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Fabris AL, Yonamine M. Dried matrix spots in forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1441-1458. [PMID: 34551580 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried matrix spots (DMS) has gained the attention of different professionals in different fields, including toxicology. Investigations have been carried out in order to assess the potential of using DMS for the analysis of illicit substances, the main interest of forensic toxicologists. This technique uses minimal volumes of samples and solvents, resulting in simple and rapid extraction procedures. Furthermore, it has proved to increase analyte stability, improving storage and transportation. However, DMS presents some limitations: the hematocrit influencing accuracy and inconsistencies regarding the means of spotting samples and adding internal standard on paper. Thus, we provide an overview of analytical methodologies with forensic applications focusing on drugs of abuse and discussing the main particularities, limitations and achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luis Fabris
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, 580, 13B, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Li J, Lin Z, Huang Z, Chang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang C, Rao Y. An LC-MS/MS method for comparing the stability of ethanol's non-oxidative metabolites in dried blood spots during 90 days. Alcohol 2020; 83:29-35. [PMID: 31175945 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Problems of stability were found for biomarkers of alcohol consumption: ethyl glucuronide (EtG), ethyl sulfate (EtS), phosphatidylethanols (PEths), and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs) in whole blood. The purpose of this study was to establish a method for the determination of these four kinds of ethanol's non-oxidative metabolites in dried blood spots (DBS) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and to evaluate their stability. In this method, 50 μL of human blood was spotted onto a filter paper for DBS analysis. Samples were extracted by methanol, reconstituted by 2-propanol, and injected into the LC-MS/MS system. Limits of detection were among 0.5-50 ng/mL, and deviations in accuracy and precision were all lower than 15% at three quality control levels. The stability of the four kinds of ethanol non-oxidative metabolites in DBS was investigated during a 90-day range under three temperatures, -20 °C, 4 °C, and 25 °C. EtG and EtS showed a high level of stability in DBS in the 90-day range, regardless of the temperature. FAEEs were unstable after three days. PEths showed stability within 15 days in postmortem DBS and 60 days in antemortem DBS, respectively, at all temperatures.
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Ambach L, Menzies E, Parkin MC, Kicman A, Archer JR, Wood DM, Dargan PI, Stove C. Quantification of cocaine and cocaine metabolites in dried blood spots from a controlled administration study using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:709-720. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Ambach
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of ToxicologyGhent University Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Eleanor Menzies
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences Drug Control CentreKing's College London London UK
| | - Mark C. Parkin
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences Drug Control CentreKing's College London London UK
| | - Andrew Kicman
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences Drug Control CentreKing's College London London UK
| | - John R.H. Archer
- Clinical ToxicologyGuy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College London London UK
| | - David M. Wood
- Clinical ToxicologyGuy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College London London UK
| | - Paul I. Dargan
- Clinical ToxicologyGuy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Christophe Stove
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of ToxicologyGhent University Ottergemsesteenweg 460 9000 Ghent Belgium
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Moretti M, Visonà SD, Freni F, Tomaciello I, Vignali C, Groppi A, Tajana L, Osculati AMM, Morini L. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of cocaine and metabolites in blood and in dried blood spots collected from postmortem samples and evaluation of the stability over a 3-month period. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1430-1437. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Silvia Damiana Visonà
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Francesca Freni
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Ilaria Tomaciello
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Claudia Vignali
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Angelo Groppi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Luca Tajana
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Antonio Marco Maria Osculati
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine; University of Pavia; via Forlanini 12 27100 Pavia Italy
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Chepyala D, Tsai IL, Liao HW, Chen GY, Chao HC, Kuo CH. Sensitive screening of abused drugs in dried blood samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ion booster-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1491:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Innovations in health and demographic surveillance systems to establish the causal impacts of HIV policies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2016; 10:483-94. [PMID: 26371462 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS), in conjunction with HIV treatment cohorts, have made important contributions to our understanding of the impact of HIV treatment and treatment-related interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this review is to describe and discuss innovations in data collection and data linkage that will create new opportunities to establish the impacts of HIV treatment, as well as policies affecting the treatment cascade, on population health and economic and social outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Novel approaches to routine collection of biomarkers, behavioural data, spatial data, social network information, migration events and mobile phone records can significantly strengthen the potential of HDSS to generate exposure and outcome data for causal analysis of HIV treatment impact and policies affecting the HIV treatment cascade. Additionally, by linking HDSS data to health service administration, education and welfare service records, researchers can substantially broaden opportunities to establish how HIV treatment affects health and economic outcomes when delivered through public sector health systems and at scale. SUMMARY As the HIV treatment scaleup in sub-Saharan Africa enters its second decade, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the long-term causal impacts of large-scale HIV treatment and related policies on broader population health outcomes, such as noncommunicable diseases, as well as on economic and social outcomes, such as family welfare and children's educational attainment. By collecting novel data and linking existing data to public sector records, HDSS can create near-unique opportunities to contribute to this research agenda.
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Cocaine and metabolite concentrations in DBS and venous blood after controlled intravenous cocaine administration. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:2041-56. [PMID: 26327184 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DBS are an increasingly common clinical matrix. METHODS & RESULTS Sensitive and specific methods for DBS and venous blood cocaine and metabolite detection by LC-HRMS and 2D GC-MS, respectively, were validated to examine correlation between concentrations following controlled intravenous cocaine administration. Linear ranges from 1 to 200 µg/l were achieved, with acceptable bias and imprecision. Authentic matched specimens' (392 DBS, 97 venous blood) cocaine and benzoylecgonine concentrations were qualitatively similar, but DBS had much greater variability (21.4-105.9 %CV) and were lower than in blood. CONCLUSION DBS offer advantages for monitoring cocaine intake; however, differences between capillary and venous blood and DBS concentration variability must be addressed.
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Spot them in the spot: analysis of abused substances using dried blood spots. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2211-27. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling and DBS analysis have increasingly received attention during recent years. Furthermore, a substantial number of DBS methods has recently become available in clinical, forensic and occupational toxicology. In this review, we provide an overview of the different DBS-based methods that have been developed for detecting (markers of) abused substances. These include both legal and illegal drugs belonging to different categories, including cannabinoids, cocaine and metabolites, opioids, benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, amphetamines and analogs, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, ketamine and novel psychoactive substances such as cathinones. Markers of ethanol consumption and tobacco use are also covered in this review. Since the majority of published methods has shown promising results overall, an interesting role for DBS analysis in diverse toxicological applications can be envisaged. For the distinct applications, we discuss the specific potential and benefits of DBS, the associated limitations and challenges, as well as recent developments and future perspectives.
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Lehmann S, Delaby C, Vialaret J, Ducos J, Hirtz C. Current and future use of "dried blood spot" analyses in clinical chemistry. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014; 51:1897-909. [PMID: 23740687 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of blood spotted and dried on a matrix (i.e., "dried blood spot" or DBS) has been used since the 1960s in clinical chemistry; mostly for neonatal screening. Since then, many clinical analytes, including nucleic acids, small molecules and lipids, have been successfully measured using DBS. Although this pre-analytical approach represents an interesting alternative to classical venous blood sampling, its routine use is limited. Here, we review the application of DBS technology in clinical chemistry, and evaluate its future role supported by new analytical methods such as mass spectrometry.
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Antelo-Domínguez Á, Ángel Cocho J, Jesús Tabernero M, María Bermejo A, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A. Simultaneous determination of cocaine and opiates in dried blood spots by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2013; 117:235-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Otero-Fernández M, Cocho JÁ, Tabernero MJ, Bermejo AM, Bermejo-Barrera P, Moreda-Piñeiro A. Direct tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous assay of opioids, cocaine and metabolites in dried urine spots. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 784:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stove CP, Ingels ASM, De Kesel PM, Lambert WE. Dried blood spots in toxicology: from the cradle to the grave? Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:230-43. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.650790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mercolini L, Mandrioli R, Gerra G, Raggi MA. Analysis of cocaine and two metabolites in dried blood spots by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: A novel test for cocaine and alcohol intake. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7242-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schütz H, Gotta JC, Erdmann F, Risse M, Weiler G. Simultaneous screening and detection of drugs in small blood samples and bloodstains. Forensic Sci Int 2002; 126:191-6. [PMID: 12062939 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(02)00053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method is described for the screening and detection of morphine, codeine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, methylecgonine, cocaethylene, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH), 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA) and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine (MBDB) in small blood samples and bloodstains using solid phase SPE columns and a pipetting robot (Gilson Aspec XL). The detection limits are in the order of 1.62-4.10 ng/50 microl spot (amphetamines), 0.15-0.82 ng/50 microl spot (cannabinoids), 1.67-4.70 ng/50 microl spot (cocaine and derivatives) and 4.53-4.91 ng/50 microl spot (opiates) and the correlation factors are between 0.9957 and 0.9999. The method has proven useful in forensic cases with only small sample volumes or bloodstains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Schütz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Giessen, Frankfurter Str 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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Moeller MR, Steinmeyer S, Kraemer T. Determination of drugs of abuse in blood. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1998; 713:91-109. [PMID: 9700554 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The detection and quantitation of drugs of abuse in blood is of growing interest in forensic and clinical toxicology. With the development of highly sensitive chromatographic methods, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with sensitive detectors and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), more and more substances can be determined in blood. This review includes methods for the determination of the most commonly occurring illicit drugs and their metabolites, which are important for the assessment of drug abuse: Methamphetamine, amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDA), cannabinoids (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, cocaethylene and the opiates (heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine, morphine, codeine and dihydrocodeine). A number of drugs/drug metabolites that are structurally close to these substances are included in the tables. Basic information about the biosample assayed, work-up, GC column or LC column and mobile phase, detection mode, reference data and validation data of each procedure is summarized in the tables. Examples of typical applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Moeller
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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Henderson LO, Powell MK, Hannon WH, Bernert JT, Pass KA, Fernhoff P, Ferre CD, Martin L, Franko E, Rochat RW, Brantley MD, Sampson E. An evaluation of the use of dried blood spots from newborn screening for monitoring the prevalence of cocaine use among childbearing women. BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE 1997; 61:143-51. [PMID: 9259979 DOI: 10.1006/bmme.1997.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A collaborative March of Dimes study was designed to examine the utility of dried blood spot (DBS) materials routinely collected from newborns as a source for monitoring cocaine exposure and to assess the prevalence of cocaine use among childbearing women in Georgia. We used a modified urinary radioimmunoassay (RIA) to anonymously detect the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE) in DBSs. Extensive efforts were undertaken to assure absolute nonlinkage of BE data to any individual. The positive results found by RIA were confirmed by a mass spectrometry (MS) method specifically developed to detect BE in DBSs. BE was measured in 23,141 DBSs collected during 2 months of routine newborn screening in Georgia. A good correlation was observed for RIA results versus MS results (r2 = 0.97). The estimated minimal statewide BE prevalence was 4.8 per 1000 childbearing women. We demonstrated that immunoassay testing for cocaine without confirmatory testing can yield falsely elevated prevalence rates. When proper confirmatory testing is done, DBSs are a valuable source for population-based monitoring of substance abuse among childbearing women.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O Henderson
- Division of Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Burse VW, DeGuzman MR, Korver MP, Najam AR, Williams CC, Hannon WH, Therrell BL. Preliminary investigation of the use of dried-blood spots for the assessment of in utero exposure to environmental pollutants. BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE 1997; 61:236-9. [PMID: 9259989 DOI: 10.1006/bmme.1997.2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We determined the concentration of dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) in dried-blood spot specimens from 2-day-old infants from rural Texas who had never been breast fed. Anonymous, residual whole blood spots on filter paper, previously used for routine newborn screening procedures, were soaked in a phosphate buffer, extracted with an organic solvent, and eluted through silica gel. The concentrated eluates were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection (ECD). The blood collected from 10 newborns was analyzed and found to contain DDE concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 1.87 pg/microliter with a mean of 0.72 pg/microliter. One of the 10 newborns had a whole blood DDE concentration of 1.87 pg/microliter, which was greater than the concentration of 1.34 pg/microliter in a freshly drawn sample from an adult donor whose blood serum was shown to contain DDE. With improvement in detection limits, this approach has the potential to displace the analyses of mothers' blood (as a surrogate indicator of infants' exposures) and cord blood as standard procedures for determining the newborns' body burden of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- V W Burse
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 30341-3724, USA
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