Individual use of antibiotics and prevalence of beta-lactamase production among bacterial pathogens from middle ear fluid

Prehospital diagnostic and therapeutic management of otogenic Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis

Prehospital diagnostics and therapeutic management, as well as clinical and laboratory data from 57 consecutive cases with otogenic pneumococcal meningitis (OPM) in Denmark during a 2-y period (1999-2000) were studied by review of discharge and medical records including a questionnaire sent to the general practitioners responsible for the individual patient. 12 cases were <2 y of age, whereas the remaining 45 cases were >21 y of age. Fever (in 98%) and altered consciousness (in 98%), respectively, were significantly more frequent prehospital symptoms (median duration of symptoms: 2 d (1-4)) than earache (in 71%, p < 0.0001), tympanic perforation (in 38%, p < 0.0001), and back rigidity (in 25%, p < 0.0001) in OPM. Some 82% visited a physician before admission, and an otogenic focus was diagnosed in 57%, a myringotomy was performed in 12%, and antibiotic therapy was initiated in 29% of these cases. Prehospital antibiotic therapy was more likely to be initiated in patients where the physician found an otogenic focus compared to patients where an otogenic was not found (46% vs 6%, respectively, p = 0.01). However, <10% of cases with OPM were treated for otitis media with adequate dosing of antibiotics for more than 1 d based on pharmacodynamic estimates. The clinical course was more severe in adults than in children (e.g. need for assisted ventilation (61% vs 0%, respectively, p < 0.01), development of sequelae (75% vs 8%, respectively, p < 0.01) together with higher CSF WBC and CSF protein levels (3738 vs 1361 cells/microl and 3.8 vs 1.6 g/l, respectively, p < 0.01), whereas corticosteroids were more frequently given to children than to adults (55% vs 3%, p < 0.001). Prehospital antibiotic therapy was not significantly associated with a more favourable outcome of OPM (50% vs 60%, respectively, p = 0.73). In conclusion, our results suggest that an otogenic focus is as frequent in adults as in children with pneumococcal meningitis and that an otogenic examination should be performed on patients presenting with fever and altered consciousness. Moreover, OPM seems predominantly to occur in patients receiving no or inadequate antibiotic therapy for otitis media.