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Trans fatty acids in two classes of reformulated “zero trans” Spanish margarines by use of second derivative ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Xu L, Zhu X, Chen X, Sun D, Yu X. Direct FTIR analysis of isolated trans fatty acids in edible oils using disposable polyethylene film. Food Chem 2015; 185:503-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
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Azizian H, Mossoba MM, Fardin-Kia AR, Delmonte P, Karunathilaka SR, Kramer JKG. Novel, Rapid Identification, and Quantification of Adulterants in Extra Virgin Olive Oil Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. Lipids 2015; 50:705-18. [PMID: 26050093 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new, rapid Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopic procedure is described to screen for the authenticity of extra virgin olive oils (EVOO) and to determine the kind and amount of an adulterant in EVOO. To screen EVOO, a partial least squares (PLS1) calibration model was developed to estimate a newly created FT-NIR index based mainly on the relative intensities of two unique carbonyl overtone absorptions in the FT-NIR spectra of EVOO and other mixtures attributed to volatile (5280 cm(-1)) and non-volatile (5180 cm(-1)) components. Spectra were also used to predict the fatty acid (FA) composition of EVOO or samples spiked with an adulterant using previously developed PLS1 calibration models. Some adulterated mixtures could be identified provided the FA profile was sufficiently different from those of EVOO. To identify the type and determine the quantity of an adulterant, gravimetric mixtures were prepared by spiking EVOO with different concentrations of each adulterant. Based on FT-NIR spectra, four PLS1 calibration models were developed for four specific groups of adulterants, each with a characteristic FA composition. Using these different PLS1 calibration models for prediction, plots of predicted vs. gravimetric concentrations of an adulterant in EVOO yielded linear regression functions with four unique sets of slopes, one for each group of adulterants. Four corresponding slope rules were defined that allowed for the determination of the nature and concentration of an adulterant in EVOO products by applying these four calibration models. The standard addition technique was used for confirmation.
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de Oliveira MAL, Porto BLS, Faria IDL, de Oliveira PL, de Castro Barra PM, de Jesus Coelho Castro R, Sato RT. 20 years of fatty acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Molecules 2014; 19:14094-113. [PMID: 25207715 PMCID: PMC6270880 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A review taking into account the literature reports covering 20 years of fatty acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis is presented. This paper describes the evolution of fatty acid analysis using different CE modes such as capillary zone electrophoresis, non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography employing different detection systems, such as ultraviolet-visible, capacitively coupled contactless conductivity, laser-induced fluorescence and mass spectrometry. In summary, the present review signals that CE seems to be an interesting analytical separation technique that is very useful for screening analysis or quantification of the usual fatty acids present in different matrices, offering short analysis times and a simple sample preparation step as inherent advantages in comparison with the classical methodology, making it a separation technique that is very attractive for quality control in industry and government agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcone Augusto Leal de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil.
| | - Brenda Lee Simas Porto
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Isaura Daniele Leite Faria
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Lopes de Oliveira
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Mendonça de Castro Barra
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Renata de Jesus Coelho Castro
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Takabayashi Sato
- Grupo de Química Analítica e Quimiometria (GQAQ), Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG 36036-900, Brazil
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Determination of trans fat in edible oils: current official methods and overview of recent developments. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5759-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7005-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stefanov I, Baeten V, Abbas O, Colman E, Vlaeminck B, De Baets B, Fievez V. Determining milk isolated and conjugated trans-unsaturated fatty acids using fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12771-12783. [PMID: 22084940 DOI: 10.1021/jf203463r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of Raman spectroscopy in combination with partial least-squares (PLS) regression for the determination of individual or grouped trans-monounsaturated fatty acids (trans-MUFA) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in milk fat is demonstrated using spectra obtained at two temperature conditions: room temperature and after freezing at -80 °C. The PLS results displayed capability for direct semiroutine quantification of several individual CLA (cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 C18:2) and trans-MUFA (trans-4-15 C18:1) in minor concentrations (below 1.0 g/100 g of milk fat). Calibration models were based on reference data cross-correlation or determined by specific scattering signals in the Raman spectra. Distinct bands for trans-MUFA (1674 cm(-1)) and CLA (1653 cm(-1)) from the trans isolated and cis,trans conjugated C ═ C bonds were identified, as well as original evidence for the temperature effect (new bands, peak shifts, and higher intensities) on the Raman spectra of fatty acid methyl ester and triacylglyceride standards, are supplied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Stefanov
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
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Shiroma C, Rodriguez-Saona L. Application of NIR and MIR spectroscopy in quality control of potato chips. J Food Compost Anal 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nutrition Labeling: Rapid Determination of Total trans Fats by Using Internal Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy and a Second Derivative Procedure. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-009-1444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Delmonte P, Hu Q, Kia ARF, Rader JI. Preparation, chromatographic separation and relative retention times of cis/trans heptadecaenoic (17:1) fatty acids. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1214:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mossoba M, McDonald R. Methods for trans Fatty Acid Analysis. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420046649.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Delmonte P, Rader JI. Evaluation of gas chromatographic methods for the determination of trans fat. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:77-85. [PMID: 17572885 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of trans fat has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. For nutrition labeling purposes, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines trans fat as the sum of all the fatty acids with at least one nonconjugated double bond in the trans configuration. The FDA regulation states that label declarations of trans fat are not required for products that contain less than 0.5 g of trans fat per serving if no claims are made about fat, fatty acids or cholesterol. While attenuated total reflection Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) provides reproducible measurements for samples containing more than 5% trans fat, methods based on gas chromatography (GC) are needed to measure lower trans fat levels. Trans fat quantitation by GC has recently been updated by considering more fatty acids, focusing more attention on fatty acids present in low amounts, and by using 100-m high-polarity capillary columns for optimal separation. The consistently high interlaboratory relative standard deviations (RSD, e.g., 21% at 1% trans fatty acids (TFA), 60% at 0.17% TFA), and intralaboratory RSD values (e.g., 10% at 1% TFA, 16% at 0.17% TFA) for trans fat at 1% or less of total fat reported in the collaborative study data for American Oil Chemists Society Official Method Ce 1h-05 suggest the need to carefully define the parameters associated with GC analysis of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Delmonte
- US Food and Drug Administration, HFS-717, Room 1E006, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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Mossoba MM, Milosevic V, Milosevic M, Kramer JKG, Azizian H. Determination of total trans fats and oils by infrared spectroscopy for regulatory compliance. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:87-92. [PMID: 17431592 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mandatory requirement in many countries to declare the amount of trans fat present in food products and dietary supplements has led to a need for sensitive and accurate methodologies for the rapid quantitation of total trans fats and oils. Capillary gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) are the two methods most commonly used to identify and quantify trans fatty acids for food labeling purposes (see the article by Delmonte and Rader in this ABC issue for a detailed presentation of GC methodology). The present article provides a comprehensive review of the IR technique and the current attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier-transform (FT) IR methodologies for the rapid determination of total trans fats and oils. This review also addresses potential sources of interferences and inaccuracies in FTIR determinations, particularly those done at low trans levels. Recent observations have shown that the presence of saturated fats caused interferences in the FTIR spectra observed for trans triacylglycerols. The recognition and resolution of previously unresolved quantitative issues improved the accuracy and sensitivity of the FTIR methodology. Once validated, it is anticipated that the new negative second-derivative ATR-FTIR procedure will make IR spectroscopy more suitable than ever, and a rapid alternative and/or complementary method to GC, for the rapid determination of total trans fats for regulatory compliance. Figure Infrared light bouncing inside an internal reflection crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mossoba
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Mail Stop HFS-717, Room BE-012, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740-3835, USA.
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Interference of Saturated Fats in the Determination of Low Levels of trans Fats (below 0.5%) by Infrared Spectroscopy. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-007-1038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Multicommutation ATR-FTIR: determination of sodium alpha-olefin sulfonate in detergent formulations. Microchem J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ackman RG. The gas chromatograph in practical analyses of common and uncommon fatty acids for the 21st century. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00098-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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