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Bārzdiņa A, Plotniece A, Sobolev A, Pajuste K, Bandere D, Brangule A. From Polymeric Nanoformulations to Polyphenols-Strategies for Enhancing the Efficacy and Drug Delivery of Gentamicin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:305. [PMID: 38666981 PMCID: PMC11047640 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Gentamicin is an essential broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in over 40 clinical conditions and has shown activity against a wide range of nosocomial, biofilm-forming, multi-drug resistant bacteria. Nevertheless, the low cellular penetration and serious side effects of gentamicin, as well as the fear of the development of antibacterial resistance, has led to a search for ways to circumvent these obstacles. This review provides an overview of the chemical and pharmacological properties of gentamicin and offers six different strategies (the isolation of specific types of gentamicin, encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles, hydrophobization of the gentamicin molecule, and combinations of gentamicin with other antibiotics, polyphenols, and natural products) that aim to enhance the drug delivery and antibacterial activity of gentamicin. In addition, factors influencing the synthesis of gentamicin-loaded polymeric (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan) nanoparticles and the methods used in drug release studies are discussed. Potential research directions and future perspectives for gentamicin-loaded drug delivery systems are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ance Bārzdiņa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, 21 Konsula Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aiva Plotniece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, 21 Konsula Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.)
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Karlis Pajuste
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; (A.S.); (K.P.)
| | - Dace Bandere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, 21 Konsula Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Agnese Brangule
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Riga Stradins University, 21 Konsula Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (A.P.)
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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Plotniece A, Sobolev A, Supuran CT, Carta F, Björkling F, Franzyk H, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Augustyns K, Cos P, De Vooght L, Govaerts M, Aizawa J, Tammela P, Žalubovskis R. Selected strategies to fight pathogenic bacteria. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2023; 38:2155816. [PMID: 36629427 PMCID: PMC9848314 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2155816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products and analogues are a source of antibacterial drug discovery. Considering drug resistance levels emerging for antibiotics, identification of bacterial metalloenzymes and the synthesis of selective inhibitors are interesting for antibacterial agent development. Peptide nucleic acids are attractive antisense and antigene agents representing a novel strategy to target pathogens due to their unique mechanism of action. Antisense inhibition and development of antisense peptide nucleic acids is a new approach to antibacterial agents. Due to the increased resistance of biofilms to antibiotics, alternative therapeutic options are necessary. To develop antimicrobial strategies, optimised in vitro and in vivo models are needed. In vivo models to study biofilm-related respiratory infections, device-related infections: ventilator-associated pneumonia, tissue-related infections: chronic infection models based on alginate or agar beads, methods to battle biofilm-related infections are discussed. Drug delivery in case of antibacterials often is a serious issue therefore this review includes overview of drug delivery nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiva Plotniece
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Fredrik Björkling
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Peptide-Based Antibiotics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Peptide-Based Antibiotics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Koen Augustyns
- Infla-Med, Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthias Govaerts
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Juliana Aizawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Päivi Tammela
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raivis Žalubovskis
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
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Keller AP, Huemer M, Chang CC, Mairpady Shambat S, Bjurnemark C, Oberortner N, Santschi MV, Zinsli LV, Röhrig C, Sobieraj AM, Shen Y, Eichenseher F, Zinkernagel AS, Loessner MJ, Schmelcher M. Systemic application of bone-targeting peptidoglycan hydrolases as a novel treatment approach for staphylococcal bone infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0183023. [PMID: 37768041 PMCID: PMC10653945 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01830-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The rising prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus has rendered treatment of staphylococcal infections increasingly difficult, making the discovery of alternative treatment options a high priority. Peptidoglycan hydrolases, a diverse group of bacteriolytic enzymes, show high promise as such alternatives due to their rapid and specific lysis of bacterial cells, independent of antibiotic resistance profiles. However, using these enzymes for the systemic treatment of local infections, such as osteomyelitis foci, needs improvement, as the therapeutic distributes throughout the whole host, resulting in low concentrations at the actual infection site. In addition, the occurrence of intracellularly persisting bacteria can lead to relapsing infections. Here, we describe an approach using tissue-targeting to increase the local concentration of therapeutic enzymes in the infected bone. The enzymes were modified with a short targeting moiety that mediated accumulation of the therapeutic in osteoblasts and additionally enables targeting of intracellularly surviving bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja P. Keller
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Huemer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chun-Chi Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Srikanth Mairpady Shambat
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole Oberortner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Léa V. Zinsli
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Röhrig
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna M. Sobieraj
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yang Shen
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fritz Eichenseher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S. Zinkernagel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin J. Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Anti-hepatitis C virus drug simeprevir: a promising antimicrobial agent against MRSA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2689-2702. [PMID: 35338386 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, and the appearance of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) renders S. aureus infections more challenging to treat. Therefore, new antimicrobial drugs are urgently needed to combat MRSA infections. Drug repurposing is an effective and feasible strategy. Here, we reported that the clinically approved anti-hepatitis C virus drug simeprevir had strong antibacterial activity against MRSA, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2-8 µg/mL. Simeprevir did not easily induce in vitro resistance. In addition, simeprevir significantly prevented S. aureus biofilm formation. Furthermore, simeprevir displayed limited toxicity in in vitro and in vivo assays. Moreover, simeprevir showed synergistic antimicrobial effects against both type and clinical strains of S. aureus. Simeprevir combined with gentamicin effectively reduced the bacterial burden in an MRSA-infected subcutaneous abscess mouse model. Results from a series of experiments, including membrane permeability assay, membrane potential assay, intracellular ATP level assay, and electron microscope observation, demonstrated that the action of simeprevir may be by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. Collectively, these results demonstrated the potential of simeprevir as an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of MRSA infections. KEY POINTS: • Simeprevir showed strong antibacterial activity against MRSA. • The antibacterial mechanism of simeprevir was mediated by membrane disruption and intracellular ATP depletion. • In vitro and in vivo synergistic antimicrobial efficacy between simeprevir and gentamicin was found.
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Shin S, Kwon S, Yeo Y. Meta-Analysis of Drug Delivery Approaches for Treating Intracellular Infections. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1085-1114. [PMID: 35146592 PMCID: PMC8830998 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the trend, methodological quality and completeness of studies on intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents. PubMed, Embase, and reference lists of related reviews were searched to identify original articles that evaluated carrier-mediated intracellular delivery and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antimicrobial therapeutics against intracellular pathogens in vitro and/or in vivo. A total of 99 studies were included in the analysis. The most commonly targeted intracellular pathogens were bacteria (62.6%), followed by viruses (16.2%) and parasites (15.2%). Twenty-one out of 99 (21.2%) studies performed neither microscopic imaging nor flow cytometric analysis to verify that the carrier particles are present in the infected cells. Only 31.3% of studies provided comparative inhibitory concentrations against a free drug control. Approximately 8% of studies, albeit claimed for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial therapeutics, did not provide any experimental data such as microscopic imaging, flow cytometry, and in vitro PD. Future research on intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents needs to improve the methodological quality and completeness of supporting data in order to facilitate clinical translation of intracellular delivery platforms for antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoung Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soonbum Kwon
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA. .,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rh2 promotes cellular pharmacokinetics and intracellular antibacterial activity of levofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus through drug efflux inhibition and subcellular stabilization. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1930-1941. [PMID: 34462563 PMCID: PMC8564512 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) often causes clinical failure and relapse after antibiotic treatment. We previously found that 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 [20(S)-Rh2] enhanced the therapeutic effect of quinolones in a mouse model of peritonitis, which we attributed to the increased concentrations of quinolones within bacteria. In this study, we investigated the enhancing effect of 20(S)-Rh2 on levofloxacin (LVF) from a perspective of intracellular bacteria. In S. aureus 25923-infected mice, coadministration of LVF (1.5 mg/kg, i.v.) and 20(S)-Rh2 (25, 50 mg/kg, i.g.) markedly increased the survival rate, and decreased intracellular bacteria counts accompanied by increased accumulation of LVF in peritoneal macrophages. In addition, 20(S)-Rh2 (1, 5, 10 μM) dose-dependently increased the uptake and accumulation of LVF in peritoneal macrophages from infected mice without drug treatment. In a model of S. aureus 25923-infected THP-1 macrophages, we showed that 20(S)-Rh2 (1, 5, 10 μM) dose-dependently enhanced the intracellular antibacterial activity of LVF. At the cellular level, 20(S)-Rh2 increased the intracellular accumulation of LVF by inhibiting P-gp and BCRP. PK-PD modeling revealed that 20(S)-Rh2 altered the properties of the cell but not LVF. At the subcellular level, 20(S)-Rh2 did not increase the distribution of LVF in lysosomes but exhibited a stronger sensitizing effect in acidic environments. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed that 20(S)-Rh2 improved the stability of the DNA gyrase-LVF complex in lysosome-like acidic conditions. In conclusion, 20(S)-Rh2 promotes the cellular pharmacokinetics and intracellular antibacterial activities of LVF against S. aureus through efflux transporter inhibition and subcellular stabilization, which is beneficial for infection treatment.
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Meng K, Chen D, Yang F, Zhang A, Tao Y, Qu W, Pan Y, Hao H, Xie S. Intracellular delivery, accumulation, and discrepancy in antibacterial activity of four enrofloxacin-loaded fatty acid solid lipid nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 194:111196. [PMID: 32599504 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Four fatty acid-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were formulated and evaluated for intracellular delivery, accumulation, as well as discrepancy in antimicrobial efficacy of their loaded enrofloxacin by using RAW 264.7 cells. The delivery efficacy of enrofloxacin into the macrophages by docosanoic acid SLNs (DAS), octadecanoic acid SLNs (OAS), hexadecanoic acid SLNs (HAS), and tetradecanoic acid SLNs (TAS) were 26.1-29.0, 9.3-10.3, 4.7-5.3 and 4.5-5.0 folds, respectively, compared to free drug when co-incubation for 0.25-4 h. The longer fatty acid prepared nanoparticles loaded enrofloxacin eliminated more slowly and accumulated in the cells for a longer time.The confocal microscopy also demonstrated that higher amount of fatty acid SLNs entered the cells with stronger accumulation performance and less amount SLNs absorbed on the cytomembrane as the carbon chain of fatty acids increased. The bactericidal activity of the four fatty acid SLNs against intracellular Salmonella CVCC541 significantly enhanced compared to the free enrofloxacin. These results revealed that fatty acid SLNs, especially docosanoic acid nanoparticles, might be effective nanocarriers to ferry enrofloxacin or other lipid soluble drugs into cells for intracellular bacterial infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiyu Meng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Fei Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Aoxue Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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Ristroph KD, Prud'homme RK. Hydrophobic ion pairing: encapsulating small molecules, peptides, and proteins into nanocarriers. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:4207-4237. [PMID: 33442667 PMCID: PMC7771517 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00308h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic ion pairing has emerged as a method to modulate the solubility of charged hydrophilic molecules ranging in class from small molecules to large enzymes. Charged hydrophilic molecules are ionically paired with oppositely-charged molecules that include hydrophobic moieties; the resulting uncharged complex is water-insoluble and will precipitate in aqueous media. Here we review one of the most prominent applications of hydrophobic ion pairing: efficient encapsulation of charged hydrophilic molecules into nano-scale delivery vehicles - nanoparticles or nanocarriers. Hydrophobic complexes are formed and then encapsulated using techniques developed for poorly-water-soluble therapeutics. With this approach, researchers have reported encapsulation efficiencies up to 100% and drug loadings up to 30%. This review covers the fundamentals of hydrophobic ion pairing, including nomenclature, drug eligibility for the technique, commonly-used counterions, and drug release of encapsulated ion paired complexes. We then focus on nanoformulation techniques used in concert with hydrophobic ion pairing and note strengths and weaknesses specific to each. The penultimate section bridges hydrophobic ion pairing with the related fields of polyelectrolyte coacervation and polyelectrolyte-surfactant complexation. We then discuss the state of the art and anticipated future challenges. The review ends with comprehensive tables of reported hydrophobic ion pairing and encapsulation from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt D. Ristroph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey 08544USA
| | - Robert K. Prud'homme
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey 08544USA
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Araújo RS, Garcia GM, Vilela JMC, Andrade MS, Oliveira LAM, Kano EK, Lange CC, Brito MAVPE, Brandão HDM, Mosqueira VCF. Cloxacillin benzathine-loaded polymeric nanocapsules: Physicochemical characterization, cell uptake, and intramammary antimicrobial effect. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:110006. [PMID: 31499941 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present work shows the development and evaluation of the veterinary antibiotic cloxacillin benzathine (CLOXB) loaded into poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanocapsules (NC), as a potential new treatment strategy to manage bovine intramammary infections, such as mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis is often a recurrent disease due to the persistence of bacteria within infected cells. CLOXB-PCL NC were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed biodegradable polymer followed by solvent displacement method. The mean diameter of NC varied from 241 to 428 nm and from 326 to 375 nm, when determined by dynamic light scattering and by atomic force microscopy, respectively. The zeta potential of NC was negative and varied from -28 to -51 mV. In vitro release studies from the NC were performed in two media under sink conditions: PBS with 1% polyethylene glycol or milk. A reversed-phase HPLC method was developed to determine the NC entrapment efficiency and kinetics of CLOXB release from the NC. Free CLOXB dissolution occurred very fast in both media, while drug release from the NC was slower and incomplete (below 50%) after 9 h. CLOXB release kinetics from polymeric NC was fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model indicating that CLOXB release is governed by diffusion following Fick's law. The fluorescence confocal microscopy images of macrophage-like J774A.1 cells reveal NC uptake and internalization in vitro. In addition, antimicrobial effect of the intramammary administration of CLOXB-PCL NC in cows with mastitis resulted in no clinical signs of toxicity and allowed complete pathogen elimination after treatment. The in vivo results obtained in this work suggest that CLOXB-PCL NC could be a promising formulation for the treatment of intramammary infections in cattle, considering their physicochemical properties, release profiles and effects on bovine mastitis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Silva Araújo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Giani Martins Garcia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eunice Kazue Kano
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil.
| | - Carla Christine Lange
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610 Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil.
| | | | - Humberto de Mello Brandão
- Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, 610 Dom Bosco, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Carla Furtado Mosqueira
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Nanobiotechnology (LDGNano), School of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais 35400-000, Brazil.
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Alternative Enzyme Protection Assay To Overcome the Drawbacks of the Gentamicin Protection Assay for Measuring Entry and Intracellular Survival of Staphylococci. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00119-19. [PMID: 30782857 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00119-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise enumeration of living intracellular bacteria is the key step to estimate the invasion potential of pathogens and host immune responses to understand the mechanism and kinetics of bacterial pathogenesis. Therefore, quantitative assessment of host-pathogen interactions is essential for development of novel antibacterial therapeutics for infectious disease. The gentamicin protection assay (GPA) is the most widely used method for these estimations by counting the CFU of intracellular living pathogens. Here, we assess the longstanding drawbacks of the GPA by employing an antistaphylococcal endopeptidase as a bactericidal agent to kill extracellular Staphylococcus aureus We found that the difference between the two methods for the recovery of intracellular CFU of S. aureus was about 5 times. We prove that the accurate number of intracellular CFU could not be precisely determined by the GPA due to the internalization of gentamicin into host cells during extracellular bacterial killing. We further demonstrate that lysostaphin-mediated extracellular bacterial clearance has advantages for measuring the kinetics of bacterial internalization on a minute time scale due to the fast and tunable activity and the inability of protein to permeate the host cell membrane. From these results, we propose that accurate quantification of intracellular bacteria and measurement of internalization kinetics can be achieved by employing enzyme-mediated killing of extracellular bacteria (enzyme protection assay [EPA]) rather than the host-permeative drug gentamicin, which is known to alter host physiology.
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Jiang L, Lin J, Taggart CC, Bengoechea JA, Scott CJ. Nanodelivery strategies for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY NANOMEDICINE 2018; 3:111-121. [PMID: 30443410 PMCID: PMC6220773 DOI: 10.1002/jin2.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the most important health concerns in society is the development of nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. The purpose of this review is to discuss the issues in current antibiotic therapies and the ongoing progress of developing new strategies for the treatment of ESKAPE pathogen infections, which is acronymized for Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species. We not only examine the current issues caused by multidrug resistance but we also examine the barrier effects such as biofilm and intracellular localization exploited by these pathogens to avoid antibiotic exposure. Recent innovations in nanomedicine approaches and antibody antibiotic conjugates are reviewed as potential novel approaches for the treatment of bacterial infection, which ultimately may expand the useful life span of current antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Jiang
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Jia Lin
- School of PharmacyQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - José A. Bengoechea
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Christopher J. Scott
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
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Carmona-Ribeiro AM. Self-Assembled Antimicrobial Nanomaterials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E1408. [PMID: 29973521 PMCID: PMC6069395 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology came to stay improving the quality of human life by reducing environmental contamination of earth and water with pathogens. This review discusses how self-assembled antimicrobial nanomaterials can contribute to maintain humans, their water and their environment inside safe boundaries to human life even though some of these nanomaterials display an overt toxicity. At the core of their strategic use, the self-assembled antimicrobial nanomaterials exhibit optimal and biomimetic organization leading to activity at low doses of their toxic components. Antimicrobial bilayer fragments, bilayer-covered or multilayered nanoparticles, functionalized inorganic or organic polymeric materials, coatings and hydrogels disclose their potential for environmental and public health applications in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Carmona-Ribeiro
- Biocolloids Laboratory, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
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13
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Rollin G, Tan X, Tros F, Dupuis M, Nassif X, Charbit A, Coureuil M. Intracellular Survival of Staphylococcus aureus in Endothelial Cells: A Matter of Growth or Persistence. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1354. [PMID: 28769913 PMCID: PMC5515828 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of severe bacterial infections. Recent studies have shown that various cell types could readily internalize S. aureus and infected cells have been proposed to serve as vehicle for the systemic dissemination of the pathogen. Here we focused on the intracellular behavior of the Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus strain USA300. Supporting earlier observations, we found that wild-type S. aureus strain USA300 persisted for longer period within endothelial cells than within macrophages and that a mutant displaying the small colony variant phenotype (ΔhemDBL) had increased intracellular persistence. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that initial persistence of wild-type bacteria in endothelial cells corresponded to distinct single cell events, ranging from active intracellular bacterial proliferation, leading to cell lysis, to non-replicating bacterial persistence even 1 week after infection. In sharp contrast, ΔhemDBL mutant bacteria were essentially non-replicating up to 10 days after infection. These findings suggest that internalization of S. aureus in endothelial cells triggers its persistence and support the notion that endothelial cells might constitute an intracellular persistence niche responsible for reported relapse of infection after antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Rollin
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment LericheParis, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Equipe 11: Pathogénie des Infections SystémiquesParis, France
| | - Xin Tan
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment LericheParis, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Equipe 11: Pathogénie des Infections SystémiquesParis, France
| | - Fabiola Tros
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment LericheParis, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Equipe 11: Pathogénie des Infections SystémiquesParis, France
| | - Marion Dupuis
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment LericheParis, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Equipe 11: Pathogénie des Infections SystémiquesParis, France
| | - Xavier Nassif
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment LericheParis, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Equipe 11: Pathogénie des Infections SystémiquesParis, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants MaladesParis, France
| | - Alain Charbit
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment LericheParis, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Equipe 11: Pathogénie des Infections SystémiquesParis, France
| | - Mathieu Coureuil
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bâtiment LericheParis, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1151 - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8253, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Equipe 11: Pathogénie des Infections SystémiquesParis, France
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14
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Sabaeifard P, Abdi-Ali A, Gamazo C, Irache JM, Soudi MR. Improved effect of amikacin-loaded poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles against planktonic and biofilm cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:137-148. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Sabaeifard
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahya Abdi-Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Irache
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mohammad Reza Soudi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Pei Y, Yeo Y. Drug delivery to macrophages: Challenges and opportunities. J Control Release 2015; 240:202-211. [PMID: 26686082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are prevalent in the body and have roles in almost every aspect of human biology. They have often been considered a subject to avoid during drug delivery. However, with recent understanding of their diverse functions in diseases, macrophages have gained increasing interest as important therapeutic targets. To develop drug carriers to macrophages, it is important to understand their biological roles and requirements for efficient targeting. This review provides an overview of representative carriers and various approaches to address challenges in drug delivery to macrophages such as biodistribution, cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking, and drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Pei
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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16
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Ladavière C, Gref R. Toward an optimized treatment of intracellular bacterial infections: input of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3033-3055. [PMID: 26420270 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogenic bacteria can lead to some of the most life-threatening infections. By evolving a number of ingenious mechanisms, these bacteria have the ability to invade, colonize and survive in the host cells in active or latent forms over prolonged period of time. A variety of nanoparticulate systems have been developed to optimize the delivery of antibiotics. Main advantages of nanoparticulate systems as compared with free drugs are an efficient drug encapsulation, protection from inactivation, targeting infection sites and the possibility to deliver drugs by overcoming cellular barriers. Nevertheless, despite the great progresses in treating intracellular infections using nanoparticulate carriers, some challenges still remain, such as targeting cellular subcompartments with bacteria and delivering synergistic drug combinations. Engineered nanoparticles should allow controlling drug release both inside cells and within the extracellular space before reaching the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Ladavière
- UMR CNRS 5223, IMP, Université Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Ruxandra Gref
- Institute of Molecular Sciences, UMR CNRS 8214, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
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17
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An efficient system for intracellular delivery of beta-lactam antibiotics to overcome bacterial resistance. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13500. [PMID: 26311631 PMCID: PMC4550931 DOI: 10.1038/srep13500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The "Golden era" of antibiotics is definitely an old story and this is especially true for intracellular bacterial infections. The poor intracellular bioavailability of antibiotics reduces the efficency of many treatments and thereby promotes resistances. Therefore, the development of nanodevices coupled with antibiotics that are capable of targeting and releasing the drug into the infected-cells appears to be a promising solution to circumvent these complications. Here, we took advantage of two natural terpenes (farnesyl and geranyl) to design nanodevices for an efficient intracellular delivery of penicillin G. The covalent linkage between the terpene moieties and the antibiotic leads to formation of prodrugs that self-assemble to form nanoparticles with a high drug payload between 55-63%. Futhermore, the addition of an environmentally-sensitive bond between the antibiotic and the terpene led to an efficient antibacterial activity against the intracellular pathogen Staphylococcus aureus with reduced intracellular replication of about 99.9% compared to untreated infected cells. Using HPLC analysis, we demonstrated and quantified the intracellular release of PenG when this sensitive-bond (SB) was present on the prodrug, showing the success of this technology to deliver antibiotics directly into cells.
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18
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Water JJ, Smart S, Franzyk H, Foged C, Nielsen HM. Nanoparticle-mediated delivery of the antimicrobial peptide plectasin against Staphylococcus aureus in infected epithelial cells. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 92:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Xiong MH, Bao Y, Yang XZ, Zhu YH, Wang J. Delivery of antibiotics with polymeric particles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 78:63-76. [PMID: 24548540 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide use of antibiotics, bacterial infection is still one of the leading causes of hospitalization and mortality. The clinical failure of antibiotic therapy is linked with low bioavailability, poor penetration to bacterial infection sites, and the side effects of antibiotics, as well as the antibiotic resistance properties of bacteria. Antibiotics encapsulated in nanoparticles or microparticles made up of a biodegradable polymer have shown great potential in replacing the administration of antibiotics in their "free" form. Polymeric particles provide protection to antibiotics against environmental deactivation and alter antibiotic pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Polymeric particles can overcome tissue and cellular barriers and deliver antibiotics into very dense tissues and inaccessible target cells. Polymeric particles can be modified to target or respond to particular tissues, cells, and even bacteria, and thereby facilitate the selective concentration or release of the antibiotic at infection sites, respectively. Thus, the delivery of antibiotics with polymeric particles augments the level of the bioactive drug at the site of infection while reducing the dosage and the dosing frequency. The end results are improved therapeutic effects as well as decreased "pill burden" and drug side effects in patients. The main objective of this review is to analyze recent advances and current perspectives in the use of polymeric antibiotic delivery systems in the treatment of bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hua Xiong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yan Bao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xian-Zhu Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yan-Hua Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; High Magnetic Field Laboratory of CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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20
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Rhodomyrtone modulates innate immune responses of THP-1 monocytes to assist in clearing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110321. [PMID: 25329066 PMCID: PMC4199624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to conventional antibiotics poses a major health problem. Moreover, S. aureus can survive within phagocytes, thus evading some antibiotics and the innate immune response. Rhodomyrtone, a bioactive compound from the leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, possesses potent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). This study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of rhodomyrtone on THP-1 monocytes in response to MRSA. METHODS THP-1 monocytes were stimulated with heat-killed MRSA, followed by treatment with rhodomyrtone. The cell pellets were prepared to detect pro-inflammatory molecules using real-time PCR. The supernatants were collected to assess nitric oxide production using Griess assay. Assays for phagocytosis and bacterial killing by THP-1 monocytes were performed to determine if they were affected by rhodomyrtone. RESULTS Expression of pro-inflammatory molecules including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS was enhanced in THP-1 monocytes stimulated with high doses of heat-killed MRSA (108 to 109 cfu/ml). In contrast, monocytes stimulated with MRSA at lower doses (106 to 107 cfu/ml) did not induce the expression of these cytokines. However, rhodomyrtone significantly increased the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-6 and iNOS in monocytes stimulated with heat-killed MRSA at low doses, and displayed some anti-inflammatory activity by reducing TNF-α expression in monocytes stimulated with heat-killed MRSA at high doses. Treatment with rhodomyrtone also significantly up-regulated the expression of the key pattern recognition receptors, TLR2 and CD14, in THP-1 monocytes stimulated with heat-killed MRSA at 106 to 109 cfu/ml, while heat-killed MRSA alone did not induce the expression of these molecules. The ability of rhodomyrtone to eliminate MRSA from the monocytes was observed within 24 h after treatment. CONCLUSION Rhodomyrtone enhanced the expression of pattern recognition receptors by monocytes in response to MRSA. Increased expression of these receptors might improve MRSA clearance by modulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses.
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21
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Zhang J, Neoh KG, Hu X, Kang ET. Mechanistic insights into response of Staphylococcus aureus to bioelectric effect on polypyrrole/chitosan film. Biomaterials 2014; 35:7690-8. [PMID: 24934644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of biofilm-related infections in orthopedics remains a serious clinical challenge. It is known that an electric current can significantly enhance the potency of some antibiotics against biofilms (bioelectric effect) but the uncertainty of the mechanisms and the electrolytic cell-like system used in previous studies limit its applications. Herein, the behavior of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) on an electrically conductive polypyrrole/chitosan film upon passage of a direct current (DC) through the film was investigated in the absence and presence of gentamicin. The killing efficacy of the bacteria within the biofilm by gentamicin was greatly enhanced by the DC treatment. From an analysis of the gene expression by the biofilm bacteria after treatment with gentamicin, DC and their combination, it is postulated that the promotion of bacterial autolysis by DC treatment is responsible for the enhanced susceptibility of biofilm S. aureus to gentamicin. This postulate is supported by an increase in the amount of extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid and adenosine triphosphate, and the appearance of disrupted bacterial cells in the biofilm after DC treatment. These findings provide a new insight into the interaction between DC and bacteria, and offer potential benefits for the treatment of infections in orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Zhang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117576, Singapore
| | - Koon Gee Neoh
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117576, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117576, Singapore.
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117576, Singapore
| | - En-Tang Kang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117576, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117576, Singapore
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22
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Biodegradable nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents. J Control Release 2014; 187:101-17. [PMID: 24878179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable nanoparticles have emerged as a promising strategy for ferrying antimicrobial agents into specific cells due to their unique properties. This review discusses the current progress and challenges of biodegradable nanoparticles for intracellular antimicrobial delivery to understand design principles for the development of ideal nanocarriers. The intracellular delivery performances of biodegradable nanoparticles for diverse antimicrobial agents are first summarized. Second, the cellular internalization and intracellular trafficking, degradation and release kinetics of nanoparticles as well as their relation with intracellular delivery of encapsulated antimicrobial agents are provided. Third, the influences of nanoparticle properties on the cellular internalization and intracellular fate of nanoparticles and their payload antimicrobial agents are discussed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents are addressed. The review will be helpful to the scientists who are interested in searching for more efficient nanosystem strategies for intracellular delivery of antimicrobial agents.
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Abed N, Couvreur P. Nanocarriers for antibiotics: a promising solution to treat intracellular bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43:485-96. [PMID: 24721232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the field of antibiotherapy, intracellular infections remain difficult to eradicate mainly due to the poor intracellular penetration of most of the commonly used antibiotics. Bacteria have quickly understood that their intracellular localisation allows them to be protected from the host immune system, but also from the action of antimicrobial agents. In addition, in most cases pathogens nestle in professional phagocytic cells, and can even use them as a 'Trojan horse' to induce a secondary site of infection thereby causing persistent or recurrent infections. Thus, new strategies had to be considered in order to counteract these problems. Amongst them, nanocarriers loaded with antibiotics represent a promising approach. Nowadays, it is possible to encapsulate, incorporate or even conjugate biologically active molecules into different families of nanocarriers such as liposomes or nanoparticles in order to deliver antibiotics intracellularly and hence to treat infections. This review gives an overview of the variety of nanocarriers developed to deliver antibiotics directly into infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Abed
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut Galien UMR CNRS 8612, Université Paris-Sud XI, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut Galien UMR CNRS 8612, Université Paris-Sud XI, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France.
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Imbuluzqueta E, Gamazo C, Lana H, Campanero MÁ, Salas D, Gil AG, Elizondo E, Ventosa N, Veciana J, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Hydrophobic gentamicin-loaded nanoparticles are effective against Brucella melitensis infection in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3326-33. [PMID: 23650167 PMCID: PMC3697350 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00378-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical management of human brucellosis is still challenging and demands in vitro active antibiotics capable of targeting the pathogen-harboring intracellular compartments. A sustained release of the antibiotic at the site of infection would make it possible to reduce the number of required doses and thus the treatment-associated toxicity. In this study, a hydrophobically modified gentamicin, gentamicin-AOT [AOT is bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt], was either microstructured or encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. The efficacy of the formulations developed was studied both in vitro and in vivo. Gentamicin formulations reduced Brucella infection in experimentally infected THP-1 monocytes (>2-log10 unit reduction) when using clinically relevant concentrations (18 mg/liter). Moreover, in vivo studies demonstrated that gentamicin-AOT-loaded nanoparticles efficiently targeted the drug both to the liver and the spleen and maintained an antibiotic therapeutic concentration for up to 4 days in both organs. This resulted in an improved efficacy of the antibiotic in experimentally infected mice. Thus, while 14 doses of free gentamicin did not alter the course of the infection, only 4 doses of gentamicin-AOT-loaded nanoparticles reduced the splenic infection by 3.23 logs and eliminated it from 50% of the infected mice with no evidence of adverse toxic effects. These results strongly suggest that PLGA nanoparticles containing chemically modified hydrophobic gentamicin may be a promising alternative for the treatment of human brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Imbuluzqueta
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Hugo Lana
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - David Salas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Gloria Gil
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Elizondo
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Nora Ventosa
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Department of Molecular Nanoscience and Organic Materials, Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María J. Blanco-Prieto
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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