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Hurst WJ, Martin RA, Bueno M, Clemente H, DeVries JW, Levi C, Li B, Popovich DJ, Sheeley R, Schumacher D, Stewart K, Taylor J, Toomey P. High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Carbohydrates in Chocolate: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/63.3.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A collaborative study determining sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, and lactose in chocolate products was conducted using a previously published high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. Five samples (2 milk chocolates, 1 dark chocolate, 1 powdered mix, and 1 sirup) were analyzed in duplicate by 7 collaborators. The results indicate adequate method precision. In addition, the HPLC method allows for the simultaneous determination of 5 saccharides in chocolate products in 15 min. The method has been adopted as official first action.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jeffrey Hurst
- Hershey Foods Corp., Research Laboratories, PO Box 54, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Robert A Martin
- Hershey Foods Corp., Research Laboratories, PO Box 54, Hershey, PA 17033
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2
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Tanner JT, Barnett SA, Mountford MK, Barnett S, Beare-Rogers JL, Bueno MP, DeAngelis N, deVries EJ, DeVries JW, Dube D, Ellefson W, Landen WO, Navis J, Pearson D, Reynolds SL, Richards P, Soliman AG, Thomson W. Analysis of Milk-Based Infant Formula. Phase IV. Iodide, Linoleic Acid, and Vitamins D and K: U.S. Food and Drug Administration-Infant Formula Council: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/76.5.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In 1982, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the Infant Formula Council and its member companies, contract laboratories, and other government laboratories began a study of analytical methods for the nutrients listed in the Infant Formula Act of 1980. Phases I, II, III, and V have been completed. The present report provides data on Phase IV, in which 13 laboratories collaboratively studied an ion-selective electrode method for analyzing iodide, a gas chromatographic method for linoleic acid, and 2 liquid chromatographic (LC) methods each for vitamins D and K. Data were insufficient to evaluate one each of the LC methods studied for vitamins K and D. The relative standard deviations (RSD) are sufficient for the nutrient levels found in infant formula. RSDs (%) for repeatability (RSDr) and reproducibility (RSDR), respectively, were as follows: iodide, 4.0-11.4 and 13.5-18.2; linoleic acid, 1.0-1.6 and 3.5-5.1; vitamin K1, 3.2-16.0 and 6.2-19.4; and vitamin D3,4.2 and 35.0. The recommendation to adopt the method for vitamin D was supported by the results of a ministudy. All laboratories were capable of using these methods with little training. The methods for determination of iodide, linoleic acid, and vitamins D and K in ready-to-feed milkbased infant formula have been adopted first action by AOAC International.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Tanner
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Nutrition, Washington, DC 20204
| | | | - Mardi K Mountford
- Infant Formula Council, 5775 Peachtree-Dunwoody Rd, Atlanta, GA 30342
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3
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DeVries JW, Kjos L, Groff L, Bob M, Kristi C, Patel H, Payne M, Leichtweis H, Shay M, Newcomer L. Studies in Improvement of Official Method 996.06. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/82.5.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Quantitation of fat in foods has been performed successfully with AOAC Official Method 996.06. A number of situations have been encountered that render the method note, “Note: For any unknown or uncalibrated peaks, use the nearest calibrated fatty acid response factors and conversion factors,” inaccurate. Identification of extraneous compounds and availability of additional standard fatty acid methyl esters combined with mass spectral data lead to the recommendation of modifications in Official Method 996.06. The stepwise performance of the method remains unchanged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori Kjos
- Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Linda Groff
- Hershey Foods Corporation, Technical Center, 1025 Reese Ave, Box 805, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Martin Bob
- Hershey Foods Corporation, Technical Center, 1025 Reese Ave, Box 805, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Cernohous Kristi
- Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Hasmukh Patel
- Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Mark Payne
- Hershey Foods Corporation, Technical Center, 1025 Reese Ave, Box 805, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Harry Leichtweis
- Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Mike Shay
- Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Leo Newcomer
- Hershey Foods Corporation, Technical Center, 1025 Reese Ave, Box 805, Hershey, PA 17033
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4
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Abstract
Abstract
Since 1953 when the term “dietary fiber” was coined, there has been concern about accurately defining this macronutrient component of the human diet. Proper and adequate analytical methodology and food labeling regulations are dependent upon an accurate definition. Health impact studies also depend upon an accurate and meaningful definition along with relevant methodology to provide data of adequate quality for epidemiological and clinical studies. The scientific communities associated with dietary fiber within AOAC INTERNATIONAL have been the leaders in bringing consensus to the dietary fiber definition and method validation for over a quarter of a century. The consensus definition and subsequent methodology have served as the base for regulations worldwide with regard to dietary fiber labeling and health claims. Recently, there has been renewed interest in reviewing the dietary fiber definition and updating it if the review indicates such a need. The American Association of Cereal Chemists completed an effort that provides a continuum for the historical scientific and regulatory efforts while allowing for inclusion of future discoveries into a framework based upon the knowledge gained in the past. Such a definition will provide for transparent and workable regulations with regard to dietary fiber, and will allow the dietary fiber scientific community of AOAC to validate relevant methods. The Food Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has published a set of definitions disconnected from the historical scientific base that do not provide a relevant basis for either adequate methodology, health studies or workable regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W DeVries
- Medallion Laboratories, General Mills, James Ford Bell Technical Center, 9000 Plymouth Ave., North, Minneapolis, MN 55427
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5
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DeVries JW, Rader JI, Keagy PM, Hudson CA, Angyal G, Arcot J, Castelli M, Doreanu N, Hudson C, Lawrence P, Martin J, Peace R, Rosner; L, Strandler HS, Szpylka J, van den Berg H, Wo C, Wurz C. Microbiological Assay-Trienzyme Procedure for Total Folates in Cereals and Cereal Foods: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/88.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In 1996, U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations mandated the fortification of enriched cereal-grain products with folic acid, thereby emphasizing the need for validated methods for total folates in foods, particularly cereal products. The AOAC Official Methods (944.12, 960.46) currently used for the analysis of folate in foods for compliance purposes are microbiological methods. When the fortification regulations were finalized, no Official AOAC or Approved AACC methods for folate in cereal-grain products were in place. The AOAC Official Method (992.05) for folic acid in infant formula does not incorporate important improvements in the extraction procedure and was not considered suitable for the analysis of folates in foods in general. Amicrobiological assay protocol using a trienzyme extraction procedure was prepared and submitted for comments to 40 laboratories with recognized experience in folate analysis. On the basis of comments, the method was revised to have the conjugase (gamma-glutamyl-carboxy-peptidase) treatment follow a protease treatment, to include the use of cryoprotected inoculum, and to include the spectroscopic standardization of the standard and optional use of microtiter plates. Thirteen laboratories participated in a collaborative study of 10 required and 10 optional cereal-grain products, including flour, bread, cookies, baking mixes, and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. The majority of the participating laboratories performed the assay by the standard test tube method; others used the microtiter plate modification for endpoint quantitation with equal success. For the required products, the relative standard deviation between laboratories (RSDR) ranged from 7.4 to 21.6% for 8 fortified (or enriched) products compared with expected (Horwitz equation-based) values of 11–20%. RSDR values were higher (22.7–52.9%) for 2 unfortified cereal-grain products. For the optional products, the RSDR ranged from 1.8 to 11.2% for 8 fortified products. RSDR values were higher (27.9–28.7%) for 2 unfortified cereal-grain products. Based on the results of the collaborative study, the microbiological assay with trienzyme extraction is recommended for adoption as Official First Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W DeVries
- Medallion Laboratories, General Mills Inc., 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740-3835
| | - Pamela M Keagy
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710
| | - Carol A Hudson
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710
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6
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Szpylka J, DeVries JW, Bhandari S, Bui MH, Ji D, Konings E, Lewis R, Maas P, Parish H, Post B, Schierle J, Sullivan; D, Taylor A, Wang J, Ware G, Woollard D, Wu T. Determination of β-Carotene in Supplements and Raw Materials by Reversed-Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/88.5.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Twelve laboratories representing 4 countries participated in an interlaboratory study conducted to determine all-trans-β-carotene and total β-carotene in dietary supplements and raw materials. Thirteen samples were sent as blind duplicates to the collaborators. Results obtained from 11 laboratories are reported. For products composed as softgels and tablets that were analyzed for total β-carotene, the reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) ranged from 3.35 to 23.09% and the HorRat values ranged from 1.06 to 3.72. For these products analyzed for trans β-carotene, the reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) ranged from 4.28 to 22.76% and the HorRat values ranged from 0.92 to 3.37. The RSDr and HorRat values in the analysis of a beadlet raw material were substantial and it is believed that the variability within the material itself introduced significant variation in subsampling. The method uses high pressure liquid chromatography (LC) in the reversed-phase mode with visible light absorbance for detection and quantitation. If high levels of α-carotenes are present, a second LC system is used for additional separation and quantitation of the carotene species. It is recommended that the method be adopted as an AOAC Official Method.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Szpylka
- Medallion Laboratories Division of General Mills, 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55427-3870
| | - Jonathan W DeVries
- Medallion Laboratories Division of General Mills, 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55427-3870
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7
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Abstract
Abstract
A review is presented describing the nature and evolving definition of dietary fiber. The historical development of the current definition is discussed as are the efforts to develop analytical methods to support food labeling regulations. Also considered are the characterization and quantitation of resistance starch, a dietary starch that does not digest in the small intestine, behaves like dietary fiber and therefore may have potential as a health-related ingredient in foods. The current status of AOAC methodology is discussed along with the possibility of updating the definition of dietary fiber. The potential impacts of changing the dietary fiber definition on analytical issues and on food composition databases are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W DeVries
- Medallion Laboratories, General Mills Inc., 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
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8
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DeVries JW, Silvera KR, Al-Hasani S, Alfiere J, Berge C, Boerner C, Cardozo S, Chettiar M, Dupont K, Gustafson K, Hanson E, Kazeminy A, Krueger D, Mazal R, Meland P, Mioc B, Oehrl L, Vinski E, Willis D, Wittrig B. Determination of Vitamins A (Retinol) and E (alpha-Tocopherol) in Foods by Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/85.2.424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted for the determination of vitamins A and E. Existing AOAC liquid chromatographic (LC) methods are suited for specific vitamins A and E analytical applications. This method differs from existing methods in that it can be used to assay samples in all 9 sectors of the food matrix. Standards and test samples are saponified in basic ethanol–water solution, neutralized, and diluted, converting fats to fatty acids and retinol esters and tocopherol esters to retinol and tocopherol, respectively. Retinol and alpha-tocopherol are quantitated on separate LC systems, using UV detection at 313 or 328 nm for retinol, and fluorescence detection (excitation 290 nm, emission 330 nm) for alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin concentrations are calculated by comparison of the peak heights or peak areas of vitamins in test samples with those of standards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karlene R Silvera
- Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427
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9
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Gordon DT, Okuma K, DeVries JW, Fukuhara K, Jacob W, Kuriyama N, Li BW, Matsuda I, McMonagle K, Parr GD, Porter S, Strong S, Sugimoto T, Tsuji K, Wolf B. Determination of Total Dietary Fiber in Selected Foods Containing Resistant Maltodextrin by Enzymatic-Gravimetric Method and Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/85.2.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A method was developed for determination of total dietary fiber (TDF) in foods containing resistant maltodextrin (RMD) which includes nondigestible carbohydrates that are not fully recovered as dietary fiber by conventional TDF methods such as AOAC 985.29 or 991.43. Because the average molecular weight (MW) of RMD is 2000 daltons, lower MW soluble dietary fiber components do not precipitate in 78% ethanol; therefore, RMD is not completely quantitated as dietary fiber by current AOAC methods. The accuracy and precision of the method was evaluated through an AOAC collaborative study. Ten laboratories participated and assayed 12 test portions (6 blind duplicates) containing RMD. The 6 test pairs ranged from 1.5 to 100% RMD. The method consisted of the following steps: (1) The insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and high MW soluble dietary fiber (HMWSDF) were determined by AOAC 985.29. (2) Ion exchange resins were used to remove salts and proteins contained in the AOAC 985.29 filtrates (including ethanol and acetone). (3) The amount of low MWRMD (LMWRMD) in the filtrates were determined by liquid chromatography. (4) The TDF was calculated by summation of the IDF, HMWSDF, and LMWRMD fractions having nondigestible carbohydrates with a degree of polymerization of 3 and higher. Repeatability standard deviations (RSDr) were 1.33–7.46%, calculated by including outliers, and 1.33–6.10%, calculated by not including outliers. Reproducibility standard deviations (RSDR) were 2.48–9.39%, calculated by including outliers, and 1.79–9.39%, calculated by not including outliers. This method is recommended for adoption as Official First Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis T Gordon
- North Dakota State University, Department of Cereal Science, Harris Hall 110, Fargo, ND 58105
| | - Kazuhiro Okuma
- Matsutani Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Research Laboratory, 5-3 Kitaitami, Itami City, Hyogo, Japan 664-8508
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10
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DeVries JW, Silvera KR, McSherry E, Dowell D. Determination of vitamin A (retinol) in infant formula and adult nutritionals by liquid chromatography: First Action 2011.15. J AOAC Int 2012; 95:322-8. [PMID: 22649914 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.cs2011_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the "Standards Development and International Harmonization: AOAC INTERNATIONAL Mid-Year Meeting," held on June 29, 2011, an Expert Review Panel (ERP) reviewed the method for the "Determination of Vitamins A (Retinol) and E (alpha-Tocopherol) in Foods by Liquid Chromatography: Collaborative Study," published by Jonathan W. DeVries and Karlene R. Silvera in J. AOAC Int. in 2002. After evaluation of the original validation data, an ERP agreed in June 2011 that the method meets standard method performance requirements (SMPRs) for vitamin A, as articulated by the Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals. The ERP granted the method First Action status, applicable to determining vitamin A in ready-to-eat infant and adult nutritional formula. In an effort to achieve Final Action status, it was recommended that additional information be generated for different types of infant and adult nutritional formula matrixes at varied concentration levels as indicated in the vitamin A (retinol) SMPR. Existing AOAC LC methods are suited for specific vitamin A analytical applications. The original method differs from existing methods in that it can be used to assay samples in all nine sectors of the food matrix. One sector of the food matrix was powdered infant formula and gave support for the First Action approval for vitamin A in infant and adult nutritional formula. In this method, standards and test samples are saponified in basic ethanol-water solution, neutralized, and diluted, converting fats to fatty acids and retinol esters to retinol. Retinol is quantitated by an LC method, using UV detection at 313 or 328 nm for retinol. Vitamin concentration is calculated by comparison of the peak heights or peak areas of retinol in test samples with those of standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W DeVries
- Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427, USA.
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11
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McCleary BV, DeVries JW, Rader JI, Cohen G, Prosky L, Mugford DC, Okuma K. Determination of insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fiber (CODEX definition) by enzymatic-gravimetric method and liquid chromatography: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2012; 95:824-44. [PMID: 22816275 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.cs2011_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of insoluble (IDF), soluble (SDF), and total dietary fiber (TDF), as defined by the CODEX Alimentarius, was validated in foods. Based upon the principles of AOAC Official Methods 985.29, 991.43, 2001.03, and 2002.02, the method quantitates water-insoluble and water-soluble dietary fiber. This method extends the capabilities of the previously adopted AOAC Official Method 2009.01, Total Dietary Fiber in Foods, Enzymatic-Gravimetric-Liquid Chromatographic Method, applicable to plant material, foods, and food ingredients consistent with CODEX Definition 2009, including naturally occurring, isolated, modified, and synthetic polymers meeting that definition. The method was evaluated through an AOAC/AACC collaborative study. Twenty-two laboratories participated, with 19 laboratories returning valid assay data for 16 test portions (eight blind duplicates) consisting of samples with a range of traditional dietary fiber, resistant starch, and nondigestible oligosaccharides. The dietary fiber content of the eight test pairs ranged from 10.45 to 29.90%. Digestion of samples under the conditions of AOAC 2002.02 followed by the isolation, fractionation, and gravimetric procedures of AOAC 985.29 (and its extensions 991.42 and 993.19) and 991.43 results in quantitation of IDF and soluble dietary fiber that precipitates (SDFP). The filtrate from the quantitation of water-alcohol-insoluble dietary fiber is concentrated, deionized, concentrated again, and analyzed by LC to determine the SDF that remains soluble (SDFS), i.e., all dietary fiber polymers of degree of polymerization = 3 and higher, consisting primarily, but not exclusively, of oligosaccharides. SDF is calculated as the sum of SDFP and SDFS. TDF is calculated as the sum of IDF and SDF. The within-laboratory variability, repeatability SD (Sr), for IDF ranged from 0.13 to 0.71, and the between-laboratory variability, reproducibility SD (SR), for IDF ranged from 0.42 to 2.24. The within-laboratory variability Sr for SDF ranged from 0.28 to 1.03, and the between-laboratory variability SR for SDF ranged from 0.85 to 1.66. The within-laboratory variability Sr for TDF ranged from 0.47 to 1.41, and the between-laboratory variability SR for TDF ranged from 0.95 to 3.14. This is comparable to other official and approved dietary fiber methods, and the method is recommended for adoption as Official First Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry V McCleary
- Megazyme International, Bray Business Park, Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.
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12
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Moore JC, DeVries JW, Lipp M, Griffiths JC, Abernethy DR. Total Protein Methods and Their Potential Utility to Reduce the Risk of Food Protein Adulteration. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2010; 9:330-357. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Pan SJ, Sharpless K, Szpylka J, Gilani S, Woollard DC, Phillips JG, Williams SM, Abernathy G, Cardozo MSS, DeVries JW, McCleary B, O'Kane A, Rader JI, Thomsen AP, Rodriguez MGT. Committee on Food Nutrition. J AOAC Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/93.1.30b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Jing Pan
- Abbott Nutrition International, 3300 Seltzer Rd, Columbus, OH 43219
| | - Katherine Sharpless
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Analytical Chemistry Division, 100 Bureau Dr, Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8390
| | - John Szpylka
- General Mills/Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave N., Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Sarwar Gilani
- Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada
| | - David C Woollard
- New Zealand Laboratory Services Ltd, 35, O'Rorke Rd, Penrose, Auckland 1061, New Zealand
| | - John G Phillips
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038-8551
| | - Sara M Williams
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, PO Box 3160, College Station, TX 77841-3160
| | - Grant Abernathy
- Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd, Private Bag 11029, Dairy Farm Rd, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Jonathan W DeVries
- General Mills/Medallion Laboratories, 9000 Plymouth Ave N., Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Barry McCleary
- Megazyme International Ireland, Ltd, Bray Business Park, Southern Cross Rd, Bray City, Co. Wicklow, Ireland
| | - Anthony O'Kane
- Xenosense Ltd, Unit 18, The Innovation Centre, Northern Ireland Science Park, Belfast, BT3 9DT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanne I Rader
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, HFS 715, College Park, MD 20740-3835
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14
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Post BE, Marshak MR, DeVries JW. Simultaneous Ion Removal and Quantitation of Low-Molecular-Weight Dietary Fiber from High-Molecular-Weight Dietary Fiber Filtrates Using Liquid Chromatography. J AOAC Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/93.1.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary fiber and its quantitation in foods have been of significant interest in the nutrition community for over 50 years. A number of AOAC Official Methods of AnalysisSM have been adopted for the analysis of dietary fiber and some of its fractions and components commensurate with the evolving discoveries of dietary fiber nutrition research. Quantitation of low-molecular-weight soluble dietary fiber (LMWSDF) has been difficult due to high solubility in a precipitating solvent mixture of four parts alcohol and one part water. AOAC Method 2001.03 effectively quantitates LWMSDF subsequent to gravimetric removal of high-molecular-weight dietary fiber using LC. However, deionization and concentration of the enzymatic digestate, necessary to assure accurate LC quantitation, requires substantial time and manual labor. A modification to the method and resulting method performance is presented that describes a means of simultaneously deionizing the digestate and quantitating the LMWSDF in a single LC injection, eliminating a number of time-consuming manual preparation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett E Post
- Medallion Laboratories/General Mills Inc, 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Michael R Marshak
- Medallion Laboratories/General Mills Inc, 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Jonathan W DeVries
- Medallion Laboratories/General Mills Inc, 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427
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15
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Post BE, Marshak MR, DeVries JW. Simultaneous ion removal and quantitation of low-molecular-weight dietary fiber from high-molecular-weight dietary fiber filtrates using liquid chromatography. J AOAC Int 2010; 93:234-242. [PMID: 20334185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fiber and its quantitation in foods have been of significant interest in the nutrition community for over 50 years. A number of AOAC Official Methods of Analysis have been adopted for the analysis of dietary fiber and some of its fractions and components commensurate with the evolving discoveries of dietary fiber nutrition research. Quantitation of low-molecular-weight soluble dietary fiber (LMWSDF) has been difficult due to high solubility in a precipitating solvent mixture of four parts alcohol and one part water. AOAC Method 2001.03 effectively quantitates LWMSDF subsequent to gravimetric removal of high-molecular-weight dietary fiber using LC. However, deionization and concentration of the enzymatic digestate, necessary to assure accurate LC quantitation, requires substantial time and manual labor. A modification to the method and resulting method performance is presented that describes a means of simultaneously deionizing the digestate and quantitating the LMWSDF in a single LC injection, eliminating a number of time-consuming manual preparation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett E Post
- Medallion Laboratories/General Mills Inc., 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427, USA.
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McCleary BV, DeVries JW, Rader JI, Cohen G, Prosky L, Mugford DC, Champ M, Okuma K. Determination of total dietary fiber (CODEX definition) by enzymatic-gravimetric method and liquid chromatography: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2010; 93:221-233. [PMID: 20334184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of total dietary fiber (TDF), as defined by the CODEX Alimentarius, was validated in foods. Based upon the principles of AOAC Official Methods 985.29, 991.43, 2001.03, and 2002.02, the method quantitates high- and low-molecular-weight dietary fiber (HMWDF and LMWDF, respectively). In 2007, McCleary described a method of extended enzymatic digestion at 37 degrees C to simulate human intestinal digestion followed by gravimetric isolation and quantitation of HMWDF and the use of LC to quantitate low-molecular-weight soluble dietary fiber (LMWSDF). The method thus quantitates the complete range of dietary fiber components from resistant starch (by utilizing the digestion conditions of AOAC Method 2002.02) to digestion resistant oligosaccharides (by incorporating the deionization and LC procedures of AOAC Method 2001.03). The method was evaluated through an AOAC collaborative study. Eighteen laboratories participated with 16 laboratories returning valid assay data for 16 test portions (eight blind duplicates) consisting of samples with a range of traditional dietary fiber, resistant starch, and nondigestible oligosaccharides. The dietary fiber content of the eight test pairs ranged from 11.57 to 47.83%. Digestion of samples under the conditions of AOAC Method 2002.02 followed by the isolation and gravimetric procedures of AOAC Methods 985.29 and 991.43 results in quantitation of HMWDF. The filtrate from the quantitation of HMWDF is concentrated, deionized, concentrated again, and analyzed by LC to determine the LMWSDF, i.e., all nondigestible oligosaccharides of degree of polymerization > or =3. TDF is calculated as the sum of HMWDF and LMWSDF. Repeatability standard deviations (Sr) ranged from 0.41 to 1.43, and reproducibility standard deviations (S(R)) ranged from 1.18 to 5.44. These results are comparable to other official dietary fiber methods, and the method is recommended for adoption as Official First Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry V McCleary
- Megazyme International, Bray Business Park, Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland.
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Jackson LS, Al-Taher FM, Moorman M, DeVries JW, Tippett R, Swanson KMJ, Fu TJ, Salter R, Dunaif G, Estes S, Albillos S, Gendel SM. Cleaning and other control and validation strategies to prevent allergen cross-contact in food-processing operations. J Food Prot 2008; 71:445-58. [PMID: 18326204 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-71.2.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies affect an estimated 10 to 12 million people in the United States. Some of these individuals can develop life-threatening allergic reactions when exposed to allergenic proteins. At present, the only successful method to manage food allergies is to avoid foods containing allergens. Consumers with food allergies rely on food labels to disclose the presence of allergenic ingredients. However, undeclared allergens can be inadvertently introduced into a food via cross-contact during manufacturing. Although allergen removal through cleaning of shared equipment or processing lines has been identified as one of the critical points for effective allergen control, there is little published information on the effectiveness of cleaning procedures for removing allergenic materials from processing equipment. There also is no consensus on how to validate or verify the efficacy of cleaning procedures. The objectives of this review were (i) to study the incidence and cause of allergen cross-contact, (ii) to assess the science upon which the cleaning of food contact surfaces is based, (iii) to identify best practices for cleaning allergenic foods from food contact surfaces in wet and dry manufacturing environments, and (iv) to present best practices for validating and verifying the efficacy of allergen cleaning protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Jackson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Food Safety and Technology, 6502 South Archer Road, Summit-Argo, Illinois 60501, USA.
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DeVries JW, Rader JI. Historical perspective as a guide for identifying and developing applicable methods for dietary fiber. J AOAC Int 2005; 88:1349-66. [PMID: 16385983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A review is presented describing the nature and evolving definition of dietary fiber. The historical development of the current definition is discussed as are the efforts to develop analytical methods to support food labeling regulations. Also considered are the characterization and quantitation of resistance starch, a dietary starch that does not digest in the small intestine, behaves like dietary fiber and therefore may have potential as a health-related ingredient in foods. The current status of AOAC methodology is discussed along with the possibility of updating the definition of dietary fiber. The potential impacts of changing the dietary fiber definition on analytical issues and on food composition databases are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W DeVries
- Medallion Laboratories, General Mills Inc., 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427, USA.
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DeVries JW, Rader JI, Keagy PM, Hudson CA, Angyal G, Arcot J, Castelli M, Doreanu N, Hudson C, Lawrence P, Martin J, Peace R, Rosner L, Strandler HS, Szpylka J, van den Berg H, Wo C, Wurz C. Microbiological assay-trienzyme procedure for total folates in cereals and cereal foods: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2005; 88:5-15. [PMID: 15759720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In 1996, U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations mandated the fortification of enriched cereal-grain products with folic acid, thereby emphasizing the need for validated methods for total folates in foods, particularly cereal products. The AOAC Official Methods (944.12, 960.46) currently used for the analysis of folate in foods for compliance purposes are microbiological methods. When the fortification regulations were finalized, no Official AOAC or Approved AACC methods for folate in cereal-grain products were in place. The AOAC Official Method (992.05) for folic acid in infant formula does not incorporate important improvements in the extraction procedure and was not considered suitable for the analysis of folates in foods in general. A microbiological assay protocol using a trienzyme extraction procedure was prepared and submitted for comments to 40 laboratories with recognized experience in folate analysis. On the basis of comments, the method was revised to have the conjugase (gamma-glutamyl-carboxy-peptidase) treatment follow a protease treatment, to include the use of cryoprotected inoculum, and to include the spectroscopic standardization of the standard and optional use of microtiter plates. Thirteen laboratories participated in a collaborative study of 10 required and 10 optional cereal-grain products, including flour, bread, cookies, baking mixes, and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. The majority of the participating laboratories performed the assay by the standard test tube method; others used the microtiter plate modification for endpoint quantitation with equal success. For the required products, the relative standard deviation between laboratories (RSD(R)) ranged from 7.4 to 21.6% for 8 fortified (or enriched) products compared with expected (Horwitz equation-based) values of 11-20%. RSD(R) values were higher (22.7-52.9%) for 2 unfortified cereal-grain products. For the optional products, the RSD(R) ranged from 1.8 to 11.2% for 8 fortified products. RSD(R) values were higher (27.9-28.7%) for 2 unfortified cereal-grain products. Based on the results of the collaborative study, the microbiological assay with trienzyme extraction is recommended for adoption as Official First Action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W DeVries
- Medallion Laboratories, General Mills Inc., 9000 Plymouth Ave North, Minneapolis, MN 55427, USA.
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Szpylka J, DeVries JW. Determination of beta-carotene in supplements and raw materials by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 2005; 88:1279-91. [PMID: 16385976 PMCID: PMC2657295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Twelve laboratories representing 4 countries participated in an interlaboratory study conducted to determine all-trans-veta-carotene and total beta-carotene in dietary supplements and raw materials. Thirteen samples were sent as blind duplicates to the collaborators. Results obtained from 11 laboratories are reported. For products composed as softgels and tablets that were analyzed for total beta-carotene, the reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) ranged from 3.35 to 23.09% and the HorRat values ranged from 1.06 to 3.72. For these products analyzed for trans beta-carotene, the reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) ranged from 4.28 to 22.76% and the HorRat values ranged from 0.92 to 3.37. The RSDr and HorRat values in the analysis of a beadlet raw material were substantial and it is believed that the variability within the material itself introduced significant variation in subsampling. The method uses high pressure liquid chromatography (LC) in the reversed-phase mode with visible light absorbance for detection and quantitation. If high levels of alpha-carotenes are present, a second LC system is used for additional separation and quantitation of the carotene species. It is recommended that the method be adopted as an AOAC Official Method.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Szpylka
- Medallion Laboratories Division of General Mills, 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55427-3870, USA.
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DeVries JW, Post BE. Comment on "Soxhlet extraction of acrylamide from potato chips" by J. R. Pedersen and J. O. Olsson, Analyst, 2003, 128, 332. Analyst 2003; 129:93-5; author reply 99. [PMID: 14737591 DOI: 10.1039/b308704b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Establishing a definition for dietary fibre has historically been a balance between nutrition knowledge and analytical method capabilities. While the most widely accepted physiologically-based definitions have generally been accurate in defining the dietary fibre in foods, scientists and regulators have tended, in practice, to rely on analytical procedures as the definitional basis in fact. As a result, incongruities between theory and practice have resulted in confusion regarding the components that make up dietary fibre. In November 1998 the president of the American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) appointed an expert scientific review committee and charged it with the task of reviewing and, if necessary, updating the definition of dietary fibre. The committee was further charged with assessing the state of analytical methodology and making recommendations relevant to the updated definition. After due deliberation, an updated definition of dietary fibre was delivered to the AACC Board of Directors for consideration and adoption (Anon, 2000; Jones 2000b). The updated definition includes the same food components as the historical working definition used for approximately 30 years (a very important point, considering that the majority of the research of the past 30 years delineating the positive health effects of dietary fibre is based on that working definition). However, the updated definition more clearly delineates the make-up of dietary fibre and its physiological functionality. As a result, relatively few changes will be necessary in analytical methodology. Current methodologies, in particular AACC-approved method of analysis 32-05 (Grami, 2000), Association of Official Analytical Chemists' official method of analysis 985.29 (Horwitz, 2000a) or AACC 32-07 (Grami, 2000) Association of Official Analytical Chemists 991.43 (Horwitz, 2000a) will continue to be sufficient and used for most foods. A small number of additional methods will be necessary to quantify the dietary fibre levels in foods containing fibres such as fructans (polymers and oligomers of fructose, inulin), modified dextrins, and/or synthetic dietary fibre analogues.
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DeVries JW. Toxicity, Risk Assessment and Regulatory Aspects of Mycotoxins: Introduction. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0629-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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DeVries JW, Slahck SL, Torchia MG, Ellis CP, Hite D, Wood R, Boese JL, Chin HB, Scott PM, Bart JK, Braselton WE. Official Methods Board. J AOAC Int 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/80.1.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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House SD, Larson PA, Johnson RR, DeVries JW, Martin DL. Gas chromatographic determination of total fat extracted from food samples using hydrolysis in the presence of antioxidant. J AOAC Int 1994; 77:960-5. [PMID: 8069129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A method for the quantitative measurement of total fat in foodstuffs is described. Fat is extracted by hydrolysis and inter-esterified to fatty acid methyl esters for gas chromatographic analysis. Total fat and fatty acid patterns are calculated to comply with the regulations for food label declaration under the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990. Quantitative recovery of fat from soy oil is obtained in the presence of the antioxidant pyrogallol. Extraction and measurements of fat from a variety of food samples (e.g., cereal, baked goods, dairy, and fish) are also reported, and fat levels ranged from 0.8 to 95% (w/w). Coefficients of variation of < or = 5% demonstrate the efficiency of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D House
- General Mills, Inc., James Ford Bell Technical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55427
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Prosky L, Asp NG, Schweizer TF, DeVries JW, Furda I, Lee SC. Determination of soluble dietary fiber in foods and food products: collaborative study. J AOAC Int 1994; 77:690-4. [PMID: 8012222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted to determine the soluble dietary fiber (SDF) content of foods and food products by using a combination of enzymatic and gravimetric procedures. The method was basically the same as that employed for determining total dietary fiber (TDF), 985.29, and the method for insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), 991.42. Ten laboratories were each sent 13 test samples (6 blind duplicates and 1 standard [green beans] containing 29-33% TDF, 19-23% IDF, and 8-13% SDF) and were instructed to assay for IDF, SDF, and TDF independently. Included in the package were the 3 enzymes, namely alpha-amylase, amyloglucosidase, and protease, and the filter aid Celite, which was thought to be the major cause of high reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) values for SDS obtained in a previous collaborative study. The foods to be analyzed were apricots, carrots, chickpeas, onions, raisins, and the sugar beet fiber Fibrex. IDF, TDF, and SDF were calculated as the weight of residue minus the weight of protein and ash on a dry weight basis. RSDR values of the IDF results averaged 8.02%, with only 1 food having an RSDR > 10%. The RSDR values for the TDF results averaged 4.97%, and all foods had an RSDR < 7%. Although the RSDR values for SDF averaged 14.17%, 4 of the 6 foods had an RSDR < 10%, and 1 of the 2 remaining foods that had a high RSDR had an SDF content of only 1.2%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Prosky
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Laurel, MD 20708
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DeVries JW, Bark DJ, Bono M, Landen WO, Lee S, Smith R, Tanner JT, Phillips JG, Shoemaker D. Committee on Food Nutrition. J AOAC Int 1994. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/77.1.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas J Bark
- Woodson Tenent Laboratories, 345 Adams, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Michele Bono
- Food Laboratories, 1001 St. Laurent West, Longueuil, PQ, J4K 1C7, Canada
| | - W O Landen
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Atlanta Regional Laboratory, 60 Eighth St NE, Atlanta, GA 30309, USA
| | - Sungsoo Lee
- Kellogg Co., 235 Porter St, PO Box 3423, Battle Creek, MI 49016-3423, USA
| | - Randy Smith
- Hazelton Laboratories of America, 3301 Kinsman Blvd, PO Box 7545, Madison, WI53704, USA
| | - James T Tanner
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFF 266, Washington, DC 20204, USA
| | - John G Phillips
- U.S. Dept of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19118, USA
| | - Dirk Shoemaker
- Nebraska Dept of Agriculture, 3703 S. 14th St, Lincoln, NE 68502, USA
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Asp NG, Furda I, DeVries JW, Schweizer TF, Prosky L. Dietary fiber definition and analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 1988; 48:688-91. [PMID: 2843028 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/48.3.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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31
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32
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Prosky L, Asp NG, Schweizer TF, DeVries JW, Furda I. Determination of insoluble, soluble, and total dietary fiber in foods and food products: interlaboratory study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1988; 71:1017-23. [PMID: 2853153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted to determine the insoluble dietary fiber (IDF), soluble dietary fiber (SDF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) content of food and food products by using a combination of enzymatic and gravimetric procedures. The method was basically the same as that developed for TDF only, which was adopted official final action by AOAC, except for changing the concentration of buffer and base and substituting hydrochloric acid for phosphoric acid. These changes were made to improve the robustness of the method. Duplicate blind samples of soy isolate, white wheat flour, rye bread, potatoes, rice, corn bran, oats, Fabulous Fiber, wheat bran, and a high fiber cereal were analyzed by 13 collaborators. Dietary fiber values (IDF, SDF, and TDF) were calculated as the weight of residue minus the weight of protein and ash. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of both the independent TDF determination and the sum of IDF and SDF were better than 15 and 18%, respectively, with the exception of rice and soy isolate. These 2 foods, however, contained only about 1% TDF. The CVs of the IDF were equally good, except for Fabulous Fiber, for which filtration problems occurred. The CVs for the SDF were somewhat high, but these products had very low SDF content. There was excellent agreement between the TDF determined independently and the TDF determined by summing the IDF and SDF. The method for separate determination of IDF and SDF requires further study. The modifications (changes in concentration of buffer and base and the use of hydrochloric acid instead of phosphoric acid) to the official final action method for TDF have been adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Prosky
- Food and Drug Administration, Division of Nutrition, Washington, DC 20204
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33
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DeVries JW, Ge H, Ebert FJ, Magnuson JM, Ogawa MK. Analysis for total sulfite in foods by using rapid distillation followed by redox titration. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1986; 69:827-30. [PMID: 3771455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and accurate analysis for total sulfite as sulfur dioxide has been developed for foods and food products. The method, which combines a selective distillation cleanup procedure with the selective redox titration of sulfite ion by iodine, has been applied to a variety of foods and food products over a period of time with no significant interference encountered in any matrixes other than garlic and leeks. For the foods analyzed, the method typically shows a detection limit of 10 ppm, a relative standard deviation of 7.5% (compared with 10.4% for similar matrixes by the Monier-Williams method), and recoveries of 97.9 +/- 6.4%. Comparison of results for this method with those obtained using the Monier-Williams method showed a mean value for the distillation/titration method of 241 ppm compared with 242 ppm for the Monier-Williams method. A correlation of 0.991 and odds of a difference between methods of 10.7% (Student's paired t-test (1-alpha) X 100) were obtained for those matrixes where no interferences were encountered with either method.
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DeVries JW, Broge JM, Schroeder JP, Bowers RH, Larson PA, Burns NM. Headspace Gas Chromatographic Method for Determination of Methyl Bromide in Food Ingredients. J AOAC Int 1985. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/68.6.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A headspace gas chromatographic (GC) method, which can be automated, has been developed for determination of methyl bromide. This method has been applied to wheat, flour, cocoa, and peanuts. Samples to be analyzed are placed in headspace sample vials, water is added, and the vials are sealed with Teflon-lined septa. After an appropriate equilibration time at 32°C, the samples are analyzed within 10 h. A sample of the headspace is withdrawn and analyzed on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD). Methyl bromide levels were quantitated by comparison of peak area with a standard. The standard was generated by adding a known amount of methyl bromide to a portion of the matrix being analyzed and which was known to be methyl bromide free. The detection limit of the method was 0.4 ppb. The coefficient of variation (CV) was 6.5% for wheat, 8.3% for flour, 3.3% for cocoa, and 11.6% for peanuts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Broge
- General Mills, Inc., 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | | | | | - Paul A Larson
- General Mills, Inc., 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55427
| | - Nancy M Burns
- General Mills, Inc., 9000 Plymouth Ave N, Minneapolis, MN 55427
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DeVries JW, Broge JM, Schroeder JP, Bowers RH, Larson PA, Burns NM. Headspace gas chromatographic method for determination of methyl bromide in food ingredients. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1985; 68:1112-6. [PMID: 4086433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A headspace gas chromatographic (GC) method, which can be automated, has been developed for determination of methyl bromide. This method has been applied to wheat, flour, cocoa, and peanuts. Samples to be analyzed are placed in headspace sample vials, water is added, and the vials are sealed with Teflon-lined septa. After an appropriate equilibration time at 32 degrees C, the samples are analyzed within 10 h. A sample of the headspace is withdrawn and analyzed on a gas chromatograph equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD). Methyl bromide levels were quantitated by comparison of peak area with a standard. The standard was generated by adding a known amount of methyl bromide to a portion of the matrix being analyzed and which was known to be methyl bromide free. The detection limit of the method was 0.4 ppb. The coefficient of variation (CV) was 6.5% for wheat, 8.3% for flour, 3.3% for cocoa, and 11.6% for peanuts.
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DeVries JW, Larson PA, Bowers RH, Keating JA, Broge JM, Wehling PS, Patel HH, Zurawski JW. Improved codistillation method for determination of carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, and ethylene dibromide in grain and grain-based products. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1985; 68:759-62. [PMID: 3897186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for the determination of the common fumigants carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), ethylene dichloride (EDC), and ethylene dibromide (EDB) in grain and grain-based products. A properly prepared sample is mixed with water and hexane, an internal standard mixture of 1,2-dichloropropane (DCP) and 1,2-dibromopropane (DBP) is added, and the fumigants are codistilled with the hexane into an appropriate receiver. After the hexane solution is dried over sodium sulfate, the quantities of fumigants present are quantitated on a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD). For the matrices investigated, the relative standard deviation of the method was 6.0, 9.7, and 23.1% for CCl4, EDC, and EDB, respectively. Recoveries of added fumigants were 107, 95, and 101%, respectively. Comparison with an acetone-water soak extraction method gave a correlation of 0.967 between methods for EDB with odds of a difference between methods of 35%.
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Prosky L, Asp NG, Furda I, DeVries JW, Schweizer TF, Harland BF. Determination of total dietary fiber in foods and food products: collaborative study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1985; 68:677-9. [PMID: 2993226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A collaborative study was conducted to determine the total dietary fiber (TDF) content of food and food products, using a combination of enzymatic and gravimetric procedures. The method was basically the same as published earlier (J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. (1984) 67, 1044-1052), with changes in the concentration of alcohol and buffers, time of incubation, sample preparation, and some explanatory notes, all with the intent of decreasing the coefficient of variation (CV) of the method. Duplicate blind samples of soy isolate, white wheat flour, rye bread, potatoes, rice, wheat bran, oats, corn bran, and whole wheat flour were analyzed by 9 collaborators. TDF was calculated as the weight of the residue minus the weight of protein and ash. CV values of the data from all laboratories for 7 of the samples ranged from 1.56 to 9.80%. The rice and soy isolate samples had CV values of 53.71% and 66.25%, respectively; however, each sample contained only about 1% TDF. The enzymatic-gravimetric method for determining TDF has been adopted official first action.
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Chang HL, DeVries JW. Short liquid chromatographic method for determination of zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1984; 67:741-4. [PMID: 6236209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method has been developed for the determination of zearalenone and alpha-zearalenol, using liquid-liquid partition for sample extract cleanup followed by liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorescence detection. The same extract can also be used for determination of aflatoxin by LC. Relative standard deviations for the method based on duplicate analyses are 4.18% for artificially contaminated samples and 13.92% for naturally contaminated samples. The method was compared with the AOAC method of extraction and column chromatography extract cleanup, using the same LC conditions for quantitation for both methods. Results showed a correlation coefficient of 0.990 with a mean zearalenone content by this method of 987.8 ppb, and 732.6 ppb by the official AOAC method. The detection limit of this method is 2.2 ppb for zearalenone and 1.5 ppb for alpha-zearalenol.
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Campbell AD, Francis OJ, Beebe RA, Stoloff L, Brown S, Cantafora A, Chang HL, Chin KS, Crosby NT, DeVries JW, Doeden WG, Duhart BT, Elliot L, Gorman LA, Gregory JF, Kronert W, Nesheim S, Routh J, Smiechowski R, Trantham AL, Webb N, Wilson DM. Determination of Aflatoxins in Peanut Butter, Using Two Liquid Chromatographic Methods: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 1984. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/67.2.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two methods for determining aflatoxins in peanut butter, one using normal phase and the other reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC), were studied by 8 and 10 collaborators, respectively. Fluorescence detection was used for the determinative step in both methods. For reverse phase LC, aflatoxins B1 and G1 were converted to B2a and G2a; for normal phase LC, a silica gel-packed flow cell was placed in the irradiating light path of the detector. The samples included spiked and naturally contaminated peanut butter with total aflatoxin levels from about 5 to 20 ng/g and controls in a balanced pair design. For the normal phase LC method, recoveries of B1, B2, G1, and G2 from spiked samples averaged 79, 92, 74, and 88%, respectively; for the reverse phase method, the recoveries were 103, 104, 89, and 163%. For the normal phase LC method, pooled repeatabilities were 20, 23, 28, and 17% for B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively; for the reverse phase method, the repeatabilities were 19, 22, 38, and 31%. For the normal phase method, pooled reproducibilities were 34, 33, 39, and 34% for B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively; for the reverse phase method, the reproducibilities were 32, 46, 51, and 52%. Both methods show an improved limit of detection and better within-laboratory precision over current AOAC methods; however, between-laboratory precision is no better, and the reverse phase method shows evidence of interferences being measured. For these reasons and because of no benefits of present value, neither method was submitted for adoption as official first action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred D Campbell
- Food and Drug Administration, Epidemiology and Clinical Toxicology Unit, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Octave J Francis
- Food and Drug Administration, Epidemiology and Clinical Toxicology Unit, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Roberta A Beebe
- Food and Drug Administration, Epidemiology and Clinical Toxicology Unit, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Leonard Stoloff
- Food and Drug Administration, Epidemiology and Clinical Toxicology Unit, Washington, DC 20204
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Chang HL, DeVries JW, Larson PA, Patel HH. Rapid determination of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) by liquid chromatography using modified Romer column cleanup. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1984; 67:52-4. [PMID: 6698932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A modification of the Romer method for determining deoxynivalenol (DON) provides rapid sample cleanup and includes liquid chromatographic (LC) quantitation. The method was evaluated using wheat, wheat flour, and other wheat products. The sample is extracted with acetonitrile-water (84 + 16), and an aliquot of the extract is subjected to activated charcoal-alumina column chromatography. The extract is then evaporated and diluted to volume with mobile phase, and DON is quantitated using liquid chromatography. The relative standard deviation based on duplicate samples is 6.07%. The detection limit is 30 ppb based on 2 X signal/noise ratio. Results by this method compared with the results obtained by the Scott GC method showed a correlation coefficient of 0.992 with a mean vomitoxin content of 779 ppb by this method and 716 ppb by the Scott method for 14 samples.
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DeVries JW, Defibaugh PW, Dunmire D, Ebert F, Ge H, Oman G, Lim N, Moffitt RA, Muelle EE, Schnitzer R, Shaffer S. Semiautomated Fluorometric Method for Determination of Vitamin C in Foods: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 1983. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/66.6.1371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Continuous flow automation of the microfluorometric procedure compares favorably with the manual method in sensitivity, specificity, and generality, and reduces the cost of routine vitamin C assay. Fifteen samples of 12 different products of ready-to-eat cereals, fruit juices, and infant formula were sent to 6 collaborators; one sample in each category was sent as blind duplicates. The within-laboratory standard deviations for 5 collaborators on the 3 sets of blind duplicates were 1.23, 0.87, and 3.64 mg/100 g, respectively. Overall, the average relative standard deviation between laboratories was 11.1% (range 4.5-16.6%) for the manual method and 4.99% (range 1.5-12.6%) for the semiautomated method. The method has been adopted official first action.
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DeVries JW. Semiautomated fluorometric method for determination of vitamin C in foods: collaborative study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1983; 66:1371-6. [PMID: 6643348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow automation of the microfluorometric procedure compares favorably with the manual method in sensitivity, specificity, and generality, and reduces the cost of routine vitamin C assay. Fifteen samples of 12 different products of ready-to-eat cereals, fruit juices, and infant formula were sent to 6 collaborators; one sample in each category was sent as blind duplicates. The within-laboratory standard deviations for 5 collaborators on the 3 sets of blind duplicates were 1.23, 0.87, and 3.64 mg/100 g, respectively. Overall, the average relative standard deviation between laboratories was 11.1% (range 4.5-16.6%) for the manual method and 4.99% (range 1.5-12.6%) for the semiautomated method. The method has been adopted official first action.
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Chang HL, DeVries JW. Rapid high pressure liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk and nonfat dry milk. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1983; 66:913-7. [PMID: 6411676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A modification of the current revised AOAC method, 26.A10-26.A15, is described for the rapid analysis of aflatoxin M1 in milk and nonfat dry milk. The method incorporates chloroform extraction and eliminates the need for column chromatography by using liquid-liquid partition for sample extract cleanup. Quantitation is carried out by using fluorescence detection combined with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of aflatoxin M1 which has been converted to aflatoxin M2a with trifluoroacetic acid. The method has a detection limit of 0.014 micrograms/L (2 X signal/noise) for whole milk. For 6 samples of naturally contaminated nonfat dry and freeze-dried milk, the modified method gave an average result of 0.698 micrograms/L; the AOAC method gave an average result of 0.386 micrograms/L.
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DeVries JW, Chang HL. Comparison of rapid high pressure liquid chromatographic and CB methods for determination of aflatoxins in corn and peanuts. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1982; 65:206-9. [PMID: 7085538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A method is described for the rapid determination of aflatoxins in corn and peanut samples by high pressure liquid chromatography. The method was compared with the current CB method (AOAC 26.026). For 7 samples of corn and 14 samples of peanut meal and peanut butter, the correlation between methods is 0.991, and no significant difference exist between methods, using the Student's t-test at 15.7% alpha-risk.
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DeVries JW, Koski CM, Egberg DC, Larson PA. Comparison between a spectrophotometric and a high-pressure liquid chromatography method for determining tryptophan in food products. J Agric Food Chem 1980; 28:896-898. [PMID: 7462515 DOI: 10.1021/jf60231a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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kreiser WR, Martin RA, Bigornia R, Bond R, Cummings LJ, Teja EDL, DeVries JW, Erwin RE, Heroff JC, Levi C, Maglone M, Schumacher D, Snyder K. High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Theobromine and Caffeine in Cocoa and Chocolate Products: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 1980. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/63.3.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Four duplicate samples of cocoa-containing materials, a practice sample, and standards were submitted to the collaborators for theobromine and caffeine analysis by HPLC. In the method the samples are defatted with petroleum ether, and dried. The fat-free residue is then extracted with water and an aliquot is injected into the chromatograph. Compounds are quantitated by comparison with internal or external standards, either by peak height or peak area. Results for all the analyses showed that few of the values were more than 2 standard deviations from the mean. The method has been adopted as official first action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley R kreiser
- Hershey Foods Corp., Research Laboratories, PO Box 54, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Robert A Martin
- Hershey Foods Corp., Research Laboratories, PO Box 54, Hershey, PA 17033
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