regarding diminishing treatment options for gonorrhea, maintaining the efficacy of currently used treatments and ensuring optimal Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance surveillance are of the utmost importance. Penicillin is still used to treat gonorrhea in some parts of the world. In this study, we developed and validated a real-time PCR assay for the detection of penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) in noncultured clinical samples with the aim of enhancing penicillin resistance surveillance. The assay (PPNG-PCR2) was designed to be an indirect marker of penicillinase activity, by targeting a region of sequence predicted to be conserved across all N. gonorrhoeae plasmid types harboring the beta-lactamase gene while not specifically targeting the actual beta-lactamase-encoding sequence. The assay was evaluated by using a total of 118 N. gonorrhoeae clinical isolates and 1,194 clinical specimens, including 239 N. gonorrhoeae-positive clinical samples from which N. gonorrhoeae cells were isolated and for which phenotypic penicillinase results are available. Overall, the PPNG-PCR2 assay provided 100% sensitivity and 98.7% specificity compared to bacterial culture results for the detection of PPNG in clinical specimens. PPNG-PCR2 false-positive results, presumably due to cross-reactions with unrelated bacterial species, were observed for up to 1.3% of clinical samples but could be distinguished on the basis of high cycle threshold values. In tandem with phenotypic surveillance, the PPNG-PCR2 assay has the potential to provide enhanced epidemiological surveillance of N. gonorrhoeae penicillin resistance and is of particular relevance to regions where penicillin is still used to treat gonorrhea.
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Ohnishi M, Ono E, Shimuta K, Watanabe H, Okamura N. Identification of TEM-135 beta-lactamase in penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3021-3. [PMID: 20421400 PMCID: PMC2897271 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00245-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) strains isolated from 2000 to 2008 were characterized by multilocus sequence typing, multiantigen sequence typing, and plasmid typing. Sequence analysis showed that 8 strains contained a TEM-1 beta-lactamase gene. However, two other genetically distinct PPNG strains, isolated in 2004 and 2008, each contained a TEM-135 beta-lactamase on different plasmids, a Toronto/Rio type R plasmid and an Asia type R plasmid, suggesting independent origins of these PPNG strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ohnishi
- Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1, Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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Unemo M, Fasth O, Fredlund H, Limnios A, Tapsall J. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of the 2008 WHO Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strain panel intended for global quality assurance and quality control of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance surveillance for public health purposes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63:1142-51. [PMID: 19318360 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkp098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae remain a major global problem and expanded, but valid, AMR surveillance is crucial for public health purposes. The World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre in Sydney, Australia, continually evaluates N. gonorrhoeae strains used in quality control and assurance aspects of the national, WHO regional and international programmes for AMR surveillance it conducts. Here we phenotypically and genetically characterized the 2008 WHO N. gonorrhoeae reference panel, widely used under existing WHO AMR surveillance protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS The eight N. gonorrhoeae WHO reference strains were phenotypically characterized by antibiogram, auxotype, serovar and prolyliminopeptidase screening; and genetically with regard to resistance plasmid types, polymorphisms in divergent genetic resistance-mediating loci (n = 9), porB sequencing and N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing. RESULTS The 2008 WHO reference strains represented all the important susceptible and resistant phenotypes, including corresponding resistance genotypes, and the range of resistances currently seen for relevant antimicrobials. Several pertinent additional phenotypic and genotypic markers, for example, epidemiological markers, were also determined. CONCLUSIONS The 2008 WHO N. gonorrhoeae reference strain panel was extensively characterized, which is crucial for the expansion of gonococcal AMR surveillance nationally and internationally. The panel is available through WHO sources for quality assurance and quality control aspects of current phenotypic testing protocols, to allow valid comparison of AMR data derived by divergent methods, and also for the control of present and future molecular assays for AMR detection. Additional WHO reference strains can be included as required by the emergence of additional resistant phenotypes and/or genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Unemo
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Orebro University Hospital, Sweden.
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28
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Abstract
We carried out complex genetic analysis of clinical samples containing N. gonorrhoeae DNA, the genotype and profile of drug resistance of this agent were evaluated. Changes in genes responsible for the formation of N. gonorrhoeae resistance to penicillins, fluoroquinolones, and spectinomycin were detected during minisequencing with subsequent MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The sensitivity of gonococcus was evaluated directly in the clinical sample without culturing.
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Relation between genetic markers of drug resistance and susceptibility profile of clinical Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:2175-82. [PMID: 18378705 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01420-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this work is to clarify the predictive value of known genetic markers of Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones. The correlation between the presence of certain genetic markers and susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae isolates to penicillin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones has been analyzed by means of statistical methods. Susceptibility testing with penicillin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones was performed by the agar dilution method. N. gonorrhoeae genomic DNA was isolated. The presence of bla(TEM-1) and tet(M) genes was analyzed by PCR. A novel method of polymorphism discovery based on a minisequencing reaction followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry was applied for the analysis of chromosomal N. gonorrhoeae genes involved in antimicrobial resistance development. Clinical N. gonorrhoeae isolates (n = 464) were collected. Susceptibility levels to penicillin, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones were found to be 25.9%, 35.9%, and 54.1%, respectively. Among the 19 N. gonorrhoeae isolates with penicillin MICs of > or =4 microg/ml, the bla(TEM-1) gene was detected in 12. The Tet(M) determinant was found in 4 of 12 N. gonorrhoeae isolates with tetracycline MICs of > or =16 microg/ml. The chromosomal genetic markers of penicillin and tetracycline resistance were detected especially in isolates with penicillin MICs of 0.25 to 2.0 microg/ml and tetracycline MICs of 0.5 to 4 microg/ml. Mutations in GyrA and ParC were found in 208 of 211 quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolates. This work is the first representative molecular research of the N. gonorrhoeae population in Russia. Information about the prevalence of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the positive predictive value of certain genetic determinants is given. The positive predictive values of the analyzed genetic markers were found to be different for fluoroquinolones (90.3%), penicillin (91.1%), and tetracycline (81.9%).
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Su X, Jiang F, Dai X, Sun H, Ye S. Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibilities in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Nanjing, China, 1999-2006. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 34:995-9. [PMID: 17595594 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e3180ca8f24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To monitor the frequency and types of antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Nanjing, China, between 1999 and 2006. METHODS beta-Lactamase production was determined by paper acidometric testing. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to penicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and spectinomycin were determined by agar plate dilution. Plasmid types were determined for TRNG and PPNG isolates by PCR. RESULTS One-thousand two-hundred and eight N. gonorrhoeae isolates were examined. The rate of PPNG rose from 8.0% (9 of 112) in 1999 to 57.36% (113 of 197) in 2004, and declined to 44.44% (88 of 198) in 2006. Prevalence of TRNG increased from 1.8% (2 of 112) in 1999 to 32.82% (65 of 198) in 2006. 99.23% (258 of 260) of TRNG contained the Dutch-type tetM gene and 2 strains contained the American-type tetM gene. All PPNG examined contained the Asian type plasmid. Among non-PPNG, chromosomally mediated resistance to penicillin varied from 57.84% (59 of 102) to 87.80% (72 of 82). Chromosomal resistance to ciprofloxacin (QRNG) was detected in 83.93% (94 of 112) of the strains in 1999 and 98.99% (196 of 198) in 2006. Eight spectinomycin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains were detected between 2001 and 2006. None of the gonococcal isolates tested was resistant to ceftriaxone but decreased susceptibility was observed in some strains. CONCLUSIONS Among N. gonorrhoeae strains isolated in Nanjing, China, plasmid mediated resistance including PPNG and TRNG increased significantly between 1999 and 2006. Chromosomally mediated resistance to both penicillin and ciprofloxacin was also high during this period. Spectinomycin resistance of N. gonorrhoeae was sporadic. Ceftriaxone and spectinomycin can be considered effective antimicrobial agents for the treatment of gonorrhea in Nanjing at the present time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Su
- National Center for STD Control, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China.
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Malakhova MV, Vereshchagin VA, Il'ina EN, Govorun VM, Zubkov MM, Priputnevich TV, Kisina VI, Kubanova AA. Analysis of genetic markers of N. gonorrhoeae resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Bull Exp Biol Med 2007; 141:610-5. [PMID: 17181066 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-006-0234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A complex method for detection of genetic markers of N. gonorrhoeae resistance to penicillin was developed. Mutations in penA and ponA genes were detected by minisequencing reaction with subsequent detection of reaction products by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. This approach was tested on 31 clinical strains of N. gonorrhoeae with minimum inhibitory concentration of penicillin from 0.03 to 8 microg/ml and higher. Mutations in penA and ponA genes in moderately resistant strains were shown (minimum inhibitory concentration up to 0.5 microg/ml) and mutations in penA, ponA, and penB genes in resistant strains (minimum inhibitory concentration more than 1.0 microg/ml). beta-Lactamase genes were detected in 4 strains with high resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration 4-8 and more microg/ml). Correlation between microbiological resistance and presence of respective mutations in the studied locuses was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Malakhova
- Institute of Physico-Chemical Medicine, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow.
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Dal Conte I, Starnino S, Di Perri G, Stefanelli P. Disseminated gonococcal infection in an immunocompetent patient caused by an imported Neisseria gonorrhoeae multidrug-resistant strain. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:3833-4. [PMID: 17021122 PMCID: PMC1594784 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01041-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report the microbiological features of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain isolated from an immunocompetent patient with disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). The strain expressed the IA/IB serovar; was resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, and ciprofloxacin; and had presumably been acquired in Southeast Asia. To date, this is the first case reported in our country of DGI due to an imported multidrug-resistant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Dal Conte
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy
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Gorrell RJ, Yang J, Kusters JG, van Vliet AHM, Robins-Browne RM. Restriction of DNA encoding selectable markers decreases the transformation efficiency of Helicobacter pylori. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 44:213-9. [PMID: 15866218 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsim.2004.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori populations recovered from the human stomach display extensive recombination and quasispecies development, and this suggests frequent exchange of DNA between different strains in vivo. In vitro, however, most H. pylori strains display restriction to the uptake of non-self DNA, as measured using selectable markers, regardless of their competency for transformation with self DNA. We have examined the effect of different selectable markers on double-crossover recombination efficiencies in three reference strains (1061, 26695 & SS1) and one clinical isolate (CHP1) of H. pylori. All strains were efficiently transformable to kanamycin or chloramphenicol resistance by using self-genomic DNA from isogenic mutants bearing the aphA3 or cat cassettes, respectively. However, strains 26695 and CHP1 showed a 3-5-log reduction in transformation efficiency by non-self recombinant DNA containing aphA3, when compared to cat. Strain 1061 readily accepted either cassette, and strain SS1 was poorly tolerant of any non-self DNA. Genome-wide random mutagenesis of these strains was only achievable with a selectable marker that allowed high transformation efficiency. Digestion of 32P-labelled cassettes by H. pylori lysates mirrored the transformation results and indicated that in some strains these cassettes are the targets of enzymatic restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Gorrell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville Vic. 3010, Australia; Microbiological Research Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville Vic. 3052, Australia.
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Llanes R, González M, Martínez I, Sosa J, Guzmán D, Gutiérrez O, Llop A, Sánchez L. Evaluation of four methods for detecting the beta-lactamase activity in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Cuba. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:1089-91. [PMID: 15049095 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000800020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Four methods (chromogenic, acidimetric, inhibition, and iodometric) for demonstration of the beta-lactamase production by 70 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, were evaluated in Cuba. There was 100% correlation between all beta-lactamase methods and the standardized penicillin dilution susceptibility test for penicillinase-non-producing N. gonorrhoeae. For penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae strains, there was a perfect correlation between the chromogenic method and penicillin susceptibility testing, but one and two strains failed to give a positive result for beta-lactamase with the inhibition/acidimetric and the iodometric methods, respectively. There was a high concordance between the chromogenic method, considered as gold standard and the rest of penicillinase tests evaluated: Kappa Index (KI) = 0.98 for inhibition/acidimetric methods and KI = 0.97 for the iodometric method. The four methods evaluated were accurate, reproducible, easily readable, economical, and ease to use for screening primary isolates of N. gonorrhoeae in Cuba. We recommended the use of the inhibition method, when testing the penicillinase activity in gonococcal isolates in provincial and municipal reference laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Llanes
- Departmento de Bacteriología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, Apdo Postal 601, Marianao 13, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Schuiling
- Division of Human Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, A Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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