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Maguolo A, Zusi C, Corradi M, Emiliani F, Fornari E, Morandi A, Maffeis C. FADS cluster variants are associated with insulin sensitivity in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1776-1778. [PMID: 35906330 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the desaturation activity of LC-PUFAs may influence insulin sensitivity by modulating the relative abundance of omega-3. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the association between genetic variants of fatty acid desaturase cluster genes (FADS1, FADS2, FADS3) and insulin sensitivity in a cohort of children and adolescents with obesity. Anthropometric evaluation, lipid profile, glucose metabolism parameters and the genotype of rs1535 on FADS2 gene were assessed. In 162 obese children and adolescents (12.6 ± 2.3 years; BMI 30.9 ± 7.3), we found a significant association between an index of insulin sensitivity, i.e., Matsuda index, and rs1535 (B = -0,192; p = 0.008), BMI (B = -0,003; p < 0.001), and triglycerides (B = -0,034; p < 0.001), independent of age and sex [R² = 0.35; p = <0.001]. In conclusion, FADS cluster variants were associated with insulin sensitivity in a population of children and adolescents with obesity, contributing to identify individuals who may benefit from personalised prevention and treatment nutritional strategies since childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Maguolo
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Chiara Zusi
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Corradi
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federica Emiliani
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Fornari
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Anita Morandi
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Maffeis
- Section of Pediatric Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Gu J, Kong A, Guo C, Liu J, Li K, Ren Z, Zhou Y, Tang M, Shi H. Cadmium perturbed lipid profile and induced liver dysfunction in mice through phosphatidylcholine remodeling and promoting arachidonic acid synthesis and metabolism. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2022; 247:114254. [PMID: 36334344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium ion (Cd2+) exposure has been reported to associate with the prevalence of dyslipidemia, and contribute to the initiation and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, Cd2+ exposure perturbed specific metabolic pathways and underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In the present study, through lipidomics analyses of differential metabolites in serum between the Cd2+-exposed mice and the control group, 179 differential metabolites were identified, among which phosphatidylcholines (PCs) accounted for 49 % metabolites. Moreover, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment assay indicates that PCs participate in the metabolic pathways, including the Arachidonic Acid (AA) metabolism, which also could be potential NAFLD biomarkers. Moreover, in vivo and in vitro results suggested that Cd2+ exposure induced PC synthesis and remodeling, and increased AA level by promoting fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) to catalyze synthesis process instead of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) mediated release pathway. Inhibition of FADS1 by T3364366 could reverse Cd-induced AA, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and triglyceride (TAG) levels, and it also reduce cisplatin resistance in HepG2 cells. This study provides new evidence of Cd2+-induced dyslipidemia and reveals underlying molecular mechanism involved in liver dysfunction of Cd2+ exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Anqi Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Chuanzhi Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Kongdong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Zhen Ren
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Min Tang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Haifeng Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China.
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Dave K, Kaur L, Sundrani D, Sharma P, Bayyana S, Mehendale S, Randhir K, Chandak GR, Joshi S. Association of placental fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) methylation with maternal fatty acid levels in women with preeclampsia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 184:102472. [PMID: 35872376 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids requires sequential activities of desaturases and elongases for conversion of fatty acid precursors to products. The delta-6 desaturase enzyme, encoded by FADS2 gene, is a rate limiting enzyme in this pathway. Alterations in D6D enzyme activity can lead to altered fatty acid profiles. OBJECTIVES To examine differences in placental DNA methylation (DNAm) and expression of FADS2 gene in preeclampsia women compared to normal women and their association with maternal variables (plasma fatty acids, desaturase enzyme index, blood pressure), placental weight and birth outcomes. METHODS DNAm and expression of FADS2 gene were examined in placentae of normotensive (n = 100) control and preeclampsia (n = 100) women using pyrosequencing and quantitative real-time PCR respectively. Women with preeclampsia included those delivering at term (n = 43, gestation ≥ 37 weeks; T-PE) or preterm (n = 57, gestation < 37 weeks; PT-PE). A total of 26 CpGs in FADS2 promoter and region around it, were analysed in two PCR reactions (region 1 and 2). RESULTS Out of 13 CpGs in region 1, significant hypermethylation was noted at CpG3 in T-PE (p = 0.03) and of 13 CpGs in region 2, CpG2 (p = 0.008), CpG11 (p = 0.04), CpG12 (p = 0.001) were hypomethylated and CpG13 (p = 0.001) was hypermethylated in preeclampsia group, as compared to controls. FADS2 expression was lower in PT-PE as compared to controls (p = 0.04). DNAm at various CpGs in the FADS2 were associated with maternal plasma FADS2 enzyme index and also associated with maternal fatty acid levels. However, we did not observe any association of DNAm with maternal blood pressure, placental weight and birth outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time reports differential methylation of FADS2 and its association with impaired maternal fatty acid metabolism in preeclampsia and provides a mechanistic basis to our earlier observations of altered maternal LCPUFA levels in women with preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Dave
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune 411043, India
| | - Lovejeet Kaur
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad 500007. India
| | - Deepali Sundrani
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune 411043, India
| | - Preeti Sharma
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune 411043, India
| | - Swati Bayyana
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad 500007. India
| | - Savita Mehendale
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College and Hospital, Pune 411043, India
| | - Karuna Randhir
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune 411043, India
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex diseases (GRC Group), CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB), Hyderabad 500007. India
| | - Sadhana Joshi
- Mother and Child Health, Interactive Research School for Health Affairs (IRSHA), Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune 411043, India.
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Garshick MS, Block R, Drenkova K, Tawil M, James G, Brenna JT. Statin therapy upregulates arachidonic acid status via enhanced endogenous synthesis in patients with plaque psoriasis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 180:102428. [PMID: 35490599 PMCID: PMC9870621 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Circulating fatty acids (FA) may be important in the psoriatic pro-inflammatory phenotype. FADS1 converts linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor to potent signaling molecules. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) increase FADS1/2 expression in vitro. Psoriasis patients (42 ± 14 years/age, 47% male) were randomized to 40 mg of atorvastatin (n = 20) or nothing (n = 10) for two weeks and plasma FA measured pre and post treatment. After treatment, LDL-C was 44% lower in the statin compared to the no-treatment group. Statins increased FADS1/2 expression, and lowered LA 12% (33% - > 29%, p<0.001) and raised AA 14% (7.7% - > 9.0%, p<0.01) with no change in the no-treatment group. In psoriasis, statins enhance AA and decrease LA, consistent with the action of enhanced FADS expression in vivo. Therapies intended to blunt the effects of AA on platelet aggregation, such as aspirin or omega-3 fatty acids, may require dose adjustment when co-administered with atorvastatin. NCT: NCT03228017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Garshick
- Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, United States; Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, United States; Cardiovascular Research Center, NYU Langone Health, United States.
| | - Robert Block
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, United States
| | - Kamelia Drenkova
- Cardiovascular Research Center, NYU Langone Health, United States
| | - Michael Tawil
- Cardiovascular Research Center, NYU Langone Health, United States
| | - Genevieve James
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute and Dept of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, United States
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute and Dept of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, United States
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LeMoire A, Abdelmagid S, Ma DWL, El-Sohemy A, Mutch DM. Δ5 and Δ6 desaturase indices are not associated with zinc intake as determined by dietary assessment or modified by a zinc-FADS1 rs174547 SNP interaction in young Canadian adults. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 180:102439. [PMID: 35500529 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc is an essential trace mineral that serves as a cofactor for the delta-5 and delta-6 desaturases (D5D, D6D) that are critical for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) synthesis. While plasma zinc levels are generally reported to be associated with D5D and D6D indices in humans, it remains unclear if dietary zinc intake can be similarly associated with desaturase indices. Therefore, the present investigation examined if zinc intake determined by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is associated with desaturase indices in young Canadian adults. Additionally, we explored whether desaturase indices were modified by an interaction between dietary zinc intake and a common variant in the FADS1 gene. METHODS Dietary zinc intake (FFQ), plasma fatty acids (gas chromatography) and the FADS1 rs174547 polymorphism were analyzed in young men and women (n = 803) from the cross-sectional Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study. Product-to-precursor fatty acid ratios were used to determine desaturase enzyme indices (D5D = 20:4n-6/20:3n-6; D6D = 18:3n-6/18:2n-6). Individuals were grouped according to dietary zinc intake, as well as by their rs174547 genotype (TT vs. TC+CC). Data were analyzed by 1-way and 2-way ANCOVA. RESULTS Plasma fatty acids and D5D/D6D indices did not differ between individuals grouped according to dietary zinc intake. Further, the recently proposed biomarker of zinc intake, 20:3n-6/18:2n-6, was not associated with dietary zinc intake. Although the FADS1 rs174547 SNP was significantly associated with D5D and D6D indices in both men and women (p < 0.0001), we did not find evidence of a dietary zinc intake - FADS1 SNP interaction on D5D or D6D indices. CONCLUSION Dietary zinc intake, as determined using FFQs, does not predict differences in desaturase indices, irrespective of FADS1 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley LeMoire
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Salma Abdelmagid
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3E2, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada.
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Tian H, Yu H, Lin Y, Li Y, Xu W, Chen Y, Liu G, Xie L. Association between FADS Gene Expression and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Breast Milk. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030457. [PMID: 35276817 PMCID: PMC8839397 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in breast milk provides physiological benefits for offspring and is closely related to endogenous biosynthesis in lactating women. Few studies have addressed the association between fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene expression patterns and fatty acids in breast milk. This research aimed to explore the differences in PUFA levels among breast milk groups with different levels of FADS gene expression and provide a scientific basis for precision nutrition strategies. A total of 50 healthy women 42–45 days postpartum were included in this study. A basic information questionnaire and breast milk samples were collected. Eight types of PUFA were detected, and RNA was extracted from breast milk. The transcription level of the FADS gene was detected using real-time quantitative PCR. Significant differences in the content of gamma-linolenic acid and eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n6) were found in breast milk among FADS1 gene transcription groups (p = 0.009, p = 0.042, respectively). No significant differences in PUFA were found among the FADS2 and FADS3 gene expression groups. The results demonstrated that n-6 PUFA was associated with the mRNA expression levels of the FADS1 gene. They are of great significance in developing new methods and diets to optimize infant feeding using breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Tian
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Haitao Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Yiqi Lin
- Jilin Women and Children Health Hospital, Changchun 130061, China;
| | - Yueting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Wenhui Xu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Yiru Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Y.); (Y.L.); (W.X.); (Y.C.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-431-8561-9455
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Reilly SK, Gosai SJ, Gutierrez A, Mackay-Smith A, Ulirsch JC, Kanai M, Mouri K, Berenzy D, Kales S, Butler GM, Gladden-Young A, Bhuiyan RM, Stitzel ML, Finucane HK, Sabeti PC, Tewhey R. Direct characterization of cis-regulatory elements and functional dissection of complex genetic associations using HCR-FlowFISH. Nat Genet 2021; 53:1166-1176. [PMID: 34326544 PMCID: PMC8925018 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00900-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Effective interpretation of genome function and genetic variation requires a shift from epigenetic mapping of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) to characterization of endogenous function. We developed hybridization chain reaction fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with flow cytometry (HCR-FlowFISH), a broadly applicable approach to characterize CRISPR-perturbed CREs via accurate quantification of native transcripts, alongside CRISPR activity screen analysis (CASA), a hierarchical Bayesian model to quantify CRE activity. Across >325,000 perturbations, we provide evidence that CREs can regulate multiple genes, skip over the nearest gene and display activating and/or silencing effects. At the cholesterol-level-associated FADS locus, we combine endogenous screens with reporter assays to exhaustively characterize multiple genome-wide association signals, functionally nominate causal variants and, importantly, identify their target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Reilly
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for System Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Sager J Gosai
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for System Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Science, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob C Ulirsch
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Science, Boston, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Genomics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gina M Butler
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Redwan M Bhuiyan
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Michael L Stitzel
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
- Institute of Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Hilary K Finucane
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for System Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ryan Tewhey
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Murff HJ, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Su T, Dooley JH, Cai SS, Zheng W, Dai Q. N-3 Long Chain Fatty Acids Supplementation, Fatty Acids Desaturase Activity, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:1388-1398. [PMID: 34291724 PMCID: PMC8782932 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1955286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) have anti-inflammatory effects and may reduce colorectal cancer risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on markers of rectal cell proliferation and apoptosis and examine how genetic variation in desaturase enzymes might modify this effect. METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, control six-month trial of 2.5 grams of n-3 LCPUFA per day compared to olive oil. Study participants had a history of colorectal adenomas. Randomization was stratified based on the gene variant rs174535 in the fatty acid desaturase 1 enzyme (FADS1). Our primary outcome was change in markers of rectal epithelial proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS A total of 141 subjects were randomized. We found no difference in apoptosis markers between participants randomized to n-3 LCPUFA compared to olive oil (P = 0.41). N-3 LCPUFA supplementation increased cell proliferation in the lower colonic crypt compared to olive oil (P = 0.03) however baseline indexes of proliferation were different between the groups at randomization. We found no evidence that genotype modified the effect. CONCLUSIONS Our study did not show evidence of a proliferative or pro-apoptotic effect on n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on rectal mucosa regardless of the FADS genotype.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01661764Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2021.1955286.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey J. Murff
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Martha J. Shrubsole
- GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Timothy Su
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | | | - Sunny S. Cai
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Wei Zheng
- GRECC, Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Qi Dai
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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9
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Nyunoya H, Noda T, Kawamoto Y, Hayashi Y, Ishibashi Y, Ito M, Okino N. Lack of ∆5 Desaturase Activity Impairs EPA and DHA Synthesis in Fish Cells from Red Sea Bream and Japanese Flounder. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2021; 23:472-481. [PMID: 34176006 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain (≥ C20) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), are necessary for human health and are obtained from marine fish-derived oils. Marine fish are LC-PUFA-rich animals; however, many of them require LC-PUFA for growth. Therefore, it is suggested that they do not have sufficient ability to biosynthesize LC-PUFA. To evaluate in vivo LC-PUFA synthetic activity in fish cells, fish-derived cell lines from red sea bream (Pagrus major, PMS and PMF), Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, HINAE), and zebrafish (Danio rerio, BRF41) were incubated with n-3 fatty acids labeled by radioisotopes or stable isotopes, and then, n-3 PUFA were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Labeled EPA and DHA were biosynthesized from labeled α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in BRF41, whereas they were not detected in PMS, PMF, or HINAE cells. We next cloned the fatty acid desaturase 2 (Fads2) cDNAs from PMF cells and zebrafish, expressed in budding yeasts, and then analyzed the substrate specificities of enzymes. As a result, we found that Fads2 from PMF cells was a ∆6/∆8 desaturase. Collectively, our study indicates that cell lines from red sea bream and Japanese flounder were not able to synthesize EPA or DHA by themselves, possibly due to the lack of ∆5 desaturase activity. Furthermore, this study provides a sensitive and reproducible non-radioactive method for evaluating LC-PUFA synthesis in fish cells using a stable isotope and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Nyunoya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Noda
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - You Kawamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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10
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Abstract
COVID-19, which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, is characterized by various symptoms, ranging from mild fatigue to life-threatening pneumonia, "cytokine storm," and multiorgan failure. The manifestation of COVID-19 may lead to a cytokine storm, i.e., it facilitates viral replication that triggers a strong release of cytokines, which then modulates the immune system and results in hyperinflammation. Today's diet is high in omega-6 fatty acids and deficient in omega-3 fatty acids; this, along with a high fructose intake, leads to obesity, which is a chronic state of low-grade inflammation. Omega-6 fatty acids are proinflammatory and prothrombotic whereas omega-3 fatty acids are less proinflammatory and thrombotic. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids make specialized lipid mediators, namely resolvins, protectins, and maresins, that are potent anti-inflammatory agents. Throughout evolution there was a balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids with a ratio of 1-2/1 omega-6/omega-3, but today this ratio is 16-20/1 omega-6/omega-3, leading to a proinflammatory state. In addition, genetic variants in FADS1, FADS2, ELOV-2, and ELOV-5 lead to a more efficient biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), e.g., of linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (ARA), and (alpha-linolenic acid) (ALA) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), leading to higher ARA levels. Because the US diet is already high in omega-6 fatty acids, the increased biosynthesis of ARA in people with the derived FADS haplotype (haplotype D) leads to an increased production of leukotrienes, thromboxanes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and eventually elevated levels of cytokines, like interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which may increase susceptibility to COVID-19. About 80% of African Americans, 50% of Hispanics, and 45% of European Americans have the FADS haplotype D and are thus efficient metabolizers, which could account for the higher vulnerability of these populations to COVID-19. Therefore, another reason that African Americans and Hispanics are more susceptible to COVID-19 is that they have a higher frequency of haplotype D, which is no longer beneficial in today's environment and diet. Genetic variation must be considered in all studies of disease development and therapy because it is important to the practice of precision nutrition by physicians and other health professionals. The objective of this commentary is to emphasize the importance of genetic variation within populations and its interaction with diet in the development of disease. Differences in the frequency of genes and their interactions with nutrients in various population groups must be considered among the factors contributing to health disparities in the development of COVID-19. A balanced omega-6/omega-3 ratio is essential to health. Physicians should measure their patients' fatty acids and recommend decreasing the intake of foods rich in omega-6 fatty acids and increasing the intake of omega-3 fatty acids along with fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis P. Simopoulos
- *Artemis P. Simopoulos, The Center for Genetics, Nutrition and Health, 4330 Klingle Street NW, Washington, DC 20016 (USA),
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11
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Zhu J, Wang C, Zhang X, Qiu T, Ma Y, Li X, Pang H, Xiong J, Yang X, Pan C, Xie J, Zhang J. Correlation analysis of microribonucleic acid-155 and microribonucleic acid-29 with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the prediction and verification of target genes. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 12:165-175. [PMID: 32579760 PMCID: PMC7858142 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Microribonucleic acid-155 (microRNA155) and microRNA29 are reported to inhibit glucose metabolism in some cell and animal models, but no evidence from susceptible populations that examines the relationship between microRNA155 or microRNA29 and type 2 diabetes mellitus currently exists. Furthermore, target genes regulated by microRNA155 and microRNA29 that affect glucose and lipid metabolism remain unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human participants were divided into normal weight (n = 72), obesity (n = 120) and type 2 diabetes (n = 59) groups. The contents of microRNA155 and microRNA29 abundance in serum were measured, and candidate genes potentially related to glucose and lipid metabolism targeted by either microRNA155 or microRNA29 were screened. Overexpression of microRNA155 and microRNA29 in HepG2 cells was used to verify candidate gene expression, and measure the effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. RESULTS Serum levels of microRNA155 and microRNA29 show a significant increase in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes compared with normal weight individuals. Identified target genes for microRNA155 were MAPK14, MAP3K10, DUSP14 and PRKAR2B. Identified target genes for microRNA29 were PEX11A and FADS1. Overexpression of microRNA155 or microRNA29 in HepG2 cells was found to downregulate the expression of identified target genes, and result in inhibition of triglyceride synthesis and glucose incorporation. CONCLUSIONS MicroRNA155 and microRNA29 were significantly higher in type 2 diabetes patients compared with the control patients, their levels were also positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose levels, and over-expression of microRNA155 or microRNA29 were found to downregulate glucose and lipid metabolism target genes, and reduce lipid synthesis and glucose incorporation in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziXinjiangChina
| | - Cuizhe Wang
- Shihezi University School of MedicineShiheziXinjiangChina
| | - Xueting Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziXinjiangChina
| | - Tongtong Qiu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziXinjiangChina
| | - Yinghua Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziXinjiangChina
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziXinjiangChina
| | - Huai Pang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziXinjiangChina
| | - Jianyu Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziXinjiangChina
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziXinjiangChina
| | - Chongge Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziXinjiangChina
| | - Jianxin Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyShihezi University School of MedicineShiheziXinjiangChina
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic DiseaseShiheziXinjiangChina
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12
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Matsumoto A, Kawabata T, Kagawa Y, Shoji K, Kimura F, Miyazawa T, Tatsuta N, Arima T, Yaegashi N, Nakai K. Associations of umbilical cord fatty acid profiles and desaturase enzyme indices with birth weight for gestational age in Japanese infants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 165:102233. [PMID: 33387849 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) required for infant development are produced by Δ6 desaturase (D6D) and Δ5 desaturase (D5D). The D6D index and D5D index are calculated based on their respective precursor/product ratios. The D5D and D6D indices are related to obesity and lifestyle-related diseases. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of umbilical cord fatty acid profiles, D6D index, and D5D index in appropriate for gestational age (AGA), small for gestational age (SGA), and large for gestational age (LGA) infants. This was a nested case-control study, and the relationship between case and control maternal blood and umbilical cord blood fatty acid compositions was examined. Cases were small for gestational age (SGA; n = 55) and large for gestational age (LGA; n = 149) infants, whereas controls were appropriate for gestational age (AGA; n = 204) infants. Fatty acid profiles in maternal blood and umbilical cord plasma were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. The D6D index was calculated as dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA 20: 3 n-6) / linoleic acid (18: 2 n - 6), and the D5D index was calculated as arachidonic acid (20: 4 n - 6) / DGLA (20: 3 n - 6). Statistical analysis of umbilical cord blood fatty acids was performed with multiple comparisons. SGA infants showed high umbilical cord values for α-linolenic acid and DHA and lower values for DGLA compared to AGA infants. SGA infants showed a higher D5D index but a lower D6D index than AGA infants. LGA infants showed high values for α-linolenic acid and DGLA and lower values for arachidonic acid than AGA infants. LGA infants showed a high D6D index and a low D5D index relative to AGA infants. No significant differences in maternal blood fatty acid profiles, the D6D index, and D5D index desaturase activities were found among the three groups. There were differences in umbilical cord fatty acid profiles and D6D and D5D indices among AGA, SGA, and LGA infants, but further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azusa Matsumoto
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan.
| | - Terue Kawabata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kagawa
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Kumiko Shoji
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kimura
- Faculty of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Shokei Gakuin University, 4-10-1 Yurigaoka, Natori, Miyagi 981-1295, Japan; Food and Biodynamic Chemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-0845, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nozomi Tatsuta
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nakai
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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13
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Fan Y, Arbab AAI, Zhang H, Yang Y, Lu X, Han Z, Yang Z. MicroRNA-193a-5p Regulates the Synthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids by Targeting Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 ( FADS1) in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020157. [PMID: 33504005 PMCID: PMC7911131 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are seriously threatening to human life and health. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known for their role in preventing CVDs. It is beneficial to population health to promote the content of PUFAs in bovine milk. In recent years, limited research based on molecular mechanisms has focused on this field. The biological roles of numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) remain unknown. In this study, a promising and negatively correlated pair of the miRNA (miRNA-193a-5p) and a fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene are identified and screened to explore whether they are potential factors of PUFAs’ synthesis in bovine milk. The targeted relationship between miRNA-193a-5p and FADS1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) is demonstrated by dual luciferase reporter assays. qRT-PCR and western blot assays indicate that both the expression of mRNA and the protein FADS1 show a negative correlation with miRNA-193a-5p expression in BMECs. Also, miR-193a-5p expression is positively correlated with the expression of genes associated with milk fatty acid metabolism, including ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6) and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2). The expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is negatively correlated with miR-193a-5p expression in BMECs. The contents of triglycerides (TAG), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have a significant positive correlation with the expression of FADS1 and a significant negative correlation with the expression of miR-193a-5p in BMECs. For the first time, this study confirms that miRNA-193a-5p regulates PUFAs metabolism in BMECs by targeting FADS1, indicating that miRNA-193a-5p and FADS1 are underlying factors that improve PUFAs content in bovine milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Fan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (A.A.I.A.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Abdelaziz Adam Idriss Arbab
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (A.A.I.A.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (A.A.I.A.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Xubin Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (A.A.I.A.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ziyin Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (A.A.I.A.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.F.); (A.A.I.A.); (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0514-8797-9269
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14
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Rifkin SB, Shrubsole MJ, Cai Q, Smalley WE, Ness RM, Swift LL, Milne G, Zheng W, Murff HJ. Differences in erythrocyte phospholipid membrane long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and the prevalence of fatty acid desaturase genotype among African Americans and European Americans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2021; 164:102216. [PMID: 33310680 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported an association between genetic variants in fatty acid desaturases (FADS1 and FADS2) and plasma or erythrocyte long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels. Increased levels of n-6 PUFAs have been associated with inflammation and several chronic diseases, including diabetes and cancer. We hypothesized that genetic variants of FADS that more efficiently convert precursor n-6 PUFA to arachidonic acid (AA) may explain the higher burden of chronic diseases observed in African Americans. To test this hypothesis, we measured the level of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in erythrocyte membrane phospholipids and genotyped the rs174537 FADS variants associated with higher AA conversion among African American and European American populations. We included data from 1,733 individuals who participated in the Tennessee Colorectal Polyp Study, a large colonoscopy-based case-control study. Erythrocyte membrane PUFA percentages were measured using gas chromatography. Generalized linear models were used to estimate association of race and genotype on erythrocyte phospholipid membrane PUFA levels while controlling for self-reported dietary intake. We found that African Americans have higher levels of AA and a higher prevalence of GG allele compared to whites, 81% vs 43%, respectively. Homozygous GG genotype was negatively associated with precursor PUFAs (linoleic [LA], di-homo-γ-linolenic [DGLA]), positively associated with both product PUFA (AA, docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), product to precursor ratio (AA to DGLA), an indirect measure of FADs efficiency and increased urinary isoprostane F2 (F2-IsoP) and isoprostane F3 (F3-IsoP), markers of oxidative stress. Increased consumption of n-6 PUFA and LA resulting in increased AA and subsequent inflammation may be fueling increased prevalence of chronic diseases especially in African descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Rifkin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, 6520 MSRB1, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.
| | - M J Shrubsole
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States; Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Q Cai
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - W E Smalley
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - R M Ness
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - L L Swift
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, United States
| | - G Milne
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States
| | - W Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, United States; Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - H J Murff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States; Geriatrics Research, Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States; Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States
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15
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Galluccio M, Indiveri C. Heterologous Overexpression of Human FAD Synthase Isoforms 1 and 2. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2280:55-67. [PMID: 33751429 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1286-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The study of human FAD synthase enzymes requires a recombinant strategy to produce large amount of purified proteins in a soluble form. E. coli was exploited to this aim. To achieve the production of FAD synthase in a large scale, E. coli strains, plasmids (promoter, tags), growth temperature, inducer concentration, medium composition, and osmotic pressure were optimized. To date there is no universal protocol for protein expression, but for each protein a specific combination of "expression parameters" can be selected in order to maximize the results. An experimental protocol for the expression of two isoforms of the human FAD synthase was set up. The final procedures are based on the use of E. coli Rosetta(DE3) strain. Two different plasmids were used to obtain optimal amount of the two protein isoforms. In both cases, following the addition of the IPTG inducer, the growth temperature was lowered to increase the solubility of the recombinant protein. The detailed procedures for FAD synthase isoform 1 and isoform 2 overproduction are described in this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Galluccio
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra) Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
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16
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Zheng JS, Luan J, Sofianopoulou E, Imamura F, Stewart ID, Day FR, Pietzner M, Wheeler E, Lotta LA, Gundersen TE, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Chirlaque MD, Fagherazzi G, Franks PW, Kaaks R, Laouali N, Mancini FR, Nilsson PM, Onland-Moret NC, Olsen A, Overvad K, Panico S, Palli D, Ricceri F, Rolandsson O, Spijkerman AMW, Sánchez MJ, Schulze MB, Sala N, Sieri S, Tjønneland A, Tumino R, van der Schouw YT, Weiderpass E, Riboli E, Danesh J, Butterworth AS, Sharp SJ, Langenberg C, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ. Plasma Vitamin C and Type 2 Diabetes: Genome-Wide Association Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis in European Populations. Diabetes Care 2021; 44:98-106. [PMID: 33203707 PMCID: PMC7783939 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Higher plasma vitamin C levels are associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk, but whether this association is causal is uncertain. To investigate this, we studied the association of genetically predicted plasma vitamin C with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted genome-wide association studies of plasma vitamin C among 52,018 individuals of European ancestry to discover novel genetic variants. We performed Mendelian randomization analyses to estimate the association of genetically predicted differences in plasma vitamin C with type 2 diabetes in up to 80,983 case participants and 842,909 noncase participants. We compared this estimate with the observational association between plasma vitamin C and incident type 2 diabetes, including 8,133 case participants and 11,073 noncase participants. RESULTS We identified 11 genomic regions associated with plasma vitamin C (P < 5 × 10-8), with the strongest signal at SLC23A1, and 10 novel genetic loci including SLC23A3, CHPT1, BCAS3, SNRPF, RER1, MAF, GSTA5, RGS14, AKT1, and FADS1. Plasma vitamin C was inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio per SD 0.88; 95% CI 0.82, 0.94), but there was no association between genetically predicted plasma vitamin C (excluding FADS1 variant due to its apparent pleiotropic effect) and type 2 diabetes (1.03; 95% CI 0.96, 1.10). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate discordance between biochemically measured and genetically predicted plasma vitamin C levels in the association with type 2 diabetes among European populations. The null Mendelian randomization findings provide no strong evidence to suggest the use of vitamin C supplementation for type 2 diabetes prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian'an Luan
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Eleni Sofianopoulou
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Isobel D Stewart
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Felix R Day
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Maik Pietzner
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Eleanor Wheeler
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Luca A Lotta
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | | | - Pilar Amiano
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, Instituto Murciano de Investigatión Biosanitaria (IMIB)-Arrixaca, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Guy Fagherazzi
- Digital Epidemiology and e-Health Research Hub, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg, France
- Center of Epidemiology and Population Health UMR 1018, INSERM, Paris South - Paris Saclay University, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nasser Laouali
- Center of Epidemiology and Population Health UMR 1018, INSERM, Paris South - Paris Saclay University, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Francesca Romana Mancini
- Center of Epidemiology and Population Health UMR 1018, INSERM, Paris South - Paris Saclay University, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - N Charlotte Onland-Moret
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Olsen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network - ISPRO, Florence, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ricceri
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
- Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service ASL TO3, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Olov Rolandsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Nutrition Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Núria Sala
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program and Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO, Group of Research on Nutrition and Cancer, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet of Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano Via Venezian, Milan, Italy
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale (ASP), Ragusa, Italy
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, U.K
| | - John Danesh
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- British Heart Foundation Center of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Center, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, U.K
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, U.K
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Center, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, U.K
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.
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Hernández MC, Rojas P, Carrasco F, Basfi-Fer K, Valenzuela R, Codoceo J, Inostroza J, Ruz M. Fatty acid desaturation in red blood cell membranes of patients with type 2 diabetes is improved by zinc supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126571. [PMID: 32534376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Membrane flexibility can be a determining factor in pathophysiological mechanisms of type 2 diabetes (T2D). As a cofactor of delta-5 desaturase (D5D) and delta-6 desaturase (D6D), and gene expression regulator, zinc may play a role modulating membrane flexibility by increasing membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) abundance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 24-month zinc supplementation (30 mg elemental zinc) on membrane fatty acid composition in patients with T2D. SUBJECTS/METHODS Sixty patients with T2D were evaluated. Thirty were randomly assigned to the zinc supplemented group and thirty to the placebo group. Fatty acid composition in red blood cell (RBC) membranes was determined by gas chromatography. Expression of gene encoding for D5D (FADS1), and D6D (FADS2) were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS After 24 months of supplementation, a greater abundance of docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3), arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6), adrenic acid (C22:4 n-6), and total n-6 PUFA was found (p = 0.001, p = 0.007, p = 0.033, p = 0.048, respectively). The unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio, and unsaturation index was increased in the zinc supplemented group at month 24 (p = 0.003 and p = 0.000, respectively). FADS1 gene was upregulated in the zinc group in relation to placebo at month 12 (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with 30 mg/d elemental zinc during 24 months in patients with T2D had an effect on the composition of RBC membranes increasing PUFA abundance and in turn, improving membrane flexibility. This effect may be mediated by induction of D5D gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela Rojas
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Carrasco
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Basfi-Fer
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juana Codoceo
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Inostroza
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Ruz
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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18
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Paredes P, Larama G, Flores L, Leyton A, Ili CG, Asenjo JA, Chisti Y, Shene C. Temperature Differentially Affects Gene Expression in Antarctic Thraustochytrid Oblongichytrium sp. RT2316-13. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18110563. [PMID: 33217919 PMCID: PMC7698632 DOI: 10.3390/md18110563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oblongichytrium RT2316-13 synthesizes lipids rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The content of these fatty acids in the total lipids depended on growth temperature. Sequencing technology was used in this work to examine the thraustochytrid's response to a decrease in growth temperature from 15 °C to 5 °C. Around 4% (2944) of the genes were differentially expressed (DE) and only a few of the DE genes (533 upregulated; 206 downregulated) had significant matches to those in the SwissProt database. Most of the annotated DE genes were related to cell membrane composition (fatty acids, sterols, phosphatidylinositol), the membrane enzymes linked to cell energetics, and membrane structure (cytoskeletal proteins and enzymes). In RT2316-13, the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids occurred through ω3- and ω6-pathways. Enzymes of the alternative pathways (Δ8-desaturase and Δ9-elongase) were also expressed. The upregulation of the genes coding for a Δ5-desaturase and a Δ5-elongase involved in the synthesis of EPA and DHA, explained the enrichment of total lipid with these two long-chain fatty acids at the low temperature. This molecular response has the potential to be used for producing microbial lipids with a fatty acids profile similar to that of fish oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Paredes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (P.P.); (L.F.); (A.L.)
| | - Giovanni Larama
- Centro de Modelación y Computación Científica, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Liset Flores
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (P.P.); (L.F.); (A.L.)
| | - Allison Leyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (P.P.); (L.F.); (A.L.)
| | - Carmen Gloria Ili
- Centro de Excelencia en Medicina Traslacional—Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (CEMT-BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Alemania 0478, Temuco 4810296, Chile;
| | - Juan A. Asenjo
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, Santiago 8370459, Chile;
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;
| | - Carolina Shene
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile; (P.P.); (L.F.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-45-232-5491
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19
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Schulze MB, Minihane AM, Saleh RNM, Risérus U. Intake and metabolism of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: nutritional implications for cardiometabolic diseases. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:915-930. [PMID: 32949497 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prospective observational studies support the use of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; however, randomised controlled trials, have often reported neutral findings. There is a long history of debate about the potential harmful effects of a high intake of omega-6 PUFAs, although this idea is not supported by prospective observational studies or randomised controlled trials. Health effects of PUFAs might be influenced by Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturases, the key enzymes in the metabolism of PUFAs. The activity of these enzymes and modulation by variants in encoding genes (FADS1-2-3 gene cluster) are linked to several cardiometabolic traits. This Review will further consider non-genetic determinants of desaturase activity, which have the potential to modify the availability of PUFAs to tissues. Finally, we discuss the consequences of altered desaturase activity in the context of PUFA intake, that is, gene-diet interactions and their clinical and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Rasha Noureldin M Saleh
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Kothapalli KSD, Park HG, Brenna JT. Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and genetics. implications for interindividual variability in prothrombotic, inflammatory conditions such as COVID-19 ✰,✰✰,★,★★. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 162:102183. [PMID: 33038834 PMCID: PMC7527828 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 symptoms vary from silence to rapid death, the latter mediated by both a cytokine storm and a thrombotic storm. SARS-CoV (2003) induces Cox-2, catalyzing the synthesis, from highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), of eicosanoids and docosanoids that mediate both inflammation and thrombosis. HUFA balance between arachidonic acid (AA) and other HUFA is a likely determinant of net signaling to induce a healthy or runaway physiological response. AA levels are determined by a non-protein coding regulatory polymorphisms that mostly affect the expression of FADS1, located in the FADS gene cluster on chromosome 11. Major and minor haplotypes in Europeans, and a specific functional insertion-deletion (Indel), rs66698963, consistently show major differences in circulating AA (>50%) and in the balance between AA and other HUFA (47-84%) in free living humans; the indel is evolutionarily selective, probably based on diet. The pattern of fatty acid responses is fully consistent with specific genetic modulation of desaturation at the FADS1-mediated 20:3→20:4 step. Well established principles of net tissue HUFA levels indicate that the high linoleic acid and low alpha-linoleic acid in populations drive the net balance of HUFA for any individual. We predict that fast desaturators (insertion allele at rs66698963; major haplotype in Europeans) are predisposed to higher risk and pathological responses to SARS-CoV-2 could be reduced with high dose omega-3 HUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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21
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Shah H, Pang L, Wang H, Shu D, Qian SY, Sathish V. Growth inhibitory and anti-metastatic activity of epithelial cell adhesion molecule targeted three-way junctional delta-5-desaturase siRNA nanoparticle for breast cancer therapy. Nanomedicine 2020; 30:102298. [PMID: 32931930 PMCID: PMC7680439 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
8-Hydroxyoctanoic acid (8-HOA) produced through cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) catalyzed dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) peroxidation in delta-5-desaturase inhibitory (D5D siRNA) condition showed an inhibitory effect on breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. However, in vivo use of naked D5D siRNA was limited by off-target silencing and degradation by endonucleases. To overcome the limitation and deliver the D5D siRNA in vivo, we designed an epithelia cell adhesion molecule targeted three-way junctional nanoparticle having D5D siRNA. In this study, we have hypothesized that 3WJ-EpCAM-D5D siRNA will target and inhibit the D5D enzyme in cancer cells leading to peroxidation of supplemented DGLA to 8-HOA resulting in growth inhibitory effect in the orthotopic breast cancer model developed by injecting 4T1 cells. On analysis, we observed a significant reduction in tumor size and metastatic lung nodules in animals treated with a combination of 3WJ-EpCAM-D5D siRNA and DGLA through activating intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway and by reducing endothelial-mesenchymal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Lizhi Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dan Shu
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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22
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Gou ZY, Cui XY, Li L, Fan QL, Lin XJ, Wang YB, Jiang ZY, Jiang SQ. Effects of dietary incorporation of linseed oil with soybean isoflavone on fatty acid profiles and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in breast muscle of chickens. Animal 2020; 14:2414-2422. [PMID: 32423522 PMCID: PMC7538340 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The meat quality of chicken is an important factor affecting the consumer's health. It was hypothesized that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) could be effectively deposited in chicken, by incorporating antioxidation of soybean isoflavone (SI), which led to improved quality of chicken meat for good health of human beings. Effects of partial or complete dietary substitution of lard (LA) with linseed oil (LO), with or without SI on growth performance, biochemical indicators, meat quality, fatty acid profiles, lipid-related health indicators and gene expression of breast muscle were examined in chickens. A total of 900 males were fed a corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 4% LA, 2% LA + 2% LO and 4% LO and the latter two including 30 mg SI/kg (2% LA + 2% LO + SI and 4% LO + SI) from 29 to 66 days of age; each of the five dietary treatments included six replicates of 30 birds. Compared with the 4% LA diet, dietary 4% LO significantly increased the feed efficiency and had no negative effect on objective indices related to meat quality; LO significantly decreased plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol (TCH); abdominal fat percentage was significantly decreased in birds fed the 4% LO and 4% LO + SI diets. Chickens with LO diets resulted in higher contents of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3), EPA (C20:5n-3) and total n-3 PUFA, together with a lower content of palmitic acid (C16:0), lignoceric acid (C24:0), saturated fatty acids and n-6:n-3 ratio in breast muscle compared to 4% LA diet (P < 0.05); they also significantly decreased atherogenic index, thrombogenic index and increased the hypocholesterolemic to hypercholesterolemic ratio. Adding SI to the LO diets enhanced the contents of EPA and DHA (C22:6n-3), plasma total superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione and muscle GSH content, while decreased plasma total triglyceride and TCH and malondialdehyde content in plasma and breast muscle compared to its absence (P < 0.05). Expression in breast muscle of fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), FADS2, elongase 2 (ELOVL2) and ELOVL5 genes were significantly higher with the LO diets including SI than with the 4% LA diet. Significant interactions existed between LO level and inclusion of SI on EPA and TCH contents. These findings indicate that diet supplemented with LO combined with SI is an effective alternative when optimizing the nutritional value of chicken meat for human consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Y. Gou
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - X. Y. Cui
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - L. Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Q. L. Fan
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - X. J. Lin
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Y. B. Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - Z. Y. Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou510640, China
| | - S. Q. Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou510640, China
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23
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Guha S, Calarco S, Gachet MS, Gertsch J. Juniperonic Acid Biosynthesis is Essential in Caenorhabditis Elegans Lacking Δ6 Desaturase ( fat-3) and Generates New ω-3 Endocannabinoids. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092127. [PMID: 32961767 PMCID: PMC7564282 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the C20:4 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid (AA) plays important roles as a phospholipid component, signaling molecule and precursor of the endocannabinoid-prostanoid axis. Accordingly, the absence of AA causes detrimental effects. Here, compensatory mechanisms involved in AA deficiency in Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated. We show that the ω-3 C20:4 polyunsaturated fatty acid juniperonic acid (JuA) is generated in the C. elegansfat-3(wa22) mutant, which lacks Δ6 desaturase activity and cannot generate AA and ω-3 AA. JuA partially rescued the loss of function of AA in growth and development. Additionally, we observed that supplementation of AA and ω-3 AA modulates lifespan of fat-3(wa22) mutants. We described a feasible biosynthetic pathway that leads to the generation of JuA from α-linoleic acid (ALA) via elongases ELO-1/2 and Δ5 desaturase which is rate-limiting. Employing liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified endocannabinoid-like ethanolamine and glycerol derivatives of JuA and ω-3 AA. Like classical endocannabinoids, these lipids exhibited binding interactions with NPR-32, a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) shown to act as endocannabinoid receptor in C. elegans. Our study suggests that the eicosatetraenoic acids AA, ω-3 AA and JuA share similar biological functions. This biosynthetic plasticity of eicosatetraenoic acids observed in C. elegans uncovers a possible biological role of JuA and associated ω-3 endocannabinoids in Δ6 desaturase deficiencies, highlighting the importance of ALA.
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Hammouda S, Ghzaiel I, Khamlaoui W, Hammami S, Mhenni SY, Samet S, Hammami M, Zarrouk A. Genetic variants in FADS1 and ELOVL2 increase level of arachidonic acid and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Tunisian population. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 160:102159. [PMID: 32682282 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are closely related to various physiological conditions. In several age-related diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) altered PUFAs metabolism has been reported. However, the mechanism behind PUFAs impairment and AD developpement remains unclear. In humans, PUFAs biosynthesis requires delta-5 desaturase (D5D), delta-6 desaturase (D6D) and elongase 2 activities; which are encoded by fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), and elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids-like 2 (ELOVL2) genes, respectively. In the present work, we aim to assess whether genetic variants in FADS1, FADS2 and ELOVL2 genes influence plasma and erythrocyte PUFA composition and AD risk. A case-control study was carried out in 113 AD patients and 161 healthy controls.Rs174556, rs174617, and rs3756963 of FADS1, FADS2, and ELOVL2 genes, respectively were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. PUFA levels were quantified using Gas Chromatography. Genotype distributions of rs174556 (FADS1) and rs3756963 (ELOVL2) were different between case and control groups. The genotype TT of rs174556 and rs3756963 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) increases significantly the risk of AD in our population. PUFA analysis showed higher plasma and erythrocyte arachidonic acid (AA) level in patients with AD, whereas only plasma docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was significantly decreased in AD patients. The indexes AA/Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and C24:4n-6/Adrenic acid (AdA) were both higher in the AD group. Interestingly, patients with TT genotype of rs174556 presented higher AA level and AA/DGLA index in both plasma and erythrocyte. In addition, higher AA and AA/DGLA index were observed in erythrocyte of TT genotype ofrs3756963 carrier's patients. Along with, positive correlation between AA/DGLA index, age or Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)/ Linoleic acid (LA) index was seen in erythrocyte and /or plasma of AD patients. After adjustment for confounding factors, the genotype TT of rs174556, erythrocyte AA and AA/DGLA index were found to be predictive risk factors for AD while plasma DHA was found associated with lower AD risk. Both rs174556 and rs3756963 influence AD risk in the Tunisian population and they are likely associated with high AA level. The combination of the two variants increases further the susceptibility to AD. We suggest that FADS1 and ELOVL2 variants could likely regulate the efficiency of AA biosynthesis which could be at the origin of inflammatory derivate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souha Hammouda
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Wided Khamlaoui
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Hammami
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia; Department of Internal Medicine Bourguiba Monastir, Geriatric unit, Monastir Tunisia
| | | | - Slim Samet
- Department of neurology, Regional hospital of Kairouan. Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- Biochemistry Laboratory, LR12ES05 LR-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Health' Faculty of Medicine Monastir, Tunisia; Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Sousse. Tunisia.
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Muzsik A, Jeleń HH, Chmurzynska A. Metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women is associated with lower erythrocyte PUFA/MUFA and n-3/n-6 ratio: A case-control study. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 159:102155. [PMID: 32622152 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare fatty acid (FA) intake and status in postmenopausal women with or without metabolic syndrome (MetS). 131 women were recruited to a case-control study in 2016-2018 in Poznań, Poland. Dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical measurements, FA level in red blood cells (RBCs), and FADS1 (rs174546) and FADS2 (rs3834458) genotypes were determined. Compared to women without MetS, those with MetS had lower levels of EPA, n-3, EPA/α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA/AA, DHA/AA, EPA+DHA/AA, PUFA/saturated FA, PUFA/monounsaturated FA, and n-3/n-6 ratios in RBCs. Participants with at least one minor allele of each polymorphism had lower levels of EPA, and EPA/AA, and a higher level of DHA/EPA in RBCs than did women with major alleles. MetS is associated with lower levels FAs that have a protective effect on cardiometabolic health. FADS1 and FADS2 polymorphisms are associated with unfavorable FA and status EPA/AA in RBC contributes to MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Muzsik
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
| | - Henryk H Jeleń
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-634 Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland.
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Chiang KY, Lin WC, Tsai TY, Lin CW, Huang SJ, Huang CY, Wu SH, Ken CF, Gong HY, Chen JY, Wu JL. Dual expression of transgenic delta-5 and delta-6 desaturase in tilapia alters gut microbiota and enhances resistance to Vibrio vulnificus infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236601. [PMID: 32730353 PMCID: PMC7392239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), exhibit antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, diets rich in n-3 PUFAs are known to improve disease resistance and limit pathogen infection in commercial aquaculture fishes. In this study, we examined the effects of transgenic overexpression of n-3 PUFA biosynthesis genes on the physiological response to bacterial infection in tilapia. We first established tilapia strains with single or dual expression of salmon delta-5 desaturase and/or delta-6 desaturase and then challenged the fish with Vibrio vulnificus infection. Interestingly, our data suggest that n-3 PUFA-mediated alterations in gut microbiota may be important in determining disease outcome via effects on immune response of the host. Both liver- and muscle-specific single and dual expression of delta-5 desaturase and delta-6 desaturase resulted in higher n-3 PUFA content in transgenic fish fed with a LO basal diet. The enrichment of n-3 PUFAs in dual-transgenic fish is likely responsible for their improved survival rate and comparatively reduced expression of inflammation- and immune-associated genes after V. vulnificus infection. Gut microbiome analysis further revealed that dual-transgenic tilapia had high gut microbiota diversity, with low levels of inflammation-associated microbiota (i.e., Prevotellaceae). Thus, our findings indicate that dual expression of transgenic delta-5 and delta-6 desaturase in tilapia enhances disease resistance, an effect that is associated with increased levels of n-3 PUFAs and altered gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Yu Chiang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chun Lin
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Tsai
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Jie Huang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Huang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Han Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chuian-Fu Ken
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yi Gong
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HYG); (JLW); (JYC)
| | - Jyh-Yih Chen
- Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Ilan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HYG); (JLW); (JYC)
| | - Jen-Leih Wu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HYG); (JLW); (JYC)
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Jäger S, Cuadrat R, Hoffmann P, Wittenbecher C, Schulze MB. Desaturase Activity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2261. [PMID: 32731631 PMCID: PMC7469057 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimated Δ5-desaturase (D5D) and Δ6-desaturase (D6D) are key enzymes in metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and have been associated with cardiometabolic risk; however, causality needs to be clarified. We applied two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach using a representative sub-cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study and public data from DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) and Coronary ARtery DIsease Genome wide Replication and Meta-analysis (CARDIoGRAM) genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Furthermore, we addressed confounding by linkage disequilibrium (LD) as all instruments from FADS1 (encoding D5D) are in LD with FADS2 (encoding D6D) variants. Our univariable MRs revealed risk-increasing total effects of both, D6D and D5D on type 2 diabetes (T2DM) risk; and risk-increasing total effect of D6D on risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). The multivariable MR approach could not unambiguously allocate a direct causal effect to either of the individual desaturases. Our results suggest that D6D is causally linked to cardiometabolic risk, which is likely due to downstream production of fatty acids and products resulting from high D6D activity. For D5D, we found indication for causal effects on T2DM and CAD, which could, however, still be confounded by LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jäger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (S.J.); (R.C.); (C.W.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rafael Cuadrat
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (S.J.); (R.C.); (C.W.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Clemens Wittenbecher
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (S.J.); (R.C.); (C.W.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Matthias B. Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (S.J.); (R.C.); (C.W.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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Shrestha N, Holland OJ, Kent NL, Perkins AV, McAinch AJ, Cuffe JSM, Hryciw DH. Maternal High Linoleic Acid Alters Placental Fatty Acid Composition. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082183. [PMID: 32717842 PMCID: PMC7468786 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal development is modulated by maternal nutrition during pregnancy. The dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA), an essential dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), has increased. We previously published that increased LA consumption during pregnancy does not alter offspring or placental weight but fetal plasma fatty acid composition; the developing fetus obtains their required PUFA from the maternal circulation. However, it is unknown if increased maternal linoleic acid alters placental fatty acid storage, metabolism, transport, and general placental function. Female Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed either a low LA diet (LLA; 1.44% of energy from LA) or high LA diet (HLA; 6.21% of energy from LA) for 10 weeks before pregnancy and during gestation. Rats were sacrificed at embryonic day 20 (E20, term = 22 days) and placentae collected. The labyrinth of placentae from one male and one female fetus from each litter were analyzed. High maternal LA consumption increased placental total n-6 and LA concentrations, and decreased total n-3 PUFA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Fatty acid desaturase 1 (Fads1), angiopoietin-like 4 (Angptl4), and diacylglycerol lipase beta (Daglb) mRNA were downregulated in placentae from offspring from HLA dams. Maternal high LA downregulated the fatty acid transport protein 4 (Fatp4) and glucose transporter 1 (Slc2a1) mRNA in placentae. IL-7 and IL-10 protein were decreased in placentae from offspring from HLA dams. In conclusion, a high maternal LA diet alters the placental fatty acid composition, inflammatory proteins, and expressions of nutrient transporters, which may program deleterious outcomes in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirajan Shrestha
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Olivia J. Holland
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Nykola L. Kent
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Anthony V. Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia; (N.S.); (O.J.H.); (A.V.P.)
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, St. Albans, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - James S. M. Cuffe
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia;
- Correspondence: (J.S.M.C.); (D.H.H.); Tel.: +61-737-353-601 (D.H.H.)
| | - Deanne H. Hryciw
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.S.M.C.); (D.H.H.); Tel.: +61-737-353-601 (D.H.H.)
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Golan Y, Assaraf YG. Genetic and Physiological Factors Affecting Human Milk Production and Composition. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1500. [PMID: 32455695 PMCID: PMC7284811 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk is considered the optimal nutrition for infants as it provides additional attributes other than nutritional support for the infant and contributes to the mother's health as well. Although breastfeeding is the most natural modality to feed infants, nowadays, many mothers complain about breastfeeding difficulties. In addition to environmental factors that may influence lactation outcomes including maternal nutrition status, partner's support, stress, and latching ability of the infant, intrinsic factors such as maternal genetics may also affect the quantitative production and qualitative content of human milk. These genetic factors, which may largely affect the infant's growth and development, as well as the mother's breastfeeding experience, are the subject of the present review. We specifically describe genetic variations that were shown to affect quantitative human milk supply and/or its qualitative content. We further discuss possible implications and methods for diagnosis as well as treatment modalities. Although cases of nutrient-deficient human milk are considered rare, in some ethnic groups, genetic variations that affect human milk content are more abundant, and they should receive greater attention for diagnosis and treatment when necessary. From a future perspective, early genetic diagnosis should be directed to target and treat breastfeeding difficulties in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yehuda G. Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
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Svendsen K, Olsen T, Nordstrand Rusvik TC, Ulven SM, Holven KB, Retterstøl K, Telle-Hansen VH. Fatty acid profile and estimated desaturase activities in whole blood are associated with metabolic health. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:102. [PMID: 32438926 PMCID: PMC7243306 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate if fatty acid profile and estimated desaturase activities; stearoyl CoA-desaturase (SCD), delta-5-desaturase and delta-6-desaturase (D5D; D6D), differ between individuals with metabolically healthy (MH) and unhealthy (MU) phenotypes. We also explored these associations according to BMI categories. METHODS Men and women at moderately elevated risk of cardiovascular disease were included in this cross-sectional study (n = 321). If subjects met ≥4 out of 5 criteria (elevated triglycerides, total and LDL-cholesterol, HbA1c and low HDL-cholesterol), they were classified as MU (n = 52). If levels were within reference ranges for ≥3 of the same criteria, subjects were classified as MH (n = 150). Utilizing the entire population, a score ranging from 0 to 5 denoting the number of MU criteria met was computed. Estimated desaturase activities were calculated as product-to-precursor ratio of fatty acids in whole blood (SCD16 [16:1n7/16:0], SCD18 [18:1n9/18:0], D5D [18:3n6/18:2n6], D6D [20:4n6/20:3n6]). RESULTS Individuals with MH had lower estimated SCD16 and SCD18 activities, whereas estimated D6D activity was higher compared to MU. Similar, SCD16 and SCD18 increased, whereas D6D decreased with increasing criteria of MU. Trends were similar across BMI categories. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the notion of estimated desaturase activities as possible novel biomarkers of metabolic health irrespectively of BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karianne Svendsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- The Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tove C. Nordstrand Rusvik
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M. Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B. Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil Retterstøl
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- The Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibeke H. Telle-Hansen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4 St Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
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Korbecki J, Kojder K, Jeżewski D, Simińska D, Tarnowski M, Kopytko P, Safranow K, Gutowska I, Goschorska M, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Wiszniewska B, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Expression of SCD and FADS2 Is Lower in the Necrotic Core and Growing Tumor Area than in the Peritumoral Area of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050727. [PMID: 32392704 PMCID: PMC7277411 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of desaturases is higher in many types of cancer, and despite their recognized role in oncogenesis, there has been no research on the expression of desaturases in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Tumor tissue samples were collected during surgery from 28 patients (16 men and 12 women) diagnosed with GBM. The effect of necrotic conditions and nutritional deficiency (mimicking conditions in the studied tumor zones) was studied in an in vitro culture of human brain (glioblastoma astrocytoma) U-87 MG cells. Analysis of desaturase expression was made by qRT-PCR and the immunohistochemistry method. In the tumor, the expression of stearoyl–coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) and fatty acid desaturases 2 (FADS2) was lower than in the peritumoral area. The expression of other desaturases did not differ in between the distinguished zones. We found no differences in the expression of SCD, fatty acid desaturases 1 (FADS1), or FADS2 between the sexes. Necrotic conditions and nutritional deficiency increased the expression of the studied desaturase in human brain (glioblastoma astrocytoma) U-87 MG cells. The obtained results suggest that (i) biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in a GBM tumor is less intense than in the peritumoral area; (ii) expressions of SCD, SCD5, FADS1, and FADS2 correlate with each other in the necrotic core, growing tumor area, and peritumoral area; (iii) expressions of desaturases in a GBM tumor do not differ between the sexes; and (iv) nutritional deficiency increases the biosynthesis of MUFA and PUFA in GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Klaudyna Kojder
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Jeżewski
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland;
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Unii Lubelskiej 1, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Donata Simińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.T.); (P.K.)
| | - Patrycja Kopytko
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.T.); (P.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.-W.); (B.W.)
| | - Barbara Wiszniewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (A.K.-W.); (B.W.)
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (D.S.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-466-1515; Fax: +48-91-466-1516
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Schmidt MA, Meydan C, Schmidt CM, Afshinnekoo E, Mason CE. The NASA Twins Study: The Effect of One Year in Space on Long-Chain Fatty Acid Desaturases and Elongases. Lifestyle Genom 2020; 13:107-121. [PMID: 32375154 DOI: 10.1159/000506769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, there is no clear understanding of the effect of long-duration spaceflight on the major enzymes that govern the metabolism of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. To address this gap in knowledge, we used data from the NASA Twins Study, which includes a multiscale omics investigation of the changes that occurred during a year-long (340 days) human spaceflight. Embedded within the NASA Twins data are specific analytes associated with fatty acid metabolism. OBJECTIVES To examine the long-chain fatty acid desaturases and elongases in a single human during 1 year in space. METHOD One male twin was on board the International Space Station (ISS) for 1 year, while his monozygotic twin served as a genetically matched ground control. Longitudinal assessments included the genome, epige-nome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, microbiome, and immunome during the mission, as well as 6 months before and after. The gene-specific fatty acid desaturase and elongase transcriptome data (FADS1, FADS2, ELOVL2, and ELOVL5) were extracted from untargeted RNA-seq measurements derived from white blood cell fractions. RESULTS Most data from the elongases and desaturases exhibited relatively similar expression profiles (R2 >0.6) over time for the CD8, CD19, and lymphocyte-depleted (LD) cell fractions, indicating overall conservation of function within and between the subjects. Both cell-type and temporal specificity was observed in some cases, and some differences were also apparent between the polyadenylated (polyA) fraction of processed RNAs versus the ribodepleted (ribo-) fraction. The flight subject showed a stronger enrichment of the fatty acid metabolic process pathway across almost all cell types (columns, CD4, CD8, CPT, and LD), most especially in the ribodepleted fraction of RNA, but also with the polyA+ fraction of RNA. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) measures across three related fatty acid metabolism pathways showed a differential between the ground and the flight subject. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be no persistent alteration of desaturase and elongase gene expression associated with 1 year in space. However, these data provide evidence that cellular lipid metabolism can be responsive and dynamic to spaceflight, even though it appears cell-type and context specific, most notably in terms of the fraction of RNA measured and the collection protocols. These results also provide new evidence of mid-flight spikes in expression of selected genes, which may indicate transient responses to specific insults during spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Schmidt
- Advanced Pattern Analysis & Countermeasures Group, Boulder, Colorado, USA,
- Sovaris Aerospace, Boulder, Colorado, USA,
| | - Cem Meydan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Caleb M Schmidt
- Sovaris Aerospace, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Systems Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Ebrahim Afshinnekoo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- The Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Barrera C, Valenzuela R, Rincón MA, Espinosa A, López-Arana S, González-Mañan D, Romero N, Vargas R, Videla LA. Iron-induced derangement in hepatic Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturation capacity and fatty acid profile leading to steatosis: Impact on extrahepatic tissues and prevention by antioxidant-rich extra virgin olive oil. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 153:102058. [PMID: 32007744 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The administration of iron induces liver oxidative stress and depletion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), n-6/n-3 LCPUFA ratio enhancement and fat accumulation, which may be prevented by antioxidant-rich extra virgin olive oil (AR-EVOO) supplementation. Male Wistar rats were subjected to a control diet (50 mg iron/kg diet) or iron-rich diet (IRD; 200 mg/kg diet) with alternate AR-EVOO for 21 days. Liver fatty acid (FA) analysis was performed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) after lipid extraction and fractionation, besides Δ-5 desaturase (Δ-5 D) and Δ6-D mRNA expression (qPCR) and activity (GLC) measurements. The IRD significantly (p < 0.05) increased hepatic total fat, triacylglycerols, free FA contents and serum transaminases levels, with diminution in those of n-6 and n-3 LCPUFAs, higher n-6/n-3 ratios, lower unsaturation index and Δ5-D and Δ6-D activities, whereas the mRNA expression of both desaturases was enhanced over control values, changes that were prevented by concomitant AR-EVOO supplementation. N-6 and n-3 LCPUFAs were also decreased by IRD in extrahepatic tissues and normalized by AR-EVOO. In conclusion, AR-EVOO supplementation prevents IRD-induced changes in parameters related to liver FA metabolism and steatosis, an effect that may have a significant impact in the treatment of iron-related pathologies or metabolic disorders such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Barrera
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, Santiago 70000, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, Santiago 70000, Chile.
| | - Miguel A Rincón
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra López-Arana
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, Santiago 70000, Chile
| | | | - Nalda Romero
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Vargas
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Coltell O, Sorlí JV, Asensio EM, Barragán R, González JI, Giménez-Alba IM, Zanón-Moreno V, Estruch R, Ramírez-Sabio JB, Pascual EC, Ortega-Azorín C, Ordovas JM, Corella D. Genome-Wide Association Study for Serum Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Exploratory Analysis of the Sex-Specific Effects and Dietary Modulation in Mediterranean Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2020; 12:E310. [PMID: 31991592 PMCID: PMC7071282 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many early studies presented beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on cardiovascular risk factors and disease. However, results from recent meta-analyses indicate that this effect would be very low or nil. One of the factors that may contribute to the inconsistency of the results is that, in most studies, genetic factors have not been taken into consideration. It is known that fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster in chromosome 11 is a very important determinant of plasma PUFA, and that the prevalence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) varies greatly between populations and may constitute a bias in meta-analyses. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been carried out in other populations and none of them have investigated sex and Mediterranean dietary pattern interactions at the genome-wide level. Our aims were to undertake a GWAS to discover the genes most associated with serum PUFA concentrations (omega-3, omega-6, and some fatty acids) in a scarcely studied Mediterranean population with metabolic syndrome, and to explore sex and adherence to Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) interactions at the genome-wide level. Serum PUFA were determined by NMR spectroscopy. We found strong robust associations between various SNPs in the FADS cluster and omega-3 concentrations (top-ranked in the adjusted model: FADS1-rs174547, p = 3.34 × 10-14; FADS1-rs174550, p = 5.35 × 10-14; FADS2-rs1535, p = 5.85 × 10-14; FADS1-rs174546, p = 6.72 × 10-14; FADS2-rs174546, p = 9.75 × 10-14; FADS2- rs174576, p = 1.17 × 10-13; FADS2-rs174577, p = 1.12 × 10-12, among others). We also detected a genome-wide significant association with other genes in chromosome 11: MYRF (myelin regulatory factor)-rs174535, p = 1.49 × 10-12; TMEM258 (transmembrane protein 258)-rs102275, p = 2.43 × 10-12; FEN1 (flap structure-specific endonuclease 1)-rs174538, p = 1.96 × 10-11). Similar genome-wide statistically significant results were found for docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA). However, no such associations were detected for omega-6 PUFAs or linoleic acid (LA). For total PUFA, we observed a consistent gene*sex interaction with the DNTTIP2 (deoxynucleotidyl transferase terminal interacting protein 2)-rs3747965 p = 1.36 × 10-8. For adherence to MedDiet, we obtained a relevant interaction with the ME1 (malic enzyme 1) gene (a gene strongly regulated by fat) in determining serum omega-3. The top-ranked SNP for this interaction was ME1-rs3798890 (p = 2.15 × 10-7). In the regional-wide association study, specifically focused on the FADS1/FASD2/FADS3 and ELOVL (fatty acid elongase) 2/ELOVL 5 regions, we detected several statistically significant associations at p < 0.05. In conclusion, our results confirm a robust role of the FADS cluster on serum PUFA in this population, but the associations vary depending on the PUFA. Moreover, the detection of some sex and diet interactions underlines the need for these associations/interactions to be studied in all specific populations so as to better understand the complex metabolism of PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Coltell
- Department of Computer Languages and Systems, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain;
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
| | - Jose V. Sorlí
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Eva M. Asensio
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Rocío Barragán
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José I. González
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ignacio M. Giménez-Alba
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Vicente Zanón-Moreno
- Area of Health Sciences, Valencian International University, 46002 Valencia, Spain;
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Patología Ocular (OFTARED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ophthalmology Research Unit “Santiago Grisolia”, Dr. Peset University Hospital, 46017 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Eva C. Pascual
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Assisted Reproduction Unit of the University Hospital of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolina Ortega-Azorín
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Jose M. Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111 USA;
- Department of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Alimentación, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.V.S.); (E.M.A.); (R.B.); (J.I.G.); (I.M.G.-A.); (R.E.); (C.O.-A.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
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Yuan S, Larsson SC. Association of genetic variants related to plasma fatty acids with type 2 diabetes mellitus and glycaemic traits: a Mendelian randomisation study. Diabetologia 2020; 63:116-123. [PMID: 31690987 PMCID: PMC6890658 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Epidemiological data on the associations of circulating fatty acid levels with type 2 diabetes are inconsistent. We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomisation study to explore the causal associations of plasma levels of ten fatty acids with type 2 diabetes and glycaemic traits. METHODS Thirteen SNPs associated with circulating levels of ten individual fatty acids at the genome-wide significance level (p < 5 × 10-8) were selected as instrumental variables for the exposures. For the outcomes, summary-level data were obtained from the DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis (DIAGRAM) consortium for type 2 diabetes (898,130 individuals) and from the Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits Consortium (MAGIC) for the glycaemic traits (up to 46,186 non-diabetic individuals). The inverse-variance weighted method was used for analyses. RESULTS Genetic predisposition to higher plasma levels of eight of the ten fatty acids were statistically significantly associated with lower or higher odds of type 2 diabetes. The OR per one SD increment of each fatty acid was 0.93 (95% CI 0.90, 0.96; p = 2.21 × 10-5) for α-linolenic acid, 0.96 (95% CI 0.94, 0.98; p = 1.85 × 10-4) for linoleic acid, 0.86 (95% CI 0.81, 0.91; p = 6.68 × 10-7) for palmitoleic acid, 0.87 (95% CI 0.81, 0.93; p = 2.21 × 10-5) for oleic acid, 1.08 (95% CI 1.03, 1.12; p = 0.002) for eicosapentaenoic acid, 1.04 (95% CI 1.02, 1.07; p = 0.001) for docosapentaenoic acid, 1.03 (95% CI 1.02, 1.05; p = 2.51 × 10-5) for arachidonic acid and 1.09 (95% CI 1.03, 1.15; p = 0.003) for stearic acid. The same eight fatty acids were also associated with fasting glucose levels and HOMA-B. The associations, except that for palmitoleic acid, were driven by variants in FADS1/2. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Genetic predisposition to higher circulating levels of eight out of ten fatty acids was associated with type 2 diabetes, fasting glucose and islet beta cell function. However, the associations, except that for palmitoleic acid, were driven by variants in FADS1/2, which encode enzymes with a key role in fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsväg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsväg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Nita R, Kawabata T, Kagawa Y, Nakayama K, Yanagisawa Y, Iwamoto S, Kimura F, Miyazawa T, Tatsuta N, Arima T, Yaegashi N, Nakai K. Associations of erythrocyte fatty acid compositions with FADS1 gene polymorphism in Japanese mothers and infants. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 152:102031. [PMID: 31923811 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are involved in the fetal growth in utero, and are essential for the development of visual and cognitive functions during infancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of erythrocyte fatty acid compositions with FADS1 gene polymorphism in Japanese mothers and infants. The subjects were 383 mothers who participated in an adjunct birth cohort study of the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). In maternal FADS1 SNP genotypes, the precursor fatty acids composition of the Δ5 desaturase in the maternal blood showed significant differences in levels among the groups, and showed increasing values in the order of TT < TC < CC genotype groups. On the other hand, many product fatty acids levels were significantly reduced in the order of TT > TC > CC genotype groups, and DHA levels were significantly lower in the CC genotype group relative to the other groups. Likewise, the relationship between fetal genotype group and fatty acid composition in cord blood was very similar to the maternal relationship. These results indicate the maternal and fetal blood fatty acid compositions are strongly influenced by the FADS1 genotypes. With respect to the cord blood DHA composition, the levels in the fetal CC genotype group showed a trend toward lower values in the maternal CC genotype group pair (p = 0.066) compared to the maternal TC genotype group pair. However, in the fetal TT and TC genotype groups (p = 0.131, p = 0.729, respectively), the maternal genotype did not have a significant effect. The DHA composition was more influenced by the maternal genotype in the fetal CC genotype group than in the fetal TT and TC genotype groups. It was shown that DHA transport via the placenta from the mother might be promoted in the fetal CC genotype compared to the other fetal genotype groups. In conclusion, differences in the FADS1 SNP genotypes of pregnant women and their children may greatly affect the supply of LC-PUFAs. Further studies on the involvement of the FADS1 polymorphisms and the fetal LC-PUFA levels in the fetal growth and development are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Nita
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan.
| | - Terue Kawabata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kagawa
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakayama
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Yanagisawa
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Iwamoto
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Fumiko Kimura
- Faculty of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Shokei Gakuin University, 4-10-1 Yurigaoka, Natori, Miyagi 981-1295, Japan; Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- Food and Health Science Research Unit, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8572, Japan; Food and Biotechnology Innovation Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nozomi Tatsuta
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Nakai
- Department of Development and Environmental Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Wilson NA, Mantzioris E, Middleton PF, Muhlhausler BS. Influence of sociodemographic, lifestyle and genetic characteristics on maternal DHA and other polyunsaturated fatty acid status in pregnancy: A systematic review. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 152:102037. [PMID: 31811955 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Omega-3 DHA is important for the prevention of preterm birth, however there is limited knowledge of the determinants of omega-3 status during pregnancy. The primary objective of this systematic review was to synthesise data from existing studies assessing relationships between sociodemographic, diet, lifestyle and genetic factors and maternal DHA status. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Medline, Embase, Amed, and CINAHL databases were searched for studies reporting measures of maternal omega-3 status and a sociodemographic/lifestyle/genetic characteristic. RESULTS Twenty-two studies were included in the final analyses. Higher dietary fish consumption/PUFA intake, higher education level and an older maternal age were associated with higher maternal omega-3 status. Higher alcohol intake, smoking and FADS genotype were each associated with lower maternal omega-3 status. DISCUSSION Differences in findings between studies make it difficult to draw clear conclusions about the relationship between these factors and maternal omega-3 DHA status, although socioeconomic status may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Wilson
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace & Frome Rd, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - E Mantzioris
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace & Frome Rd, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - P F Middleton
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI Women and Kids, Level 7, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide SA 5006, Australia
| | - B S Muhlhausler
- Food and Nutrition Research Group, Department of Food and Wine Sciences, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Road, Urrbrae SA 5064, Australia; Nutrition and Health Program, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia.
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Korbecki J, Gutowska I, Wiercioch M, Łukomska A, Tarnowski M, Drozd A, Barczak K, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Sodium Orthovanadate Changes Fatty Acid Composition and Increased Expression of Stearoyl-Coenzyme A Desaturase in THP-1 Macrophages. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 193:152-161. [PMID: 30927246 PMCID: PMC6914714 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium compounds are promising antidiabetic agents. In addition to regulating glucose metabolism, they also alter lipid metabolism. Due to the clear association between diabetes and atherosclerosis, the purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of sodium orthovanadate on the amount of individual fatty acids and the expression of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD or Δ9-desaturase), Δ5-desaturase, and Δ6-desaturase in macrophages. THP-1 macrophages differentiated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) were incubated in vitro for 48 h with 1 μM or 10 μM sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4). The estimation of fatty acid composition was performed by gas chromatography. Expressions of the genes SCD, fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) were tested by qRT-PCR. Sodium orthovanadate in THP-1 macrophages increased the amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) such as palmitic acid and stearic acid, as well as monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)-oleic acid and palmitoleic acid. Sodium orthovanadate caused an upregulation of SCD expression. Sodium orthovanadate at the given concentrations did not affect the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In conclusion, sodium orthovanadate changed SFA and MUFA composition in THP-1 macrophages and increased expression of SCD. Sodium orthovanadate did not affect the amount of any PUFA. This was associated with a lack of influence on the expression of FADS1 and FADS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Wiercioch
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Arleta Drozd
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24 Str., 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Barczak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
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Passero K, He X, Zhou J, Mueller-Myhsok B, Kleber ME, Maerz W, Hall MA. Phenome-wide association studies on cardiovascular health and fatty acids considering phenotype quality control practices for epidemiological data. Pac Symp Biocomput 2020; 25:659-670. [PMID: 31797636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) allow agnostic investigation of common genetic variants in relation to a variety of phenotypes but preserving the power of PheWAS requires careful phenotypic quality control (QC) procedures. While QC of genetic data is well-defined, no established QC practices exist for multi-phenotypic data. Manually imposing sample size restrictions, identifying variable types/distributions, and locating problems such as missing data or outliers is arduous in large, multivariate datasets. In this paper, we perform two PheWAS on epidemiological data and, utilizing the novel software CLARITE (CLeaning to Analysis: Reproducibility-based Interface for Traits and Exposures), showcase a transparent and replicable phenome QC pipeline which we believe is a necessity for the field. Using data from the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular (LURIC) Health Study we ran two PheWAS, one on cardiac-related diseases and the other on polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. These phenotypes underwent a stringent quality control screen and were regressed on a genome-wide sample of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Seven SNPs were significant in association with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, of which five were within fatty acid desaturases FADS1 and FADS2. PheWAS is a useful tool to elucidate the genetic architecture of complex disease phenotypes within a single experimental framework. However, to reduce computational and multiple-comparisons burden, careful assessment of phenotype quality and removal of low-quality data is prudent. Herein we perform two PheWAS while applying a detailed phenotype QC process, for which we provide a replicable pipeline that is modifiable for application to other large datasets with heterogenous phenotypes. As investigation of complex traits continues beyond traditional genome wide association studies (GWAS), such QC considerations and tools such as CLARITE are crucial to the in the analysis of non-genetic big data such as clinical measurements, lifestyle habits, and polygenic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Passero
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA,
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Yuan S, Bäck M, Bruzelius M, Mason AM, Burgess S, Larsson S. Plasma Phospholipid Fatty Acids, FADS1 and Risk of 15 Cardiovascular Diseases: A Mendelian Randomisation Study. Nutrients 2019; 11:E3001. [PMID: 31817859 PMCID: PMC6950527 DOI: 10.3390/nu11123001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether circulating fatty acids (FAs) play a causal role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. We conducted a Mendelian randomisation study to explore the associations between plasma phospholipid FA levels and 15 CVDs. Summary-level data from the CARDIoGRAMplusC4D, MEGASTROKE, and Atrial Fibrillation consortia and UK Biobank were used. Sixteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with ten plasma FAs were used as instrumental variables. SNPs in or close to the FADS1 gene were associated with most FAs. We performed a secondary analysis of the association between a functional variant (rs174547) in FADS1, which encodes ?5-desaturase (a key enzyme in the endogenous FA synthesis), and CVD. Genetic predisposition to higher plasma α-linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acid levels was associated with lower odds of large-artery stroke and venous thromboembolism, whereas higher arachidonic and stearic acid levels were associated with higher odds of these two CVDs. The associations were driven by SNPs in or close to FADS1. In the secondary analysis, the minor allele of rs174547 in FADS1 was associated with significantly lower odds of any ischemic stroke, large-artery stroke, and venous thromboembolism and showed suggestive evidence of inverse association with coronary artery disease, abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic valve stenosis. Genetically higher plasma α-linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acid levels are inversely associated with large-artery stroke and venous thromboembolism, whereas arachidonic and stearic acid levels are positively associated with these CVDs. The associations were driven by FADS1, which was also associated with other CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bäck
- Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Heart and Vascular Theme—Division of Valvular and Coronary Disease, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bruzelius
- Coagulation Unit, Department of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amy M. Mason
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN Cambridge, UK; (A.M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Stephen Burgess
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, CB1 8RN Cambridge, UK; (A.M.M.); (S.B.)
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SR Cambridge, UK
| | - Susanna Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Carvalho GQ, Pereira-Santos M, Marcon LD, Louro ID, Peluzio MCG, Santos DB. Maternal polymorphisms in the FADS1 and FADS2 genes modify the association between PUFA ingestion and plasma concentrations of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 150:38-46. [PMID: 31568926 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of studies about polymorphisms in FADS genes in pregnant women. We aimed to verify the interaction between three FADS gene polymorphisms (rs174561; rs174575; rs3834458) and dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) or linoleic/α-linolenic acid ratio (LA/ALA) and plasma concentrations of omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs in pregnant women. Of the 250 women evaluated, the homozygous for the rs174561 and rs3834458 minor allele had high plasma ALA concentrations at the highest ALA and LA/ALA ratio tertile (p < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of EPA and DHA were not influenced by diet. For the rs174575 SNP, pregnant women who carried the minor allele presented lower proportions of plasma EPA in the second LA/ALA ratio tertile (p < 0.05). Increased dietary intake of ALA and LA/ALA ratio promoted plasma ALA accumulation in homozygotes for the minor allele rs174561 and rs3834458. Moderate intake of LA/ALA ratio may reduce plasma concentration of EPA in pregnants carrying the rs174575 minor allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Q Carvalho
- Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora - Campus Avançado de Governador Valadares, Av. Dr. Raimundo Monteiro Rezende, 330 - Centro, CEP: 35.010-177, Governador Valadares, MG - Brazil.
| | - M Pereira-Santos
- Collective Health Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil; Institute of Public Health, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil
| | - L D Marcon
- Nutrition and Health Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
| | - I D Louro
- Center of Human and Molecular Genetics, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - M C G Peluzio
- Nutrition and Health Department, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil
| | - D B Santos
- Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Brazil
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Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a carbohydrate intolerance that occurs in women during pregnancy. The aims of this study were to develop a model to predict the risk of GDM development using common clinical parameters and selected genetic polymorphisms and to analyse the performance of the model using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. ROC analysis was used to examine whether the evaluation of genetic polymorphisms may enhance the accuracy of GDM prediction in comparison to using common clinical risk factors only. This study included 204 pregnant women with GDM and 207 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance. The diagnosis of GDM was based on a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks gestation. The difference between the AUC of ROC curves for the model 1 including only age and BMI and the model 2 also including 8 genetic polymorphisms was highly significant (p=0.0001) in favour of model 2 (0.090±0.023). Moreover, the additional use of 8 genetic polymorphisms may increase both the sensitivity and specificity of GDM prediction by 10%. The results of this study indicate that the use of 8 genetic polymorphisms associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and type 2 diabetes [PTGS2 (COX2) rs6681231, FADS1 rs174550, HNF1B rs4430796, ADIPOQ rs266729, IL18 rs187238, CCL2 rs1024611, HHEX rs5015480 and CDKN2A/2B rs10811661] together with clinical risk factors (BMI and age) may significantly improve the prediction of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Dziedziejko
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Tarnowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Martínez-Zaldívar C, Azaryah H, García-Santos JA, Demmelmair H, Altmäe S, Reischl E, Rzehak P, Koletzko B, Campoy C. Early nutrition in combination with polymorphisms in fatty acid desaturase gene cluster modulate fatty acid composition of cheek cells' glycerophospholipids in school-age children. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:S68-S79. [PMID: 31638497 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Variants in the human genes of fatty acid (FA) desaturase 1 (FADS1), 2 (FADS2) and 3 (FADS3) are associated with PUFA blood levels. We explored if maternal prenatal supplementation and children's genetic variation in seventeen SNP of the FADS1, FADS2 and FADS3 gene cluster influence twenty-one of the most relevant cheek cells' derived FA in glycerophospholipids (GPL-FA). The study was conducted in 147 Spanish and German mother-children pairs participating in the Nutraceuticals for a Healthier Life (NUHEAL) study at 8, 9 and 9·5 years. Linear and mixed model longitudinal regression analyses were performed. Maternal fish-oil (FO) or FO+5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) supplementation during pregnancy was associated with a significant decrease of arachidonic acid (AA) concentrations in cheek cell GPL in the offspring, from 8 to 9·5 years; furthermore, maternal FO+5-MTHF supplementation was associated with higher n-6 docosapentaenoic acid concentrations in their children at age 8 years. FADS1 rs174556 polymorphism and different FADS2 genotypes were associated with higher concentrations of linoleic and α-linolenic acids in children; moreover, some FADS2 genotypes determined lower AA concentrations in children's cheek cells. It is suggested an interaction between type of prenatal supplementation and the offspring genetic background driving GPL-FA levels at school age. Prenatal FO supplementation, and/or with 5-MTHF, seems to stimulate n-3 and n-6 FA desaturation in the offspring, increasing long-chain PUFA concentrations at school age, but depending on children's FADS1 and FADS2 genotypes. These findings suggest potential early nutrition programming of FA metabolic pathways, but interacting with children's FADS polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martínez-Zaldívar
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Avda de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Hatim Azaryah
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Avda de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - José A García-Santos
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Avda de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Medical Centre, Lindwurmstr, 4, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Signe Altmäe
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Avda de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Eva Reischl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, D-85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Rzehak
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Medical Centre, Lindwurmstr, 4, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich Medical Centre, Lindwurmstr, 4, D-80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Cristina Campoy
- EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research, University of Granada, Avda de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Granada, Avda de la Investigación 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Network of Biomedical Research Centres on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Sasaki H, Sueyasu T, Tokuda H, Ito M, Kaneda Y, Rogi T, Kawashima H, Horiguchi S, Kawabata T, Shibata H. Aging and FADS1 polymorphisms decrease the biosynthetic capacity of long-chain PUFAs: A human trial using [U- 13C]linoleic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 148:1-8. [PMID: 31492428 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are important constituents of biomembranes. Observation of blood fatty acids indicated that LCPUFA biosynthesis is affected by aging and FADS polymorphisms. This study examined the effects of aging and FADS polymorphisms on LCPUFA biosynthetic capacity via direct quantification using [U-13C]linoleic acid. Healthy young (25-34 years) and elderly (65-74 years) participants were administered [U-13C]linoleate, and its metabolites were monitored for 14 days. The time of maximum plasma concentration of 13C-arachidonic acid (ARA) was 4-5 days. The area under the curve of the 13C-ARA concentration differed by FADS1 rs174547 polymorphism (TT [100%] > TC [57%] > CC [37%]). Among C allele carriers, 13C-ARA formation was 32% lower in elderly than in young participants. This is the first report to directly demonstrate that LCPUFA biosynthetic capacity is regulated by FADS1 polymorphisms and decreased by aging in FADS1 C allele carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Sasaki
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Sueyasu
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Hisanori Tokuda
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Mika Ito
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kaneda
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Rogi
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawashima
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Sayaka Horiguchi
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Terue Kawabata
- Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama 350-0288, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shibata
- Institute for Health Care Science, Suntory Wellness Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
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Koletzko B, Reischl E, Tanjung C, Gonzalez-Casanova I, Ramakrishnan U, Meldrum S, Simmer K, Heinrich J, Demmelmair H. FADS1 and FADS2 Polymorphisms Modulate Fatty Acid Metabolism and Dietary Impact on Health. Annu Rev Nutr 2019; 39:21-44. [PMID: 31433740 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Variants in the FADS gene cluster modify the activity of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) desaturation and the lipid composition in human blood and tissue. FADS variants have been associated with plasma lipid concentrations, risk of cardiovascular diseases, overweight, eczema, pregnancy outcomes, and cognitive function. Studies on variations in the FADS genecluster provided some of the first examples for marked gene-diet interactions in modulating complex phenotypes, such as eczema, asthma, and cognition. Genotype distribution differs markedly among ethnicities, apparently reflecting an evolutionary advantage of genotypes enabling active long-chain PUFA synthesis when the introduction of agriculture provided diets rich in linoleic acid but with little arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Discovering differential effects of PUFA supply that depend on variation of FADS genotypes could open new opportunities for developing precision nutrition strategies based either on an individual's genotype or on genotype distributions in specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Koletzko
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany;
| | - Eva Reischl
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Conny Tanjung
- Jakarta and Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Hubert Pantai Indah Kapuk Hospital, Jakarta 14460, Indonesia
| | - Ines Gonzalez-Casanova
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Usha Ramakrishnan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Suzanne Meldrum
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Karen Simmer
- Centre for Neonatal Research and Education, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Joachim Heinrich
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC) Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hans Demmelmair
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80337 Munich, Germany;
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Huang T, Wang T, Heianza Y, Wiggs J, Sun D, Choi HK, Chai JF, Sim X, Khor CC, Friedlander Y, Chan AT, Curhan G, Vivo ID, van Dam RM, Heng CK, Fuchs C, Pasquale LR, Yuan JM, Hu FB, Koh WP, Qi L. Fish and marine fatty acids intakes, the FADS genotypes and long-term weight gain: a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e022877. [PMID: 31371282 PMCID: PMC6678013 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested whether genetic variants near fatty acid desaturases gene (FADS) cluster, which were recently identified to be signatures of adaptation to fish-rich and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)-rich diet, interacted with these dietary factors on change in body mass index (BMI). DESIGN Three FADS variants were examined for gene-diet interactions on long-term (~10 years) changes in BMI and body weight in four prospective cohort studies. SETTING Population based study. PARTICIPANTS 11 323 women from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), 6833 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) and replicated in 6254 women from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) and 5 264 Chinese from the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS). MAIN OUTCOMES Long-term (~10 years) changes in BMI and body weight. RESULTS In the NHS and HPFS cohorts, food-sourced n-3 PUFAs intake showed interactions with the FADS rs174570 on changes of BMI (P for interaction=0.02 in NHS, 0.05 in HPFS and 0.007 in combined). Such interactions were replicated in two independent cohorts WHI and SCHS (P for interaction=0.04 in WHI, 0.02 in SCHS and 0.001 in combined). The genetic associations of the FADS rs174570 with changes in BMI increased across the tertiles of n-3 PUFAs in all the cohorts. Fish intake also accentuated the genetic associations of the FADS rs174570 with long-term changes in BMI (pooled P for interaction=0.006). Viewed differently, long chain n-3 PUFAs intake showed stronger association with long-term changes in BMI among the rs174570 T carriers (beta=0.79 kg/m2 per g, p=3×10-5) than the rs174570 non-T carriers (beta=0.16 kg/m2 per g, p=0.08). Similar results were observed for fish intake. CONCLUSIONS Our hypothesis-driven analyses provide replicable evidence that long chain n-3 PUFAs and fish intakes may interact with the FADS variant on long-term weight gain. Further investigation is needed to confirm our findings in other cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tiange Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yoriko Heianza
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Janey Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dianjianyi Sun
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hyon-Kyoo Choi
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital—Harvard Medical School Center for Nervous System Repair, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jin Fang Chai
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xueling Sim
- Epidemiology Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Andrew T Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gary Curhan
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rob Martinu van Dam
- Department of Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chew Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles Fuchs
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jian-min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Woon Puay Koh
- Department of Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Olszowski T, Gutowska I, Korbecki J, Rębacz-Maron E, Barczak K, Lubkowska A, Chlubek D. Fatty acid levels alterations in THP-1 macrophages cultured with lead (Pb). J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:222-231. [PMID: 30732887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As cardiovascular events are one of the main causes of death in developed countries, each factor potentially increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease deserves special attention. One such factor is the potentially atherogenic effect of lead (Pb) on lipid metabolism, and is significant in view of the still considerable Pb environmental pollution and the non-degradability of Pb compounds. METHODS Analysis of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (caprylic acid (C8:0), decanoic acid (C10:0), lauric acid (C12:0), tridecanoic acid (C13:0), myristic acid (C14:0), pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), stearic acid (C18:0), and behenic acid (C22:0)), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) (palmitoleic acid (C16:1), oleic acid (18:1w9), trans-vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans11)), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (linoleic acid (C18:2n6), gamma-linolenic acid (C18:3n6), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6)), was conducted by gas chromatography. Analysis of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) expression was performed using qRT-PCR. Oxidative stress intensity (malondialdehyde - MDA concentration) was measured using spectrophotometric method. Intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages was visualized by fluorescence microscopy and quantitatively measured by plate reader. RESULTS Pb caused quantitative alterations in FAs profile in macrophages; the effect was Pb-concentration dependent and selective (i.e. concerned only selected FAs). In general, the effect of Pb was biphasic, with Pb levels of 1.25 μg/dL and 2.5 μg/dL being stimulatory, and 10 μg/dL being inhibitory on concentrations of selected FAs. The most potent Pb concentration, resulting in increase in levels of 9 FAs, was 2.5 μg/dL, the Pb-level corresponding to the mean blood Pb concentrations of people living in urban areas not contaminated by Pb. Pb was found to exert similar, biphasic effect on the expression of FADS1. However, Pb decreased, in a concentration-dependent manner, the expression of SCD and FADS2. Pb significantly increased MDA and ROS concentration in macrophages. CONCLUSION Environmental Pb exposure might be a risk factor resulting in alterations in FAs levels, oxidative stress and increased MDA concentration in macrophages, which might lead to the formation of foam cells and to inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Olszowski
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24 St., 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Rębacz-Maron
- University of Szczecin, Department of Vertebrate Zoology and Anthropology, Institute for Research on Biodiversity, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13 St., 71-415, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Barczak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 St., 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
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Taylor K, Davey Smith G, Relton CL, Gaunt TR, Richardson TG. Prioritizing putative influential genes in cardiovascular disease susceptibility by applying tissue-specific Mendelian randomization. Genome Med 2019; 11:6. [PMID: 30704512 PMCID: PMC6354354 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which changes in gene expression can influence cardiovascular disease risk across different tissue types has not yet been systematically explored. We have developed an analysis pipeline that integrates tissue-specific gene expression, Mendelian randomization and multiple-trait colocalization to develop functional mechanistic insight into the causal pathway from a genetic variant to a complex trait. METHODS We undertook an expression quantitative trait loci-wide association study to uncover genetic variants associated with both nearby gene expression and cardiovascular traits. Fine-mapping was performed to prioritize possible causal variants for detected associations. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was then applied using findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to investigate whether changes in gene expression within certain tissue types may influence cardiovascular trait variation. We subsequently used Bayesian multiple-trait colocalization to further interrogate the findings and also gain insight into whether DNA methylation, as well as gene expression, may play a role in disease susceptibility. Finally, we applied our analysis pipeline genome-wide using summary statistics from large-scale GWAS. RESULTS Eight genetic loci were associated with changes in gene expression and measures of cardiovascular function. Our MR analysis provided evidence of tissue-specific effects at multiple loci, of which the effects at the ADCY3 and FADS1 loci for body mass index and cholesterol, respectively, were particularly insightful. Multiple-trait colocalization uncovered evidence which suggested that changes in DNA methylation at the promoter region upstream of FADS1/TMEM258 may also affect cardiovascular trait variation along with gene expression. Furthermore, colocalization analyses uncovered evidence of tissue specificity between gene expression in liver tissue and cholesterol levels. Applying our pipeline genome-wide using summary statistics from GWAS uncovered 233 association signals at loci which represent promising candidates for further evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Disease susceptibility can be influenced by differential changes in tissue-specific gene expression and DNA methylation. The approach undertaken in our study can be used to elucidate mechanisms in disease, as well as helping prioritize putative causal genes at associated loci where multiple nearby genes may be co-regulated. Future studies which continue to uncover quantitative trait loci for molecular traits across various tissue and cell types will further improve our capability to understand and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School (Population Health Sciences), University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School (Population Health Sciences), University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School (Population Health Sciences), University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom R Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School (Population Health Sciences), University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom G Richardson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Bristol Medical School (Population Health Sciences), University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
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Tricò D, Di Sessa A, Caprio S, Chalasani N, Liu W, Liang T, Graf J, Herzog RI, Johnson CD, Umano GR, Feldstein AE, Santoro N. Oxidized Derivatives of Linoleic Acid in Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome: Is Their Pathogenic Role Modulated by the Genetic Background and the Gut Microbiota? Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:241-250. [PMID: 28279074 PMCID: PMC6277079 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether oxidized linoleic acid metabolites (OXLAM) are associated with pediatric metabolic syndrome (MetS) and a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile in 122 obese adolescents. Furthermore, we examined whether genetic and metagenomic factors can modulate plasma OXLAM concentrations by genotyping the fatty acid desaturase 1/2 (FADS) gene and by characterizing the gut microbiota. Subjects with MetS (n = 50) showed higher concentrations of 9- and 13-oxo-octadecadienoic acid (9- and 13-oxo-ODE) than subjects without MetS (n = 72). Both metabolites were associated with an adverse lipoprotein profile that was characterized by elevated very small-dense low-density lipoprotein (p < 0.005) and large very low-density lipoprotein particles (p = 0.01). Plasma 9- and 13-oxo-ODE were higher in subjects carrying the haplotype AA of the FADS gene cluster (p = 0.030 and p = 0.048, respectively). Furthermore, the reduced gut bacterial load was associated with higher 9-oxo-ODE concentrations (p = 0.035). This is the first study showing that high plasma OXLAM concentrations are associated with MetS and suggesting that the leading factors for high plasma concentrations of OXLAM might be the genetic background and the composition of the gut microbiota. In conclusion, high concentrations of 9- and 13-oxo-ODE, which may be the result of a genetic predisposition and a reduced gut bacterial load, are associated with MetS and with a proatherogenic lipoprotein profile in obese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tricò
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Anna Di Sessa
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Purdue School of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Tiebing Liang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joerg Graf
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Raimund I. Herzog
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Casey D. Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Ariel E. Feldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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50
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Zhao L, Chang H, Zhou DS, Cai J, Fan W, Tang W, Tang W, Li X, Liu W, Liu F, He Y, Bai Y, Sun Y, Dai J, Li L, Xiao X, Zhang C, Li M. Replicated associations of FADS1, MAD1L1, and a rare variant at 10q26.13 with bipolar disorder in Chinese population. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:270. [PMID: 30531795 PMCID: PMC6286364 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses of psychiatric illnesses, such as bipolar disorder (BPD), have revealed essential information regarding the underlying pathological mechanisms. While such studies in populations of European ancestry have achieved prominent success, understanding the genetic risk factors of these illnesses (especially BPD) in Chinese population remains an urgent task. Given the lack of genome-wide association study (GWAS) of BPD in Chinese population from Mainland China, replicating the previously reported GWAS hits in distinct populations will provide valuable information for future GWAS analysis in Han Chinese. In the present study, we have recruited 1146 BPD cases and 1956 controls from Mainland China for genetic analyses, as well as 65 Han Chinese brain amygdala tissues for mRNA expression analyses. Using this clinical sample, one of the largest Han Chinese BPD samples till now, we have conducted replication analyses of 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) extracted from previous GWAS of distinct populations. Among the 21 tested SNPs, 16 showed the same direction of allelic effects in our samples compared with previous studies; 6 SNPs achieved nominal significance (p < 0.05) at one-tailed test, and 2 additional SNPs showed marginal significance (p < 0.10). Aside from replicating previously reported BPD risk SNPs, we herein also report several intriguing findings: (1) the SNP rs174576 was associated with BPD in our Chinese sample and in the overall global meta-analysis, and was significantly correlated with FADS1 mRNA in diverse public RNA-seq datasets as well as our in house collected Chinese amygdala samples; (2) two (partially) independent SNPs in MAD1L1 were both significantly associated with BPD in our Chinese sample, which was also supported by haplotype analysis; (3) a rare SNP rs78089757 in 10q26.13 region was a genome-wide significant variant for BPD in East Asians, and this SNP was near monomorphic in Europeans. In sum, these results confirmed several significant BPD risk genes. We hope this Chinese BPD case-control sample and the current brain amygdala tissues (with continuous increasing sample size in the near future) will provide helpful resources in elucidating the genetic and molecular basis of BPD in this major world population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Fan
- Jinhua Second Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenxin Tang
- Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiqing Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuanfang He
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Chinese Brain Bank Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiapei Dai
- Wuhan Institute for Neuroscience and Neuroengineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Chinese Brain Bank Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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