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Coccitto SN, Cinthi M, Massacci FR, Albini E, Magistrali CF, Brenciani A, Giovanetti E. Genetic elements harbouring oxazolidinone resistance genes detected in swine enterococci circulate in clinical isolates, Italy. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2024; 38:245-246. [PMID: 39004341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Nina Coccitto
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marzia Cinthi
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Albini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche 'Togo Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Brenciani
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Giovanetti
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Liu M, Liu J, Wu J, Liu S, Sun L, Li F, Li C. A case report of empyema caused by Enterococcus gallinarum. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:769. [PMID: 39090541 PMCID: PMC11293086 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus gallinarum is an infrequently intestinal symbiotic pathogen associated with nosocomial infection in immunocompromised individuals. To date, rare cases of pulmonary infection attributable to Enterococcus gallinarum were reported. Herein, we presented the first case of empyema resulting from Enterococcus gallinarum infection. CASE PRESENTATION An 81-year-old male presented with fever and dyspnea upon admission. Chest CT scan and thoracic ultrasonography confirmed the presence of right pleural effusion. Thoracoscopy revealed extensive adhesion, purulent fluid, and necrotic materials within the thoracic cavity. Enterococcus gallinarum was identified through pleural effusion culture. The patient underwent an intrathoracic injection of urokinase along with thoracic drainage. Following surgery, He took oral linezolid for over one month. Undergoing comprehensive treatment, the patient exhibited favorable recovery. CONCLUSIONS We reported the first case of empyema due to Enterococcus gallinarum infection. It should be suspected in patients with impaired immune function and invasive therapies, without responding to conventional anti-infectious treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Jixiang Liu
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No 2, East Yinghua Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Juanjuan Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Sun
- National Center for Respiratory Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No 2, East Yinghua Road, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fajiu Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China.
| | - Chenghong Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, China
- Institute of Pulmonary Vascular Diseases, Jianghan University, No.168 Hongkong Road, 430000, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Mullally CA, Fahriani M, Mowlaboccus S, Coombs GW. Non- faecium non- faecalis enterococci: a review of clinical manifestations, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0012123. [PMID: 38466110 PMCID: PMC11237509 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00121-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYEnterococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive bacteria that are typically found as commensals in humans, animals, and the environment. Occasionally, they may cause clinically relevant diseases such as endocarditis, septicemia, urinary tract infections, and wound infections. The majority of clinical infections in humans are caused by two species: Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. However, there is an increasing number of clinical infections caused by non-faecium non-faecalis (NFF) enterococci. Although NFF enterococcal species are often overlooked, studies have shown that they may harbor antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors that are found in E. faecium and E. faecalis. In this review, we present an overview of the NFF enterococci with a particular focus on human clinical manifestations, epidemiology, virulence genes, and AMR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Mullally
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marhami Fahriani
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shakeel Mowlaboccus
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W Coombs
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases (AMRID) Research Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Department of Microbiology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Ngbede EO, Sy I, Akwuobu CA, Nanven MA, Adikwu AA, Abba PO, Adah MI, Becker SL. Carriage of linezolid-resistant enterococci (LRE) among humans and animals in Nigeria: coexistence of the cfr, optrA, and poxtA genes in Enterococcus faecium of animal origin. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 34:234-239. [PMID: 37516354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In contrast to increasing reports of the emergence of linezolid-resistant enterococci (LRE) emanating from many countries in Europe, Asia, and North America, data on its status and dissemination from the African continent remain scarce, with the information available limited to countries in North Africa. This study investigated the carriage of LRE and the genetic mechanism of resistance among Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains recovered from humans and animals in Makurdi, Nigeria. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study between June 2020 and July 2021 during which 630 non-duplicate human and animal faecal samples were collected and processed for the recovery of LRE. The genetic mechanisms for resistance were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Linezolid-resistant enterococci were recovered from 5.87% (37/630; 95% CI: 4.17-8.00) of the samples, with the prevalence in animals and humans being 6.22% [(28/450); 95% CI: 4.17-8.87] and 5.00% [(9/180); 95% CI: 2.31-9.28], respectively. All isolates remained susceptible to vancomycin. No known point mutation mediating linezolid resistance was detected in the 23S rRNA and ribosomal protein genes; however, acquisition of one or more potentially transferable genes (cfr, optrA, and poxtA) was observed in 26 of the 37 LRE isolates. Co-existence of all three transferable genes in a single isolate was found in four E. faecium strains of animal origin. CONCLUSION This study provides baseline evidence for the emergence and active circulation of LRE driven majorly by the acquisition of the optrA gene in Nigeria. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to report a co-carriage of all three transferable linezolid resistance determinants in E. faecium. Active LRE surveillance is urgently required to understand the extent of LRE spread across sub-Saharan Africa and to develop tailored mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O Ngbede
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, Gebäude 43D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Issa Sy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, Gebäude 43D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Chinedu A Akwuobu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Amadu Ali Centre for Public Health and Comparative Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Maurice A Nanven
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria
| | - Alex A Adikwu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Paul O Abba
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed I Adah
- Amadu Ali Centre for Public Health and Comparative Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Sören L Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, Gebäude 43D-66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002 Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
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Cinthi M, Coccitto SN, Simoni S, Vignaroli C, Brenciani A, Giovanetti E. An Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Bovine Feces in Italy Shares optrA- and poxtA-Carrying Plasmids with Enterococci from Switzerland. Microb Drug Resist 2023; 29:438-442. [PMID: 37523292 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2023.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the occurrence of oxazolidinone resistance genes, 18 florfenicol-resistant enterococci were isolated from 66 fecal samples collected from several cattle farms in central Italy. The PCR screening indicated that only a bovine florfenicol-resistant isolate, Enterococcus faecium 249031-C, was positive for the presence of optrA and poxtA genes. The strain was tested for its susceptibility to florfenicol, chloramphenicol, linezolid, tedizolid, tetracycline, erythromycin, and vancomycin. Whole Genome Sequencing analysis showed that E. faecium 249031-C, belonging to the ST22 lineage, harbored two plasmids: the optrA-carrying p249031-S (179 kb) and the poxtA-carrying p1818-c (23 kb). p249031-S, containing a new optrA-carrying Tn7695 transposon, was closely related to the plasmid pF88_1 of E. faecium F88, whereas p1818-c had already been detected in a human E. faecium, both enterococci were from Switzerland. The linezolid resistance genes were cotransferred to the E. faecium 64/3 recipient. Circular forms from both optrA- and poxtA-carrying genetic contexts were obtained. The occurrence of oxazolidinone resistance genes in a bovine E. faecium isolate and their localization on conjugative and mobilizable plasmids pose a risk for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Cinthi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences and Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Sonia Nina Coccitto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Simoni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences and Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carla Vignaroli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences and Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Brenciani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Giovanetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences and Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Tang B, Zou C, Schwarz S, Xu C, Hao W, Yan XM, Huang Y, Ni J, Yang H, Du XD, Shan X. Linezolid-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis of Chicken Origin Harbored Chromosome-Borne optrA and Plasmid-Borne cfr, cfr(D), and poxtA2 Genes. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0274122. [PMID: 36995237 PMCID: PMC10269796 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02741-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the transferability of acquired linezolid resistance genes and associated mobile genetic elements in an Enterococcus faecalis isolate QZ076, cocarrying optrA, cfr, cfr(D), and poxtA2 genes. MICs were determined by broth microdilution. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using the Illumina and Nanopore platforms. The transfer of linezolid resistance genes was investigated by conjugation, using E. faecalis JH2-2 and clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) 109 as recipients. E. faecalis QZ076 harbors four plasmids, designated pQZ076-1 to pQZ076-4, with optrA located in the chromosomal DNA. The gene cfr was located on a novel pseudocompound transposon, designated Tn7515, integrated into the 65,961-bp pCF10-like pheromone-responsive conjugative plasmid pQZ076-1. Tn7515 generated 8-bp direct target duplications (5'-GATACGTA-3'). The genes cfr(D) and poxtA2 were colocated on the 16,397-bp mobilizable broad-host-range Inc18 plasmid pQZ076-4. The cfr-carrying plasmid pQZ076-1 could transfer from E. faecalis QZ076 to E. faecalis JH2-2, along with the cfr(D)- and poxtA2-cocarrying plasmid pQZ076-4, conferring the corresponding resistant phenotype to the recipient. Moreover, pQZ076-4 could also transfer to MRSA 109. To the best of our knowledge, this study presented the first report of four acquired linezolid resistance genes [optrA, cfr, cfr(D), and poxtA2] being simultaneously present in the same E. faecalis isolate. The location of the cfr gene on a pseudocompound transposon in a pheromone-responsive conjugative plasmid will accelerate its rapid dissemination. In addition, the cfr-carrying pheromone-responsive conjugative plasmid in E. faecalis was also able to mobilize the interspecies transfer of the cfr(D)- and poxtA2-cocarrying plasmid between enterococci and staphylococci. IMPORTANCE In this study, the simultaneous occurrence of four acquired oxazolidinone resistance genes [optrA, cfr, cfr(D), and poxtA2] was identified in an E. faecalis isolate of chicken origin. The association of the cfr gene with a novel pseudocompound transposon Tn7515 integrated into a pCF10-like pheromone-responsive conjugative plasmid will accelerate its dissemination. Moreover, the location of the resistance genes cfr(D) and poxtA2 on a mobilizable broad-host-range Inc18 family plasmid represents the basis for their intra- and interspecies dissemination with the aid of a conjugative plasmid and further accelerates the spreading of acquired oxazolidinone resistance genes, such as cfr, cfr(D), and poxtA2, among Gram-positive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenhui Zou
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chunyan Xu
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenbo Hao
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Juan Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Dang Du
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Shan
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Coccitto SN, Cinthi M, Simoni S, Vignaroli C, Massacci FR, Albini E, Garofalo C, Aquilanti L, Magistrali CF, Brenciani A, Giovanetti E. Identification of plasmids co-carrying cfr(D)/optrA and cfr(D2)/poxtA linezolid resistance genes in two Enterococcus avium isolates from swine brain. Vet Microbiol 2023; 282:109749. [PMID: 37116421 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Oxazolidinones are critically important antibiotics to treat human infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, therefore the occurrence of linezolid-resistant enterococci from food-producing animals poses a serious risk to human health. In this study, Enterococcus avium 38157 and 44917 strains, isolated from the brain of two unrelated piglets, were found to carry the linezolid resistance genes cfr(D)-optrA, and cfr(D2)-poxtA, respectively. Whole genome sequencing analysis of E. avium 38157 revealed that the genes were co-located on the 36.5-kb pEa_cfr(D)-optrA plasmid showing high identity with the pAT02-c of Enterococcus faecium AT02 from pet food. The optrA region, was 99% identical to the one of the pAv-optrA plasmid from a bovine Aerococcus viridans strain, whereas the cfr(D) genetic context was identical to that of the plasmid 2 of E. faecium 15-307.1. pEa_cfr(D)-optrA was not transferable to enterococcal recipients. In E. avium 44917 a cfr(D)-like gene, named cfr(D2), and the poxtA gene were co-located on the transferable 42.6-kb pEa-cfr(D2)-poxtA plasmid 97% identical to the Tn6349 transposon of the human MRSA AOUC-0915. The cfr(D2) genetic context, fully replaced the Tn6644 that in S. aureus AOUC-0915 harbor the cfr gene. In conclusion, this is, the best of our knowledge, the first report of the new cfr(D2) gene variant. The occurrence of plasmids co-carrying two linezolid resistance genes in enterococci from food-producing animals needs close surveillance to prevent their spread to human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Nina Coccitto
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marzia Cinthi
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Simoni
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carla Vignaroli
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Massacci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche (IZSUM) 'Togo Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Albini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche (IZSUM) 'Togo Rosati', Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristiana Garofalo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucia Aquilanti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Brenciani
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Giovanetti
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Dos Santos LDR, Furlan JPR, Rosa RDS, Ramos MS, Savazzi EA, Stehling EG. Linezolid-resistant Enterococcus casseliflavus strains of surface water and coexistence of cfr and optrA genes on an Inc18-type plasmid. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2023; 33:18-20. [PMID: 36854358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas David Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Rueda Furlan
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Silva Rosa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Micaela Santana Ramos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Eliana Guedes Stehling
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Cinthi M, Coccitto SN, Morroni G, D’Achille G, Brenciani A, Giovanetti E. Detection of an Enterococcus faecium Carrying a Double Copy of the PoxtA Gene from Freshwater River, Italy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1618. [PMID: 36421262 PMCID: PMC9686737 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxazolidinones are valuable antimicrobials that are used to treat severe infections due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-positive bacteria. However, in recent years, a significant spread of clinically relevant linezolid-resistant human bacteria that is also present in animal and environmental settings has been detected and is a cause for concern. This study aimed to investigate the presence, genetic environments, and transferability of oxazolidinone resistance genes in enterococci from freshwater samples. A total of 10 samples were collected from a river in Central Italy. Florfenicol-resistant enterococci were screened for the presence of oxazolidinone resistance genes by PCR. Enterococcus faecium M1 was positive for the poxtA gene. The poxtA transfer (filter mating and aquaria microcosm assays), localization (S1-PFGE/hybridization), genetic context, and clonality of the isolate (WGS) were analyzed. Two poxtA copies were located on the 30,877-bp pEfM1, showing high-level identity and synteny to the pEfm-Ef3 from an E. faecium collected from an Italian coastal area. The isolate was able to transfer the poxtA to enterococcal recipients both in filter mating and aquaria microcosm assays. This is-to the best of our knowledge-the first detection of an enterococcus carrying a linezolid resistance gene from freshwater in Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Cinthi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Sonia Nina Coccitto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gloria D’Achille
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Brenciani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Giovanetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60121 Ancona, Italy
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Huang Z, Bai Y, Wang Q, Yang X, Zhang T, Chen X, Wang H. Persistence of transferable oxazolidinone resistance genes in enterococcal isolates from a swine farm in China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1010513. [PMID: 36299730 PMCID: PMC9589348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1010513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The appearance of transferable oxazolidinone resistance genes poses a major challenge to public health and environmental safety. These genes not only lead pathogenic bacteria to become resistant to linezolid but also reduce sensitivity to florfenicol, which is widely used in the veterinary field. To verify the dissemination of oxazolidinone resistance genes in enterococcal isolates from pigs at different production stages in a swine farm in China, we collected 355 enterococcal isolates that were resistant to florfenicol from 600 (150 per stage) fresh fecal swabs collected from a swine farm. Through initial PCR screening and whole-genome sequencing, 175 isolates harboring different oxazolidinone resistance genes were identified. All isolates carried the optrA gene. A total of 161 (92%, 161/175) isolates carried only the optrA gene. Three (1.71%, 3/175) isolates carried both the optrA and poxtA genes, and 11 (3.1%, 11/175) isolates contained the optrA gene and poxtA2 and cfr(D) variants. A total of 175 isolates that harbored oxazolidinone resistance genes included 161 E. faecalis, 6 E. faecium, and 8 E. hirae. By sequencing the whole genomes, we found that the 161 isolates of E. faecalis belonged to 28 different STs, including 8 new STs, and the 6 isolates of E. faecium belonged to four different STs, including one new ST. The phylogenetic tree based on SNPs of the core genome showed that both clonal spread and horizontal transfer mediated the diffusion of oxazolidone resistance genes in enterococcal isolates at specific stages in pig farms. Moreover, enterococcal isolates carrying oxazolidone resistance genes could spread from breeding pigs to fattening pigs, while transferable oxazolidone resistance genes in enterococcal isolates could persist on a pig farm throughout all production stages. Representative enterococcal isolates with different oxazolidinone resistance genes were further studied through Nanopore sequencing. We identified a novel plasmid, pM4-80 L4 (15,008 bp), carrying the poxtA2 and cfr(D) genes in enterococcal isolates at different stages. We also found three different plasmids harboring the poxtA gene with high genetic variation, and all poxtA genes were flanked by two copies of IS1216E elements. In addition, four genetically distinct plasmids carrying the optrA gene were identified, and Tn554 was found to mediate chromosome-localized optrA gene transfer. Our study highlighted that transferable oxazolidinone resistance genes in enterococcal isolates could persist throughout all production stages on a pig farm, and the prevalence and dissemination of oxazolidinone resistance genes in enterococcal isolates from animal farms should be continually monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheren Huang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilin Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yanglin, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Hongning Wang,
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Brenciani A, Morroni G, Schwarz S, Giovanetti E. Oxazolidinones: mechanisms of resistance and mobile genetic elements involved. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2596-2621. [PMID: 35989417 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxazolidinones (linezolid and tedizolid) are last-resort antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of severe infections in humans caused by MDR Gram-positive bacteria. They bind to the peptidyl transferase centre of the bacterial ribosome inhibiting protein synthesis. Even if the majority of Gram-positive bacteria remain susceptible to oxazolidinones, resistant isolates have been reported worldwide. Apart from mutations, affecting mostly the 23S rDNA genes and selected ribosomal proteins, acquisition of resistance genes (cfr and cfr-like, optrA and poxtA), often associated with mobile genetic elements [such as non-conjugative and conjugative plasmids, transposons, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), prophages and translocatable units], plays a critical role in oxazolidinone resistance. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge on oxazolidinone resistance mechanisms and provide an overview on the diversity of the mobile genetic elements carrying oxazolidinone resistance genes in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Brenciani
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Morroni
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche Medical School, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eleonora Giovanetti
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Li X, Xie L, Huang H, Li Z, Li G, Liu P, Xiao D, Zhang X, Xiong W, Zeng Z. Prevalence of Livestock-Associated MRSA ST398 in a Swine Slaughterhouse in Guangzhou, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:914764. [PMID: 35814703 PMCID: PMC9260045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.914764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is an important zoonotic microorganism that is increasingly causing public health concern worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the transmission and occurrence of MRSA in a slaughterhouse environment and evaluate its antimicrobial resistance and genetic characterization. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive epidemiological survey of S. aureus by spa typing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of samples obtained from the pork production chain, the environment, and community residents. To clarify the evolutionary relationships of MRSA sequence type (ST) 398 in this study and global isolates, 197 published whole-genome sequences data of MRSA ST398 strains were downloaded from the GenBank database and included in the phylogenetic analysis. A total of 585 porcine samples (snout and carcass swabs), 78 human nasal samples, and 136 environmental samples were collected. The MRSA isolates were detected at higher frequencies in samples from swine (15.0%) than carcasses (10.0%), slaughterhouse workers (8.0%), community residents (0%), and environment samples (5.9%). The spa typing results showed that t571 accounted for a higher proportion than other spa types. Closely related isolates from the samples of swine, slaughterhouse workers, carcasses, carrier vehicle, and surrounding fishpond water indicate that MRSA ST398 strains may spread among swine, humans, and the environment. MRSA ST398-t571 isolates were genetically different from global strains, except for two Korean isolates, which showed genetic closeness with it. In addition, a MRSA ST398 isolate recovered from an infected patient in Europe differed by only 31 SNPs from the airborne dust-associated strain isolated in this study, thereby suggesting potential transmission among different countries. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing results demonstrated that 99.0% (96/97) of MRSA and 95.1% (231/243) of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) showed multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes. According to WGS analysis, the poxtA-carrying segment (IS431mec-optrA-IS1216-fexB-IS431mec) was reported in MRSA ST398 isolates for the first time. The coexistence of cfr and optrA in a plasmid was first detected in MRSA ST398. The potential transmission of MRSA among humans, animals, and the environment is a cause for concern. The emergence and transmission of LA-MRSA ST398 with high levels of resistance profiles highlight the urgent need for LA-MRSA surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longfei Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Danyu Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xucai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenguang Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenguang Xiong,
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Zhenling Zeng,
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