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Valenzuela R, Walbaum B, Farias C, Acevedo F, Vargas C, Bennett JT, Bravo ML, Pinto MP, Medina L, Merino T, Ibañez C, Parada A, Sanchez C. High linoleic acid levels in red blood cells predict a poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2-positive breast cancer patients. Nutrition 2024; 121:112357. [PMID: 38430738 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyunsaturated fatty acids are categorized as ω-3 or ⍵-6. Previous studies demonstrate that breast cancers display a high expression of fatty acid synthase and high fatty acid levels. Our study sought to determine if changes in plasma or red blood cell membrane fatty acid levels were associated with the response to preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy in non-metastatic breast cancer patients. METHODS Our prospective study assessed fatty acid levels in plasma and red blood cell membrane. Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was evaluated by the presence or absence of pathologic complete response and/or residual cancer burden. RESULTS A total of 28 patients were included. First, patients who achieved pathologic complete response had significantly higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio versus no pathologic complete response (P = 0.003). Second, total red blood cell membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in the absence of pathologic complete response (P = 0.0028). Third, total red blood cell membrane ⍵-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids were also higher in no pathologic complete response (P < 0.01). Among ⍵-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, red blood cell membrane linoleic acid was higher in the absence of pathologic complete response (P < 0.01). Notably, plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid, ⍵-6, and linoleic acid levels did not have significant differences. A multivariate analysis confirmed red blood cell membrane linoleic acid was associated with no pathologic complete response; this was further confirmed by receiver operating characteristic analysis (specificity = 92.3%, sensitivity = 76.9%, and area under the curve = 0.855). CONCLUSIONS Pending further validation, red blood cell membrane linoleic acid might serve as a predictor biomarker of poorer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in non-metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2-positive breast cancer. Measuring fatty acids in red blood cell membrane could offer a convenient, minimally invasive strategy to identifying patients more likely to respond or those with chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Walbaum
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Farias
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Acevedo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Vargas
- Department of Surgical Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Tomas Bennett
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Loreto Bravo
- Support Team for Oncological Research and Medicine (STORM), Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio P Pinto
- Support Team for Oncological Research and Medicine (STORM), Santiago, Chile
| | - Lidia Medina
- Centro del Cáncer Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza, UC CHRISTUS Healthcare Network, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tomas Merino
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Ibañez
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Parada
- Department of Health Sciences. School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Sanchez
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Metherel AH, Valenzuela R, Klievik BJ, Cisbani G, Rotarescu RD, Gonzalez-Soto M, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Layé S, Magnan C, Mutch DM, Bazinet RP. Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) downregulates liver DHA synthesis by inhibiting eicosapentaenoic acid elongation. J Lipid Res 2024:100548. [PMID: 38649096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
DHA is abundant in brain where it regulates cell survival, neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. DHA can be obtained from the diet or synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) via a series of desaturation and elongation reactions occurring in the liver. Tracer studies suggest that dietary DHA can downregulate its own synthesis, but the mechanism remains undetermined and is the primary objective of this paper. First, we show by tracing 13C content (δ13C) of DHA via compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA), that following low dietary DHA, the brain receives DHA synthesized from ALA. We then show that dietary DHA increases mouse liver and serum EPA, which is dependant on ALA. Furthermore, by CSIA we demonstrate that the source of increased EPA is slowed EPA metabolism, not increased DHA retroconversion as previously assumed. DHA feeding alone or with ALA lowered liver elongation of very long-chain (ELOVL2, EPA elongation) enzyme activity despite no change in protein content. To further evaluate the role of ELOVL2, a liver-specific Elovl2 knockout was generated showing that DHA feeding in the presence or absence of a functional liver ELOVL2 yields similar results. An enzyme competition assay for EPA elongation suggests both uncompetitive and non-competitive inhibition by DHA depending on DHA levels. To translate our findings, we show that DHA supplementation in men and women increases EPA levels in a manner dependent on a SNP (rs953413) in the ELOVL2 gene. In conclusion, we identify a novel feedback inhibition pathway where dietary DHA downregulates its liver synthesis by inhibiting EPA elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | - Brinley J Klievik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruxandra D Rotarescu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Gonzalez-Soto
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sophie Layé
- Université de Bordeaux, INRA, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Torres JP, Ibañez C, Valenzuela R, Bahamondes S, De la Maza V, Villarroel M, Coria P, Contardo V, Álvarez AM, Zubieta M, Gutierrez V, Ducasse K, Martínez D, Santolaya ME. Efficacy and safety of withholding antimicrobial therapy in children with cancer, fever and neutropenia, with a demonstrated viral respiratory infection: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Microbiol Infect 2024:S1198-743X(24)00201-5. [PMID: 38648896 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To validate the efficacy and safety of withholding antimicrobial therapy in a new cohort of children with cancer and febrile neutropenia (FN) having a demonstrated viral respiratory tract infection (RTI). METHODS Prospective, multicenter, non-inferiority, randomized study, approved by the ethical committee, in children presenting with FN at seven hospitals in Chile, evaluated at admission for diagnosis of bacterial and viral pathogens. Children who were positive for a respiratory virus (RV), negative for a bacterial pathogen and had a favorable evolution after 48-72 hours of antimicrobial therapy were randomized to either maintain or withhold antimicrobial therapy. The primary endpoint was the percentage of episodes with uneventful resolution, whereas the secondary endpoints were days of fever/hospitalization, requirement of antimicrobial treatment readministration, sepsis, pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and death. RESULTS A total of 301 of 939 children with FN episodes recruited between March 2021 and December 2023 had a RV as a unique identified microorganism, of which 139 had a favorable evolution at 48-72 hours and were randomized, 70 to maintain and 69 to withdraw antimicrobial therapy. The median days of antimicrobial therapy was 5 (IQR 3-6) versus 3 (IQR 3-6) days (p<0.001), with similar frequency of uneventful resolution (66/70 (94%) and 66/69 (96%), RR 1.01, (95% CI 0.93-1.09), absolute risk difference 0.01, (95% CI -0.05-0.08) and similar number of days of fever and days of hospitalization. No cases of sepsis, PICU admission or death were reported. CONCLUSIONS We validated the strategy of withdrawal antimicrobial therapy in children with FN and viral RTI, based on clinical and microbiological/molecular diagnostic criteria. This will enable advances in antimicrobial stewardship strategies with a possible future impact on antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Torres
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Committee of Infectious Diseases, National Child Program of Antineoplastics Drugs Network (PINDA)
| | - C Ibañez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Valenzuela
- Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Bahamondes
- Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - V De la Maza
- Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Villarroel
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Committee of Infectious Diseases, National Child Program of Antineoplastics Drugs Network (PINDA)
| | - P Coria
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Contardo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Roberto del Rio, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Committee of Infectious Diseases, National Child Program of Antineoplastics Drugs Network (PINDA)
| | - A M Álvarez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital San Juan de Dios, Santiago, Chile; Committee of Infectious Diseases, National Child Program of Antineoplastics Drugs Network (PINDA)
| | - M Zubieta
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Exequiel González Cortés, Santiago, Chile
| | - V Gutierrez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile; Committee of Infectious Diseases, National Child Program of Antineoplastics Drugs Network (PINDA)
| | - K Ducasse
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Gustavo Fricke, Viña del Mar, Chile; Committee of Infectious Diseases, National Child Program of Antineoplastics Drugs Network (PINDA)
| | - D Martínez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital San Borja Arriarán, Santiago, Chile; Committee of Infectious Diseases, National Child Program of Antineoplastics Drugs Network (PINDA)
| | - M E Santolaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Committee of Infectious Diseases, National Child Program of Antineoplastics Drugs Network (PINDA).
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Videla LA, Valenzuela R, Zúñiga-Hernández J, Del Campo A. Relevant Aspects of Combined Protocols for Prevention of N(M)AFLD and Other Non-Communicable Diseases. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2400062. [PMID: 38506156 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202400062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a global health issue characterized by the excessive fat accumulation, leading to an increased risk of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which can progress from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, there are no approved pharmacological protocols for prevention/treatment of MAFLD, and due the complexity lying beneath these mechanisms, monotherapies are unlikely to be efficacious. This review article analyzes the possibility that NCDs can be prevented or attenuated by the combination of bioactive substances, as they could promote higher response rates, maximum reaction results, additive or synergistic effects due to compounds having similar or different mechanisms of action and/or refraining possible side effects, related to the use of lower doses and exposures times than monotherapies. Accordingly, prevention of mouse MAFLD is observed with the combination of the omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid with the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol, whereas attenuation of mild cognitive impairment is attained by folic acid plus cobalamin in elderly patients. The existence of several drawbacks underlying published monotherapies or combined trials, opens space for adequate and stricter experimental and clinical tryouts to achieve meaningful outcomes with human applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380453, Chile
| | - Jessica Zúñiga-Hernández
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca, 3465548, Chile
| | - Andrea Del Campo
- Cellular Physiology and Bioenergetic Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
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Valenzuela R, Metherel AH, Cisbani G, Smith ME, Chouinard-Watkins R, Klievik BJ, Videla LA, Bazinet RP. Protein concentrations and activities of fatty acid desaturase and elongase enzymes in liver, brain, testicle, and kidney from mice: Substrate dependency. Biofactors 2024; 50:89-100. [PMID: 37470206 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis rates of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in rodents and humans are not agreed upon and depend on substrate availability independently of the capacity for synthesis. Therefore, we aimed to assess the activities of the enzymes for n-3 and n-6 PUFA synthesis pathways in liver, brain, testicle, kidney, heart, and lung, in relation to their protein concentration levels. Eight-week-old Balb/c mice (n = 8) were fed a standard chow diet (6.2% fat, 18.6% protein, and 44.2% carbohydrates) until 14 weeks of age, anesthetized with isoflurane and tissue samples were collected (previously perfused) and stored at -80°C. The protein concentration of the enzymes (Δ-6D, Δ-5D, Elovl2, and Elovl5) were assessed by ELISA kits; their activities were assayed using specific PUFA precursors and measuring the respective PUFA products as fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatographic analysis. The liver had the highest capacity for PUFA biosynthesis, with limited activity in the brain, testicles, and kidney, while we failed to detect activity in the heart and lung. The protein concentration and activity of the enzymes were significantly correlated. Furthermore, Δ-6D, Δ-5D, and Elovl2 have a higher affinity for n-3 PUFA precursors compared to n-6 PUFA. The capacity for PUFA synthesis in mice mainly resides in the liver, with enzymes having preference for n-3 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Mackenzie E Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brinley J Klievik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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6
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Farías C, Cisternas C, Gana JC, Alberti G, Echeverría F, Videla LA, Mercado L, Muñoz Y, Valenzuela R. Dietary and Nutritional Interventions in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Pediatrics. Nutrients 2023; 15:4829. [PMID: 38004223 PMCID: PMC10674812 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is pediatrics' most common chronic liver disease. The incidence is high in children and adolescents with obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of disease progression. Currently, there is no effective drug therapy in pediatrics; therefore, lifestyle interventions remain the first line of treatment. This review aims to present an updated compilation of the scientific evidence for treating this pathology, including lifestyle modifications, such as exercise and dietary changes, highlighting specific nutritional strategies. The bibliographic review was carried out in different databases, including studies within the pediatric population where dietary and/or nutritional interventions were used to treat NAFLD. Main interventions include diets low in carbohydrates, free sugars, fructose, and lipids, in addition to healthy eating patterns and possible nutritional interventions with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA and DHA), amino acids (cysteine, L-carnitine), cysteamine, vitamins, and probiotics (one strain or multi-strain). Lifestyle changes remain the main recommendation for children with NAFLD. Nevertheless, more studies are required to elucidate the effectiveness of specific nutrients and bioactive compounds in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Farías
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Camila Cisternas
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Juan Cristobal Gana
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile
| | - Gigliola Alberti
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile
| | - Francisca Echeverría
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Department of Health Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Lorena Mercado
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Yasna Muñoz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2360134, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Division of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330023, Chile
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Álvarez D, Ortiz M, Valdebenito G, Crisosto N, Echiburú B, Valenzuela R, Espinosa A, Maliqueo M. Effects of a High-Fat Diet and Docosahexaenoic Acid during Pregnancy on Fatty Acid Composition in the Fetal Livers of Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:4696. [PMID: 37960348 PMCID: PMC10649644 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy promotes fat accumulation and reduces docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in the liver of the offspring at postnatal ages, which can depend on fetal sex. However, the prenatal mechanisms behind these associations are still unclear. Thus, we analyzed if an HFD alters DHA content and the expression of molecules related to fatty acid (FA) metabolism in the fetal liver. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet or HFD for 4-6 weeks before pregnancy until the gestational day (GD) 17.5. A subgroup of each diet received DHA (100 mg/Kg) orally from GD 6.5 until 16.5. On GD 17.5, maternal livers, placentas, and livers from male and female fetuses were collected for FA profiling with gas-chromatography and gene expression of molecules related to FA metabolism using qPCR. PPAR-α protein expression was evaluated using Western blot. The gene expression of placental FA transporters was also assessed. An HFD increased eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and decreased DHA levels and protein expression of PPAR-α in the fetal livers of both sexes. DHA increased the gene expression of Ppara, Cpt1, and Acsl1 in the livers of female fetuses. Therefore, an HFD reduces DHA levels and PPAR-α, a master regulator of gene expression, in the fetal liver. In turn, the livers of female fetuses seem to be more sensitive to DHA action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Álvarez
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8350499, Chile; (D.Á.); (M.O.); (G.V.); (N.C.); (B.E.)
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8350499, Chile; (D.Á.); (M.O.); (G.V.); (N.C.); (B.E.)
| | - Gabriel Valdebenito
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8350499, Chile; (D.Á.); (M.O.); (G.V.); (N.C.); (B.E.)
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8350499, Chile; (D.Á.); (M.O.); (G.V.); (N.C.); (B.E.)
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610658, Chile
| | - Bárbara Echiburú
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8350499, Chile; (D.Á.); (M.O.); (G.V.); (N.C.); (B.E.)
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8350499, Chile; (D.Á.); (M.O.); (G.V.); (N.C.); (B.E.)
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8
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Cisbani G, Chouinard-Watkins R, Smith ME, Malekanian A, Valenzuela R, Metherel AH, Bazinet RP. Dietary triacetin, but not medium chain triacylglycerides, blunts weight gain in diet-induced rat model of obesity. Lipids 2023; 58:257-270. [PMID: 37997471 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of a Western diet (WD) is known to increase the risk of obesity. Short or medium chain fatty acids influence energy metabolism, and triacetin, a synthetic short chain triacylglyceride, has been shown to lower body fat under normal conditions. This study aimed to investigate if triacetin as part of a WD modifies rat weight and body fat. Male rats were fed a control diet or WD for 8 weeks. At week 8, rats in the WD group were maintained on a WD diet or switched to a WD diet containing 30% energy from medium-chain triacylglyceride (WD-MCT) or triacetin (WD-T) for another 8 weeks. At week 16, rats were euthanized and liver, adipose and blood were collected. Tissue fatty acids (FAs) were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) and hepatic FAs were measured by GC-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry for δ13 C-palmitic acid (PAM)-a novel marker of de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Rats fed WD-T had a body weight not statistically different to the control group, and gained less body weight than rats fed WD alone. Furthermore, WD-T fed rats had a lower fat mass, and lower total liver and plasma FAs compared to the WD group. Rats fed WD-T did not differ from WD in blood ketone or glucose levels, however, had a significantly lower hepatic δ13 C-PAM value than WD fed rats; suggestive of lower DNL. In summary, we show that triacetin has the potential to blunt weight gain and adipose tissue accumulation in a rodent model of obesity, possibly due to a decrease in DNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie E Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arezou Malekanian
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Videla LA, Valenzuela R, Del Campo A, Zúñiga-Hernández J. Omega-3 Lipid Mediators: Modulation of the M1/M2 Macrophage Phenotype and Its Protective Role in Chronic Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15528. [PMID: 37958514 PMCID: PMC10647594 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex interplay between dietary factors, inflammation, and macrophage polarization is pivotal in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic liver diseases (CLDs). Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) have brought in attention due to their potential to modulate inflammation and exert protective effects in various pathological conditions. Omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have shown promise in mitigating inflammation and enhancing the resolution of inflammatory responses. They influence the M1/M2 macrophage phenotype balance, promoting a shift towards the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), such as resolvins (Rvs), protectins (PDs), and maresins (MaRs), have emerged as potent regulators of inflammation and macrophage polarization. They show anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties, by modulating the expression of cytokines, facilitate the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, and promote tissue repair. MaR1, in particular, has demonstrated significant hepatoprotective effects by promoting M2 macrophage polarization, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting key inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB. In the context of CLDs, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cirrhosis, omega-3s and their SPMs have shown promise in attenuating liver injury, promoting tissue regeneration, and modulating macrophage phenotypes. The aim of this article was to analyze the emerging role of omega-3 FAs and their SPMs in the context of macrophage polarization, with special interest in the mechanisms underlying their effects and their interactions with other cell types within the liver microenvironment, focused on CLDs and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Andrea Del Campo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioenergética Celular, Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
| | - Jessica Zúñiga-Hernández
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
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10
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Chamorro R, Farías R, Allende P, Acuña M, Cáceres P, Gómez F, Ortiz A, Tapia D, Farías C, Valenzuela R. Effect of a pescetarian and vegan diet on fatty acid composition in blood and spermatozoa in young healthy men. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023; 196:102582. [PMID: 37544056 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a growing interest in vegetarian and vegan diets, but both can potentially affect tissue fatty acids (FA) composition. We aimed to evaluate the effect of vegetarian diets on plasma, erythrocytes, and sperm n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) status in healthy young men. METHODS Four groups were studied: i) men consuming a regular omnivore diet (OMV-1, n = 35); ii) men consuming an omnivore diet but excluding fish and seafood (OMV-2, n = 34); iii) men consuming a pescetarian diet (including dairy, eggs, fish, and seafood) (PESC, n = 36); and iv) men following a strict vegan diet (VEG, n = 35). Participants in each group should follow their diet for at least the previous 12 months. Diet evaluation used a structured validated food frequency questionnaire. FA composition was measured in plasma, erythrocyte phospho-lipids, and spermatozoa by gas-liquid chromatography, expressed as a mole percentage of the total FA content. RESULTS Main findings showed higher alpha-linolenic fatty acid (ALA) and total n-3 PUFA dietary intake in the VEG group. In plasma, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids were higher in OMV and PESC groups, whereas docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) level was lower in VEG. Higher ALA, but reduced DHA and total n-3 PUFA levels were found in erythrocytes and spermatozoa in the VEG group. CONCLUSION Higher dietary ALA intake was found in pescetarians and vegan men. However, the higher ALA intake was not reflected in higher DHA content in the evaluated tissues. PUFA assessment, with particular emphasis in DHA, are necessary to improve PUFA status in vegan men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Chamorro
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rut Farías
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Allende
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Acuña
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Cáceres
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Gómez
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Abigail Ortiz
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Tapia
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Farías
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Curicó, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Barrera C, Castillo V, Valenzuela R, Valenzuela CA, Garcia-Diaz DF, Llanos M. Effects on Fetal Metabolic Programming and Endocannabinoid System of a Normocaloric Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation of Female Mice with Pregestational Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:3531. [PMID: 37630722 PMCID: PMC10458167 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal programming provides explanatory mechanisms for the currently high prevalence of gestational obesity. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) participates in the regulation of energy balance, and with a high-fat diet (HFD), it is overactivated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a nutritional intervention during pregnancy and lactation on obese female progenitors, on metabolic alterations of the offspring and on the involvement of ECS. Female mice (C57/BL/6-F0), 45 days old, and their offspring (males) were separated according to type of diet before and during gestation and lactation: CON-F1: control diet; HFD-F1 group: HFD (fat: 60% Kcal); INT-F1 group: HFD until mating and control diet (fat: 10% Kcal) afterward. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (IS) were tested at 2 and 4 months. At 120 days, mice were sacrificed, plasma was extracted for the determination of hormones, and livers for gene expression and the protein level determination of ECS components. INT-F1 group presented a lower IS compared to CON-F1, and normal levels of adiponectin and corticosterone in relation to the HFD-F1 group. The intervention increased hepatic gene expression for fatty-acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase enzymes; however, these differences were not observed at the protein expression level. Our results suggest that this intervention model normalized some hormonal parameters and hepatic mRNA levels of ECS components that were altered in the offspring of progenitors with pre-pregnancy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Barrera
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Valeska Castillo
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Carina A. Valenzuela
- Eating Behavior Research Center, School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Valparaíso Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2360102, Chile;
| | - Diego F. Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (C.B.); (R.V.); (D.F.G.-D.)
| | - Miguel Llanos
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
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Beyer MP, Videla LA, Farías C, Valenzuela R. Potential Clinical Applications of Pro-Resolving Lipids Mediators from Docosahexaenoic Acid. Nutrients 2023; 15:3317. [PMID: 37571256 PMCID: PMC10421104 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA) is the precursor of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), such as resolvin, protectin, and maresin families which have been considered therapeutic bioactive compounds for human health. Growing evidence indicates that DHA and SPMs are beneficial strategies in the amelioration, regulation, and duration of inflammatory processes through different biological actions. The present review discusses the reported therapeutic benefits of SPMs on various diseases and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paz Beyer
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (M.P.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Luis A. Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
| | - Camila Farías
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (M.P.B.); (C.F.)
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (M.P.B.); (C.F.)
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Ortiz M, Álvarez D, Muñoz Y, Crisosto N, Valenzuela R, Maliqueo M. Linoleic and arachidonic fatty acids and their potential relationship with inflammation, pregnancy, and fetal development. Curr Med Chem 2023:CMC-EPUB-132789. [PMID: 37415369 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230706161144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A healthy maternal diet must consider an appropriate supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) precursors to ensure adequate growth and development of the fetus. In this regard, n-6 PUFAs, predominantly linoleic (C18:2 n-6, LA) and arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6), have a central role in the development of the central nervous system because they are part of the membrane structure and participate in the metabolism and signal transduction of cells. Nevertheless, they can also be transformed into inflammatory metabolites promoting the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. In modern westernized societies, there is a high dietary consumption of foods rich in n-6 PUFAs which could have detrimental consequences for the fetus and neonate due to excessive exposure to these fatty acids (FAs). OBJECTIVE To summarize the evidence of maternal, placental, and fetal alterations that an excessive intake of n-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), LA, and AA), could produce during pregnancy. METHODS A thorough review of the literature regarding the effects of n-6 PUFAs during pregnancy and lactation including in vivo and in vitro models, was carried out using the PubMed database from the National Library of Medicine-National Institutes of Health. RESULTS An elevated intake of n-6 PUFA, specifically LA, during pregnancy influences children's motor, cognitive, and verbal development during infancy and early childhood. Similarly, they could harm the placenta and the development of other fetal organs such as the fat tissue, liver, and cardiovascular system. CONCLUSION Maternal diet, specifically LA intake, could have significant repercussions on fetal development and long-term consequences in the offspring, including the possibility of future metabolic and mental diseases. It would be necessary to focus on the prevention of these alterations through timely dietary interventions in the target population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Ortiz
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Álvarez
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yasna Muñoz
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Klievik BJ, Metherel AH, Cisbani G, Valenzuela R, Bazinet RP. Novel 13C enrichment technique reveals early turnover of DHA in peripheral tissues. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100357. [PMID: 36948271 PMCID: PMC10154972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is rich in DHA, which plays important roles in regulating neuronal function. Recently, using compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) that takes advantage of natural differences in carbon-13 content (13C/12C ratio or δ13C) of the food supply, we determined the brain DHA half-life. However, due to methodological limitations, we were unable to capture DHA turnover rates in peripheral tissues. In the current study, we applied CSIA via high-precision gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) to determine half-lives of brain, liver, and plasma DHA in mice following a dietary switch experiment. To model DHA tissue turnover rates in peripheral tissues, we added earlier timepoints within the diet switch study and took advantage of natural variations in the δ13C-DHA of algal and fish DHA sources to maintain DHA pool sizes and used an enriched (uniformly labeled 13C) DHA treatment. Mice were fed a fish-DHA diet (control) for 3 months, then switched to an algal-DHA treatment diet, the 13C enriched-DHA treatment diet, or they stayed on the control diet for the remainder of the study time course. In mice fed the algal and 13C enriched-DHA diets, the brain DHA half-life was 47 and 46 days, the liver half-life was 5.6 and 7.2 days, and the plasma half-life was 4.7 and 6.4 days respectively. By using improved methodologies, we calculated DHA turnover rates in the liver and plasma, and our study for the first time, by using an artificially enriched DHA source (very high δ13C), validated its utility in diet switch studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinley J Klievik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Giulia Cisbani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Richard P Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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15
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Ortiz M, Sánchez F, Álvarez D, Flores C, Salas-Pérez F, Valenzuela R, Cantin C, Leiva A, Crisosto N, Maliqueo M. Association between maternal obesity, essential fatty acids and biomarkers of fetal liver function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023; 190:102541. [PMID: 36736061 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity and the imbalance in linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6, LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3, ALA) levels are related with hepatic disturbances in the offspring. However, whether these alterations are present during fetal life is not well understood. Obese and normal weight pregnant women were recruited to determine fatty acids (FAs) consumption, FAs profile (in maternal erythrocytes, placenta and neonatal very low-density lipoproteins VLDL) and biomarkers of fetal liver function, such as gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and albumin, in umbilical cord blood. Stearic acid (C18:0, ST) was lower, and total n-3 FAs tended to be lower in umbilical cord VLDLs of obese women compared to controls. Independently of maternal obesity, GGT levels in umbilical cord blood was positively correlated with the LA content and negatively correlated with the ALA content in maternal erythrocytes. We conclude that maternal obesity and its imbalance of LA and ALA are associated with changes in biomarkers of fetal liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Ortiz
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Sánchez
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Álvarez
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Flores
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, School of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudette Cantin
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Leiva
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine West Division, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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16
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Jannas-Vela S, Espinosa A, Candia AA, Flores-Opazo M, Peñailillo L, Valenzuela R. The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Lipid Mediators on Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040871. [PMID: 36839229 PMCID: PMC9965797 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in the human body, comprising approximately 40% of body mass. After damage or injury, a healthy skeletal muscle is often fully regenerated; however, with aging and chronic diseases, the regeneration process is usually incomplete, resulting in the formation of fibrotic tissue, infiltration of intermuscular adipose tissue, and loss of muscle mass and strength, leading to a reduction in functional performance and quality of life. Accumulating evidence has shown that omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their lipid mediators (i.e., oxylipins and endocannabinoids) have the potential to enhance muscle regeneration by positively modulating the local and systemic inflammatory response to muscle injury. This review explores the process of muscle regeneration and how it is affected by acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, focusing on the potential role of n-3 PUFAs and their derivatives as positive modulators of skeletal muscle healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jannas-Vela
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Escuela de Medicina, Campus San Felipe, Universidad de Valparaíso, San Felipe 2170000, Chile
| | - Alejandro A. Candia
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Marcelo Flores-Opazo
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua 2820000, Chile
| | - Luis Peñailillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Las Condes, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Correspondence:
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17
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Zisman A, Razdan S, Siegal A, Sljivich M, Bieber C, Ho P, Valenzuela R. Midline submuscular penile prosthesis reservoir placement for patients with bilateral inaccessible inguinal rings: Technique and outcomes. Eur Urol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(23)01302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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18
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Valenzuela R, del Campo A, Videla LA, Zúñiga-Hernandez J. Cellular functional, protective or damaging responses associated with different redox imbalance intensities: a comprehensive review. Curr Med Chem 2022; 30:3927-3939. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666221209093343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Reactive species (RS) are produced in aerobic and anaerobic cells at different concentrations and exposure times, which may trigger diverse responses depending on the cellular antioxidant potential and defensive devices.
Methods:
Study searches were carried out using the PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine-National Institutes of Health.
Results:
Cellular RS include reactive oxygen (ROS), nitrogen (RNS), lipid (RLS) and electrophilic species that determine either cell homeostasis or dysfunctional biomolecules. The complexity of redox signalling is associated with the variety of RS produced, the reactivity of the target biomolecules with RS, the multiplicity of the counteracting processes available, and the exposure time. The continuous distortion in the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance favoring the former is defined as oxidative stress, whose intensity determines (i) the basal not harmful unbalance (oxidative eustress) at RS levels in the pM to nM range that supports physiological processes (e.g., immune function, thyroid function, insulin action) and beneficial responses to external interventions via redox signalling; or (ii) the excessive, toxic distortion (oxidative distress) at RS levels exceeding those in the oxidative eustress zone, leading to the unspecific oxidation of biomolecules and loss of their functions causing cell death with associated pathological states.
Conclusion:
The cellular redox imbalance is a complex phenomenon whose underlying mechanisms are beginning to be understood, although how RS initiates cell signalling is a matter of debate. Knowledge of this aspect will provide a better understanding of how RS triggers the pathogenesis and progression of the disease and uncover future therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea del Campo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Bioenergética Celular, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A. Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ivanovic D, Zamorano F, Soto-Icaza P, Rojas T, Larraín C, Silva C, Almagià A, Bustamante C, Arancibia V, Villagrán F, Valenzuela R, Barrera C, Billeke P. Brain structural parameters correlate with University Selection Test outcomes in Chilean high school graduates. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20562. [PMID: 36446926 PMCID: PMC9709063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How well students learn and perform in academic contexts is a focus of interest for the students, their families, and the entire educational system. Although evidence has shown that several neurobiological factors are involved in scholastic achievement (SA), specific brain measures associated with academic outcomes and whether such associations are independent of other factors remain unclear. This study attempts to identify the relationship between brain structural parameters, and the Chilean national University Selection Test (PSU) results in high school graduates within a multidimensional approach that considers socio-economic, intellectual, nutritional, and demographic variables. To this end, the brain morphology of a sample of 102 students who took the PSU test was estimated using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Anthropometric parameters, intellectual ability (IA), and socioeconomic status (SES) were also measured. The results revealed that, independently of sex, IA, gray matter volume, right inferior frontal gyrus thickness, and SES were significantly associated with SA. These findings highlight the role of nutrition, health, and socioeconomic variables in academic success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniza Ivanovic
- grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Laboratory of Nutrition and Neurological Sciences, Human Nutrition Area, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology Dr. Fernando Monckeberg Barros (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile ,grid.412187.90000 0000 9631 4901Laboratorio de Neurociencia Social y Neuromodulación, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (neuroCICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Zamorano
- grid.412187.90000 0000 9631 4901Unidad de Imágenes Cuantitativas Avanzadas, Departamento de Imágenes, Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Soto-Icaza
- grid.412187.90000 0000 9631 4901Laboratorio de Neurociencia Social y Neuromodulación, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (neuroCICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tatiana Rojas
- grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Laboratory of Nutrition and Neurological Sciences, Human Nutrition Area, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology Dr. Fernando Monckeberg Barros (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristián Larraín
- grid.412187.90000 0000 9631 4901Radiology Department, Facultad de Medicina-Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Silva
- grid.412187.90000 0000 9631 4901Radiology Department, Facultad de Medicina-Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Atilio Almagià
- grid.8170.e0000 0001 1537 5962Laboratory of Physical Anthropology and Human Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Bustamante
- grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Laboratory of Nutrition and Neurological Sciences, Human Nutrition Area, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology Dr. Fernando Monckeberg Barros (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Violeta Arancibia
- grid.431778.e0000 0004 0482 9086Department of Global Partnership for Education (GPE) World Bank, Washington, USA
| | - Francisca Villagrán
- grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Laboratory of Nutrition and Neurological Sciences, Human Nutrition Area, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology Dr. Fernando Monckeberg Barros (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cynthia Barrera
- grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Billeke
- grid.412187.90000 0000 9631 4901Laboratorio de Neurociencia Social y Neuromodulación, Centro de Investigación en Complejidad Social (neuroCICS), Facultad de Gobierno, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Echeverria F, Zapata J, Castro-Sepulveda M, Soto-Alarcon SA, Alvarez D, Bustamante A, Villarroel G, Gallardo A, Garcia-Diaz DF, Valenzuela R. Targeting mitochondria for the prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: polyphenols as a non-pharmacological approach. Curr Med Chem 2022; 30:2977-2995. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666221007115809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Scope:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a high and growing prevalence globally. Mitochondria are fundamental in regulating cell energy homeostasis. Nevertheless, mitochondria control mechanisms can be exceeded in this context of energy overload. Damaged mitochondria worsen NAFLD progression. Diet and lifestyle changes are the main recommendations for NAFLD prevention and treatment. Some polyphenols have improved mitochondrial function in different NAFLD and obesity models.
Objective:
To discuss the potential role of polyphenols as a non-pharmacological approach targeting mitochondria to prevent and treat NAFLD, analyzing the influence of polyphenols' chemical structure, limitations and clinical projections.
Methods:
In vivo and in vitro NAFLD models were considered. Study searches were performed using the following keywords: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver steatosis, mitochondria, mitochondrial activity, mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial cristae, fusion, fission, polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, AND/OR bioactive compounds.
Conclusion:
Polyphenols are a group of diverse bioactive molecules whose bioactive effects are highly determined by their chemical structure. These bioactive compounds could offer an interesting non-pharmacological approach to preventing and treating NAFLD, regulating mitochondrial dynamics and function. Nevertheless, the mitochondria' role in subjects with NAFLD treatment is not fully elucidated. The dosage and bioavailability of these compounds should be addressed when studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Echeverria
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Carrera Nutricion y Dietetica, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Zapata
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Sandra A Soto-Alarcon
- Carrera de Nutricion y Dietetica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma de Chile, Chile
| | - Daniela Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Endocrinologia y Metabolismo, Campus Occidente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Bustamante
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guiselle Villarroel
- Escuela de Nutricion y Dietetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arturo Gallardo
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego F Garcia-Diaz
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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21
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Paredes S, Valenzuela R, Oporto F, Valdivia S. Agenesia del páncreas dorsal: reporte de caso y revisión del tema. Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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22
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Videla LA, Hernandez-Rodas MC, Metherel AH, Valenzuela R. Influence of the nutritional status and oxidative stress in the desaturation and elongation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Impact on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 181:102441. [PMID: 35537354 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play essential roles in cell membrane structure and physiological processes including signal transduction, cellular metabolism and tissue homeostasis to combat diseases. PUFA are either consumed from food or synthesized by enzymatic desaturation, elongation and peroxisomal β-oxidation. The nutritionally essential precursors α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6; LA) are subjected to desaturation by Δ6D/Δ5D desaturases and elongation by elongases 2/5, enzymes that are induced by insulin and repressed by PUFA. Maintaining an optimally low n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio is linked to prevention of the development of several diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that is characterized by depletion of PUFA promoting hepatic steatosis and inflammation. In this context, supplementation with n-3 PUFA revealed significant lowering of hepatic steatosis in obese patients, whereas prevention of fatty liver by high-fat diet in mice is observed in n-3 PUFA and hydroxytyrosol co-administration. The aim of this work is to review the role of nutritional status and nutrient availability on markers of PUFA biosynthesis. In addition, the impact of oxidative stress developed as a result of NAFLD, a redox imbalance that may alter the expression and activity of the enzymes involved, and diminished n-3 PUFA levels by free-radical dependent peroxidation processes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Adam H Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Zúñiga-Hernández J, Sambra V, Echeverría F, Videla LA, Valenzuela R. N-3 PUFAs and their specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators on airway inflammatory response: beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases. Food Funct 2022; 13:4260-4272. [PMID: 35355027 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03551g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases include a wide range of pathologies with different clinical manifestations, affecting the normal airways and lung function. An increase in the inflammatory response is considered a characteristic hallmark of these diseases, being also a critical factor for their progression. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:4n-3, EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3, DHA) and their lipid mediators are known to have an inflammation pro-resolution effect. The effects of these n-3 PUFAs in the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases are beginning to be understood. Consequently, this article aims to analyze the influence of n-3 PUFAs and their lipid mediators on the inflammatory response in respiratory health, emphasizing recent data concerning their beneficial effects in the prevention and possible treatment of different respiratory diseases, particularly asthma, airway allergic syndromes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The review includes studies regarding the effects of EPA, DHA, and their specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) on in vivo and in vitro models of respiratory disease, concluding that EPA and DHA have a positive impact in attenuating the pro-inflammatory response in respiratory diseases, reducing symptoms like nasal congestion, fever and difficulty in breathing. Controversial data reported are probably due to differences in several factors, including the dosages, administration vehicles, and the supplementation times employed, which are aspects that remain to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica Sambra
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Francisca Echeverría
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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24
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Videla LA, Valenzuela R. Perspectives in liver redox imbalance: Toxicological and pharmacological aspects underlying iron overloading, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and thyroid hormone action. Biofactors 2022; 48:400-415. [PMID: 34687092 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidants, leading to a disruption of redox signaling and control, and/or molecular damage altering cellular functions. This redox imbalance may trigger different responses depending on the antioxidant potential of a given cell, the level of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) attained and the time of exposure, with protective effects being induced at low ROS/RNS levels in acute or short-term conditions, and harmful effects after high ROS/RNS exposure in prolonged situations. Relevant conditions underlying liver redox imbalance include iron overload associated with ROS production via Fenton chemistry and the magnitude of the iron labile pool achieved, with low iron exposure inducing protective effects related to nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activation of transcription 3, and nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation and upregulation of ferritin, hepcidin, acute-phase response and antioxidant components, whereas high iron exposure causes drastic oxidation of biomolecules, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death due to necrosis, apoptosis and/or ferroptosis. Redox imbalance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to polyunsaturated fatty acid depletion, lipogenic factor sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c upregulation, fatty acid oxidation-dependent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α downregulation, low antioxidant factor Nrf2 and insulin resistance, a phenomenon that is exacerbated in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis triggering an inflammatory response. Thyroid hormone (T3 ) administration determines liver preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion injury due to the redox activation of several transcription factors, AMP-activated protein kinase, unfolded protein response and autophagy. High grade liver redox imbalance occurring in severe iron overload is adequately handled by iron chelation, however, that underlying NAFLD/NASH is currently under study in several Phase II and Phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Zapata J, Gallardo A, Romero C, Valenzuela R, Garcia-Diaz DF, Duarte L, Bustamante A, Gasaly N, Gotteland M, Echeverria F. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis in obesity: Potential relationship with gut microbiota. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 177:102388. [PMID: 34995899 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a worldwide public health problem characterized by fat tissue accumulation, favouring adipose tissue and metabolic alterations. Increasing energy expenditure (EE) through brown adipose tissue activation and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning has gained relevance as a therapeutic approach. Different bioactive compounds, such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), have been shown to induce those thermogenic effects. This process is regulated by the gut microbiota as well. Nevertheless, obesity is characterized by gut microbiota dysbiosis, which can be restored by weight loss and n-3 PUFA intake, among other factors. Knowledge gap: However, the role of the gut microbiota on the n-3 PUFA effect in inducing thermogenesis in obesity has not been fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE This review aims to elucidate the potential implications of this interrelation on WAT browning adiposw sittue (BAT), BAT activity, and EE regulation in obesity models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zapata
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Gallardo
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Romero
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Valenzuela
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Nutritional Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| | - D F Garcia-Diaz
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - L Duarte
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Bustamante
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - N Gasaly
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; ICBM: Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - M Gotteland
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Echeverria
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Carrera de Nutricion y Dietetica, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Jeria N, Cornejo S, Prado G, Bustamante A, Garcia-Diaz DF, Jimenez P, Valenzuela R, Poblete-Aro C, Echeverria F. Beneficial Effects of Bioactive Compounds Obtained from Agro-Industrial By-Products on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Components. Food Reviews International 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2013498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Jeria
- Escuela de Nutricion y Dietetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Cornejo
- Escuela de Nutricion y Dietetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Prado
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andres Bustamante
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego F Garcia-Diaz
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Jimenez
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Nutritional Science Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Carlos Poblete-Aro
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Fisica, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Rehabilitación en Salud, Universidad de las Americas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Echeverria
- Departamento de Nutricion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago Chile
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Valladares X, Benavente R, Rojas C, Peña C, Valenzuela R, Monardes V, López H, Abarca M, León P, Osorio R, Pérez E, Soto P, Rocca GL, Cardemil D, Torres V, Intriago M, Cabrera ME, Undurraga MS. Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las neoplasias mieloproliferativas Philadelphia negativas en el sistema público de salud de Chile. Rev Med Chil 2021; 149:1687-1693. [DOI: 10.4067/s0034-98872021001201687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Prado G, Pierattini I, Villarroel G, Fuentes F, Silva A, Echeverria F, Valenzuela R, Bustamante A. Bioaccessibility of Anthocyanins on in vitro Digestion Mmodels: Factors Implicated and Role in Functional Foods Development. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1124-1141. [PMID: 34814808 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666211123102536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, the prevalence of obesity and related non-communicable chronic diseases is high and continues to grow. In that sense, anthocyanins (ANC) have shown beneficial health effects in preventing obesity and metabolic risk factors. Moreover, the demand for functional foods incorporating these compounds has risen significantly in the past years. Thus, there is a need for validations of the functional properties of these formulations; nevertheless, in vivo assays are complex and require a lot of resources. One approach for estimating bioactive compounds' functionality and health benefits is to evaluate their bioaccessibility on a specific food matrix, determined by various factors. This article aims to review different factors influencing the bioaccessibility of ANC evaluated on in vitro digestion models as a functionality parameter, elucidating the effect of chemical composition, raw materials, food matrices, and vehicles for the delivery of ANC. METHODS Study searches were performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. RESULTS Different factors influenced bioaccessibility and stability of ANC studied by in vitro digestion which are: i) the raw material used for ANC obtention; ii) food processing; iii) other food components; iv) the extraction method and solvents used; v) the structure of ANC; vi) delivery system (e.g., microencapsulation); vii) pH of the medium; viii) the digestion stage. CONCLUSION Simulated digestion systems allow to determine free or encapsulated ANC bioaccessibility in different food matrices, which offers advantages in determining the potential functionality of a food product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Prado
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
| | - Isidora Pierattini
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
| | - Guiselle Villarroel
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
| | - Fernanda Fuentes
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
| | - Alejandra Silva
- Nutrition and Dietetic School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
| | - Francisca Echeverria
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
| | - Andres Bustamante
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
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30
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Videla LA, Valenzuela R. Targeting resolvins in cholestatic liver injury. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2021; 10:689-691. [PMID: 34760975 DOI: 10.21037/hbsn-2021-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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31
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Valladares X, Benavente R, Rojas C, Peña C, Valenzuela R, Monardes V, López H, Abarca M, León P, Osorio R, Pérez E, Soto P, Rocca GL, Cardemil D, Torres V, Intriago M, Cabrera ME, Undurraga MS. Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de las neoplasias mieloproliferativas Philadelphia negativas en el sistema público de salud de Chile. Rev Med Chil 2021; 149:1532-1538. [DOI: 10.4067/s0034-98872021001101532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Herrera Vielma F, Valenzuela R, Videla LA, Zúñiga-Hernández J. N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Lipid Mediators as A Potential Immune-Nutritional Intervention: A Molecular and Clinical View in Hepatic Disease and Other Non-Communicable Illnesses. Nutrients 2021; 13:3384. [PMID: 34684386 PMCID: PMC8539469 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) intake on human health has been widely accepted in the field of immunonutrition. Today, we find a diversity of supplements based on n-3 PUFAs and/or minerals, vitamins and other substances. The main objective of this review is to discuss the importance of n-3 PUFAs and their derivatives on immunity and inflammatory status related to liver disease and other non-communicable illnesses. Based on the burden of liver diseases in 2019, more than two million people die from liver pathologies per year worldwide, because it is the organ most exposed to agents such as viruses, toxins and medications. Consequently, research conducted on n-3 PUFAs for liver disease has been gaining prominence with encouraging results, given that these fatty acids have anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. In addition, it has been described that n-3 PUFAs are converted into a novel species of lipid intermediaries, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). At specific levels, SPMs improve the termination of inflammation as well as the repairing and regeneration of tissues, but they are deregulated in liver disease. Since evidence is still insufficient to carry out pharmacological trials to benefit the resolution of acute inflammation in non-communicable diseases, there remains a call for continuing preclinical and clinical research to better understand SPM actions and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Herrera Vielma
- Department of Biomedical Basic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Luis A. Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Jessica Zúñiga-Hernández
- Department of Biomedical Basic Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile;
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Caipo L, Sandoval A, Sepúlveda B, Fuentes E, Valenzuela R, Metherel AH, Romero N. Effect of Storage Conditions on the Quality of Arbequina Extra Virgin Olive Oil and the Impact on the Composition of Flavor-Related Compounds (Phenols and Volatiles). Foods 2021; 10:foods10092161. [PMID: 34574270 PMCID: PMC8466157 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercialization of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) requires a best before date recommended at up to 24 months after bottling, stored under specific conditions. Thus, it is expected that the product retains its chemical properties and preserves its 'extra virgin' category. However, inadequate storage conditions could alter the properties of EVOO. In this study, Arbequina EVOO was exposed to five storage conditions for up to one year to study the effects on the quality of the oil and the compounds responsible for flavor. Every 15 or 30 days, samples from each storage condition were analyzed, determining physicochemical parameters, the profiles of phenols, volatile compounds, α-tocopherol, and antioxidant capacity. Principal component analysis was utilized to better elucidate the relationships between the composition of EVOOs and the storage conditions. EVOOs stored at -23 and 23 °C in darkness and 23 °C with light, differed from the oils stored at 30 and 40 °C in darkness. The former was associated with a higher quantity of non-oxidized phenolic compounds and the latter with higher elenolic acid, oxidized oleuropein, and ligstroside derivatives, which also increased with storage time. (E)-2-nonenal (detected at trace levels in fresh oil) was selected as a marker of the degradation of Arbequina EVOO quality over time, with significant linear regressions identified for the storage conditions at 30 and 40 °C. Therefore, early oxidation in EVOO could be monitored by measuring (E)-2-nonenal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeanny Caipo
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Tecnología Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (L.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Ana Sandoval
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Tecnología Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (L.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Betsabet Sepúlveda
- Centro Para el Desarrollo de la Química, CEPEDEQ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Edwar Fuentes
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Departamento de Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
| | - Adam H. Metherel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
| | - Nalda Romero
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos y Tecnología Química, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (L.C.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Echeverría F, Bustamante A, Sambra V, Álvarez D, Videla L, Valenzuela R. Beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD: cell-signaling pathways underlying health effects. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:299-328. [PMID: 34525916 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210825111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by hepatic accretion of triacylglycerides in the absence of alcohol intake that may progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis, becoming the main cause of chronic liver disease. This article discusses recent data concerning the use of dietary polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials. METHODS Study searches were performed using the PubMed database from the National Library of Medicine-National Institutes of Health. RESULTS Polyphenols exert beneficial effects in NAFLD, with positive outcomes being related to body weight gain, insulin resistance, liver fat accumulation, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory status, mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress. Data reported for hydroxytyrosol suggest that the activation of the hepatic PPAR-α-FGF21-AMPK-PGC-1α signaling cascade is associated with fatty acid oxidation enhancement, de novo lipogenesis diminution and recovery of mitochondrial function, a contention that is supported by the actions of several polyphenols on specific components of this signaling pathway. Besides, polyphenols downregulate NF-κB, suppressing the pro-inflammatory state developed in NAFLD and upregulate liver Nrf2, increasing the cellular antioxidant potential. The latter feature of polyphenols is contributed by chelation of pro-oxidant trace elements, reduction of free radicals to stable forms and inhibition of free radical generating systems. CONCLUSION Polyphenols are relevant bioactive compounds in terms of prevention and treatment of NAFLD, which exhibit low bioavailability and instability in biological systems that could limit their health effects. These drawbacks reinforce the necessity of further studies to improve the efficacy of polyphenol formulations for human interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Echeverría
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
| | - Andrés Bustamante
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
| | - Verónica Sambra
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
| | - Daniela Álvarez
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
| | - Luis Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453. Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000. Chile
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Illesca P, Valenzuela R, Espinosa A, Echeverría F, Soto-Alarcón S, Ortiz M, Campos C, Vargas R, Videla LA. The metabolic dysfunction of white adipose tissue induced in mice by a high-fat diet is abrogated by co-administration of docosahexaenoic acid and hydroxytyrosol. Food Funct 2021; 11:9086-9102. [PMID: 33026007 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01790f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional interventions are promising tools for the prevention of obesity. The n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) modulates immune and metabolic responses while the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol (HT) prevents oxidative stress (OS) in white adipose tissue (WAT). OBJECTIVE The DHA plus HT combined protocol prevents WAT alterations induced by a high-fat diet in mice. Main related mechanisms. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (CD; 10% fat, 20% protein, and 70% carbohydrates) or a high fat diet (HFD) (60% fat, 20% protein, and 20% carbohydrates) for 12 weeks, without and with supplementation of DHA (50 mg kg-1 day-1), HT (5 mg kg-1 day-1) or both. Measurements of WAT metabolism include morphological parameters, DHA content in phospholipids (gas chromatography), lipogenesis, OS and inflammation markers, mitochondrial activity and gene expression of transcription factors SREBP-1c, PPAR-γ, NF-κB (p65) and Nrf2 (quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). RESULTS The combined DHA and HT intervention attenuated obesity development, suppressing the HFD-induced inflammatory and lipogenic signals, increasing antioxidant defenses, and maintaining the phospholipid LCPUFA n-3 content and mitochondrial function in WAT. At the systemic level, the combined intervention also improved the regulation of glucose and adipokine homeostasis. CONCLUSION The combined DHA and HT protocol appears to be an important nutritional strategy for the treatment of metabolic diseases, with abrogation of obesity-driven metabolic inflammation and recovery of a small-healthy adipocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Illesca
- Laboratory of Studies of Metabolic Diseases Related to Nutrition, Faculty of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Echeverría
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sandra Soto-Alarcón
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Cristian Campos
- Medical Technology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Vargas
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Dossi CG, Vargas RG, Valenzuela R, Videla LA. Beneficial effects of natural compounds on experimental liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Food Funct 2021; 12:3787-3798. [PMID: 33977997 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00289a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a phenomenon inherent to hepatic surgery that severely compromises the organ functionality, whose underlying mechanisms involve cellular and molecular interrelated processes leading to the development of an excessive inflammatory response. Liver resident cells and those recruited in response to injury generate pro-inflammatory signals such as reactive oxygen species, cytokines, chemokines, proteases and lipid mediators that contribute to hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis. Besides, dying hepatocytes release damage-associated molecular patterns that actívate inflammasomes to further stimulate inflammatory responses leading to massive cell death. Since liver IRI is a complication of hepatic surgery in man, extensive preclinical studies have assessed potential protective strategies, including the supplementation with natural compounds, with the objective to downregulate nuclear factor-κB functioning, the main effector of inflammatory responses. This can be accomplished by either the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, G protein-coupled receptor 120 or antioxidant signaling pathways, the synthesis of specific pro-resolving mediators, downregulation of Toll-like receptor 4 activity or additional contributory mechanisms that are beginning to be understood. The latter aspect is a crucial issue to be accomplished in preclinical studies, in order to establish adequate conditions for the supplementation with natural products before major liver surgeries in man involving warm IR, such as hepatic trauma or resection of large intrahepatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila G Dossi
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile.
| | - Romina G Vargas
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Uiversity of Chile, Santiago, Chile and Nutritional Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M2J4A6, Canada
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Sambra V, Echeverria F, Valenzuela A, Chouinard-Watkins R, Valenzuela R. Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acids as Neuroprotective Nutrients throughout the Life Cycle. Nutrients 2021; 13:986. [PMID: 33803760 PMCID: PMC8003191 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in neurogenesis and brain development throughout the life cycle is fundamental. DHA and AA are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) vital for many human physiological processes, such as signaling pathways, gene expression, structure and function of membranes, among others. DHA and AA are deposited into the lipids of cell membranes that form the gray matter representing approximately 25% of the total content of brain fatty acids. Both fatty acids have effects on neuronal growth and differentiation through the modulation of the physical properties of neuronal membranes, signal transduction associated with G proteins, and gene expression. DHA and AA have a relevant role in neuroprotection against neurodegenerative pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, which are associated with characteristic pathological expressions as mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The present review analyzes the neuroprotective role of DHA and AA in the extreme stages of life, emphasizing the importance of these LCPUFA during the first year of life and in the developing/prevention of neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sambra
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Francisca Echeverria
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Nutrition, Universidad de Los Andes, Santiago 8380000, Chile;
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (V.S.); (F.E.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
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Tomer N, Razdan S, Kent M, Valenzuela R. 163 Evaluation of Safety and Outcomes in Rezum® with an Inflatable Penile Prosthesis. J Sex Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Álvarez D, Muñoz Y, Ortiz M, Maliqueo M, Chouinard-Watkins R, Valenzuela R. Impact of Maternal Obesity on the Metabolism and Bioavailability of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010019. [PMID: 33374585 PMCID: PMC7822469 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal and postnatal development are closely related to healthy maternal conditions that allow for the provision of all nutritional requirements to the offspring. In this regard, an appropriate supply of fatty acids (FA), mainly n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), is crucial to ensure a normal development, because they are an integral part of cell membranes and participate in the synthesis of bioactive molecules that regulate multiple signaling pathways. On the other hand, maternal obesity and excessive gestational weight gain affect FA supply to the fetus and neonate, altering placental nutrient transfer, as well as the production and composition of breast milk during lactation. In this regard, maternal obesity modifies FA profile, resulting in low n-3 and elevated n-6 PUFA levels in maternal and fetal circulation during pregnancy, as well as in breast milk during lactation. These modifications are associated with a pro-inflammatory state and oxidative stress with short and long-term consequences in different organs of the fetus and neonate, including in the liver, brain, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Altogether, these changes confer to the offspring a higher risk of developing obesity and its complications, as well as neuropsychiatric disorders, asthma, and cancer. Considering the consequences of an abnormal FA supply to offspring induced by maternal obesity, we aimed to review the effects of obesity on the metabolism and bioavailability of FA during pregnancy and breastfeeding, with an emphasis on LCPUFA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Álvarez
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Yasna Muñoz
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Manuel Maliqueo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, West Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (D.Á.); (Y.M.); (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada;
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +56-2-9786746
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Hernández MC, Rojas P, Carrasco F, Basfi-Fer K, Valenzuela R, Codoceo J, Inostroza J, Ruz M. Fatty acid desaturation in red blood cell membranes of patients with type 2 diabetes is improved by zinc supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126571. [PMID: 32534376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Membrane flexibility can be a determining factor in pathophysiological mechanisms of type 2 diabetes (T2D). As a cofactor of delta-5 desaturase (D5D) and delta-6 desaturase (D6D), and gene expression regulator, zinc may play a role modulating membrane flexibility by increasing membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) abundance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a 24-month zinc supplementation (30 mg elemental zinc) on membrane fatty acid composition in patients with T2D. SUBJECTS/METHODS Sixty patients with T2D were evaluated. Thirty were randomly assigned to the zinc supplemented group and thirty to the placebo group. Fatty acid composition in red blood cell (RBC) membranes was determined by gas chromatography. Expression of gene encoding for D5D (FADS1), and D6D (FADS2) were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS After 24 months of supplementation, a greater abundance of docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n-3), arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6), adrenic acid (C22:4 n-6), and total n-6 PUFA was found (p = 0.001, p = 0.007, p = 0.033, p = 0.048, respectively). The unsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio, and unsaturation index was increased in the zinc supplemented group at month 24 (p = 0.003 and p = 0.000, respectively). FADS1 gene was upregulated in the zinc group in relation to placebo at month 12 (p = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with 30 mg/d elemental zinc during 24 months in patients with T2D had an effect on the composition of RBC membranes increasing PUFA abundance and in turn, improving membrane flexibility. This effect may be mediated by induction of D5D gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela Rojas
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Carrasco
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Basfi-Fer
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juana Codoceo
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Inostroza
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Ruz
- From the Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Valenzuela R, Ortiz M, Hernández-Rodas MC, Echeverría F, Videla LA. Targeting n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5250-5272. [PMID: 30968772 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190410121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is characterized by abnormal hepatic accumulation of triacylglycerides in the absence of alcohol consumption, in association with Oxidative Stress (OS), a pro-inflammatory state and Insulin Resistance (IR), which are attenuated by n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (FAs) C20-C22 (LCPUFAs) supplementation. Main causes of NAFLD comprise high caloric intake and a sedentary lifestyle, with high intakes of saturated FAs. METHODS The review includes several searches considering the effects of n-3 LCPUFAs in NAFLD in vivo and in vitro models, using the PubMed database from the National Library of Medicine- National Institutes of Health. RESULT The LCPUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n- 3, DHA) have a positive effect in diminishing liver steatosis, OS, and the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and pro-inflammatory cytokines, with improvement of insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels. The molecular pathways described for n-3 LCPUFAs in cellular and animal models and humans include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α activation favouring FA oxidation, diminution of lipogenesis due to sterol responsive element binding protein-1c downregulation and inflammation resolution. Besides, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 activation is elicited by n-3 LCPUFA-derived oxidation products producing direct and indirect antioxidant responses, with concomitant anti-fibrogenic action. CONCLUSION The discussed effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation support its use in NAFLD, although having a limited value in NASH, a contention that may involve n-3 LCPUFA oxygenated derivatives. Clinical trials establishing optimal dosages, intervention times, type of patients and possible synergies with other natural products are needed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Macarena Ortiz
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Merced 333, Curicó 3340000, Chile
| | - María Catalina Hernández-Rodas
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Francisca Echeverría
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Luis Alberto Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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Chamorro R, Gonzalez MF, Aliaga R, Gengler V, Balladares C, Barrera C, Bascuñan KA, Bazinet RP, Valenzuela R. Diet, Plasma, Erythrocytes, and Spermatozoa Fatty Acid Composition Changes in Young Vegan Men. Lipids 2020; 55:639-648. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Chamorro
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
| | - María F. Gonzalez
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Rocío Aliaga
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Valentina Gengler
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
| | | | - Cynthia Barrera
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Karla A. Bascuñan
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine University of Chile Santiago Chile
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
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Ortiz M, Soto-Alarcón SA, Orellana P, Espinosa A, Campos C, López-Arana S, Rincón MA, Illesca P, Valenzuela R, Videla LA. Suppression of high-fat diet-induced obesity-associated liver mitochondrial dysfunction by docosahexaenoic acid and hydroxytyrosol co-administration. Dig Liver Dis 2020; 52:895-904. [PMID: 32620521 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-induced by high-fat diet (HFD) is associated with liver steatosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which can be eluded by the co-administration of the lipid metabolism modulator docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol (HT). METHODS C57BL/6J mice fed a HFD were orally administered either with vehicle, DHA, HT or DHA+HT for 12 weeks. We measured parameters related to insulin resistance, serum lipid levels, liver fatty acid (FA) content and steatosis score, concomitantly with those associated with mitochondrial energy functions modulated by the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1a. RESULTS HFD induced insulin resistance, liver steatosis with n-3 FA depletion, and loss of mitochondrial respiratory functions with diminished NAD+/NADH ratio and ATP levels compared with CD, with the parallel decrease in the expression of the components of the PGC-1α cascade, namely, PPAR-α, FGF21 and AMPK, effects that were not observed in mice subjected to DHA and HT co-administration. CONCLUSIONS Data presented indicate that the combination of DHA and HT prevents the development of liver steatosis and the associated mitochondrial dysfunction induced by HFD, thus strengthening the significance of this protocol as a therapeutic strategy avoiding disease evolution into more irreversible forms characterised by the absence of adequate pharmacological therapy in human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Ortiz
- Nutrition and Dietetics School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Curico, Chile
| | - Sandra A Soto-Alarcón
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 70000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Orellana
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 70000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Campos
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra López-Arana
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 70000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel A Rincón
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Illesca
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla 70000, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Nocetti D, Espinosa A, Pino-De la Fuente F, Sacristán C, Bucarey JL, Ruiz P, Valenzuela R, Chouinard-Watkins R, Pepper I, Troncoso R, Puente L. Lipid droplets are both highly oxidized and Plin2-covered in hepatocytes of diet-induced obese mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1368-1376. [PMID: 32585124 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic high-fat diet feeding is associated with obesity and accumulation of fat in the liver, leading to the development of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. This condition is characterized by the presence of a high number of intrahepatic lipid droplets (LDs), with changes in the perilipin pattern covering them. This work aimed to describe the distribution of perilipin (Plin) 2, an LD-associated protein involved in neutral lipid storage, and Plin5, which favors lipid oxidation in LD, and to evaluate lipid peroxidation through live-cell visualization using the lipophilic fluorescent probe C11-BODIPY581/591 in fresh hepatocytes isolated from mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Male C57BL/6J adult mice were divided into control and HFD groups and fed with a control diet (10% fat, 20% protein, and 70% carbohydrates) or an HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, and 20% carbohydrates) for 8 weeks. The animals fed the HFD showed a significant increase of Plin2 in LD of hepatocytes. LD from HFD-fed mice have a stronger lipid peroxidation level than control hepatocytes. These data provide evidence that obesity status is accompanied by a higher degree of lipid peroxidation in hepatocytes, both in the cytoplasm and in the fats stored inside the LD. Novelty Our study shows that lipid droplets from isolated hepatocytes in HFD-fed mice have a stronger lipid peroxidation level than control hepatocytes. C11-BODIPY581/591 is a useful tool to measure the initial level of intracellular lipid peroxidation in single isolated hepatocytes. Perilipins pattern changes with HFD feeding, showing an increase of Plin2 covering lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Nocetti
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1010069, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380463, Chile.,Escuela de Medicina, Campus San Felipe, Universidad de Valparaíso, San Felipe 2340000, Chile.,Center for Studies of Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380463, Chile
| | | | - Camila Sacristán
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - José Luis Bucarey
- Escuela de Medicina, Campus San Felipe, Universidad de Valparaíso, San Felipe 2340000, Chile
| | - Paulina Ruiz
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Inés Pepper
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Troncoso
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Nutrición y Actividad Física (LABINAF), Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7830490, Chile
| | - Luis Puente
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
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45
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Castaño-Moreno E, Castillo V, Peñailillo R, Llanos MN, Valenzuela R, Ronco AM. Fatty acid and lipid metabolism in liver of pregnant mice and their offspring is influenced by unbalanced folates/vitamin B12 diets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 154:102057. [PMID: 32028098 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Micronutrients (folates and vitamin B12) and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are linked through the one carbon cycle. We studied the effects of pre and postnatal high FA/low B12 diets (HFLB12) on hepatic fatty acid metabolism. Pregnant C57BL/6 mice were divided in two groups: control (2 mg folic acid: FA/25 µg vitamin B12/Kg food) and HFLB12 diets (8 mg FA/5 µg vitamin B12/Kg food). Offspring continued on the same diets until 60 days old. We determined hepatic fatty acid profile in dams and offspring and the expression of PPARα, Cpt-1, Acox-1 and Fas and the enzymatic activity of desaturases, all involved in lipid metabolism. In liver of dams, the HFHB12 diet decreased total fatty acids and desaturase activities; in offspring, effects were opposite, being more noticeable in females. Prenatal and postnatal unbalanced folic acid/B12 diets play a crucial role in regulating genes and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism in liver of dams and their offspring in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Castaño-Moreno
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Human Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, 7830490, Chile
| | - Valeska Castillo
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Human Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, 7830490, Chile
| | - Reyna Peñailillo
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Human Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, 7830490, Chile
| | - Miguel N Llanos
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Human Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, 7830490, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, 8380000, Chile
| | - Ana María Ronco
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolic Regulation, Human Nutrition Unit, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, 7830490, Chile.
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46
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Valenzuela R, Videla LA. Impact of the Co-Administration of N-3 Fatty Acids and Olive Oil Components in Preclinical Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Models: A Mechanistic View. Nutrients 2020; 12:E499. [PMID: 32075238 PMCID: PMC7071322 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is present in approximately 25% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by the accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver, which can progress to steatohepatitis with different degrees of fibrosis, stages that lack approved pharmacological therapies and represent an indication for liver transplantation with consistently increasing frequency. In view that hepatic steatosis is a reversible condition, effective strategies preventing disease progression were addressed using combinations of natural products in the preclinical high-fat diet (HFD) protocol (60% of fat for 12 weeks). Among them, eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:5n-3, DHA), DHA and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), or EPA plus hydroxytyrosol (HT) attained 66% to 83% diminution in HFD-induced steatosis, with the concomitant inhibition of the proinflammatory state associated with steatosis. These supplementations trigger different molecular mechanisms that modify antioxidant, antisteatotic, and anti-inflammatory responses, and in the case of DHA and HT co-administration, prevent NAFLD. It is concluded that future studies in NAFLD patients using combined supplementations such as DHA plus HT are warranted to prevent liver steatosis, thus avoiding its progression into more unmanageable stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
- Nutritional Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M2J4A6, Canada
| | - Luis A. Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
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47
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Barrera C, Valenzuela R, Rincón MA, Espinosa A, López-Arana S, González-Mañan D, Romero N, Vargas R, Videla LA. Iron-induced derangement in hepatic Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturation capacity and fatty acid profile leading to steatosis: Impact on extrahepatic tissues and prevention by antioxidant-rich extra virgin olive oil. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 153:102058. [PMID: 32007744 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The administration of iron induces liver oxidative stress and depletion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs), n-6/n-3 LCPUFA ratio enhancement and fat accumulation, which may be prevented by antioxidant-rich extra virgin olive oil (AR-EVOO) supplementation. Male Wistar rats were subjected to a control diet (50 mg iron/kg diet) or iron-rich diet (IRD; 200 mg/kg diet) with alternate AR-EVOO for 21 days. Liver fatty acid (FA) analysis was performed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) after lipid extraction and fractionation, besides Δ-5 desaturase (Δ-5 D) and Δ6-D mRNA expression (qPCR) and activity (GLC) measurements. The IRD significantly (p < 0.05) increased hepatic total fat, triacylglycerols, free FA contents and serum transaminases levels, with diminution in those of n-6 and n-3 LCPUFAs, higher n-6/n-3 ratios, lower unsaturation index and Δ5-D and Δ6-D activities, whereas the mRNA expression of both desaturases was enhanced over control values, changes that were prevented by concomitant AR-EVOO supplementation. N-6 and n-3 LCPUFAs were also decreased by IRD in extrahepatic tissues and normalized by AR-EVOO. In conclusion, AR-EVOO supplementation prevents IRD-induced changes in parameters related to liver FA metabolism and steatosis, an effect that may have a significant impact in the treatment of iron-related pathologies or metabolic disorders such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Barrera
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, Santiago 70000, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, Santiago 70000, Chile.
| | - Miguel A Rincón
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandra López-Arana
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, Casilla, Santiago 70000, Chile
| | | | - Nalda Romero
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Vargas
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis A Videla
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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48
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Jaramillo AM, Garmendia ML, Muñoz P, Corbari A, Valenzuela R, Casanello P. Evaluation of the Stability of Fatty Acids in Erythrocytes from Human Umbilical Cord. Lipids 2020; 55:53-62. [PMID: 31943229 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the umbilical cord blood (UCB) is increasing, but the stability of erythrocyte PUFA in these samples during storage and washing of the erythrocytes has not been directly evaluated. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the lapse of time on the fatty acid (FA) content from UCB sample collection and maintained at 4 °C (0-12 h) until erythrocyte separation and washing. Palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), 18:1n-7/n-9, linoleic acid (18:2n-6), arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), 22:4n-6, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) together accounted for 87% of the FA profile in the umbilical vein erythrocytes. No difference was observed in the concentration of any of the FA studied, nor in the sum of saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA, or LC-PUFA in umbilical erythrocytes obtained at delivery and stored up to 12 h before the separation of erythrocytes. However, if a washing step was included in the processing of the erythrocytes, a decrease in the concentration of 16:0, 18:0, 18:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 22:4n-6, total SFA, PUFA, LC-PUFA, and n-6 LC-PUFA was evidenced, compared to unwashed erythrocytes. The FA concentration in umbilical cord erythrocytes did not change between samples stored from 0 to 12 h until erythrocyte separation. Erythrocyte washing before storage decreased the concentration of significant individual and total SFA, PUFA, and LC-PUFA. These results should be considered when planning the collection of UCB samples for the study of fatty acid concentration due to the nonscheduled timing of deliveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Jaramillo
- PhD Program in Nutrition and Foods, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María L Garmendia
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Muñoz
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Corbari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Casanello
- Department of Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neonatology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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49
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Rincón‐Cervera MÁ, Galleguillos‐Fernández R, González‐Barriga V, Valenzuela R, Speisky H, Fuentes J, Valenzuela A. Fatty Acid Profile and Bioactive Compound Extraction in Purple Viper's Bugloss Seed Oil Extracted with Green Solvents. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valeria González‐Barriga
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490 Chile
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490 Chile
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Chile Avenida Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago 8380453 Chile
| | - Hernán Speisky
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490 Chile
| | - Jocelyn Fuentes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490 Chile
| | - Alfonso Valenzuela
- Institute of Nutrition and Food TechnologyUniversity of Chile El Líbano 5524, Macul, Santiago 7830490 Chile
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50
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Cires MJ, Navarrete P, Pastene E, Carrasco-Pozo C, Valenzuela R, Medina DA, Andriamihaja M, Beaumont M, Blachier F, Gotteland M. Effect of a proanthocyanidin-rich polyphenol extract from avocado on the production of amino acid-derived bacterial metabolites and the microbiota composition in rats fed a high-protein diet. Food Funct 2020; 10:4022-4035. [PMID: 31218325 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00700h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of high-protein diets (HPDs) increases the flux of undigested proteins moving to the colon. These proteins are hydrolyzed by bacterial proteases and peptidases, releasing amino acids, which in turn are metabolized by the intestinal microbiota (IM) for protein synthesis and production of various metabolites that can exert positive or deleterious effects, depending on their concentrations, at the colonic or systemic level. On the other hand, proanthocyanidins are polymers of flavan-3-ols which cannot be absorbed at the intestinal level, accumulating in the colon where they are fermented by the IM producing metabolites that appear beneficial for colonocytes and also at the peripheral level. This study evaluated the effect of an avocado peel polyphenol extract (AvPPE) rich in proanthocyanidins on the production of cecal bacterial metabolites and microbiota composition in rats fed a HPD. Compared with the normal-protein (NP) group, HPD did not markedly affect the body weight gain of the animals, but increased the kidney weight. Additionally, the HPD induced a higher cecal concentration of ammonia (NH4+/NH3), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs). The supplementation with AvPPE attenuated the production of H2S and increased the production of indole. On the other hand, the HPD affected the composition of the cecal microbiota, increasing the relative abundance of the genera Bacteroides and Lactobacillus, while decreasing Prevotella. The AvPPE counteracted the increase induced by the HPD on the genus Lactobacillus, and increased the relative abundance of [Prevotella]. Our results contribute towards explaining the health-promoting effects of proanthocyanidin-rich dietary foodstuffs including fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Cires
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile.
| | - Paola Navarrete
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Chile and Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edgar Pastene
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Chile
| | - Catalina Carrasco-Pozo
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile. and Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Valenzuela
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile.
| | - Daniel A Medina
- Applied Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, San Sebastian University, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile
| | | | - Martin Beaumont
- UMR PNCA, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, France and GenPhySE, Université de Toulouse, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Martin Gotteland
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile. and Laboratory of Microbiology and Probiotics, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Chile and Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
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