Aqueous enzymatic extraction of macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) pulp oil: A green and sustainable approach for high-quality oil production

Aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) of macauba pulp oil (MPO) was performed in this study with five commercial enzymatic pools. The chemical, nutritional, and thermal properties of the oils with high oil efficiency by AEE were evaluated and compared with mechanical pressing (MP) and organic solvent extraction (SE). Among the AEE processes, the pectinase pool (at pH 5.5 and 50 °C) exhibited the highest process efficiency (88.6 %). The oils presented low acidity values (0.4-3.1 %) and low molar absorptivities, indicating minimal oil degradation. Bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids, were found in MPO. The iodine index and the fatty acid profile of the oils revealed a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly oleic and linoleic acids, with excellent nutritional scores, as evidenced by anti-atherogenicity and anti-thrombogenicity indices. These findings emphasized that AEE is an eco-friendly approach for extracting high-quality MPO with beneficial health compounds for food products.

The Associations of Prenatal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Its Chemical Components with Allergic Rhinitis in Children and the Modification Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Birth Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been shown to protect against fine particulate matter < 2.5 μ m in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 )-induced hazards. However, limited evidence is available for respiratory health, particularly in pregnant women and their offspring.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to investigate the association of prenatal exposure to PM 2.5 and its chemical components with allergic rhinitis (AR) in children and explore effect modification by maternal erythrocyte PUFAs.

METHODS

This prospective birth cohort study involved 657 mother-child pairs from Guangzhou, China. Prenatal exposure to residential PM 2.5 mass and its components [black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), sulfate (SO 4 2 - ), nitrate (NO 3 - ), and ammonium (NH 4 + )] were estimated by an established spatiotemporal model. Maternal erythrocyte PUFAs during pregnancy were measured using gas chromatography. The diagnosis of AR and report of AR symptoms in children were assessed up to 2 years of age. We used Cox regression with the quantile-based g-computation approach to assess the individual and joint effects of PM 2.5 components and examine the modification effects of maternal PUFA levels.

RESULTS

Approximately 5.33 % and 8.07% of children had AR and related symptoms, respectively. The average concentration of prenatal PM 2.5 was 35.50 ± 5.31   μ g / m 3 . PM 2.5 was positively associated with the risk of developing AR [hazard ratio ( HR ) = 1.85 ; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.16, 2.96 per 5   μ g / m 3 ] and its symptoms (HR = 1.79 ; 95% CI: 1.22, 2.62 per 5   μ g / m 3 ) after adjustment for confounders. Similar associations were observed between individual PM 2.5 components and AR outcomes. Each quintile change in a mixture of components was associated with an adjusted HR of 3.73 (95% CI: 1.80, 7.73) and 2.69 (95% CI: 1.55, 4.67) for AR and AR symptoms, with BC accounting for the largest contribution. Higher levels of n-3 docosapentaenoic acid and lower levels of n-6 linoleic acid showed alleviating effects on AR symptoms risk associated with exposure to PM 2.5 and its components.

CONCLUSION

Prenatal exposure to PM 2.5 and its chemical components, particularly BC, was associated with AR/symptoms in early childhood. We highlight that PUFA biomarkers could modify the adverse effects of PM 2.5 on respiratory allergy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13524.

Molecular phylogenetics of the Umbelopsis genus-identification of new species and evaluation of their oil application value

AIMS

The aim of this study was to reconstruct the evolutionary framework of the genus Umbelopsis by using modern taxonomic strategies and evaluating the quality of oil and prospective uses of three distinct species.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Three species of Umbelopsis were identified based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic evidence obtained from three genes (ITS, LSU, and ACT). A new species of Umbelopsis was described and illustrated, and subsequently named U. ophiocordycipiticola. The characteristics of U. ophiocordycipiticola exhibited sporangia with a diameter ranging from 8 to 17 µm. and sporangiospores that were oval to ellipsoidal in shape, irregularly angular, with dimensions of ∼1.9-2.9 × 1.7-3.0 µm. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to examine the composition of fatty acids. Notably, U. ophiocordycipiticola showed a significantly higher oil content of 50.89% in dry cell weight (DCW) compared to U. vinacea and U. ramanniana. The mean proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in U. ophiocordycipiticola was 32.38%, and the maximum levels of γ-linolenic acid (GLA), arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in U. ophiocordycipiticola were found to be 14.51, 0.24, 0.54, and 0.53%, respectively. The biodiesel quality from all three species complied with applicable standards set by the American Association for Testing and Materials (ASTM 6751) and the Brazilian National Petroleum Agency (ANP 255).

CONCLUSIONS

The establishment of a novel species, U. ophiocordycipiticola, was strongly supported by morphological and molecular evidence. Umbelopsis ophiocordycipiticola exhibited a high-value PUFA content. Additionally, three Umbelopsis species demonstrated good quality for biodiesel production.

Antibiotics and probiotics-induced effects on the total fatty acid composition of feces in a rat model

Fatty acids (FAs) play important roles as membrane components and signal transduction molecules. Changes in short chain FA (SCFA) composition are associated with gut microbiota modifications. However, the effect of bacteria-driven changes on the detailed FA spectrum has not been explored yet. We investigated the effect of antibiotics (ABx) and/or probiotics, in four treatment groups on rat stool FA composition. Principal component analysis indicated that the chromatogram profiles of the treatment groups differ, which was also observed at different time points. Linear mixed effects models showed that in the parameters compared (sampling times, treatments. and their interactions), both the weight percentage and the concentration of FAs were affected by ABx and probiotic administration. This study found that the gut microbiome defines trans and branched saturated FAs, most saturated FAs, and unsaturated FAs with less carbon atoms. These results are among the first ones to demonstrate the restoring effects of a probiotic mixture on a substantial part of the altered total FA spectrum, and also revealed a previously unknown relationship between gut bacteria and a larger group of FAs. These findings suggest that intestinal bacteria produce not only SCFAs but also other FAs that may affect the host's physiological processes.

From MS/MS library implementation to molecular networks: Exploring oxylipin diversity with NEO-MSMS

Oxylipins, small polar molecules derived from the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), serve as biomarkers for many diseases and play crucial roles in human physiology and inflammation. Despite their significance, many non-enzymatic oxygenated metabolites of PUFAs (NEO-PUFAs) remain poorly reported, resulting in a lack of public datasets of experimental data and limiting their dereplication in further studies. To overcome this limitation, we constructed a high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) dataset comprising pure NEO-PUFAs (both commercial and self-synthesized) and in vitro free radical-induced oxidation of diverse PUFAs. By employing molecular networking techniques with this dataset and the existent ones in public repositories, we successfully mapped a wide range of NEO-PUFAs, expanding the strategies for annotating oxylipins, and NEO-PUFAs and offering a novel workflow for profiling these molecules in biological samples.

Proximate and fatty acid compositions oft en wild-caught and farmed fish species in mato grosso state, brazil

This study analyzed ten fish species (three farmed and seven wild-caught) to determine their centesimal composition (assessed by AOAC methods) and lipid profile (analyzed by GC-MS). Notably, "tambatinga" (farmed) and "piraputanga" (wild-caught) stood out with 28.66 % and 26.44 % protein content and 2.32 % and 3.71 % lipid content, respectively. Across all species, oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid, followed by linoleic acid. The sum of PUFAs ranged from 17.84 % in "matrinchã" to 7.85 % in "piraputanga". SFA varied from 49.93 % in "tambacu" to 39.90 % in "matrinchã", while MUFAs ranged from 44.34 % in "palmito" to 38.39 % in "tambaqui". "Matrinchã" had the highest average ω6 acid content (16.83 %), while "cachara" had the highest average for ω3 acids (5.73 %). "Piraputanga". "cachara", and "pincachara" exhibited the lowest ω6 levels. The analysis shows that fish have excellent nutritional values (proximate compositions) with few differences between species. "Pacu", "matrinchã", and "cachara" (wild-caught) demonstrated positive attributes, while "pincachara" (farmed) exhibited the highest nutritional quality in terms of fatty acid fraction. Based on quality indices (H/H), "pacu", "matrinchã" and "pincachara" are recommended choices for a healthy diet. This study adds valuable insights into the nutritional composition of fish species, which is essential for promoting regional development and local aquaculture.

Pre-gestational overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk: theoretical causality model

A number of studies have focused on the evaluation of the relationship between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. However, given the complexity of potentially confounding risk factors, the use of graphical tools is recommended to identify possible biases. This article aims to propose a theoretical model of causality using the directed acyclic graph between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. Methods: An extensive literature review was performed to identify variables with causal relationships with exposure and/or outcome. The choice of variables for adjustment followed the graphic algorithm that comprises six criteria for selecting a minimum set of potentially confounding variables. Socioeconomic conditions, interpartum interval, maternal age and food consumption pattern were the variables that would have to be adjusted in order to estimate the total effect of pre-pregnancy overweight on polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. The minimum set of variables found in the present study can be used in the analysis of other studies that evaluate this association.

Functional Evaluation of Fermented Rice Bran and Extracted Rice Bran Oil Addressing for Human Health Benefit

Rice bran (RB) and rice bran oil (RBO) are exploring as prominent food component worldwide and their compositional variation is being varied among the world due to regional and production process. In this study, Fermented Rice Bran (FRB) was produced by employing edible gram-positive bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Bifidobacterium bifidum) at 125×10 5 spore g -1 of rice bran, and investigated to evaluate nutritional quality. The Crude Rice Bran Oil (CRBO) was extracted from RB and its quality was also investigated compared to market available rice bran oil (MRBO) in Bangladesh. We found that fermentation of rice bran with lactic acid bacteria increased total proteins (29.52%), fat (5.38%), ash (48.47%), crude fiber (38.96%), and moisture (61.04%) and reduced the carbohydrate content (36.61%). We also found that essential amino acids (Threonine, valine, leucine, lysine, histidine and phenylalanine) and non-essential amino acids (alanine, aspartate, glycine, glutamine, serine and tyrosine) were increased in FRB except methionine and proline. Moreover, total phenolic content, tannin content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity were increased in FRB. The RBO analysis showed that γ-oryzanol content (10.00 mg/g) were found in CRBO compared to MRBO (ranging 7.40 to 12.70 mg/g) and Vitamin-E content 0.20% were found higher in CRBO compared to MRBO (ranging 0.097 to 0.12%). The total saturated (25.16%) and total unsaturated fatty acids (74.44%) were found in CRBO whereas MRBO contained total saturated (22.08 to 24.13%) and total unsaturated fatty acids (71.91 to 83.29%) respectively. The physiochemical parameters (density, refractive index, iodine value) were found satisfactory in all sample except acid value and peroxide value higher in CRBO. Heavy metal concentration was found within an acceptable range in both CRBO and MRBO. Thus FRB and RBO could be value added food supplement for human health.

The influence of ripening of semi-hard goat cheese in oil on its physicochemical composition and sensory properties

The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of ripening of semi-hard goat cheese in oil (mixture of Mljet's extra-virgin olive oil and refined sunflower oil; 50:50) on its physicochemical composition and sensory properties, as well as to determine the optimal time of immersion of the cheese in oil. Five batches of cheeses were produced, and the cheeses of the same batch were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the ripening method: (1) ripening in air (control group, treatment 1), (2) ripening in oil after 10 d of ripening in air (treatment 2), (3) ripening in oil after 20 d of ripening in air (treatment 3). Cheeses were sampled during ripening at d 0, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60, and physicochemical analyses were performed. Oil as a ripening medium for cheese prevented water loss from the cheese (groups 2 and 3), and the significantly lowest contents of dry matter, protein, fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), oleic acid, and salt were found in group 2. Group 3 had the highest contents of fat, SFA, UFA, and oleic acid. Prolonged ripening of the cheese in air before immersion in oil resulted in greater water loss and the formation of such cheese structure that allowed oil to penetrate the cheese. Water retention and oil penetration into the cheese altered the physicochemical composition of the goat cheese, having a significantly positive effect on the sensory characteristics, particularly color, texture, and taste, allowing the cheese to be consumed even when goat milk is not produced due to seasonality.

[Fatty acid composition analysis and nutrition evaluation of milk and dairy products sold in Yinchuan City]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze fatty acid composition of milk and dairy products sold in Yinchuan City, and to evaluate their nutritional value.

METHODS

Twenty-two types of milk and dairy products were collected in 2022-2023, including 14 types produced in Ningxia and 8 types not produced in Ningxia. Fatty acids were determined and analyzed according to the first method of National Standard for Food Safety Determination of fatty acids in Food(GB 5009.168-2016). The fatty acid polyunsaturated index(PI), atherogenic index(AI) and thrombosis index(TI) were used to evaluate the nutritional value of milk and dairy products.

RESULTS

There were 25 kinds of fatty acids in milk and dairy products produced in Ningxia, which were more than those not produced in Ningxia. The main saturated fatty acids(SFA)were palmitic acid(30.14%-42.57%), the main monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA)were oleic acid(15.45%-25.21%), the main polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA)were linoleic acid(1.79%-9.37%), the content of α-linolenic acid was 0.04%-0.95%, n-3 PUFA was 0.14%-0.95%. Oleic acid of adult milk powder, sheep milk powder, pure milk and Ningxia wolfberry milk were higher than others, linoleic acid of adult milk powder and walnut milk were higher than others. The value of oleic acid and linoleic acid of Ningxia pure milk was higher than that in imported pure milk, and the value of n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA was much lower than that in imported pure milk. The content of oleic acid and linoleic acid in Ningxia wolfberry milk was close to that of pure milk, higher than that of children's milk, and the total fat content was lower than that of children's milk. The n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA ratio of concentrated milk, walnut milk, sweet milk, pure milk, Ningxia wolfberry milk, adult milk powder 1, sheep milk powder was close to the ideal intake value of dietary fatty acids recommended by the Chinese Nutrition Society. Except for low-fat pure milk, ice cream yogurt, imported pure milk, children's milk 1, adult milk powder 1 and sheep milk powder, the n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA ratio of other milk and dairy products in Ningxia were close to the recommended value of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization. SFA∶MUFA∶PUFA was(1.99-4.23) ∶1∶(0.08-0.38), PI range: 1.87-11.27, AI range: 1.67-4.32, TI range: 2.34-5.76.

CONCLUSION

The fatty acid composition of 22 types of milk and dairy products in Yinchuan City was different, and the nutrition was slightly different.

[Comparison of fat determination methods and analysis of fatty acids in tea]

OBJECTIVE

Comparative analysis of two method for determining fat and analysis of fatty acid content in tea samples.

METHODS

The content of freefatand total fat in tea was determined by Soxhlet extraction method and acid hydrolysis method, and the content of fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. The composition and content of fatty acids in 21 tea samples from 5 regions were analyzed.

RESULTS

The freefat content of tea determined by Soxhlet extraction method was significantly lower than that determined by acid hydrolysis method. The totalfat content in tea determined by acid hydrolysis method was consistent with the total amount of fatty acids determined by gas chromatography, and their content conformed to the logical relationshipsimultaneously. The totalfat content in tea ranged from 0.6 to 4.1 g/100 g, which in green tea, white tea, yellow tea, and black tea were 2.2, 1.8, 1.6 and 0.6 g/100 g, respectively. The content of free fat in tea was less than 58%, with 42%-80% of the fat existing in a bound form. The fatty acids in tea were mainly unsaturated fatty acids, accounting for 67.52%-99.03% of the total fatty acids. There were differences in the composition of fatty acids in different types of tea, with the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in yellow tea accounting for 98.84% of the total fatty acids, which was significantly higher than that of green tea, white tea, and black tea. The fatty acids with high content in green tea(except Tang chi xiaolan tea, Bawangjian green tea and Liuxi yuye tea)were α-linoleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid.

CONCLUSION

Theacid hydrolysis method is more suitable for the determination of fat in tea samples. The composition and content of fat and fatty acids in tea vary depending onfactors such as the type of tea and the degree of fermentation.

The metabolism of membrane lipid participates in the occurrence of chilling injury in cold-stored banana fruit

Banana fruit is highly vulnerable to chilling injury (CI) during cold storage, which results in quality deterioration and commodity reduction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the membrane lipid metabolism mechanism underlying low temperature-induced CI in banana fruit. Chilling temperature significantly induced CI symptoms in banana fruit, compared to control temperature (22 °C). Using physiological experiments and transcriptomic analyses, we found that chilling temperature (7 °C) increased CI index, malondialdehyde content, and cell membrane permeability. Additionally, chilling temperature upregulated the genes encoding membrane lipid-degrading enzymes, such as lipoxygenase (LOX), phospholipase D (PLD), phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase A (PLA), and lipase, but downregulated the genes encoding fatty acid desaturase (FAD). Moreover, chilling temperature raised the activities of LOX, PLD, PLC, PLA, and lipase, inhibited FAD activity, lowered contents of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) (γ-linolenic acid and linoleic acid), phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol, but retained higher contents of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) (stearic acid and palmitic acid), free fatty acids, phosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol, a lower USFAs index, and a lower ratio of USFAs to SFAs. Together, these results revealed that chilling temperature-induced chilling injury of bananas were caused by membrane integrity damage and were associated with the enzymatic and genetic manipulation of membrane lipid metabolism. These activities promoted the degradation of membrane phospholipids and USFAs in fresh bananas during cold storage.

Determination of oxylipins and their precursors in breast milk by solid phase extraction-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry

Oxylipins and their precursors (long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, LCPUFAs) are key intercellular signaling molecules influencing the inflammatory response. Each oxylipin has pro- and/or anti-inflammatory effects, and the relative abundance of different oxylipins can alter the inflammatory balance, making it important to clarify the oxylipin profile of breast milk for optimal infant health. The extraction, identification, and simultaneous quantification of oxylipins in breast milk are challenging due to the structural similarity, limited stability, and the low endogenous concentration of oxylipins and the complex matrix of breast milk. This study aimed to develop a solid phase extraction-ultra high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS) method for the comprehensive and specific quantification of oxylipins and their precursors in breast milk. The LC conditions (including column, mobile phase, and gradient conditions) and SPE procedure (including SPE cartridges, elution solvent, and elution volume) were optimized to achieve accurate quantification and better analyte recovery. A single 18-minute chromatographic run allows for the quantification of 20 oxylipins and 5 PUFAs. The results showed good linearity (R2 > 0.99) over the concentration range of 2 to 100 ng/mL, with the instrument detection limits ranging from 0.01 to 0.90 ng/mL for oxylipins and 0.02 to 0.59 ng/mL for PUFAs. The method is rapid, sensitive, and reproducible (RSD ≤ 10%) and is suitable for the quantitative analysis of oxylipins and their precursors in infant formula samples.

Different effects of dietary β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on composition of fatty acid and free amino acid, and fatty metabolism in the different muscles of broilers

In the study, 336 broiler chickens were selected to explore dietary effects of different β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) levels (0 (control), 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15%) on the compositions of fatty acids and free amino acids, and lipid metabolism in the different muscles of broilers. In the breast muscle, dietary HMB supplementation hardly affected the free amino acid composition (P > 0.05). Compared to the control group, dietary 0.10 and 0.15% HMB supplementation decreased the content of C18:1n9c and thus the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and dietary 0.15% HMB supplementation increased the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P < 0.05). Moreover, compared to the control group, dietary 0.05 and 0.10% HMB increased the mRNA expression of proliferator activated receptor-γ and the activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS), and dietary 0.10% HMB increased the acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity (P < 0.05). In the leg muscle, dietary 0.10 and 0.15% HMB increased the MUFA content and decreased the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, the PUFA to SFA ratio, the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1c, and the activities of acyl-CoA oxidase 1 and acetyl-CoA synthetase (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary 0.10% HMB decreased the activities of hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 and FAS in comparison to the control group (P < 0.05). Dietary 0.05% HMB decreased the contents of essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids (NEAA), and dietary 0.15% HMB decreased the NEAA content (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary 0.10% HMB supplementation had superior efficiency on lipogenesis in the breast muscle of broilers. However, dietary HMB supplementation, especially at the level of 0.05 and 0.15%, decreased meat nutritional values and the lipogenesis in leg muscles.

Lipid Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Chains in Mouse Kidneys Were Increased within 5 min of a Single High Dose Whole Body Irradiation

To understand the ultra-early reaction of normal organ lipids during irradiation, we investigated the response of lipids, including polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) chains, which are particularly susceptible to damage by ROS, in mice's kidneys, lungs, brains, and livers within 5 min of single high-dose irradiation. In this study, we set up three groups of C56BL/6 male mice and conducted whole-body irradiation with 0 Gy, 10 Gy, and 20 Gy single doses. Kidney, lung, brain, and liver tissues were collected within 5 min of irradiation. PUFA-targeted and whole lipidomic analyses were conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that PUFA chains of kidney phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and triacylglycerol (TG) significantly increased within 5 min of 10 Gy and 20 Gy irradiation. The main components of increased PUFA chains in PC and PE were C18:2, C20:4, and C22:6, and in TG the main component was C18:2. The kidney lipidomes also showed significant changes from the perspective of lipid species, mainly dominated by an increase in PC, PE, TG, and signal lipids, while lipidomes of the lung, brain, and liver were slightly changed. Our results revealed that acute PUFA chains increase and other lipidomic changes in the kidney upon whole-body irradiation within 5 min of irradiation. The significantly increased lipids also showed a consistent preference for possessing PUFA chains. The lipidomic changes varied from organ to organ, which indicates that the response upon irradiation within a short time is tissue-specific.

Understanding the Roles of Very-Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (VLC-PUFAs) in Eye Health

Lipids serve many roles in the neural system, from synaptic stabilization and signaling to DNA regulation and neuroprotection. They also regulate inflammatory responses, maintain cellular membrane structure, and regulate the homeostatic balance of ions and signaling molecules. An imbalance of lipid subgroups is implicated in the progression of many retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy, and diet can play a key role in influencing these diseases' onset, progression, and severity. A special class of lipids termed very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) is found exclusively in mammalian vertebrate retinas and a few other tissues. They comprise <2% of fatty acids in the retina and are depleted in the retinas of patients with diseases like diabetic retinopathy and AMD. However, the implications of the reduction in VLC-PUFA levels are poorly understood. Dietary supplementation studies and ELOVL4 transgene studies have had positive outcomes. However, much remains to be understood about their role in retinal health and the potential for targeted therapies against retinal disease.

Sperm very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: relation to semen parameters and live birth outcome in a multicenter trial

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether the levels of sperm very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) are correlated with sperm parameters and the outcome of live birth after conventional therapy for unexplained infertility.

DESIGN

Cohort analysis of the Reproductive Medicine Network's Assessment of Multiple Intrauterine Gestations from Ovarian Stimulation randomized controlled trial.

SETTING

Multicenter randomized controlled trial.

PATIENTS

Male partners from 185 couples with unexplained infertility who provided baseline semen samples for analysis.

INTERVENTION

We determined the levels of VLC-PUFAs in total lipid isolated from sperm membranes using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analyses.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Sperm concentration, motility, morphology, total motile count (TMC), and live birth after standard treatment for unexplained infertility.

RESULTS

Total VLC-PUFA percentage was positively correlated with sperm concentration (Spearman's rank correlation (rs) 0.56, P<.0001), TMC (rs = 0.40, P<.0001), and morphology (rs = 0.26, P=.0005). After adjustment for male body mass index, age, and race, a one-standard-deviation increase in the percentage of total VLC-PUFA was associated with a 62% increase in the geometric mean (GM) of sperm concentration (GM Ratio: 1.62 [95% confidence intervals {CI}: 1.45, 1.82]) and a 43% increase in the geometric mean of TMC (GM Ratio: 1.43 [95% CI; 1.24, 1.63]). Although no evidence of association was observed for sperm motility, a positive relationship was also observed between the percentage of total VLC-PUFA and sperm morphology [adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) for one-standard-deviation increase in total VLC-PUFA: 1.18 (95% CI; 1.02, 1.36)]. After adjustment for female age and treatment group, the probability of a live birth outcome was 72% more likely among those in the third tertile of hydroxylated VLC-PUFA percentage than in the first tertile (RR 1.72 [95% CI; 1.01, 2.94]).

CONCLUSIONS

The positive correlation between sperm VLC-PUFAs percentage and sperm parameters, as well as the significant association between hydroxylated VLC-PUFA percentage and the outcome of live birth, strongly suggest that this class of fatty liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry acids is essential for normal sperm structure and function.

The evaluation of the genotype and slaughter weight effect on meat quality and fatty acid profile from two native sheep

The purpose of this study is to investigate the quality characteristics and fatty acid composition of meat from male Akkaraman (AKK) and Bafra × Akkaraman B₁ (BA B₁) lambs slaughtered at different live weights. Thirty-six male lambs (18 AKK and 18 BA B₁) were slaughtered at three different slaughter weights (35, 40, and 45 kg) after being fattened intensively. Meat physical quality characteristics and fatty acid profiles were used as response variables. Color parameters (L*, a*, and b*) and pH were not significantly influenced by genotype and slaughter weight (SW). Water-holding capacity (WHC) was significantly affected by SW (P < 0.05), cooking loss (CL) by genotype (P < 0.001). Increasing SW, intramuscular fat of the Longissimus thoracis muscle showed increased total unsaturated fatty acids (TUFA) (P < 0.01) and ratios of TUFA/saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P < 0.01), and decreased thrombogenic and atherogenic indices (P < 0.01). Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (P < 0.05) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (P < 0.01) varied on with the genotypes. In conclusion, genotype and SW did not greatly affect meat quality; however, MUFA and PUFA mutually changed according to the genotype, and fatty acid percentages improved according to the SW.

Association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and their concentration in blood plasma, red blood cell and semen of dogs

Background: In dogs, dietary omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) affect the fatty acid (FA) profile of blood plasma, erythrocyte membrane (EM) and semen, but their correlation has not yet been investigated. Aim: In this study, we evaluated the association between dietary PUFA and their profile in blood plasma, EM and semen of dogs, with the possibility to predict the semen profile using the values of the three first. Methods: Twelve male dogs received the same standard commercial diet for four weeks. The FA profile was analyzed by gas chromatography in paired diet, blood (plasma and EM determinations) and semen samples. Data were analyzed with SAS Proc Corr version 9.4. Pearson´s correlation coefficient (significant if p < 0.05) was used to assess the association of dietary FA profiles with those in blood plasma, EM and semen. Results: There was a positive correlation between dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and blood plasma (r = 0.97), EM (r = 0.94) and semen (r = 0.92) EPA, and between dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) and semen DHA (r = 0.93) and ARA (r = 0.92), respectively. There was negative correlation between dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) in the diet and EM DGLA (r = -0.94). Conclusion: The dietary EPA is correlated with blood plasma, EM and semen EPA concentrations, and dietary DHA and ARA are correlated with semen DHA and ARA concentrations in dogs. These findings suggest that dietary EPA, DHA and ARA concentrations could be useful predictive markers for such concentrations in the semen of dogs.

Hemp (Cannabis sativa subsp. sativa) Chemical Composition and the Application of Hempseeds in Food Formulations

Owing to its nutritional and medicinal value, hemp has been cultivated to provide since ancient times. This review aims to map the scientific literature concerning the main functional components and the chemical composition of hemp plant. It is generally acknowledged that each organ of the hemp plant embodies a valuable source, and among them the most pivotal part is the edible fruits hempseeds. Hempseeds are rich in easily digestible proteins, fats, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and insoluble fiber, which are of high nutritional value. Furthermore, the beneficial effects have increased researchers' interests in hempseeds-containing foods. Developed as an indispensable ingredient, hempseed is also a significant supplement in various products, such as bakery food, drinks, snacks and culinary products. Overall, this review intends to promote the further in-depth investigation of approved hemp plants and expand the range of hempseeds adoption in the functional foods field.

Maternal stress in the postpartum period is associated with altered human milk fatty acid composition

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Maternal stress in the postpartum period affects not only the mother, but also her newborn child who is at increased risk for a wide range of disorders later in life. The mechanisms underlying transmission of maternal stress to the child remain elusive. Human milk (HM) is a potential candidate and is an important source of fatty acid (FA), which are crucial for child (neuro)development. This study aims to investigate whether maternal psychological and biological stress influences HM FA composition over the first month postpartum.

METHODS

The Amsterdam Mother's Milk study is a prospective cohort study. We included lactating women who delivered at term with a large range of stress levels: a high stress (HS) group, women whose child was hospitalized for a minimum of 2 days (n=23) and a control (CTL) group, women who gave birth to a healthy child (n=73). HM was collected three times a day at postpartum days 10, 17 and 24. Perceived psychological stress was measured using multiple validated questionnaires, while biological stress measures were based on cortisol in hair, saliva and HM. HM FAs were analyzed by gas-chromatography and compared between groups.

RESULTS

Maternal perceived stress scores were significantly higher in the HS group (p < 0.01), whereas cortisol measurements did not differ between groups. The absolute concentrations of total FA in HM (p=0.023), including the total amount of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (p=0.022) and omega-6 PUFAs (p=0.018), were lower in the HS group compared to the CTL group. Relative values of FAs did not differ between groups.

CONCLUSION

Maternal stress in the first month postpartum was associated with overall lower levels of FA in HM. This possibly indicates a route of transmission of maternal stress signals to the infant. Future research should investigate if these stress-induced changes in HM FAs have consequences for child development.

Crop year, harvest date and clone effects on fruit characteristics, chemical composition and olive oil stability from an Empeltre clonal selection grown in Aragon

BACKGROUND

In this study, the effects of crop year, harvest date and clone on the fruit characteristics and chemical composition of Empeltre olive oils were evaluated. For this purpose, the weight and oil content of fruit and the fatty acid composition, polyphenol content and oxidative stability of the olive oil was analysed throughout ripening during three successive seasons.

RESULTS

The weight and moisture in the fruit, as well as the fatty acids and polyphenol content in the olive oil, were mainly affected by crop year. In contrast, the stability was strongly influenced by the harvest date. Both factors had an influence on the fruit's oil content. The clone was not a substantial component in terms of variability, although the interaction with crop year was notable for some of the characteristics. The oil content increased significantly along with the harvest date and reached maximum values in the last period (44.9%). Conversely, stability and polyphenols decreased significantly (depending on the year, by 30-70%) from October to December, reaching the highest mean values between 1 October and 10 November (15.5 h; 500 mg caffeic acid kg^-1 ). Oleic acid and monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA) did not show significant differences depending on the harvest date, but between years, with 2018 having the highest percentage of oleic acid (72.72%) and MUFA/PUFA (8.38).

CONCLUSION

Early harvesting of Empeltre olives would provide considerably more stable olive oils, regardless of the clone selected, with higher phenolic content. It would not affect the MUFA/PUFA ratio, mainly influenced by the crop year. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Allochthony, fatty acid and mercury trends in muscle of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) along boreal environmental gradients

Environmental change, including joint effects of increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorus (TP) in boreal northern lakes may affect food web energy sources and the biochemical composition of organisms. These environmental stressors are enhanced by anthropogenic land-use and can decrease the quality of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in seston and zooplankton, and therefore, possibly cascading up to fish. In contrast, the content of mercury in fish increases with lake browning potentially amplified by intensive forestry practises. However, there is little evidence on how these environmental stressors simultaneously impact beneficial omega-3 fatty acid (n3-FA) and total mercury (THg) content of fish muscle for human consumption. A space-for-time substitution study was conducted to assess whether environmental stressors affect Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) allochthony and muscle nutritional quality [PUFA, THg, and their derivative, the hazard quotient (HQ)]. Perch samples were collected from 31 Finnish lakes along pronounced lake size (0.03-107.5 km²), DOC (5.0-24.3 mg L^-1), TP (5-118 μg L^-1) and land-use gradients (forest: 50.7-96.4%, agriculture: 0-32.6%). These environmental gradients were combined using principal component analysis (PCA). Allochthony for individual perch was modelled using source and consumer δ²H values. Perch allochthony increased with decreasing lake pH and increasing forest coverage (PC1), but no correlation between lake DOC and perch allochthony was found. Perch muscle THg and omega-6 fatty acid (n6-FA) content increased with PC1 parallel with allochthony. Perch muscle DHA (22:6n3) content decreased, and ALA (18:3n3) increased towards shallower murkier lakes (PC2). Perch allochthony was positively correlated with muscle THg and n6-FA content, but did not correlate with n3-FA content. Hence, the quality of perch muscle for human consumption decreases (increase in HQ) with increasing forest coverage and decreasing pH, potentially mediated by increasing fish allochthony.

Chemical Composition Assessment of Structural Parts (Seeds, Peel, Pulp) of Physalis alkekengi L. Fruits

In recent years there has been an extensive search for nature-based products with functional potential. All structural parts of Physalis alkekengi (bladder cherry), including fruits, pulp, and less-explored parts, such as seeds and peel, can be considered sources of functional macro- and micronutrients, bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, minerals, polyphenols, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietetic fiber. The chemical composition of all fruit structural parts (seeds, peel, and pulp) of two phenotypes of P. alkekengi were studied. The seeds were found to be a rich source of oil, yielding 14–17%, with abundant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (over 88%) and tocopherols, or vitamin E (up to 5378 mg/kg dw; dry weight). The predominant fatty acid in the seed oils was linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid. The seeds contained most of the fruit’s protein (16–19% dw) and fiber (6–8% dw). The peel oil differed significantly from the seed oil in fatty acid and tocopherol composition. Seed cakes, the waste after oil extraction, contained arginine and aspartic acid as the main amino acids; valine, phenylalanine, threonine, and isoleucine were present in slightly higher amounts than the other essential amino acids. They were also rich in key minerals, such as K, Mg, Fe, and Zn. From the peel and pulp fractions were extracted fruit concretes, aromatic products with specific fragrance profiles, of which volatile compositions (GC-MS) were identified. The major volatiles in peel and pulp concretes were β-linalool, α-pinene, and γ-terpinene. The results from the investigation substantiated the potential of all the studied fruit structures as new sources of bioactive compounds that could be used as prospective sources in human and animal nutrition, while the aroma-active compounds in the concretes supported the plant’s potential in perfumery and cosmetics.

Chemotaxonomic and evolutionary perspectives of Bryophyta based on multivariate analysis of fatty acid fingerprints of Eastern Himalayan mosses

Bryophyta comprises one of the earliest lineages of land plants that had implemented remarkable innovations to their lipid metabolic systems for successful adaptation to terrestrial habitat. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of fatty acid profiles of mosses from Eastern Himalayas with an aim to trace their chemotaxonomic and evolutionary implications. Fatty acid compositions of 40 random mosses belonging to major families of Bryophyta were explored by gas chromatographic analysis. A diverse array of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids including rare acetylenic fatty acids were detected. Hexadecanoic acid (C16:0), 9,12 (Z,Z)-octadecadienoic acid (C18:2n6) and 9,12,15 (Z,Z,Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (C18:3n3) were the predominant fatty acids in all the mosses. However, quantitative variation of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), specifically 5,8,11,14 (Z,Z,Z,Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (C20:4n6), among the investigated mosses was the most prominent outcome. The diplolepidous members of Bryidae, especially the mosses of Hypnales, Bryales and Bartramiales contained higher amount of C20 PUFAs compared with the haplolepidous orders. Principal component analyses based on individual fatty acids and other related parameters validated C20:4n6 content and the ratio of C20:4n6/C18:2n6 as the apparent chemotaxonomic discriminants. The prevalent notion of considering 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic acid (C18:4a) as the chemomarker of Dicranaceae has also been challenged, since the compound was detected not only in different families of Dicranales, but also in a Pottiales member, Leptodontium viticulosoides. Therefore, an ensemble of fatty acids instead of a single one can be considered as the chemical signature for taxonomic interpretation which may also be vital from an evolutionary standpoint.

Low n-6/n-3 Gestation and Lactation Diets Influence Early Performance, Muscle and Adipose Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content and Deposition, and Relative Abundance of Proteins in Suckling Piglets

Elevated omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ratios in swine diets can potentially impose a higher risk of inflammatory and metabolic diseases in swine. A low ratio between the two omega PUFAs has beneficial effects on sows' and piglets' production performance and immunity status. At present, there are few studies on how sow nutrition directly affects the protein and fat deposition in suckling piglets. Two groups of sows were fed diets with high or low n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated ratios of 13:1 (SOY) and 4:1 (LIN), respectively, during gestation and lactation. Longissimus dorsi muscle and adipose tissue from newborn piglets, nourished only with sow's milk, were subjected to fatty acid profiling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to proteomics assays based on nano-liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-HRMS). Fatty acid profiles on both muscle and adipose tissues resembled the magnitude of the differences between fatty acid across diets. Proteomic analysis revealed overabundance of 4 muscle and 11 adipose tissue proteins in SOY compared to LIN in both piglet tissues. The detected overabundance of haptoglobin, an acute-phase protein, and the stimulation of protein-coding genes and proteins related to the innate immune response and acute inflammatory response could be associated with the pro-inflammatory role of n-6 PUFAs.

ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5-ω3 FATTY ACID DESATURASE3 module regulates unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis in Paeonia ostii

Paeonia ostii is an authorized novel vegetable oil crop due to its seeds rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) especially α-linolenic acid (ALA), which overweight the current available edible oil. However, little is known on the regulation mechanism of UFAs biosynthesis during its seed development. Here, we used transcriptome and proteome data combining phytochemistry means to uncover the relationship between abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and UFAs biosynthesis during P. ostii seed development. Based on transcriptome and proteome analysis, two desaturases of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid, named as PoFAD2 and PoFAD3 responsible for ALA biosynthesis were identified. Then, an ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) proteins was identified as an upstream transcriptional factor, which activated the expression of PoFAD3 instead of PoFAD2. Moreover, silencing of PoABI5 repressed the response of PoFAD3 to ABA. This study provides the first view on the connection between the function of ABA signaling factors and ALA biosynthesis in the P. ostii seed, which lays the foundation for studies on the regulatory mechanism of ABA signaling involved in the UFAs synthesis during seeds development, meanwhile, it will shed light on manipulation of ALA content for satisfying human demands on high quality of edible oil or healthy supplement.

PALP: A rapid imaging technique for stratifying ferroptosis sensitivity in normal and tumor tissues in situ

Ferroptosis is an emerging cancer suppression strategy. However, how to select cancer patients for treating with ferroptosis inducers remains challenging. Here, we develop photochemical activation of membrane lipid peroxidation (PALP), which uses targeted lasers to induce localized polyunsaturated fatty acyl (PUFA)-lipid peroxidation for reporting ferroptosis sensitivity in cells and tissues. PALP captured by BODIPY-C11 can be suppressed by lipophilic antioxidants and iron chelation, and is dependent on PUFA-lipid levels. Moreover, we develop PALPv2, for studying lipid peroxidation on selected membranes along the z axis in live cells using two-photon microscopes. Using PALPv1, we detect PUFA-lipids in multiple tissues, and validate a PUFA-phospholipid reduction during muscle aging as previously reported. Patterns of PALPv1 signals across multiple cancer cell types in vitro and in vivo are concordant with their ferroptosis susceptibility and PUFA-phospholipid levels. We envision that PALP will enable rapid stratification of ferroptosis sensitivity in cancer patients and facilitate PUFA-lipid research.

HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES ON THE FATTY COMPOSITION OF SUNFLOWER SEED LIPIDS

OBJECTIVE

The aim: Evaluation of the influence of plant protection chemicals on the fatty acid composition of sunflower seeds.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Materials and methods: Study of the effects of pesticides, study of the effects of pesticides on the fatty acid composition (lipid) of sunflower seed by gas-liquid chromatography was studied.

RESULTS

Results: It was found that the content of oleic and linoleic unsaturated fatty acids did not differ significantly from the control. The content of linolenic and arachidonic acids was at the level of the control group. A similar pattern was observed in relation to the content of saturated fatty acids, in particular myristic, pentodecanoic, palmitic, margaric, stearic. The total content of fatty acids (unsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty) selected under different seed protection schemes did not differ significantly from control.

CONCLUSION

Conclusions: It is proved that the application of the investigated pesticides in various schemes of chemical protection of sunflower crops does not affect the nutritional and biological value of the seeds.

Fatty Acids Composition of Basidiocarps of Some Wood Associated Medicinal Mushrooms (Basidiomycetes) from India

In this investigation, crude fat contents and fatty acid compositions of lipids present in the basidiocarps of widely distributed, medicinally important, wild mushrooms (Fuscoporia torulosa, Inonotus pachyphloeus, Phellinus allardii, Ph. fastuosus, Ph. gilvus and Ph. sanfordii) collected from different localities of Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India were analyzed. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector was performed to identify and quantify the individual fatty acids present in the lipids of each mushroom. Mushrooms exhibited comparable amounts of crude fats with maximum content (0.35%) in Ph. sanfordii. The dominant fatty acid in the examined mushrooms was palmitic acid (C16:0). Oleic acid (C18:1n9c) and linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) exhibited maximum contents among the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), respectively. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in F. torulosa, I. pachyphloeus and Ph. fastuosus were at higher concentrations than unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Ph. allardii, Ph. gilvus and Ph. sanfordii exhibited greater amounts of UFAs compared with SFAs. Among UFAs, MUFAs dominated the polyunsaturated ones except for I. pachyphloeus and Ph. sanfordii. Of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the contents of ω6 PUFAs were higher than ω3 PUFAs except for Ph. gilvus. Interestingly, a single trans fatty acid, elaidic acid (C18:1n-9t) (0.54-2.34%) was noticed in F. torulosa, Ph. fastuosus and Ph. sanfordii only. The examined mushrooms also differed in UFAs/SFAs, MUFAs/SFAs, PUFAs/SFAs, ∑ω6/∑ω3 and (linoleic acid) C18:2n6c/(oleic acid) C18:1n9c ratios. The presence of essential and non-essential fatty acids may make the examined mushrooms befitting candidates for use in nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.

Plant Sterol-Poor Diet Is Associated with Pro-Inflammatory Lipid Mediators in the Murine Brain

Plant sterols (PSs) cannot be synthesized in mammals and are exclusively diet-derived. PSs cross the blood-brain barrier and may have anti-neuroinflammatory effects. Obesity is linked to lower intestinal uptake and blood levels of PSs, but its effects in terms of neuroinflammation—if any—remain unknown. We investigated the effect of high-fat diet-induced obesity on PSs in the brain and the effects of the PSs campesterol and β-sitosterol on in vitro microglia activation. Sterols (cholesterol, precursors, PSs) and polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived lipid mediators were measured in the food, blood, liver and brain of C57BL/6J mice. Under a PSs-poor high-fat diet, PSs levels decreased in the blood, liver and brain (>50%). This effect was reversible after 2 weeks upon changing back to a chow diet. Inflammatory thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin D2 were inversely correlated to campesterol and β-sitosterol levels in all brain regions. PSs content was determined post mortem in human cortex samples as well. In vitro, PSs accumulate in lipid rafts isolated from SIM-A9 microglia cell membranes. In summary, PSs levels in the blood, liver and brain were associated directly with PSs food content and inversely with BMI. PSs dampen pro-inflammatory lipid mediators in the brain. The identification of PSs in the human cortex in comparable concentration ranges implies the relevance of our findings for humans.

DHA Supplementation of Obese Rats throughout Pregnancy and Lactation Modifies Milk Composition and Anxiety Behavior of Offspring

We investigated if supplementing obese mothers (MO) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) composition and offspring anxiety behavior. From weaning throughout pregnancy and lactation, female Wistar rats ate chow (C) or a high-fat diet (MO). One month before mating and through lactation, half the mothers received 400 mg DHA kg⁻¹ d⁻¹ orally (C+DHA or MO+DHA). Offspring ate C after weaning. Maternal weight, total body fat, milk hormones, and milk nutrient composition were determined. Pups’ milk nutrient intake was evaluated, and behavioral anxiety tests were conducted. MO exhibited increased weight and total fat, and higher milk corticosterone, leptin, linoleic, and arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations, and less DHA content. MO male and female offspring had higher ω-6/ ω-3 milk consumption ratios. In the elevated plus maze, female but not male MO offspring exhibited more anxiety. MO+DHA mothers exhibited lower weight, total fat, milk leptin, and AA concentrations, and enhanced milk DHA. MO+DHA offspring had a lower ω-6/ω-3 milk intake ratio and reduced anxiety vs. MO. DHA content was greater in C+DHA milk vs. C. Supplementing MO mothers with DHA improves milk composition, especially LCPUFA content and ω-6/ω-3 ratio reducing offspring anxiety in a sex-dependent manner.

Development and Physicochemical Properties of Low Saturation Alternative Fat for Whipping Cream

We developed an alternative whipping cream fat using shea butter but with low saturation. Enriched stearic-oleic-stearic (SOS) solid fat was obtained from shea butter via solvent fractionation. Acyl migration reactant, which mainly contains asymmetric SSO triacylglycerol (TAG), was prepared through enzymatic acyl migration to obtain the creaming quality derived from the β'-crystal form. Through enzymatic acyl migration, we obtained a 3.4-fold higher content of saturated-saturated-unsaturated (SSU) TAG than saturated-unsaturated-saturated (SUS) TAG. The acyl migration reactant was refined to obtain refined acyl migration reactant (RAMR). An alternative fat product was prepared by blending RAMR and hydrogenated palm kernel oil (HPKO) at a ratio of 4:6 (w/w). The melting points, solid fat index (SFI), and melting curves of the alternative products were similar to those of commercial whipping cream fat. The alternative fat had a content of total unsaturated fatty acids 20% higher than that of HPKO. The atherogenic index (AI) of alternative fat was 3.61, much lower than those of whipping cream fat (14.59) and HPKO (1220.3), because of its low atherogenic fatty acid content and high total unsaturated fatty acids. The polymorphic crystal form determined by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy showed that the β'-crystal form was predominant. Therefore, the alternative fat is comparable with whipping cream that requires creaming quality, and has a reduced saturated fat content.

Fatty Acids Quality in Middle Eastern Traditional Dishes, Arabic Sweets and Market Foods Frequently Consumed in Lebanon

The prevalence of diet-related non-communicable diseases is on the rise in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean, including Lebanon. This study aimed to provide data on fatty acid profiles and ratios of Lebanese composite dishes, Arabic sweets, and market foods. Methods: Thirty types of traditional dishes, collected from five different Lebanese governorates, thirty-seven types of Arabic sweets and forty-six market food products were considered for analysis. Food samples were chemically analyzed for total, unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The range of total fatty acids in composite dishes, Arabic sweets, and market food products was between 1.2-11.7 g/100 g, 5.3-25.8 g/100 g, and 0.5-100 g/100 g, respectively. Additionally, the range of saturated fatty acids in composite dishes, Arabic sweets, and market food products was between 0.5-4.9 g/100 g, 2.5-23.6 g/100 g and 0.1-56.4 g/100 g, respectively. Furthermore, about 75% of these foods were poor in unsaturated fatty acids. Regarding saturated fatty acid, the polyunsaturated to monounsaturated (P.M.S) ratio was lower than the recommended ratio of 1:1:1 in 96% of samples. To conclude, there is a need to prioritize fat content in foods and consider processing modifications in the food production system with the aim of achieving a higher P:M:S ratio intake among the population.

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) status in severe preeclampsia and preterm birth: a cross sectional study

Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (LCPUFA) is essential throughout pregnancy, since deficiency of LPUFA may linked to obstetrical complications. This study aimed to investigate LCPUFA status in severe preeclampsia and preterm birth. A cross sectional study was conducted in 104 pregnant women, which divided into normal pregnancy, severe preeclampsia and preterm birth groups. Serum percentage and concentration of total LCPUFA, omega-3, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), omega-6, linoleic acid (LA), and arachidonic acid (AA) were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC), bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed. Severe preeclampsia showed the highest concentration of total PUFA and the lowest DHA percentage, with significantly higher Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio (p = 0.004) and lower omega-3 index (p < 0.002) compared to control. Preterm birth showed the least omega-3 concentrations, with significantly low omega-6 derivates (LA (p = 0.014) and AA (p = 0.025)) compared to control. LCPUFA parameters have shown to increase the risk in both conditions, particularly ALA ≤ 53 µmol/L in preeclampsia with OR 5.44, 95%CI 1.16-25.42 and preterm birth with OR 4.68, 95%CI 1.52-14.38. These findings suggest that severe preeclampsia and preterm birth have an imbalance in LCPUFA status.

Tafazzin Deficiency Reduces Basal Insulin Secretion and Mitochondrial Function in Pancreatic Islets From Male Mice

Tafazzin (TAZ) is a cardiolipin (CL) biosynthetic enzyme important for maintaining mitochondrial function. TAZ affects both the species and content of CL in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which are essential for normal cellular respiration. In pancreatic β cells, mitochondrial function is closely associated with insulin secretion. However, the role of TAZ and CL in the secretion of insulin from pancreatic islets remains unknown. Male 4-month-old doxycycline-inducible TAZ knock-down (KD) mice and wild-type littermate controls were used. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess β-cell morphology in whole pancreas sections, whereas ex vivo insulin secretion, CL content, RNA-sequencing analysis, and mitochondrial oxygen consumption were measured from isolated islet preparations. Ex vivo insulin secretion under nonstimulatory low-glucose concentrations was reduced ~52% from islets isolated from TAZ KD mice. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption under low-glucose conditions was also reduced ~58% in islets from TAZ KD animals. TAZ deficiency in pancreatic islets was associated with significant alteration in CL molecular species and elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid CL content. In addition, RNA-sequencing of isolated islets showed that TAZ KD increased expression of extracellular matrix genes, which are linked to pancreatic fibrosis, activated stellate cells, and impaired β-cell function. These data indicate a novel role for TAZ in regulating pancreatic islet function, particularly under low-glucose conditions.

Identification of inhibitors of pinellic acid generation in whole wheat bread

Bitterness is a common aversive flavor attribute of foods associated with low consumer acceptance. Untargeted LC-MS flavoromic profiling was utilized to identify endogenous compounds that influence the generation of the bitter compound 9,12,13-trihydroxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acid (pinellic acid) during bread making. A diverse sample set of wheat germplasm was chemically profiled. The corresponding pinellic acid concentrations after dough formation were modeled by orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) with good fit (R²Y = 0.8) and predictive ability (Q² = 0.6). The most predictive feature (negatively correlated), postulated to interfere with the biosynthetic pathway, was identified as schaftoside, an apigenin di-C-glycoside. Recombination experiments involving the addition of schaftoside to flour prior to breadmaking resulted in a 26% decrease in pinellic acid formation and significantly lower perceived bitterness intensity in whole wheat bread. This work provides novel understanding of bitter generation pathways in wheat products and new strategies to improve flavor profiles and consumer acceptability.

Association of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids with arterial blood pressure: A Mendelian randomization study

High polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) intake is recommended for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the association of PUFAs with blood pressure (BP) is still controversial. In the present study, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to investigate the causal relationship of PUFAs with BP, including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP).Genetic instruments and summary statistics for two-sample MR analysis were obtained from 3 large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly (P < 5 × 10-8) related to 6 PUFAs were used as instrumental variables. Conventional inverse-variance weighted method was adopted to evaluate the causality of PUFAs with BP; the Weighted Median, MR-egger, and Leave-one-out method were used for sensitivity analyses.As a result, there was no evidence of a causal association between all PUFAs and SBP. In addition, arachidonic acid (AA, β = -0.04, P < .001) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, β = -0.47, P = .02) were negatively associated with DBP, while linoleic acid (LA, β = 0.03, P = .005) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, β = 3.83, P < .001) were positively associated with DBP. There was no evidence of a causal relationship between either docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with DBP.In conclusion, a genetic predisposition to plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) had a divergent effect on DBP, independent of SBP. It suggested that it is helpful for lower DBP level to supplemental intake of AA and EPA or promote the conversion of LA and ALA to AA and EPA respectively, which need to be further validated with randomized controlled studies.

Exploitation of HPLC Analytical Method for Simultaneous Determination of Six Principal Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Oviductus Ranae Based on Quantitative Analysis of Multi-Components by Single-Marker (QAMS)

As one of the featured products in northeast China, Oviductus Ranae has been widely used as a nutritious food, which contains a variety of bioactive unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). It is necessary to establish a scientific and reliable determination method of UFA contents in Oviductus Ranae. In this work, six principal UFAs in Oviductus Ranae, namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA), linoleic acid (LA) and oleic acid (OA), were identified using UPLC-MS/MS. The UFAs identified in Oviductus Ranae were further separated based on the optimized RP-HPLC conditions. Quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker (QAMS) method was implemented in content determination of EPA, ALA, DHA, ARA and OA, where LA was used as the internal standard. The experiments based on Taguchi design verified the robustness of the QAMS method on different HPLC instruments and chromatographic columns. The QAMS and external standard method (ESM) were used to calculate the UFA content of 15 batches of Oviductus Ranae samples from different regions. The relative error (r < 0.73%) and cosine coefficient showed that the two methods obtained similar contents, and the method validations met the requirements. The results showed that QAMS can comprehensively and effectively control the quality of UFAs in Oviductus Ranae which provides new ideas and solutions for studying the active components in Oviductus Ranae.

Dietary exposure assessment of methylmercury and polyunsaturated fatty acids in saltwater fish and processed foods among Taiwanese women of child-bearing age and children: A novel core food-matching approach

Saltwater fish is rich in health-promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Excessive fish intake may also cause health hazards due to methylmercury (MeHg). A novel dose estimation method was proposed in this study to improve the quality of food matching by considering the usage ratio of cooking and processing methods in sampling design. In total, 39 table-ready samples were specified according to 2-3 common cooking methods, and MeHg and total mercury (THg) were analyzed. The results showed that mercury was detected in 20 samples (LOD = 0.01 μg/g). High MeHg samples included fried-Spanish mackerel (1.23 μg/g), non-cooked shredded swordfish (0.325 μg/g), pan-fried Spanish mackerel (0.248 μg/g), and non-cooked shredded salmon (0.208 μg/g). Consumption data (n = 166,911) were obtained from 24-h recalls in the 2005-2008 Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan (NAHSIT). The average whole-group estimated daily intake (EDI_WG) was 0.018 (7.9% tolerable daily intake, TDI) for women of child-bearing age and 0.031 μg/day per kg body weight (13.6% TDI) for children. However, 95th percentile values (P95) of 90.4% TDI and 185% TDI were estimated for the two consumer-only populations, which have raised public health concerns. The ratio of % TDI to % daily reference intake (% DRI) was used as a risk-benefit (R/B) indicator. The top 4 R/B foods were: tuna sashimi (0.089 and 0.14), non-cooked shredded swordfish (0.033 and 0.052), fried-Spanish mackerel (0.027 and 0.043) and deep-fried fish balls (0.022 and 0.035) in the two perspective populations.

Water and Lipid-Soluble Component Profile of Sargassum cristaefolium from Different Coastal Areas in Indonesia with Potential for Developing Functional Ingredient

Sargassum brown seaweed is known to have many health benefits and therapeutic effects. Preliminary chemical characterization of this seaweed is important as a bioprospecting strategy for seaweed industry development. This study aimed to evaluate chemical composition differences, both water and lipidsoluble component, of Sargassum cristaefolium from four different coastal areas in Indonesia, namely Pari Island/PI, Awur Bay/AB, Ujung Genteng Beach/UGB, and Sayang Heulang Beach/SHB. Principal component analysis (PCA) on water-soluble component made samples from different origins to be clearly distinguished (variance: 80.37%). SHB and UGB samples were characterized by a high content of ash, alginate, fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs), and fucose content of FCSPs, while samples of AB and PI had a high amount of total sugar and crude fiber. PCA result on lipid-soluble components showed a different tendency that SHB and AB samples were located at close proximity and characterized by larger blade size, higher content of chlorophyll, fucoxanthin, carotenoid, PUFA, total n-3 fatty acids, total n-6 fatty acids, and also a lower ratio of n-6 to n-3 (variance: 75.42%). The overview of each samples' chemical characteristics can be valuable knowledge for further development, especially for developing functional ingredients.

Nutritional Enhancement of Farmed Salmon Meat via Non-GMO Nannochloropsis Gaditana: Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3), Docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) and Vitamin D3 for Human Health

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC PUFAs) and vitamin D3 are essential components of human nutrition. A regular human diet is highly deficient in n-3 LC PUFAs. Fish like salmon are highly recommended in the human diet as they are a major source of high-value n-3 LC PUFAs and vitamin D3. The levels of these nutrients have been decreasing over the last few years in farmed salmon, whose production urgently needs sustainable sources of these nutrients. The microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana (NG) is known for its naturally high potential for the production of eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5 n-3) fatty acid. A commercial diet for Atlantic salmon was supplemented with 1% and 10% of spray-dried NG grown under controlled conditions for a high EPA content. Salmon were harvested on day 49, following which, boneless and skinless salmon meat was recovered from fish and analyzed for the fatty acid profile, total fat, and vitamin D3. Vitamin D3, EPA, and docosapentaenoic fatty acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05) by supplementing the basal diet with 10% NG, thus, NG represents a novel, functional, natural ingredient and a sustainable source of n-3 LC-PUFAs that can raise the levels of healthy fats and vitamin D3 in farmed salmon meat.

Lipidome, nutraceuticals and nutritional profiling of Pyrus pashia Buch.-ham ex D. Don (Kainth) seeds oil and its antioxidant potential

Kainth fruit, as traditional medicine, has been used in the Himalayan region for its health-promoting properties. However, the phytochemicals and lipidomes of Kainth Seed Oil (KSO) are still scarce. Here, we investigated the physicochemical characterization of KSO and its nutraceuticals, antioxidant potentials. Kainth seeds contain 19-20% oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA, 82.22%), particularly linoleic acid (C18:2). Lipidome analysis of KSO using high-resolution mass spectrometry showed that trilinoleate (C54:6) was the dominant triacylglycerol (TAG) species. Further, the characteristics of PUFA-rich oil were validated by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Differential Scanning calorimetry (DSC). The nutraceuticals profiling of KSO depicted the presence of tocopherols (86.72 mg) and phytosterols (32.25 mg) in 100 g oil with significant antioxidant activity. The oil cake contained 19.09% protein and minerals and can be a source for dietary protein. Collectively these results suggest that KSO will be a suitable source for PUFA and nutraceuticals potential.

Rana chensinensis Ovum Oil Based on CO2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction: Response Surface Methodology Optimization and Unsaturated Fatty Acid Ingredient Analysis

Rana chensinensis ovum oil (RCOO) is an emerging source of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), but it is lacking in green and efficient extraction methods. In this work, using the response surface strategy, we developed a green and efficient CO2 supercritical fluid extraction (CO2-SFE) technology for RCOO. The response surface methodology (RSM), based on the Box-Behnken Design (BBD), was used to investigate the influence of four independent factors (pressure, flow, temperature, and time) on the yield of RCOO in the CO2-SFE process, and UPLC-ESI-Q-TOP-MS and HPLC were used to identify and analyze the principal UFA components of RCOO. According to the BBD response surface model, the optimal CO2-SFE condition of RCOO was pressure 29 MPa, flow 82 L/h, temperature 50 °C, and time 132 min, and the corresponding predicted optimal yield was 13.61%. The actual optimal yield obtained from the model verification was 13.29 ± 0.37%, and the average error with the predicted value was 0.38 ± 0.27%. The six principal UFAs identified in RCOO included eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA), linoleic acid (LA), and oleic acid (OA), which were important biologically active ingredients in RCOO. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the yield of these UFAs was closely related to the yield of RCOO (the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.9). Therefore, under optimal conditions, the yield of RCOO and principal UFAs always reached the optimal value at the same time. Based on the above results, this work realized the optimization of CO2-SFE green extraction process and the confirmation of principal bioactive ingredients of the extract, which laid a foundation for the green production of RCOO.

Genetic variants in FADS1 and ELOVL2 increase level of arachidonic acid and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Tunisian population

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are closely related to various physiological conditions. In several age-related diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) altered PUFAs metabolism has been reported. However, the mechanism behind PUFAs impairment and AD developpement remains unclear. In humans, PUFAs biosynthesis requires delta-5 desaturase (D5D), delta-6 desaturase (D6D) and elongase 2 activities; which are encoded by fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), and elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids-like 2 (ELOVL2) genes, respectively. In the present work, we aim to assess whether genetic variants in FADS1, FADS2 and ELOVL2 genes influence plasma and erythrocyte PUFA composition and AD risk. A case-control study was carried out in 113 AD patients and 161 healthy controls.Rs174556, rs174617, and rs3756963 of FADS1, FADS2, and ELOVL2 genes, respectively were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. PUFA levels were quantified using Gas Chromatography. Genotype distributions of rs174556 (FADS1) and rs3756963 (ELOVL2) were different between case and control groups. The genotype TT of rs174556 and rs3756963 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) increases significantly the risk of AD in our population. PUFA analysis showed higher plasma and erythrocyte arachidonic acid (AA) level in patients with AD, whereas only plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was significantly decreased in AD patients. The indexes AA/Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and C24:4n-6/Adrenic acid (AdA) were both higher in the AD group. Interestingly, patients with TT genotype of rs174556 presented higher AA level and AA/DGLA index in both plasma and erythrocyte. In addition, higher AA and AA/DGLA index were observed in erythrocyte of TT genotype ofrs3756963 carrier's patients. Along with, positive correlation between AA/DGLA index, age or Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)/ Linoleic acid (LA) index was seen in erythrocyte and /or plasma of AD patients. After adjustment for confounding factors, the genotype TT of rs174556, erythrocyte AA and AA/DGLA index were found to be predictive risk factors for AD while plasma DHA was found associated with lower AD risk. Both rs174556 and rs3756963 influence AD risk in the Tunisian population and they are likely associated with high AA level. The combination of the two variants increases further the susceptibility to AD. We suggest that FADS1 and ELOVL2 variants could likely regulate the efficiency of AA biosynthesis which could be at the origin of inflammatory derivate.

Methyl jasmonate pretreatment improves aroma quality of cold-stored 'Nanguo' pears by promoting ester biosynthesis

Cold storage is widely used for delaying ripening and senescence; however, fruit aroma diminishes noticeably after long-term cold storage. The esters synthesized by the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway are responsible for 'Nanguo' pear aroma. As methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is known to act on various fruit qualities, we investigated whether it acts via the LOX pathway in cold-stored 'Nanguo' pears. MeJA treatment increased the content of volatile esters and unsaturated fatty acids and the activities of alcohol acyltransferase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and LOX. It also up-regulated the expression of key genes (PuAAT, PuADH3, PuADH5, PuADH9, PuLOX1, and PuLOX3) in the LOX pathway and that of transcription factors (PuMYB21-like, PuMYB108-like, PuWRKY61, PuWRKY72, and PuWRKY31), whose genes were differentially expressed in preliminary transcriptome analysis. Therefore, considering its effects on LOX pathway-related genes and transcription factors, MeJA may be useful in preventing cold-storage-induced decline in ester biosynthesis, aroma, and consequently the quality of cold-stored 'Nanguo' pears.

Chemical Analysis of Minor Bioactive Components and Cannabidiolic Acid in Commercial Hemp Seed Oil

Although hemp seed (HS) oil is characterized by more than 80% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), a very high ω-6-to-ω-3 ratio is not a popular commodity. The aim of this work was to provide useful data about the bioactive components and cannabidiolic acid content in thirteen different commercial hemp seed oils. The investigated HS oils showed a good ω-6/ω-3 ratio, ranging from 1.71 to 2.27, massively differed in their chlorophylls (0.041-2.64 µg/g) and carotenoids contents (0.29-1.73 µg/g), as well as in total phenols (22.1-160.8 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents (GAE)/g) and tocopherols (3.47-13.25 mg/100 g). Since the high content of PUFAs in HS oils, photo-oxidative stability was investigated by determining the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) assay and extinction coefficient K232 and K270 after the photo-oxidative test. The percentage of increase in K232 and K270 ranged from 1.2 to 8.5% and from 3.7 to 26.0%, respectively, indicating good oxidative stability, but TBARS showed a 1.5- to 2.5-fold increase in oxidative behavior when compared to the initial values. Therefore, the diversity in bioactive compounds in HS oils, and their high nutritional value, suggest the need for a disciplinary booklet that well defines agronomic and post-harvest management conditions for achieving a good food objective.

Nutritional Indices for Assessing Fatty Acids: A Mini-Review

Dietary fats are generally fatty acids that may play positive or negative roles in the prevention and treatment of diseases. In nature, fatty acids occur in the form of mixtures of saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), so their nutritional and/or medicinal values must be determined. Herein, we do not consider the classic indices, such as ∑SFA, ∑MUFA, ∑PUFA, ∑n-6 PUFA, ∑n-3 PUFA, and n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA; instead, we summarize and review the definitions, implications, and applications of indices used in recent years, including the PUFA/SFA, index of atherogenicity (IA), the index of thrombogenicity (IT), the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (HH), the health-promoting index (HPI), the unsaturation index (UI), the sum of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA + DHA), fish lipid quality/flesh lipid quality (FLQ), the linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) ratio, and trans fatty acid (TFA). Of these nutritional indices, IA and IT are the most commonly used to assess the composition of fatty acids as they outline significant implications and provide clear evidence. EPA + DHA is commonly used to assess the nutritional quality of marine animal products. All indices have their advantages and disadvantages; hence, a rational choice of which to use is critical.

The Short Overview on the Relevance of Fatty Acids for Human Cardiovascular Disorders

This review presents existing evidence of the influence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Data are discussed regarding the roles of the most relevant fatty acids, such as myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), α-linolenic (C18:3, ω-3), γ-linolenic (C18:3, ω-6), arachidonic (C20:4), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5), docosahexaenoic (C22:6), and docosapentaenoic (C22:5) acid. The accumulated knowledge has expanded the understanding of the involvement of fatty acids in metabolic processes, thereby enabling the transition from basic exploratory studies to practical issues of application of these biomolecules to CVD treatment. In the future, these findings are expected to facilitate the interpretation and prognosis of changes in metabolic lipid aberrations in CVD.

Flavonoid and Non-Flavonoid Compounds of Autumn Royal and Egnatia Grape Skin Extracts Affect Membrane PUFA's Profile and Cell Morphology in Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines

Grapes contain many flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds with anticancer effects. In this work we fully characterized the polyphenolic profile of two grape skin extracts (GSEs), Autumn Royal and Egnatia, and assessed their effects on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) membrane levels of Caco2 and SW480 human colon cancer cell lines. Gene expression of 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), as well as cell morphology, were evaluated. The polyphenolic composition was analyzed by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Quadrupole-Time of Flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF) analysis. PUFA levels were evaluated by gas chromatography, and gene expression levels of 15-LOX-1 and PPAR-γ were analyzed by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Morphological cell changes caused by GSEs were identified by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and photomicrograph examination. We detected a different profile of flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds in Autumn Royal and Egnatia GSEs. Cultured cells showed an increase of total PUFA levels mainly after treatment with Autumn Royal grape, and were richer in flavonoids when compared with the Egnatia variety. Both GSEs were able to affect 15-LOX-1 and PPAR-γ gene expression and cell morphology. Our results highlighted a new antitumor mechanism of GSEs that involves membrane PUFAs and their downstream pathways.