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Tomasino SF, Pines RM, Goeres DM, Parker AE. Interlaboratory evaluations of a standardized quantitative test method for determining the bactericidal and tuberculocidal efficacy of antimicrobial substances on hard non-porous surfaces. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 196:106460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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2
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Parker AE, Hamilton MA, Goeres DM. Reproducibility of antimicrobial test methods. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12531. [PMID: 30135439 PMCID: PMC6105646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We review reproducibility results for methods that test antimicrobial efficacy against biofilms, spores and bacteria dried onto a surface. Our review, that included test results for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella choleraesuis and Bacillus subtilis, suggests that the level of reproducibility depends on the efficacy of the antimicrobial agent being tested for each microbe and microbial environment. To determine the reproducibility of a method, several laboratories must independently test the same antimicrobial agent using the method. Little variability among the efficacy results suggests good reproducibility. Such reproducibility assessments currently are hampered by the absence of an objective process for deciding whether the variability is sufficiently small. We present a quantitative decision process that objectively determines whether any method that assesses antimicrobial efficacy is reproducible. Because the perception of acceptable reproducibility may differ among stakeholders, the decision process is governed by a stakeholder's specifications that necessarily includes the efficacy of the agents to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E Parker
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
| | - Martin A Hamilton
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
| | - Darla M Goeres
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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3
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Schelkle B, Choi Y, Baillie LW, Richter W, Buyuk F, Celik E, Wendling M, Sahin M, Gallagher T. Caenorhabditis elegans Predation on Bacillus anthracis: Decontamination of Spore Contaminated Soil with Germinants and Nematodes. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2601. [PMID: 29379472 PMCID: PMC5770795 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Remediation of Bacillus anthracis-contaminated soil is challenging and approaches to reduce overall spore levels in environmentally contaminated soil or after intentional release of the infectious disease agent in a safe, low-cost manner are needed. B. anthracis spores are highly resistant to biocides, but once germinated they become susceptible to traditional biocides or potentially even natural predators such as nematodes in the soil environment. Here, we describe a two-step approach to reducing B. anthracis spore load in soil during laboratory trials, whereby germinants and Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes are applied concurrently. While the application of germinants reduced B. anthracis spore load by up to four logs depending on soil type, the addition of nematodes achieved a further log reduction in spore count. These laboratory based results suggest that the combined use of nematodes and germinants could represent a promising approach for the remediation of B. anthracis spore contaminated soil. Originality-Significance Statement: This study demonstrates for the first time the successful use of environmentally friendly decontamination methods to inactivate Bacillus anthracis spores in soil using natural predators of the bacterium, nematode worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schelkle
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Young Choi
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Leslie W Baillie
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - William Richter
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Fatih Buyuk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - Elif Celik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
| | - Morgan Wendling
- Battelle Biomedical Research Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mitat Sahin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Kafkas, Kars, Turkey
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4
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Buhr TL, Young AA, Bensman M, Minter ZA, Kennihan NL, Johnson CA, Bohmke MD, Borgers-Klonkowski E, Osborn EB, Avila SD, Theys AMG, Jackson PJ. Hot, humid air decontamination of a C-130 aircraft contaminated with spores of two acrystalliferous Bacillus thuringiensis strains, surrogates for Bacillus anthracis. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1074-84. [PMID: 26786717 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop test methods and evaluate survival of Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki cry(-) HD-1 and B. thuringiensis Al Hakam spores after exposure to hot, humid air inside of a C-130 aircraft. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacillus thuringiensis spores were either pre-inoculated on 1 × 2 or 2 × 2 cm substrates or aerosolized inside the cargo hold of a C-130 and allowed to dry. Dirty, complex surfaces (10 × 10 cm) swabbed after spore dispersal showed a deposition of 8-10 log10 m(-2) through the entire cargo hold. After hot, humid air decontamination at 75-80°C, 70-90% relative humidity for 7 days, 87 of 98 test swabs covering 0·98 m(2) , showed complete spore inactivation. There was a total of 1·67 log10 live CFU detected in 11 of the test swabs. Spore inactivation in the 98 test swabs was measured at 7·06 log10 m(-2) . CONCLUSIONS Laboratory test methods for hot, humid air decontamination were scaled for a large-scale aircraft field test. The C-130 field test demonstrated that hot, humid air can be successfully used to decontaminate an aircraft. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Transition of a new technology from research and development to acquisition at a Technology Readiness Level 7 is unprecedented.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Buhr
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - A A Young
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - M Bensman
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - Z A Minter
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - N L Kennihan
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - C A Johnson
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - M D Bohmke
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - E Borgers-Klonkowski
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - E B Osborn
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - S D Avila
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | | | - P J Jackson
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
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5
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Stratilo CW, Crichton MKF, Sawyer TW. Decontamination Efficacy and Skin Toxicity of Two Decontaminants against Bacillus anthracis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138491. [PMID: 26394165 PMCID: PMC4578770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Decontamination of bacterial endospores such as Bacillus anthracis has traditionally required the use of harsh or caustic chemicals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a chlorine dioxide decontaminant in killing Bacillus anthracis spores in solution and on a human skin simulant (porcine cadaver skin), compared to that of commonly used sodium hypochlorite or soapy water decontamination procedures. In addition, the relative toxicities of these decontaminants were compared in human skin keratinocyte primary cultures. The chlorine dioxide decontaminant was similarly effective to sodium hypochlorite in reducing spore numbers of Bacillus anthracis Ames in liquid suspension after a 10 minute exposure. After five minutes, the chlorine dioxide product was significantly more efficacious. Decontamination of isolated swine skin contaminated with Bacillus anthracis Sterne with the chlorine dioxide product resulted in no viable spores sampled. The toxicity of the chlorine dioxide decontaminant was up to two orders of magnitude less than that of sodium hypochlorite in human skin keratinocyte cultures. In summary, the chlorine dioxide based decontaminant efficiently killed Bacillus anthracis spores in liquid suspension, as well as on isolated swine skin, and was less toxic than sodium hypochlorite in cultures of human skin keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad W Stratilo
- Biological Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melissa K F Crichton
- Biological Threat Defence Section, Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas W Sawyer
- Casualty Management Section, Defence Research and Development Canada - Suffield Research Centre, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Buhr TL, Young AA, Barnette HK, Minter ZA, Kennihan NL, Johnson CA, Bohmke MD, DePaola M, Cora-Laó M, Page MA. Test methods and response surface models for hot, humid air decontamination of materials contaminated with dirty spores of Bacillus anthracis ∆Sterne and Bacillus thuringiensis Al Hakam. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:1263-77. [PMID: 26258399 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To develop test methods and evaluate survival of Bacillus anthracis ∆Sterne or Bacillus thuringiensis Al Hakam on materials contaminated with dirty spore preparations after exposure to hot, humid air using response surface modelling. METHODS AND RESULTS Spores (>7 log10 ) were mixed with humic acid + spent sporulation medium (organic debris) or kaolin (dirt debris). Spore samples were then dried on five different test materials (wiring insulation, aircraft performance coating, anti-skid, polypropylene, and nylon). Inoculated materials were tested with 19 test combinations of temperature (55, 65, 75°C), relative humidity (70, 80, 90%) and time (1, 2, 3 days). The slowest spore inactivation kinetics was on nylon webbing and/or after addition of organic debris. CONCLUSIONS Hot, humid air effectively decontaminates materials contaminated with dirty Bacillus spore preparations; debris and material interactions create complex decontamination kinetic patterns; and B. thuringiensis Al Hakam is a realistic surrogate for B. anthracis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Response surface models of hot, humid air decontamination were developed which may be used to select decontamination parameters for contamination scenarios including aircraft.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Buhr
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - A A Young
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - H K Barnette
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - Z A Minter
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - N L Kennihan
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - C A Johnson
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - M D Bohmke
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - M DePaola
- Naval Surface Warfare Center-Dahlgren Division, CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21), Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - M Cora-Laó
- United States Army Corps of Engineers Research and Development Center, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - M A Page
- United States Army Corps of Engineers Research and Development Center, Champaign, IL, USA
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7
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Ryan SP, Lee SD, Calfee MW, Wood JP, McDonald S, Clayton M, Griffin-Gatchalian N, Touati A, Smith L, Nysewander M. Effect of inoculation method on the determination of decontamination efficacy against Bacillus spores. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 30:2609-23. [PMID: 24928258 PMCID: PMC4150995 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Decontamination studies investigating the effectiveness of products and processes for the inactivation of Bacillus species spores have traditionally utilized metering viable spores in a liquid suspension onto test materials (coupons). The current study addresses the representativeness of studies using this type of inoculation method compared to when coupons are dosed with a metered amount of aerosolized spores. The understanding of this comparability is important in order to assess the representativeness of such laboratory-based testing when deciding upon decontamination options for use against Bacillus anthracis spores. Temporal inactivation of B. anthracis surrogate (B. subtilis) spores on representative materials using fumigation with chlorine dioxide, spraying of a pH-adjusted bleach solution, or immersion in the solution was investigated as a function of inoculation method (liquid suspension or aerosol dosing). Results indicated that effectiveness, measured as log reduction, was statistically significantly lower when liquid inoculation was used for some material and decontaminant combinations. Differences were mostly noted for the materials observed to be more difficult to decontaminate (i.e., wood and carpet). Significant differences in measured effectiveness were also noted to be a function of the pH-adjusted bleach application method used in the testing (spray or immersion). Based upon this work and the cited literature, it is clear that inoculation method, decontaminant application method, and handling of non-detects (i.e., or detection limits) can have an impact on the sporicidal efficacy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Ryan
- US EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, MD E343-06; 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA,
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8
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Prokop EJ, Crigler JR, Wells CM, Young AA, Buhr TL. Response surface modeling for hot, humid air decontamination of materials contaminated with Bacillus anthracis ∆Sterne and Bacillus thuringiensis Al Hakam spores. AMB Express 2014; 4:21. [PMID: 24949256 PMCID: PMC4052701 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-014-0021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Response surface methodology using a face-centered cube design was used to describe and predict spore inactivation of Bacillus anthracis ∆Sterne and Bacillus thuringiensis Al Hakam spores after exposure of six spore-contaminated materials to hot, humid air. For each strain/material pair, an attempt was made to fit a first or second order model. All three independent predictor variables (temperature, relative humidity, and time) were significant in the models except that time was not significant for B. thuringiensis Al Hakam on nylon. Modeling was unsuccessful for wiring insulation and wet spores because there was complete spore inactivation in the majority of the experimental space. In cases where a predictive equation could be fit, response surface plots with time set to four days were generated. The survival of highly purified Bacillus spores can be predicted for most materials tested when given the settings for temperature, relative humidity, and time. These predictions were cross-checked with spore inactivation measurements.
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Buhr T, Wells C, Young A, Minter Z, Johnson C, Payne A, McPherson D. Decontamination of materials contaminated with Bacillus anthracis
and Bacillus thuringiensis
Al Hakam spores using PES-Solid, a solid source of peracetic acid. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 115:398-408. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T.L. Buhr
- CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21); Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division; Dahlgren VA USA
| | - C.M. Wells
- CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21); Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division; Dahlgren VA USA
| | - A.A. Young
- CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21); Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division; Dahlgren VA USA
| | - Z.A. Minter
- CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21); Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division; Dahlgren VA USA
| | - C.A. Johnson
- CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21); Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division; Dahlgren VA USA
| | - A.N. Payne
- CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21); Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division; Dahlgren VA USA
| | - D.C. McPherson
- CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21); Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division; Dahlgren VA USA
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Wood JP, Calfee MW, Clayton M, Griffin-Gatchalian N, Touati A, Egler K. Evaluation of peracetic acid fog for the inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spore surrogates in a large decontamination chamber. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 250-251:61-67. [PMID: 23434480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sporicidal (inactivation of bacterial spores) effectiveness and operation of a fogging device utilizing peracetic acid/hydrogen peroxide (PAA). Experiments were conducted in a pilot-scale 24 m(3) stainless steel chamber using either biological indicators (BIs) or bacterial spores deposited onto surfaces via aerosolization. Wipe sampling was used to recover aerosol-deposited spores from chamber surfaces and coupon materials before and after fogging to assess decontamination efficacy. Temperature, relative humidity, and hydrogen peroxide vapor levels were measured during testing to characterize the fog environment. The fog completely inactivated all BIs in a test using a 60 mL solution of PAA (22% hydrogen peroxide/4.5% peracetic acid). In tests using aerosol-deposited bacterial spores, the majority of the post-fogging spore levels per sample were less than 1 log colony forming units, with a number of samples having no detectable spores. In terms of decontamination efficacy, a 4.78 log reduction of viable spores was achieved on wood and stainless steel. Fogging of PAA solutions shows potential as a relatively easy to use decontamination technology in the event of contamination with Bacillus anthracis or other spore-forming infectious disease agents, although additional research is needed to enhance sporicidal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Wood
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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11
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Calfee MW, Wendling M. Inactivation of vegetative bacterial threat agents on environmental surfaces. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013. [PMID: 23208274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Following a wide-area biological terror attack, numerous decontamination technologies, techniques, and strategies will be required for rapid remediation. Establishing an understanding of how disinfectants will perform under field conditions is of critical importance. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of several liquid decontaminants, when used to inactivate vegetative biological agents on environmental surfaces. Aluminum, carpet, concrete, glass, and wood coupons were inoculated with 1×10(8) CFU of Burkholderia mallei, Francisella tularensis, Vibrio cholerae, or Yersinia pestis. Using spray-based application methods, decontamination was then attempted with pH-adjusted bleach, 1% citric acid, 70% ethanol, quaternary ammonia, or Pine-Sol®. Results indicated that decontamination efficacy varied significantly by decontaminant and organism. Materials such as wood are difficult to decontaminate, even when using sporicides. The data presented here will help responders develop efficacious remediation strategies following a large-scale contamination incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Worth Calfee
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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12
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Buhr T, Young A, Minter Z, Wells C, McPherson D, Hooban C, Johnson C, Prokop E, Crigler J. Test method development to evaluate hot, humid air decontamination of materials contaminated withBacillus anthracis∆Sterne andB. thuringiensisAl Hakam spores. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1037-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T.L. Buhr
- Dahlgren Division; CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21) and Sensor Technology Branch (Q31); Naval Surface Warfare Center; Dahlgren; VA; USA
| | - A.A. Young
- Dahlgren Division; CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21) and Sensor Technology Branch (Q31); Naval Surface Warfare Center; Dahlgren; VA; USA
| | - Z.A. Minter
- Dahlgren Division; CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21) and Sensor Technology Branch (Q31); Naval Surface Warfare Center; Dahlgren; VA; USA
| | - C.M. Wells
- Dahlgren Division; CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21) and Sensor Technology Branch (Q31); Naval Surface Warfare Center; Dahlgren; VA; USA
| | - D.C. McPherson
- Dahlgren Division; CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21) and Sensor Technology Branch (Q31); Naval Surface Warfare Center; Dahlgren; VA; USA
| | - C.L. Hooban
- Dahlgren Division; CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21) and Sensor Technology Branch (Q31); Naval Surface Warfare Center; Dahlgren; VA; USA
| | - C.A. Johnson
- Dahlgren Division; CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21) and Sensor Technology Branch (Q31); Naval Surface Warfare Center; Dahlgren; VA; USA
| | - E.J. Prokop
- Dahlgren Division; CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21) and Sensor Technology Branch (Q31); Naval Surface Warfare Center; Dahlgren; VA; USA
| | - J.R. Crigler
- Dahlgren Division; CBR Concepts and Experimentation Branch (Z21) and Sensor Technology Branch (Q31); Naval Surface Warfare Center; Dahlgren; VA; USA
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13
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Wood JP, Calfee MW, Clayton M, Griffin-Gatchalian N, Touati A. Optimizing acidified bleach solutions to improve sporicidal efficacy on building materials. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:668-72. [PMID: 21981715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated whether lowering pH (with acetic acid) and raising free available chlorine (FAC) levels in bleach solutions would improve efficacy in inactivating Bacillus spores on different materials. We also determined how varying pH and FAC levels affected bleach stability. METHODS AND RESULTS Acidified bleach solutions with pH levels of 4.5, 6 and 7.5 and FAC levels between 5000 and 10,000 ppm were evaluated for decontamination efficacy against Bacillus subtilis spores inoculated onto test coupons made from wood, ceramic and galvanized steel. Lowering the pH or increasing the FAC level improved efficacy in some of the tests, but depended on the material, which significantly affected decontamination efficacy. The acidified bleach at pH of 7.5 was significantly less effective than bleach at a pH of 4.5 or 6. The FAC levels in the bleach were the most stable at pH 4.5, and stability at pH 4.5 was not significantly affected by the initial FAC level. CONCLUSIONS It may be advisable to use bleach solutions with lower pH (rather than high FAC levels) in light of both the decontamination efficacy and bleach stability results. For wood materials, use of sporicides other than acidified bleach may be warranted. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These results may be useful in preparing acidified bleach solutions for decontamination of materials contaminated with spores such as Bacillus anthracis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Wood
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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14
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Buhr T, Young A, Minter Z, Wells C, Shegogue D. Decontamination of a hard surface contaminated with Bacillus anthracisΔSterne and B. anthracis Ames spores using electrochemically generated liquid-phase chlorine dioxide (eClO2). J Appl Microbiol 2011; 111:1057-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Wood JP, Choi YW, Rogers JV, Kelly TJ, Riggs KB, Willenberg ZJ. Efficacy of liquid spray decontaminants for inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores on building and outdoor materials. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:1262-73. [PMID: 21332900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04980.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To obtain data on the efficacy of various liquid and foam decontamination technologies to inactivate Bacillus anthracis Ames and Bacillus subtilis spores on building and outdoor materials. METHODS AND RESULTS Spores were inoculated onto test coupons and positive control coupons of nine different materials. Six different sporicidal liquids were spray-applied to the test coupons and remained in contact for exposure times ranging from 10 to 70 min. Following decontamination, spores were recovered from the coupons and efficacy was quantified in terms of log reduction. CONCLUSIONS The hydrogen peroxide/peracetic acid products were the most effective, followed by decontaminants utilizing hypochlorous acid chemistry. Decontamination efficacy varied by material type. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study results may be useful in the selection of technologies to decontaminate buildings and outdoor areas in the event of contamination with B. anthracis spores. These results may also facilitate selection of decontaminant liquids for the inactivation of other spore-forming infectious disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Wood
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Humphreys P. Testing standards for sporicides. J Hosp Infect 2011; 77:193-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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