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Abstract
Abstract
In recent years, several countries have implemented new regulations regarding the limitation or labeling of the trans fatty acid (TFA) content of foods and dietary supplements. GC methods for fatty acid (FA) analysis have been updated by improving the separation of TFAs from other FAs, especially trans- and cis-18:1, and by focusing more attention on the FAs contained in fats and oils in lower amounts. FA analysis is affected by the limited availability of reference materials. Identifications are frequently made simply by comparison with separations reported in the literature. This report describes the preparation of mixtures containing fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that are not available as reference materials. These mixtures can be used for FAME identifications. The prepared mixtures are analyzed under the experimental conditions of the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) Official Method Ce 1h-05 and AOCS Recommended Practice Ce 1j-07.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Delmonte
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Ali-Reza Fardin Kia
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Qing Hu
- Visiting scientist from the Shanghai Institute for Drug and Food Control, 1500 Zhang-Heng Rd, 201203 Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
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2
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Satchithanandam S, Grundel E, Roach J, White KD, Mazzola E, Ganzera M, Rader JI. Alkaloids and Saponins in Dietary Supplements of Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides). J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/91.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Preparations of blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) have been used traditionally by Native Americans for medicinal purposes. Dietary supplements containing dried roots or extracts of blue cohosh rhizomes are available as dietary supplements. The safety and efficacy of these preparations have not been systematically evaluated. Recent studies indicate that ingestion of specific alkaloids in blue cohosh preparations can produce birth defects and neonatal heart failure. Blue cohosh also contains saponins, which may be responsible for uterine-stimulating effects. We determined the amounts of major alkaloids and saponins in preparations of blue cohosh by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Alkaloids and saponins were monitored with a photodiode array detector and an evaporative light-scattering detector, respectively. Profiles were compared with those of authenticated blue cohosh root extracts. Identities of the alkaloids and saponins were confirmed by HPLC/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Calculations based on the results of analyses of dietary supplements showed that maximum daily intake of alkaloids and saponins will vary with the form (e.g., root, liquid extract) and doses recommended in product labeling. Intakes may vary from <1 to 75 mg/day for alkaloids and from about 9 to 420 mg/day for saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Satchithanandam
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Erich Grundel
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740
| | - John Roach
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Kevin D White
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Eugene Mazzola
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Markus Ganzera
- University of Innsbruck, Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740
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McCleary BV, De Vries JW, Rader JI, Cohen G, Prosky L, Mugford DC, Champ M, Okuma K, Abercrombie L, Ames N, Bajoras T, Bhandari S, Burkhardt G, Camire M, Cohen G, Cui S, Dougherty MP, Erhardt S, Evans A, Grutters M, Hutton-Okpalaeke M, Illaens S, Kanaya K, Kohn A, Konings E, Lai G, Lee T, Marshak M, Neese U, Nishibata T, Santi A, Saylor D, Steegmans M, Themeier H, Thomsen A, Tervila-Wilo A, Walker R, Wang C. Determination of Total Dietary Fiber (CODEX Definition) by Enzymatic-Gravimetric Method and Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/93.1.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A method for the determination of total dietary fiber (TDF), as defined by the CODEX Alimentarius, was validated in foods. Based upon the principles of AOAC Official MethodsSM 985.29, 991.43, 2001.03, and 2002.02, the method quantitates high- and low-molecular-weight dietary fiber (HMWDF and LMWDF, respectively). In 2007, McCleary described a method of extended enzymatic digestion at 37C to simulate human intestinal digestion followed by gravimetric isolation and quantitation of HMWDF and the use of LC to quantitate low-molecular-weight soluble dietary fiber (LMWSDF). The method thus quantitates the complete range of dietary fiber components from resistant starch (by utilizing the digestion conditions of AOAC Method 2002.02) to digestion resistant oligosaccharides (by incorporating the deionization and LC procedures of AOAC Method 2001.03). The method was evaluated through an AOAC collaborative study. Eighteen laboratories participated with 16 laboratories returning valid assay data for 16 test portions (eight blind duplicates) consisting of samples with a range of traditional dietary fiber, resistant starch, and nondigestible oligosaccharides. The dietary fiber content of the eight test pairs ranged from 11.57 to 47.83. Digestion of samples under the conditions of AOAC Method 2002.02 followed by the isolation and gravimetric procedures of AOAC Methods 985.29 and 991.43 results in quantitation of HMWDF. The filtrate from the quantitation of HMWDF is concentrated, deionized, concentrated again, and analyzed by LC to determine the LMWSDF, i.e., all nondigestible oligosaccharides of degree of polymerization 3. TDF is calculated as the sum of HMWDF and LMWSDF. Repeatability standard deviations (sr) ranged from 0.41 to 1.43, and reproducibility standard deviations (sR) ranged from 1.18 to 5.44. These results are comparable to other official dietary fiber methods, and the method is recommended for adoption as Official First Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry V McCleary
- Megazyme International, Bray Business Park, Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland
| | - Jonathan W De Vries
- Medallion Laboratories/General Mills, 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Golden Valley, MN 55427
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Gerald Cohen
- Kraft Foods, 555 S. Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10956
| | - Leon Prosky
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, retired, 10265 Nolan Dr, Rockville, MD 20850-3507
| | - David C Mugford
- BRI Research Pty. Ltd, PO Box 7, North Ryde, NSW, Australia 1670
| | - Martine Champ
- University of Nantes, Htel Dieu Place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Kazuhiro Okuma
- Matsutani Chemical, Research Laboratory, Itami City, Hyogo 664-8508, Japan
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DeVries JW, Rader JI, Keagy PM, Hudson CA, Angyal G, Arcot J, Castelli M, Doreanu N, Hudson C, Lawrence P, Martin J, Peace R, Rosner; L, Strandler HS, Szpylka J, van den Berg H, Wo C, Wurz C. Microbiological Assay-Trienzyme Procedure for Total Folates in Cereals and Cereal Foods: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/88.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In 1996, U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations mandated the fortification of enriched cereal-grain products with folic acid, thereby emphasizing the need for validated methods for total folates in foods, particularly cereal products. The AOAC Official Methods (944.12, 960.46) currently used for the analysis of folate in foods for compliance purposes are microbiological methods. When the fortification regulations were finalized, no Official AOAC or Approved AACC methods for folate in cereal-grain products were in place. The AOAC Official Method (992.05) for folic acid in infant formula does not incorporate important improvements in the extraction procedure and was not considered suitable for the analysis of folates in foods in general. Amicrobiological assay protocol using a trienzyme extraction procedure was prepared and submitted for comments to 40 laboratories with recognized experience in folate analysis. On the basis of comments, the method was revised to have the conjugase (gamma-glutamyl-carboxy-peptidase) treatment follow a protease treatment, to include the use of cryoprotected inoculum, and to include the spectroscopic standardization of the standard and optional use of microtiter plates. Thirteen laboratories participated in a collaborative study of 10 required and 10 optional cereal-grain products, including flour, bread, cookies, baking mixes, and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. The majority of the participating laboratories performed the assay by the standard test tube method; others used the microtiter plate modification for endpoint quantitation with equal success. For the required products, the relative standard deviation between laboratories (RSDR) ranged from 7.4 to 21.6% for 8 fortified (or enriched) products compared with expected (Horwitz equation-based) values of 11–20%. RSDR values were higher (22.7–52.9%) for 2 unfortified cereal-grain products. For the optional products, the RSDR ranged from 1.8 to 11.2% for 8 fortified products. RSDR values were higher (27.9–28.7%) for 2 unfortified cereal-grain products. Based on the results of the collaborative study, the microbiological assay with trienzyme extraction is recommended for adoption as Official First Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W DeVries
- Medallion Laboratories, General Mills Inc., 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740-3835
| | - Pamela M Keagy
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710
| | - Carol A Hudson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710
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5
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Trucksess MW, Weaver CM, Oles CJ, Rump LV, White KD, Betz JM, Rader JI. Use of Multitoxin Immunoaffinity Columns for Determination of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Ginseng and Ginger. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/90.4.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Conditions were optimized for the simultaneous, alkaline, aqueous methanol extraction of aflatoxins (AFL), i.e., B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), and G2 (AFG2), and ochratoxin A (OTA) with subsequent purification, isolation, and determination of the toxins in ginseng and ginger. Powdered roots were extracted with methanol0.5% NaHCO3 solution (7 + 3). After shaking and centrifugation, the supernatant was diluted with 100 mM phosphate buffer containing 1% Tween 20 and filtered through glass microfiber filter paper. The filtrate was then passed through an immunoaffinity column, and the toxins were eluted with methanol. The AFL were separated and determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with fluorescence detection after postcolumn UV photochemical derivatization. OTA was separated and determined by RPLC with fluorescence detection. Recoveries of AFL added at 216 ng/g and OTA added at 18 ng/g to ginseng were 7280 and 8695%, respectively. Recoveries of AFL and OTA added to ginger were similar to those for ginseng. A total of 39 commercially available ginger products from 6 manufacturers were analyzed. Twenty-six samples were found to be contaminated with AFL at 131 ng/g and 29 samples, with OTA at 110 ng/g. Ten samples contained no AFL or OTA. Ten ginseng finished products were also analyzed; 3 contained AFL at 0.1 ng/g and 4 contained OTA at levels ranging from 0.4 to 1.8 ng/g. LC/tandem mass spectrometry with multiple-reaction monitoring of 3 collisionally induced product ions from the protonated molecular ions of OTA, AFB1, and AFG1 was used to confirm the identities of the toxins in extracts of the finished products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary W Trucksess
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Carol M Weaver
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Carolyn J Oles
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Lydia V Rump
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Kevin D White
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Joseph M Betz
- National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
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6
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Rader JI, Weaver CM, Trucksess MW. Extension of AOAC Official Method 999.14 (Choline in Infant Formula and Milk) to the Determination of Choline in Dietary Supplements. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/87.6.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
AOAC Official Method 999.14 is applicable for the determination of choline in milk and infant formulas. To date, its use has not been extended beyond these matrixes. We modified Official Method 999.14 and applied it to the determination of choline in a range of choline-containing dietary supplements. Dietary supplement tablets, capsules, wafers, softgels, liquid products, and drink powders were included. We found that the standard curve could be extended to cover a wider range of choline concentrations and defined a procedure for the use of Norit for samples in which the vitamin C content was high enough to interfere with the analysis. Recoveries of choline added to infant formula powders and to representative dietary supplement tablets, capsules, powdered drink mix, and wafer products were 85–114%. The use of Norit during the procedure did not affect the recovery of choline added to infant formula powders or to dietary supplements. An alkaline digestion was included for use with a product containing lecithin as the sole source of choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Research and Applied Technology, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Carol M Weaver
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Research and Applied Technology, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Mary W Trucksess
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Division of Research and Applied Technology, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
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Abstract
Abstract
A review is presented describing the nature and evolving definition of dietary fiber. The historical development of the current definition is discussed as are the efforts to develop analytical methods to support food labeling regulations. Also considered are the characterization and quantitation of resistance starch, a dietary starch that does not digest in the small intestine, behaves like dietary fiber and therefore may have potential as a health-related ingredient in foods. The current status of AOAC methodology is discussed along with the possibility of updating the definition of dietary fiber. The potential impacts of changing the dietary fiber definition on analytical issues and on food composition databases are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W DeVries
- Medallion Laboratories, General Mills Inc., 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
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Abstract
Abstract
Isoflavones are phytochemicals found in many plants. Because of their structural similarity to -estradiol, health benefits of isoflavones have been evaluated in age-related and hormone-dependent diseases. Daidzein, genistein, and glycitein are present as free forms or derivatives in foods containing soy or soy protein extracts. The analysis of isoflavones has become more complex, because preparations contain isoflavones from multiple sources (e.g., red clover, kudzu). Red clover contains primarily formononetin and biochanin A, while kudzu extracts, which are becoming increasingly common in dietary supplements, contain puerarin and daidzein, among other components. Isoflavones are present in foods and dietary supplements as free compounds, glucoside derivatives, 6-O-malonyl-7-O--d-glucoside derivatives, and 6-O-acetyl-7-O--d-glucoside derivatives. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/tandem mass spectrometry has been applied to the identification of isoflavone derivatives based on the fragmentation pattern of the parent ion, providing high selectivity and sensitivity in the quantitation of isoflavones in complex mixtures. HPLC with ultraviolet detection is often chosen for routine analysis, but a preliminary acid or basic hydrolysis of isoflavone derivatives is often required for the investigation of samples containing extracts from multiple sources. Several internal standards have been used in the analysis of isoflavones from a single botanical source (e.g., soy, red clover), but the identification of a general internal standard remains a challenging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Delmonte
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
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9
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Abstract
Abstract
Twelve powdered and 13 liquid infant formulas were analyzed by using an extension of AOAC Official Method 996.01 for fat analysis in cereal products. Samples were hydrolyzed with 8N HCl and extracted with ethyl and petroleum ethers. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by refluxing the mixed ether extracts with methanolic sodium hydroxide in the presence of 14% boron trifluoride in methanol. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography. In powdered formulas, saturated fatty acid (SFA) content (mean ± SD; n = 12) was 41.05 ± 3.94%, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content was 36.97 ± 3.38% polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content was 20.07 ± 3.08%, and total trans fatty acid content was 1.30 ± 1.27%. In liquid formulas, SFA content (mean ± SD; n = 13) was 42.29 ± 2.98%, MUFA content was 36.05 ± 2.47%, PUFA content was 20.65 ± 2.40%, and total trans fatty acid content was 0.88 ± 0.54%. Total fat content in powdered formulas ranged from 4.4 to 5.5 g/100 kcal and linoleic acid content ranged from 868 to 1166 mg/100 kcal. In liquid formulas, total fat content ranged from 4.1 to 5.1 g/100 kcal and linoleic acid content ranged from 820 to 1100 mg/100 kcal. There were no significant differences between powdered and liquid infant formulas in concentrations of total fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, or trans fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Satchithanandam
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, HFS-840, 200 C St, SW, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Jan Fritsche
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, HFS-840, 200 C St, SW, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, HFS-840, 200 C St, SW, Washington, DC 20204
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Satchithanandam S, Fritsche J, Rader JI. Extension of AOAC Official Method 996.01 to the Analysis of Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1846 and Infant Formulas. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/84.3.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There is currently no official method for the analysis of fatty acids (including trans fatty acids) in infant formulas. AOAC Official Method 996.01 for Fat Analysis in Cereal Products was extended to the analysis of milk-based infant formula Standard Reference Material (SRM)1846 to determine its applicability for use with infant formulas. Following the analysis of SRM 1846, 2 infant formulas, one milk-based liquid and one soy-based powdered infant formula, were analyzed for total fatty acid composition. Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared and analyzed by gas chromatography. The results of the analysis of SRM 1846 show that the mean analyzed values were highly reproducible as indicated by low coefficients of variation (CV). The CVs were <5% for the major fatty acids. Mean analyzed values for individual fatty acids in SRM 1846 were within ± 1 standard deviation of the certificate values. The analyzed value for total fat as triglycerides (26.27 ± 0.25%) agreed well with the certificate value (27.1 ± 0.59%). Analyses of infant formulas showed that the concentrations of linoleic acid and fat meet the requirements for such formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Satchithanandam
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, HFS-840, 200 C St, SW, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Jan Fritsche
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, HFS-840, 200 C St, SW, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling and Dietary Supplements, HFS-840, 200 C St, SW, Washington, DC 20204
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Abstract
Marine oil omega-3 supplements are among the most frequently consumed dietary supplements in the United States. However, few studies have evaluated the overall fatty acid composition of these products. We investigated the content and composition of fatty acids in 46 commercially available marine oil omega-3 supplements by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection using the 200 m SLB-IL111 ionic liquid column. Seventy-three fatty acid isomers were quantified, including n-6, n-4, n-3, and n-1 polyunsaturated fatty acids and trans isomers of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3), the chromatographic separations of which we report for the first time on the 200 m SLB-IL111 column. Contents of EPA and DHA met their respective label declarations in more than 80% of the products examined. Eleven of the products (24%) carried the Food and Drug Administration's qualified health claim for EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Tyburczy Srigley
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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Vaclavik L, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Quantification of aristolochic acids I and II in herbal dietary supplements by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–multistage fragmentation mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:784-91. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.892215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Pawar RS, Grundel E, Fardin-Kia AR, Rader JI. Determination of selected biogenic amines in Acacia rigidula plant materials and dietary supplements using LC–MS/MS methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:457-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vaclavik L, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Targeted analysis of multiple pharmaceuticals, plant toxins and other secondary metabolites in herbal dietary supplements by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-orbital ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 810:45-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Vaclavik L, Vaclavikova M, Begley TH, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Determination of multiple mycotoxins in dietary supplements containing green coffee bean extracts using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:4822-4830. [PMID: 23631685 DOI: 10.1021/jf401139u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 34 mycotoxins in dietary supplements containing green coffee bean (GCB) extracts was developed, evaluated, and used in the analysis of 50 commercial products. A QuEChERS-like procedure was used for isolation of target analytes from the examined matrices. Average recoveries of the analytes were in the range of 75-110%. The precision of the method expressed as relative standard deviation was below 12%. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 1.0 to 50.0 μg/kg and from 2.5 to 100 μg/kg, respectively. Due to matrix effects, the method of standard additions was used to ensure accurate quantitation. Ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, fumonisin B1 and mycophenolic acid were found in 36%, 32%, 10%, and 16% of tested products, respectively. Mycotoxins occurred in the following concentration ranges: ochratoxin A, <1.0-136.9 μg/kg; ochratoxin B, <1.0-20.2 μg/kg; fumonisin B1, <50.0-415.0 μg/kg; mycophenolic acid, <5.0-395.0 μg/kg. High-resolution mass spectrometry operated in full MS and MS/MS mode was used to confirm the identities of the reported compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Vaclavik
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-717, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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16
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Mossoba MM, Azizian H, Tyburczy C, Kramer JKG, Delmonte P, Kia ARF, Rader JI. Rapid FT-NIR Analysis of Edible Oils for Total SFA, MUFA, PUFA, and Trans FA with Comparison to GC. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2234-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jaworska K, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Simultaneous analysis of steviol and steviol glycosides by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection on a mixed-mode column: application to Stevia plant material and Stevia-containing dietary supplements. J AOAC Int 2013; 95:1588-96. [PMID: 23451373 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.11-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous separation of steviol and steviol glycosides is challenging because of differences in their polarity and chemical structure. In this study, simultaneous analysis of steviol and steviol glycosides was achieved by LC with UV detection using a mixed-mode RP weak anion exchange chromatography column. Steviol and seven steviol glycosides were analyzed on an Acclaim Mixed-Mode Wax-1 (Dionex) column with a linear gradient of deionized water adjusted to pH 3.00 with phosphoric acid and acetonitrile. The extraction was performed by sonicating dry plant material at 40 degreesC in acetonitrile-water (30 + 70, v/v). LOQ values (mg/g dry weight of plant material) were rebaudioside B, 0.50; steviol, 0.70, dulcoside A, 1.0; steviolbioside, 1.2; stevioside and rebaudioside C, 2.0; rebaudioside D, 3.3; and rebaudioside A, 5.0. The method demonstrated suitable performance for all analytes tested with respect to accuracy (mean recoveries 95-99%), intraday and interday precision for retention times (0.070-0.28% and 0.33-1.0% RSD, respectively), and linearity. The method was used to authenticate steviol glycosides in several samples of Stevia plant material as well as to quantitate steviol glycosides in dietary supplements containing Stevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jaworska
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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18
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Ma J, Krynitsky AJ, Grundel E, Rader JI. Quantitative determination of cucurbitane-type triterpenes and triterpene glycosides in dietary supplements containing bitter melon (Momordica charantia) by HPLC-MS/MS. J AOAC Int 2013; 95:1597-608. [PMID: 23451374 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.11-511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), commonly known as bitter melon, is widely cultivated in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It is a common food staple; its fruits, leaves, seeds, stems, and roots also have a long history of use in traditional medicine. In the United States, dietary supplements labeled as containing bitter melon can be purchased over-the-counter and from Internet suppliers. Currently, no quantitative analytical method is available for monitoring the content of cucurbitane-type triterpenes and triterpene glycosides, the major constituents of bitter melon, in such supplements. We investigated the use of HPLC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS for the quantitative determination of such compounds in dietary supplements containing bitter melon. Values for each compound obtained from external calibration were compared with those obtained from the method of standard additions to address matrix effects associated with ESI. In addition, the cucurbitane-type triterpene and triterpene glycoside contents of two dietary supplements determined by the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method with standard additions were compared with those measured by an HPLC method with evaporative light scattering detection, which was recently developed for quantification of such compounds in dried fruits of M. charantia. The contents of five cucurbitane-type triterpenes and triterpene glycosides in 10 dietary supplements were measured using the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method with standard additions. The total contents of the five compounds ranged from 17 to 3464 microg/serving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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Delmonte P, Barrientos S, Rader JI. Modifications ofAOAC Official Method 999.15 to improve the quantitation of vitamin K1 in complex formulated nutritional products. J AOAC Int 2013; 96:91-101. [PMID: 23513963 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.12-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) occurs in foods in relatively low concentrations. It is synthesized for addition to formulated nutritional products (infant formulas, medical foods, and adult nutritional products). In recent years, nutritional products formulated with free amino acids and partially hydrolyzed proteins have been introduced in the market. Schimpf et al. demonstrated that the current AOAC Official Method 999.15 for determination of vitamin K in milk and infant formula is not adequate to quantitatively extract vitamin K1 from such products. We developed a modification of AOAC 999.15 for the analysis of vitamin K1 in these products that provides quantitative extraction by increasing the sample size, volume of extraction solvents, time of liquid/liquid partitioning, and order of the addition of solvents. This modified procedure showed extraction efficiency comparable to that of the original AOAC 999.15 procedure for analyzing infant formula matrixes and to the modified procedure of Schimpf et al. for the analysis of samples containing limited amounts of free amino acids andlor partially hydrolyzed proteins. Extraction efficiency increased more than 10% using the modified extraction procedure for samples containing higher amounts of these components. The chromatographic separation was improved by using a Dionex Acclaim triacontanol-bonded C30 column (250 x 3.0 mm id, 3 pm particle size) maintained at 15 degrees C, with acetonitrile-methanol (50 + 50, v/v) mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min, which provided baseline separation of the cis and trans isomers of vitamin K1 from each other and from other compounds contained in the sample extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Delmonte
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Delmonte
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety
and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Ali Reza Fardin-Kia
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety
and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jeanne I. Rader
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety
and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
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21
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Tyburczy C, Mossoba MM, Fardin-Kia AR, Rader JI. Evaluation of low trans fat edible oils by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography: a comparison of analytical approaches. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:809-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Tyburczy C, Delmonte P, Fardin-Kia AR, Mossoba MM, Kramer JKG, Rader JI. Profile of trans fatty acids (FAs) including trans polyunsaturated FAs in representative fast food samples. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:4567-4577. [PMID: 22509790 DOI: 10.1021/jf300585s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The content of trans fat in foods is most commonly determined by summing the levels of individual trans fatty acids (FAs), analyzed as FA methyl esters (FAME) by gas chromatography. Current Official Methods of the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) enable quantitation of total trans fat in foods but were not designed for the determination of transFA isomeric compositions. In the present study, the content of trans fat in 32 representative fast food samples ranged from 0.1 to 3.1 g per serving, as determined according to AOCS Official Method Ce 1j-07. Further analysis of FAME using the 200 m SLB-IL111 ionic liquid column yielded quantitative results of total, trans, saturated, and cis unsaturated fat that were comparable to those of Method Ce 1j-07 and also allowed for the complementary determination of individual trans 18:1, trans 18:2, and trans 18:3 FA isomeric compositions under conditions suitable for routine sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Tyburczy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
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23
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Pfeiffer CM, Hughes JP, Lacher DA, Bailey RL, Berry RJ, Zhang M, Yetley EA, Rader JI, Sempos CT, Johnson CL. Estimation of trends in serum and RBC folate in the U.S. population from pre- to postfortification using assay-adjusted data from the NHANES 1988-2010. J Nutr 2012; 142:886-93. [PMID: 22437563 PMCID: PMC3327747 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.156919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The NHANES has monitored folate status of the U.S. population from prefortification (1988-1994) to postfortification (1999-2010) by measuring serum and RBC folate concentrations. The Bio-Rad radioassay (BR) was used from 1988 to 2006, and the microbiologic assay (MBA) was used from 2007 to 2010. The MBA produces higher concentrations than the BR and is considered to be more accurate. Thus, to bridge assay differences and to examine folate trends over time, we adjusted the BR results to be comparable to the MBA results. Postfortification, assay-adjusted serum and RBC folate concentrations were 2.5 times and 1.5 times prefortification concentrations, respectively, and showed a significant linear trend (P < 0.001) to slightly lower concentrations during 1999-2010. The postfortification prevalence of low serum (<10 nmol/L) or RBC (<340 nmol/L) folate concentrations was ≤ 1%, regardless of demographic subgroup, compared with 24% for serum folate and 3.5% for RBC folate prefortification, with substantial variation among demographic subgroups. The central 95% reference intervals for serum and RBC folate varied by demographic subgroup during both pre- and postfortification periods. Age and dietary supplement use had the greatest effects on prevalence estimates of low folate concentrations during the prefortification period. In summary, the MBA-equivalent blood folate concentrations in the U.S. population showed first a sharp increase from pre- to postfortification, then showed a slight decrease (17% for serum and 12% for RBC folate) during the 12-y postfortification period. The MBA-equivalent pre- and postfortification reference concentrations will inform countries that plan folic acid fortification or that need to evaluate its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Pfeiffer
- National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - R. J. Berry
- National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC, Atlanta, GA; and
| | - Mindy Zhang
- National Center for Environmental Health, CDC, Atlanta, GA
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24
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McCleary BV, DeVries JW, Rader JI, Cohen G, Prosky L, Mugford DC, Okuma K. Determination of insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fiber (CODEX definition) by enzymatic-gravimetric method and liquid chromatography: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2012; 95:824-44. [PMID: 22816275 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.cs2011_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of insoluble (IDF), soluble (SDF), and total dietary fiber (TDF), as defined by the CODEX Alimentarius, was validated in foods. Based upon the principles of AOAC Official Methods 985.29, 991.43, 2001.03, and 2002.02, the method quantitates water-insoluble and water-soluble dietary fiber. This method extends the capabilities of the previously adopted AOAC Official Method 2009.01, Total Dietary Fiber in Foods, Enzymatic-Gravimetric-Liquid Chromatographic Method, applicable to plant material, foods, and food ingredients consistent with CODEX Definition 2009, including naturally occurring, isolated, modified, and synthetic polymers meeting that definition. The method was evaluated through an AOAC/AACC collaborative study. Twenty-two laboratories participated, with 19 laboratories returning valid assay data for 16 test portions (eight blind duplicates) consisting of samples with a range of traditional dietary fiber, resistant starch, and nondigestible oligosaccharides. The dietary fiber content of the eight test pairs ranged from 10.45 to 29.90%. Digestion of samples under the conditions of AOAC 2002.02 followed by the isolation, fractionation, and gravimetric procedures of AOAC 985.29 (and its extensions 991.42 and 993.19) and 991.43 results in quantitation of IDF and soluble dietary fiber that precipitates (SDFP). The filtrate from the quantitation of water-alcohol-insoluble dietary fiber is concentrated, deionized, concentrated again, and analyzed by LC to determine the SDF that remains soluble (SDFS), i.e., all dietary fiber polymers of degree of polymerization = 3 and higher, consisting primarily, but not exclusively, of oligosaccharides. SDF is calculated as the sum of SDFP and SDFS. TDF is calculated as the sum of IDF and SDF. The within-laboratory variability, repeatability SD (Sr), for IDF ranged from 0.13 to 0.71, and the between-laboratory variability, reproducibility SD (SR), for IDF ranged from 0.42 to 2.24. The within-laboratory variability Sr for SDF ranged from 0.28 to 1.03, and the between-laboratory variability SR for SDF ranged from 0.85 to 1.66. The within-laboratory variability Sr for TDF ranged from 0.47 to 1.41, and the between-laboratory variability SR for TDF ranged from 0.95 to 3.14. This is comparable to other official and approved dietary fiber methods, and the method is recommended for adoption as Official First Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry V McCleary
- Megazyme International, Bray Business Park, Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.
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25
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Tamta H, Pawar RS, Wamer WG, Grundel E, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Comparison of metabolism-mediated effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in a HepG2/C3A cell-S9 co-incubation system and quantification of their glutathione conjugates. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:1038-48. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.679978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Delmonte P, Fardin-Kia AR, Kramer JK, Mossoba MM, Sidisky L, Tyburczy C, Rader JI. Evaluation of highly polar ionic liquid gas chromatographic column for the determination of the fatty acids in milk fat. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1233:137-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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27
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Fardin-Kia AR, Handy SM, Rader JI. Characterization of pine nuts in the U.S. market, including those associated with "pine mouth", by GC-FID. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:2701-2711. [PMID: 22339292 DOI: 10.1021/jf205188m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Taste disturbances following consumption of pine nuts, referred to as "pine mouth", have been reported by consumers in the United States and Europe. Nuts of Pinus armandii have been associated with pine mouth, and a diagnostic index (DI) measuring the content of Δ5-unsaturated fatty acids relative to that of their fatty acid precursors has been proposed for identifying nuts from this species. A 100 m SLB-IL 111 GC column was used to improve fatty acid separations, and 45 pine nut samples were analyzed, including pine mouth-associated samples. This study examined the use of a DI for the identification of mixtures of pine nut species and showed the limitation of morphological characteristics for species identification. DI values for many commercial samples did not match those of known reference species, indicating that the majority of pine nuts collected in the U.S. market, including those associated with pine mouth, are mixtures of nuts from different Pinus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Fardin-Kia
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
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28
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Handy SM, Parks MB, Deeds JR, Liston A, de Jager LS, Luccioli S, Kwegyir-Afful E, Fardin-Kia AR, Begley TH, Rader JI, Diachenko GW. Use of the chloroplast gene ycf1 for the genetic differentiation of pine nuts obtained from consumers experiencing dysgeusia. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:10995-11002. [PMID: 21932798 DOI: 10.1021/jf203215v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pine nuts are a part of traditional cooking in many parts of the world and have seen a significant increase in availability/use in the United States over the past 10 years. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) field offices received 411 complaints from U.S. consumers over the past three years regarding taste disturbances following the consumption of pine nuts. Using analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, previous reports have implicated nuts from Pinus armandii (Armand Pine) as the causative species for similar taste disturbances. This method was found to provide insufficient species resolution to link FDA consumer complaint samples to a single species of pine, particularly when samples contained species mixtures of pine nuts. Here we describe a DNA based method for differentiating pine nut samples using the ycf1 chloroplast gene. Although the exact cause of pine nut associated dysgeusia is still not known, we found that 15 of 15 samples from consumer complaints contained at least some Pinus armandii, confirming the apparent association of this species with taste disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Handy
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.
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29
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Yetley EA, Pfeiffer CM, Phinney KW, Fazili Z, Lacher DA, Bailey RL, Blackmore S, Bock JL, Brody LC, Carmel R, Curtin LR, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Eckfeldt JH, Green R, Gregory JF, Hoofnagle AN, Jacobsen DW, Jacques PF, Molloy AM, Massaro J, Mills JL, Nexo E, Rader JI, Selhub J, Sempos C, Shane B, Stabler S, Stover P, Tamura T, Tedstone A, Thorpe SJ, Coates PM, Johnson CL, Picciano MF. Biomarkers of folate status in NHANES: a roundtable summary. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:303S-312S. [PMID: 21593502 PMCID: PMC3127517 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A roundtable to discuss the measurement of folate status biomarkers in NHANES took place in July 2010. NHANES has measured serum folate since 1974 and red blood cell (RBC) folate since 1978 with the use of several different measurement procedures. Data on serum 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF) and folic acid (FA) concentrations in persons aged ≥60 y are available in NHANES 1999-2002. The roundtable reviewed data that showed that folate concentrations from the Bio-Rad Quantaphase II procedure (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA; used in NHANES 1991-1994 and NHANES 1999-2006) were, on average, 29% lower for serum and 45% lower for RBC than were those from the microbiological assay (MA), which was used in NHANES 2007-2010. Roundtable experts agreed that these differences required a data adjustment for time-trend analyses. The roundtable reviewed the possible use of an isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) measurement procedure for future NHANES and agreed that the close agreement between the MA and LC-MS/MS results for serum folate supported conversion to the LC-MS/MS procedure. However, for RBC folate, the MA gave 25% higher concentrations than did the LC-MS/MS procedure. The roundtable agreed that the use of the LC-MS/MS procedure to measure RBC folate is premature at this time. The roundtable reviewed the reference materials available or under development at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and recognized the challenges related to, and the scientific need for, these materials. They noted the need for a commutability study for the available reference materials for serum 5MTHF and FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Yetley
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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30
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Yetley EA, Pfeiffer CM, Phinney KW, Bailey RL, Blackmore S, Bock JL, Brody LC, Carmel R, Curtin LR, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Eckfeldt JH, Green R, Gregory JF, Hoofnagle AN, Jacobsen DW, Jacques PF, Lacher DA, Molloy AM, Massaro J, Mills JL, Nexo E, Rader JI, Selhub J, Sempos C, Shane B, Stabler S, Stover P, Tamura T, Tedstone A, Thorpe SJ, Coates PM, Johnson CL, Picciano MF. Biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status in NHANES: a roundtable summary. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:313S-321S. [PMID: 21593512 PMCID: PMC3127527 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.013243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A roundtable to discuss the measurement of vitamin B-12 (cobalamin) status biomarkers in NHANES took place in July 2010. NHANES stopped measuring vitamin B-12-related biomarkers after 2006. The roundtable reviewed 3 biomarkers of vitamin B-12 status used in past NHANES--serum vitamin B-12, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and total homocysteine (tHcy)--and discussed the potential utility of measuring holotranscobalamin (holoTC) for future NHANES. The roundtable focused on public health considerations and the quality of the measurement procedures and reference methods and materials that past NHANES used or that are available for future NHANES. Roundtable members supported reinstating vitamin B-12 status measures in NHANES. They noted evolving concerns and uncertainties regarding whether subclinical (mild, asymptomatic) vitamin B-12 deficiency is a public health concern. They identified the need for evidence from clinical trials to address causal relations between subclinical vitamin B-12 deficiency and adverse health outcomes as well as appropriate cutoffs for interpreting vitamin B-12-related biomarkers. They agreed that problems with sensitivity and specificity of individual biomarkers underscore the need for including at least one biomarker of circulating vitamin B-12 (serum vitamin B-12 or holoTC) and one functional biomarker (MMA or tHcy) in NHANES. The inclusion of both serum vitamin B-12 and plasma MMA, which have been associated with cognitive dysfunction and anemia in NHANES and in other population-based studies, was preferable to provide continuity with past NHANES. Reliable measurement procedures are available, and National Institute of Standards and Technology reference materials are available or in development for serum vitamin B-12 and MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Yetley
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-7517, USA.
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31
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Cacciola F, Delmonte P, Jaworska K, Dugo P, Mondello L, Rader JI. Employing ultra high pressure liquid chromatography as the second dimension in a comprehensive two-dimensional system for analysis of Stevia rebaudiana extracts. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2012-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Delmonte P, Fardin Kia AR, Kramer JK, Mossoba MM, Sidisky L, Rader JI. Separation characteristics of fatty acid methyl esters using SLB-IL111, a new ionic liquid coated capillary gas chromatographic column. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:545-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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33
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Ma J, Whittaker P, Keller AC, Mazzola EP, Pawar RS, White KD, Callahan JH, Kennelly EJ, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from Momordica charantia. Planta Med 2010; 76:1758-1761. [PMID: 20379957 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1249807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
One new cucurbitane-type triterpenoid glycoside, momordicoside U (1), together with five known cucurbitane-type triterpenoids and related glycosides, 3β,7 β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23 (E)-dien-19-al (2), momordicine I (3), momordicine II (4), 3-hydroxycucurbita-5,24-dien-19-al-7,23-di-O-β-glucopyranoside (5), and kuguaglycoside G (6), were isolated from the whole plant of Momordica charantia. Their structures were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Momordicoside U (1) was evaluated for insulin secretion activity in an in vitro insulin secretion assay and displayed moderate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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34
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Klein MA, Nahin RL, Messina MJ, Rader JI, Thompson LU, Badger TM, Dwyer JT, Kim YS, Pontzer CH, Starke-Reed PE, Weaver CM. Guidance from an NIH workshop on designing, implementing, and reporting clinical studies of soy interventions. J Nutr 2010; 140:1192S-1204S. [PMID: 20392880 PMCID: PMC2869505 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The NIH sponsored a scientific workshop, "Soy Protein/Isoflavone Research: Challenges in Designing and Evaluating Intervention Studies," July 28-29, 2009. The workshop goal was to provide guidance for the next generation of soy protein/isoflavone human research. Session topics included population exposure to soy; the variability of the human response to soy; product composition; methods, tools, and resources available to estimate exposure and protocol adherence; and analytical methods to assess soy in foods and supplements and analytes in biologic fluids and other tissues. The intent of the workshop was to address the quality of soy studies, not the efficacy or safety of soy. Prior NIH workshops and an evidence-based review questioned the quality of data from human soy studies. If clinical studies are pursued, investigators need to ensure that the experimental designs are optimal and the studies properly executed. The workshop participants identified methodological issues that may confound study results and interpretation. Scientifically sound and useful options for dealing with these issues were discussed. The resulting guidance is presented in this document with a brief rationale. The guidance is specific to soy clinical research and does not address nonsoy-related factors that should also be considered in designing and reporting clinical studies. This guidance may be used by investigators, journal editors, study sponsors, and protocol reviewers for a variety of purposes, including designing and implementing trials, reporting results, and interpreting published epidemiological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite A. Klein
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Richard L. Nahin
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Mark J. Messina
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Jeanne I. Rader
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Lilian U. Thompson
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Thomas M. Badger
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Johanna T. Dwyer
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Young S. Kim
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Carol H. Pontzer
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Pamela E. Starke-Reed
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Connie M. Weaver
- Office of Dietary Supplements,; National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine,; National Cancer Institute, and Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Department of Nutrition, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E2; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202; Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Pawar RS, Grundel E, Mazzola E, White KD, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Chiral stationary phases for separation of intermedine and lycopsamine enantiomers fromSymphytum uplandicum. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:200-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Pan SJ, Sharpless K, Szpylka J, Gilani S, Woollard DC, Phillips JG, Williams SM, Abernathy G, Cardozo MSS, DeVries JW, McCleary B, O'Kane A, Rader JI, Thomsen AP, Rodriguez MGT. Committee on Food Nutrition. J AOAC Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/93.1.30b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jing Pan
- Abbott Nutrition International, 3300 Seltzer Rd, Columbus, OH 43219
| | - Katherine Sharpless
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, 100 Bureau Dr, Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - John Szpylka
- General Mills/Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave N., Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Sarwar Gilani
- Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - David C Woollard
- New Zealand Laboratory Services Ltd, 35, O'Rorke Rd, Penrose, Auckland 1061, New Zealand
| | - John G Phillips
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038-8551
| | - Sara M Williams
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, PO Box 3160, College Station, TX 77841-3160
| | - Grant Abernathy
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd, Private Bag 11029, Dairy Farm Rd, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Jonathan W DeVries
- General Mills/Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave N., Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Barry McCleary
- Megazyme International Ireland, Ltd, Bray Business Park, Southern Cross Rd, Bray City, Co. Wicklow, Ireland
| | - Anthony O'Kane
- Xenosense Ltd, Unit 18, The Innovation Centre, Northern Ireland Science Park, Belfast, BT3 9DT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, HFS 715, College Park, MD 20740-3835
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McCleary BV, DeVries JW, Rader JI, Cohen G, Prosky L, Mugford DC, Champ M, Okuma K. Determination of total dietary fiber (CODEX definition) by enzymatic-gravimetric method and liquid chromatography: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2010; 93:221-233. [PMID: 20334184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of total dietary fiber (TDF), as defined by the CODEX Alimentarius, was validated in foods. Based upon the principles of AOAC Official Methods 985.29, 991.43, 2001.03, and 2002.02, the method quantitates high- and low-molecular-weight dietary fiber (HMWDF and LMWDF, respectively). In 2007, McCleary described a method of extended enzymatic digestion at 37 degrees C to simulate human intestinal digestion followed by gravimetric isolation and quantitation of HMWDF and the use of LC to quantitate low-molecular-weight soluble dietary fiber (LMWSDF). The method thus quantitates the complete range of dietary fiber components from resistant starch (by utilizing the digestion conditions of AOAC Method 2002.02) to digestion resistant oligosaccharides (by incorporating the deionization and LC procedures of AOAC Method 2001.03). The method was evaluated through an AOAC collaborative study. Eighteen laboratories participated with 16 laboratories returning valid assay data for 16 test portions (eight blind duplicates) consisting of samples with a range of traditional dietary fiber, resistant starch, and nondigestible oligosaccharides. The dietary fiber content of the eight test pairs ranged from 11.57 to 47.83%. Digestion of samples under the conditions of AOAC Method 2002.02 followed by the isolation and gravimetric procedures of AOAC Methods 985.29 and 991.43 results in quantitation of HMWDF. The filtrate from the quantitation of HMWDF is concentrated, deionized, concentrated again, and analyzed by LC to determine the LMWSDF, i.e., all nondigestible oligosaccharides of degree of polymerization > or =3. TDF is calculated as the sum of HMWDF and LMWSDF. Repeatability standard deviations (Sr) ranged from 0.41 to 1.43, and reproducibility standard deviations (S(R)) ranged from 1.18 to 5.44. These results are comparable to other official dietary fiber methods, and the method is recommended for adoption as Official First Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry V McCleary
- Megazyme International, Bray Business Park, Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.
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Delmonte P, Kia ARF, Hu Q, Rader JI. Review of methods for preparation and gas chromatographic separation of trans and cis reference fatty acids. J AOAC Int 2009; 92:1310-1326. [PMID: 19916368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, several countries have implemented new regulations regarding the limitation or labeling of the trans fatty acid (TFA) content of foods and dietary supplements. GC methods for fatty acid (FA) analysis have been updated by improving the separation of TFAs from other FAs, especially trans- and cis-18:1, and by focusing more attention on the FAs contained in fats and oils in lower amounts. FA analysis is affected by the limited availability of reference materials. Identifications are frequently made simply by comparison with separations reported in the literature. This report describes the preparation of mixtures containing fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that are not available as reference materials. These mixtures can be used for FAME identifications. The prepared mixtures are analyzed under the experimental conditions of the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) Official Method Ce 1h-05 and AOCS Recommended Practice Ce 1j-07.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Delmonte
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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Trucksess MW, Whitaker TB, Weaver CM, Slate A, Giesbrecht FG, Rader JI, Betz JM. Sampling and analytical variability associated with the determination of total aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in powdered ginger sold as a dietary supplement in capsules. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:321-5. [PMID: 19105639 DOI: 10.1021/jf8017854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is studying the need to monitor dietary supplements for mycotoxins such as total aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. An effective mycotoxin-monitoring program requires knowledge of the sampling and analytical variability associated with the determination of total aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in dietary supplements. Three lots of ginger sold as a powder in capsule form and packaged in individual bottles were analyzed for both AF and OTA. The total variability associated with measuring AF and OTA in powdered ginger was partitioned into bottle-to-bottle, within bottle, and analytical variances. The variances were estimated using a nested design. For AF and OTA, the within-bottle variance associated with the 5 g laboratory sample size was the largest component of variability accounting for about 43% and 85% of the total variance, respectively; the analytical variance accounted for about 34% and 9% of the total variability, respectively; and the bottle-to-bottle variance accounted for about 23% and 7% of the total variance, respectively. When the total variance is converted into the coefficient of variation (CV or standard deviation relative to the mean concentration), the CV is lower for AF (16.9%) than OTA (24.7%).
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Szpylka J, Pan SJ, Cardozo MSS, Patterson KY, Rader JI, Shoemaker DD, Rodriguez MGT, Woollard DC, Sharpless KE, Phillips JG, Williams SM, Phifer EC, Godshall MA, Blake CJ. Committee on Food Nutrition. J AOAC Int 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/92.1.26b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Szpylka
- General Mills/Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Shang-Jing Pan
- Abbott Nutrition International, 3300 Seltzer Rd, Columbus, OH 43219
| | | | - Kristine Y Patterson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Nutrient Data Laboratory, Bldg 005, Room 201, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, HFS 715, College Park, MD 20740-3835
| | - Dirk D Shoemaker
- Nebraska Department of Agriculture, 3703 South 14th St, Lincoln, NE 68502
| | | | - David C Woollard
- New Zealand Laboratory Services Ltd, 35 O'Rorke Rd, Penrose, Auckland 1061, New Zealand
| | - Katherine E Sharpless
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, 100 Bureau Dr, Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - John G Phillips
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038-8551
| | - Sara M Williams
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, PO Box 3160, College Station, TX 77841-3160
| | - Edwin C Phifer
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Southeast Regional Laboratory, 60 8th St NE, Atlanta, GA 30309
| | - Mary A Godshall
- Sugar Processing Research, Inc., 1100 Robert E. Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124
| | - Christopher J Blake
- Nestec Ltd, Quality and Safety Assurance Department, Nestle Research Center, Ves-chez-les-Blanc, PO Box 44, Lausanne 26, 1000-CH, Switzerland
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Delmonte P, Hu Q, Kia ARF, Rader JI. Preparation, chromatographic separation and relative retention times of cis/trans heptadecaenoic (17:1) fatty acids. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1214:30-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Trucksess MW, Weaver CM, Oles CJ, Fry FS, Noonan GO, Betz JM, Rader JI. Determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 and ochratoxin A in ginseng and ginger by multitoxin immunoaffinity column cleanup and liquid chromatographic quantitation: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2008; 91:511-23. [PMID: 18567295 PMCID: PMC2586123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility characteristics of a method using multitoxin immunoaffinity column cleanup with liquid chromatography (LC) for determination of aflatoxins (AF; sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in powdered ginseng and ginger have been established in a collaborative study involving 13 laboratories from 7 countries. Blind duplicate samples of blank, spiked (AF and OTA added) at levels ranging from 0.25 to 16.0 microg/kg for AF and 0.25 to 8.0 microg/kg for OTA were analyzed. A naturally contaminated powdered ginger sample was also included. Test samples were extracted with methanol and 0.5% aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (700 + 300, v/v). The extract was centrifuged, diluted with phosphate buffer (PB), filtered, and applied to an immunoaffinity column containing antibodies specific for AF and OTA. After washing the column with water, the toxins were eluted from the column with methanol, and quantified by high-performance LC with fluorescence detection. Average recoveries of AF from ginseng and ginger ranged from 70 to 87% (at spiking levels ranging from 2 to 16 microg/kg), and of OTA, from 86 to 113% (at spiking levels ranging from 1 to 8 microg/kg). Relative standard deviations for within-laboratory repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 2.6 to 8.3% for AF, and from 2.5 to 10.7% for OTA. Relative standard deviations for between-laboratory reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 5.7 to 28.6% for AF, and from 5.5 to 10.7% for OTA. HorRat values were < or = 2 for the multi-analytes in the 2 matrixes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary W Trucksess
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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McDowell MA, Lacher DA, Pfeiffer CM, Mulinare J, Picciano MF, Rader JI, Yetley EA, Kennedy-Stephenson J, Johnson CL. Blood folate levels: the latest NHANES results. NCHS Data Brief 2008:1-8. [PMID: 19389320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Very large increases in blood folate levels of the U.S. population occurred between 1988-1994 and 1999-2000. Small fluctuations in blood folate levels occurred over the time period 1999-2006. The median red blood cell (RBC) folate level of the U.S. population 4 years of age and older was 266 ng/mL in 2005-2006. The median serum folate level of the U.S. population 4 years of age and older was 12.2 ng/mL in 2005-2006. In 2005-2006, the prevalence of low RBC folate (less than 140 ng/mL) among U.S. women of childbearing age (15-45 years) was 4.5%. In 2005-2006, the prevalence of low serum folate (less than 3 ng/mL) among U.S. women of childbearing age was 0.5%. Folate is an essential vitamin for good health. Women of childbearing age are among the population subgroups that have been shown previously to have low blood folate levels. Low blood folate levels are associated with an increased risk of neural tube birth defects. Beginning in 1998, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the addition of folic acid (a form of folate) to all enriched breads, cereals, flours, corn meal, pasta products, rice, and other cereal grain products sold in the United States. Blood folate data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) have documented improvements in the folate status of the U.S. population after folate fortification was implemented. Red blood cell (RBC) folate measures long-term folate intake and low levels are associated with adverse health effects. Serum folate reflects recent folate intake and low levels are an early indicator of inadequate folate status. Pre- and postfortification blood folate levels of the U.S. population 4 years of age and older and prevalence of low blood folate among women of childbearing age (15-45 years) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A McDowell
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Health Statistics 3311 Toledo Road, Hyattsville, Maryland 20782, USA
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Pfeiffer CM, Osterloh JD, Kennedy-Stephenson J, Picciano MF, Yetley EA, Rader JI, Johnson CL. Trends in circulating concentrations of total homocysteine among US adolescents and adults: findings from the 1991-1994 and 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Clin Chem 2008; 54:801-13. [PMID: 18375482 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has monitored total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in a nationally-representative sample of the US population since 1991. Until recently, however, data could not be compared across survey periods because of changes in analytical methods and specimen matrices. Such an analysis of these data could supplement current knowledge regarding whether the US folic acid fortification program has modified national plasma tHcy concentrations. METHODS We examined tHcy data in the prefortification NHANES III survey (phase II, 1991-1994) and in 3 postfortification survey periods (1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003-2004). We applied method adjustment equations to the survey data based on method comparison studies of separate samples. Persons with chronic kidney disease were excluded from the analyses. RESULTS Mean plasma tHcy concentrations decreased by 8%, 9%, and 10% for adolescent, adult, and older men and by 6%, 3%, and 13% for women, respectively, from before to after fortification. Concentrations remained unchanged between the first and third postfortification survey periods. Prevalence estimates of increased plasma tHcy concentrations (>13 micromol/L) for older men and women decreased from prefortification (32% and 20%, respectively) to postfortification (14% and 5%, respectively) but remained unchanged thereafter (16% and 14%, respectively [males] and 5% and 9%, respectively [females]). CONCLUSIONS After adjusting for method changes, we quantified a prefortification to postfortification decrease in circulating tHcy concentrations of about 10% in a national sample of the US population. This change is similar to effects seen in intervention trials with folic acid and in smaller observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Pfeiffer
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Satchithanandam S, Grundel E, Roach J, White KD, Mazzola E, Ganzera M, Rader JI. Alkaloids and saponins in dietary supplements of blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides). J AOAC Int 2008; 91:21-32. [PMID: 18376582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Preparations of blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) have been used traditionally by Native Americans for medicinal purposes. Dietary supplements containing dried roots or extracts of blue cohosh rhizomes are available as dietary supplements. The safety and efficacy of these preparations have not been systematically evaluated. Recent studies indicate that ingestion of specific alkaloids in blue cohosh preparations can produce birth defects and neonatal heart failure. Blue cohosh also contains saponins, which may be responsible for uterine-stimulating effects. We determined the amounts of major alkaloids and saponins in preparations of blue cohosh by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Alkaloids and saponins were monitored with a photodiode array detector and an evaporative light-scattering detector, respectively. Profiles were compared with those of authenticated blue cohosh root extracts. Identities of the alkaloids and saponins were confirmed by HPLC/mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Calculations based on the results of analyses of dietary supplements showed that maximum daily intake of alkaloids and saponins will vary with the form (e.g., root, liquid extract) and doses recommended in product labeling. Intakes may vary from < 1 to 75 mg/day for alkaloids and from about 9 to 420 mg/day for saponins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramaniam Satchithanandam
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Pfeiffer CM, Johnson CL, Jain RB, Yetley EA, Picciano MF, Rader JI, Fisher KD, Mulinare J, Osterloh JD. Trends in blood folate and vitamin B-12 concentrations in the United States, 1988 2004. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:718-27. [PMID: 17823438 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.3.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring the folate status of US population groups over time has been a public health priority for the past 2 decades, and the focus has been enhanced since the implementation of a folic acid fortification program in the mid-1990s. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine how population concentrations of serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate and serum vitamin B-12 have changed over the past 2 decades. DESIGN Measurement of blood indicators of folate and vitamin B-12 status was conducted in approximately 23,000 participants in the prefortification third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III; 1988-1994) and in approximately 8000 participants in 3 postfortification NHANES periods (together covering 1999-2004). RESULTS Serum and RBC folate concentrations increased substantially (by 119-161% and 44-64%, respectively) in each age group in the first postfortification survey period and then declined slightly (by 5-13% and 6-9%, respectively) in most age groups between the first and third postfortification survey periods. Serum vitamin B-12 concentrations did not change appreciably. Prevalence estimates of low serum and RBC folate concentrations declined in women of childbearing age from before to after fortification (from 21% to <1% and from 38% to 5%, respectively) but remained unchanged thereafter. Prevalence estimates of high serum folate concentrations increased in children and older persons from before to after fortification (from 5% to 42% and from 7% to 38%, respectively) but decreased later after fortification. CONCLUSIONS The decrease in folate concentrations observed longer after fortification is small compared with the increase soon after the introduction of fortification. The decrease is not at the low end of concentrations and therefore does not raise concerns about inadequate status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Pfeiffer
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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47
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Trucksess MW, Weaver CM, Oles CJ, Rump LV, White KD, Betz JM, Rader JI. Use of multitoxin immunoaffinity columns for determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in ginseng and ginger. J AOAC Int 2007; 90:1042-9. [PMID: 17760342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Conditions were optimized for the simultaneous, alkaline, aqueous methanol extraction of aflatoxins (AFL), i.e., B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), and G2 (AFG2), and ochratoxin A (OTA) with subsequent purification, isolation, and determination of the toxins in ginseng and ginger. Powdered roots were extracted with methanol-0.5% NaHCO3 solution (7 + 3). After shaking and centrifugation, the supernatant was diluted with 100 mM phosphate buffer containing 1% Tween 20 and filtered through glass microfiber filter paper. The filtrate was then passed through an immunoaffinity column, and the toxins were eluted with methanol. The AFL were separated and determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with fluorescence detection after postcolumn UV photochemical derivatization. OTA was separated and determined by RPLC with fluorescence detection. Recoveries of AFL added at 2-16 ng/g and OTA added at 1-8 ng/g to ginseng were 72-80 and 86-95%, respectively. Recoveries of AFL and OTA added to ginger were similar to those for ginseng. A total of 39 commercially available ginger products from 6 manufacturers were analyzed. Twenty-six samples were found to be contaminated with AFL at 1-31 ng/g and 29 samples, with OTA at 1-10 ng/g. Ten samples contained no AFL or OTA. Ten ginseng finished products were also analyzed; 3 contained AFL at 0.1 ng/g and 4 contained OTA at levels ranging from 0.4 to 1.8 ng/g. LC/tandem mass spectrometry with multiple-reaction monitoring of 3 collisionally induced product ions from the protonated molecular ions of OTA, AFB1, and AFG1 was used to confirm the identities of the toxins in extracts of the finished products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary W Trucksess
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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48
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Delmonte P, Rader JI. Evaluation of gas chromatographic methods for the determination of trans fat. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:77-85. [PMID: 17572885 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1392-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of trans fat has been associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. For nutrition labeling purposes, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines trans fat as the sum of all the fatty acids with at least one nonconjugated double bond in the trans configuration. The FDA regulation states that label declarations of trans fat are not required for products that contain less than 0.5 g of trans fat per serving if no claims are made about fat, fatty acids or cholesterol. While attenuated total reflection Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) provides reproducible measurements for samples containing more than 5% trans fat, methods based on gas chromatography (GC) are needed to measure lower trans fat levels. Trans fat quantitation by GC has recently been updated by considering more fatty acids, focusing more attention on fatty acids present in low amounts, and by using 100-m high-polarity capillary columns for optimal separation. The consistently high interlaboratory relative standard deviations (RSD, e.g., 21% at 1% trans fatty acids (TFA), 60% at 0.17% TFA), and intralaboratory RSD values (e.g., 10% at 1% TFA, 16% at 0.17% TFA) for trans fat at 1% or less of total fat reported in the collaborative study data for American Oil Chemists Society Official Method Ce 1h-05 suggest the need to carefully define the parameters associated with GC analysis of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Delmonte
- US Food and Drug Administration, HFS-717, Room 1E006, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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Pfeiffer CM, Johnson CL, Jain RB, Yetley EA, Picciano MF, Rader JI, Fisher KD, Mulinare J, Osterloh JD. Trends in blood folate levels in the United States, 1988–2004. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a104-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Clifford L Johnson
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionHYAT Bldg IV Rm 4205HyattsvilleMD20782
| | - Ram B Jain
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention4770 Buford HwyAtlantaGA30341
| | | | | | - Jeanne I Rader
- Food and Drug AdministrationCPK1, 1E005College ParkMD20740
| | - Ken D Fisher
- National Institutes of Health6100 Executive BlvdRockvilleMD20892
| | - Joe Mulinare
- Centers for Disease Control and PreventionEXPK Bldg 12 Rm 4027AtlantaGA30329
| | - John D Osterloh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention4770 Buford HwyAtlantaGA30341
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50
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Rader JI, Delmonte P, Trucksess MW. Recent studies on selected botanical dietary supplement ingredients. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:27-35. [PMID: 17390125 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1254-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The market for botanical dietary supplements in the US has grown rapidly during the last 15 years. Use of newly introduced botanical ingredients has often outpaced an adequate scientific understanding of the ingredients themselves. This may lead to problems, including misidentification, mislabeling, adulteration, and toxicity related to the intended ingredient or one substituted for it. This article reviews recent work with several botanical ingredients (Ephedra, Citrus species, Hoodia gordonii, Teucrium, isoflavones) that illustrates the complexity of the current situation and approaches that contribute to ensuring the quality of botanical ingredients. Recent work with contamination of botanical products by mycotoxins is also reviewed. The need for tools for botanical authentication and methods for reproducible extraction of bioactive constituents is critical. Such tools, and improved analytical techniques for identifying potentially bioactive constituents in fresh plant material and in concentrated extracts and for detection of hazardous contaminants, are expected to improve the overall quality and safety of botanical dietary supplement ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne I Rader
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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