1
|
McPhail BT, Emoto C, Butler D, Fukuda T, Akinbi H, Vinks AA. Opioid Treatment for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome: Current Challenges and Future Approaches. J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 61:857-870. [PMID: 33382111 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic intrauterine exposure to psychoactive drugs often results in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). When nonpharmacologic measures are insufficient in controlling NOWS, morphine, methadone, and buprenorphine are first-line medications commonly used to treat infants with NOWS because of in utero exposure to opioids. Research suggests that buprenorphine may be the leading drug therapy used to treat NOWS when compared with morphine and methadone. Currently, there are no consensus or standardized treatment guidelines for medications prescribed for NOWS. Opioids used to treat NOWS exhibit large interpatient variability in pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) response in neonates. Organ systems undergo rapid maturation after birth that may alter drug disposition and exposure for any given dose during development. Data regarding the PK and PD of opioids in neonates are sparse. Pharmacometric methods such as physiologically based pharmacokinetic and population pharmacokinetic modeling can be used to explore factors predictive of some of the variability associated with the PK/PD of opioids in newborns. This review discusses the utility of pharmacometric techniques for enhancing precision dosing in infants requiring opioid treatment for NOWS. Applying these approaches may contribute to optimizing the outcome by reducing cumulative drug exposure, mitigating adverse drug effects, and reducing the burden of NOWS in neonates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooks T McPhail
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, South Carolina, USA
| | - Chie Emoto
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Dawn Butler
- Division of Pharmacy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Fukuda
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Henry Akinbi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Perinatal Institute, Division of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexander A Vinks
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rosado T, Gallardo E, Vieira DN, Barroso M. Microextraction by Packed Sorbent as a Novel Strategy for Sample Clean-Up in the Determination of Methadone and EDDP in Hair. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:840-850. [PMID: 32364610 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) procedure for rapid concentration of methadone and its primary metabolite (EDDP) in hair samples was developed. The miniaturized approach coupled to gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) was successfully validated. Hair samples (50 mg) were incubated with 1 mL of 1 M sodium hydroxide for 45 min at 50°C, time after which the extract was neutralized by adding 100 μL of 20% formic acid. Subsequently, MEPS was applied using a M1 sorbent (4 mg; 80% C8 and 20% strong cation-exchange (SCX)), first conditioned with three 250-μL cycles of methanol and three 250-μL cycles of 2% formic acid. The extract load occurred with nine 150-μL cycles followed by a washing step involving three 50-μL cycles with 3.36% formic acid. For the elution of the analytes, six 100-μL cycles of 2.36% ammonium hydroxide in methanol were applied. The method was linear from 0.01 to 5 ng/mg, for both compounds, presenting determination coefficients greater than 0.99. Precision and accuracy were in accordance with the statements of international guidelines for method validation. This new miniaturized approach allowed obtaining recoveries ranging from 73 to 109% for methadone and 84 to 110% for EDDP, proving to be an excellent alternative to classic approaches, as well as other miniaturized procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - E Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - D N Vieira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas 3000-548
| | - M Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garg U. Microsegmental Analysis of a Single Hair Strand: Pushing the Envelope on Hair Drug Testing. J Appl Lab Med 2018; 3:3-5. [PMID: 33626815 DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2018.026195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Garg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospital and University of Missouri School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hosseini M, Pur MRK, Norouzi P, Moghaddam MR, Ganjali MR. An enhanced electrochemiluminescence sensor modified with a Ru(bpy)32+/Yb2O3 nanoparticle/nafion composite for the analysis of methadone samples. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:483-489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
5
|
Musshoff F, Lachenmeier K, Lachenmeier DW, Wollersen H, Madea B. Dose-concentration relationships of methadone and EDDP in hair of patients on a methadone-maintenance program. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2015; 1:97-103. [PMID: 25869947 DOI: 10.1385/fsmp:1:2:097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
After controlled oral administration of D,L-methadone solution (15-260 mg/day) in the context of a methadone-maintenance program, concentrations of methadone and 2-ethylidine-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-l-pyrrolidine (EDDP), in head hair were determined (N=41), using a fully automated headspace solid-phase microextraction procedure in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC/MS).Methadone was present in all samples in concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 13.29 ng/mg (mean 2.69±0.45 ng/mg). EDDP was also present in every sample in concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 2.17 ng/mg (mean 0.43±0.08). The concentration ratio methadone/EDDP was 7.5±5.7 in the proximal segments, but decreased to 4.8±1.4 in the distal segments. A statistically significant correlation between the intake dose and the methadone and EDDP concentrations in the subjects' hair could be established only in the proximal segments (r=0.913 for methadone and r=0.901 for EDDP), but not in the distal segments. In all, 131 segments analyzed, the correlation coefficient was r=0.760 for methadone and r=0.738 for EDDP. In comparison to the dose-concentration relationship reported in the literature, we found a better correlation with higher correlation coefficients especially in the proximal segments.However, owing to a broad distribution in the correlation between dosage and concentration, the determination of methadone and EDDP in hair holds only limited information about prior methadone administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, D-53111, Bonn, Germany,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alhmoud HZ, Guinan TM, Elnathan R, Kobus H, Voelcker NH. Surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using ordered silicon nanopillar arrays. Analyst 2014; 139:5999-6009. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
7
|
Jantos R, Skopp G. Postmortem blood and tissue concentrations of R- and S-enantiomers of methadone and its metabolite EDDP. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 226:254-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Himes SK, Goodwin RS, Rock CM, Jones HE, Johnson RE, Wilkins DG, Huestis MA. Methadone and metabolites in hair of methadone-assisted pregnant women and their infants. Ther Drug Monit 2012; 34:337-44. [PMID: 22495425 PMCID: PMC3376400 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3182512b26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methadone is the recommended pharmacotherapy for opioid-dependent pregnant women. The primary aims of this study were to determine whether a dose-concentration relationship exists between cumulative maternal methadone dose, methadone and metabolite concentrations in maternal hair during pregnancy and whether maternal hair methadone and metabolite concentrations predict neonatal outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hair specimens were collected monthly from opioid-dependent mothers enrolled in methadone treatment and 4 of their infants. Hair specimens were segmented (3 cm), washed (maternal hair only), and analyzed for methadone, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenylpyrroline by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS There was large intersubject variability and no dose-concentration relationship for cumulative methadone dose and methadone, EDDP, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenylpyrroline, or total concentrations in hair. For individual women, a positive trend was noted for cumulative methadone dose and methadone and EDDP concentrations in hair. There was a positive linear trend for cumulative methadone dose and EDDP/methadone ratio in maternal hair, perhaps reflecting methadone's induction of its own metabolism. Maternal methadone concentrations were higher than those in infant hair, and infant EDDP hair concentrations were higher than those in maternal hair. Maternal methadone dose, and methadone and EDDP hair concentrations were not correlated with peak infant neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) scores, days to peak NAS, duration of NAS, time to NAS onset, birth length, head circumference, or amount of neonatal morphine pharmacotherapy. Maternal cumulative third trimester methadone dose was positively correlated with infant birth weight. CONCLUSIONS Methadone and EDDP in pregnant women's hair are markers of methadone exposure and do not predict total methadone dose, nor neonatal outcomes from in utero methadone exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Himes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hair as a biomarker of polybrominated diethyl ethers’ exposure in infants, children and adults. Toxicol Lett 2012; 210:198-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
|
11
|
Curtis J, Greenberg M. Screening for drugs of abuse: Hair as an alternative matrix: a review for the medical toxicologist. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2009; 46:22-34. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650701261462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
Han B, Du Y, Wang E. Simultaneous determination of pethidine and methadone by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemiluminescence detection of tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II). Microchem J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Usefulness of multiple opiate and amphetamine analysis of hair segments under methadone therapy using LC-APCI-MS-MS. Forensic Toxicol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-007-0030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
14
|
Musshoff F, Madea B. Analytical pitfalls in hair testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1475-94. [PMID: 17486322 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on possible pitfalls in hair testing procedures. Knowledge of such pitfalls is useful when developing and validating methods, since it can be used to avoid wrong results as well as wrong interpretations of correct results. In recent years, remarkable advances in sensitive and specific analytical techniques have enabled the analysis of drugs in alternative biological specimens such as hair. Modern analytical procedures for the determination of drugs in hair specimens - mainly by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) - are reviewed and critically discussed. Many tables containing information related to this topic are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Musshoff
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pragst F, Balikova MA. State of the art in hair analysis for detection of drug and alcohol abuse. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 370:17-49. [PMID: 16624267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 735] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hair differs from other materials used for toxicological analysis because of its unique ability to serve as a long-term storage of foreign substances with respect to the temporal appearance in blood. Over the last 20 years, hair testing has gained increasing attention and recognition for the retrospective investigation of chronic drug abuse as well as intentional or unintentional poisoning. In this paper, we review the physiological basics of hair growth, mechanisms of substance incorporation, analytical methods, result interpretation and practical applications of hair analysis for drugs and other organic substances. Improved chromatographic-mass spectrometric techniques with increased selectivity and sensitivity and new methods of sample preparation have improved detection limits from the ng/mg range to below pg/mg. These technical advances have substantially enhanced the ability to detect numerous drugs and other poisons in hair. For example, it was possible to detect previous administration of a single very low dose in drug-facilitated crimes. In addition to its potential application in large scale workplace drug testing and driving ability examination, hair analysis is also used for detection of gestational drug exposure, cases of criminal liability of drug addicts, diagnosis of chronic intoxication and in postmortem toxicology. Hair has only limited relevance in therapy compliance control. Fatty acid ethyl esters and ethyl glucuronide in hair have proven to be suitable markers for alcohol abuse. Hair analysis for drugs is, however, not a simple routine procedure and needs substantial guidelines throughout the testing process, i.e., from sample collection to results interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Pragst
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Hittorfstr. 18, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Girod C, Staub C. Methadone and EDDP in hair from human subjects following a maintenance program: results of a pilot study. Forensic Sci Int 2001; 117:175-84. [PMID: 11248447 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A specific method has been developed for the quantitative determination of methadone (MTD) and its major metabolite, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), in hair.An amount of 50mg hair samples were incubated in 0.01M HCl overnight at 60 degrees C and deuterated internal standards of MTD and EDDP were added before extraction. Hydrolyzed solutions were extracted by automated solid-phase extraction procedure and analyzed on a gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a ion trap mass spectrometer (MS). Positive chemical ionization was used with acetonitrile as liquid reagent. The different validation parameters, linearity, repeatability, recovery and detection limits are presented. A relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of 12 and 11% was obtained for the repeatability of MTD and EDDP, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) was 0.05ng/mg for MTD and 0.2ng/mg for EDDP.A number of 26 hair samples from human subjects following a long-term MTD therapy were analyzed by this method. Blood samples of these subjects were analyzed with a routine method using a liquid-liquid extraction and GC/nitrogen phosphorus detector (NPD). MTD was quantified in blood and hair samples and EDDP found in 50% of the hair sample.A comparison was made between the concentrations found in blood or in hair and the dose administrated. This study could demonstrate that there is no relation between the administrated dose and MTD or EDDP concentrations in hair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Girod
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Av. de Champel 9, CH-1211 4, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sporkert F, Pragst F. Determination of methadone and its metabolites EDDP and EMDP in human hair by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 746:255-64. [PMID: 11076079 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00344-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A simple method for analysis of methadone and its two main metabolites EDDP and EMDP in hair was developed using automatic headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) at a multipurpose sampler and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with electron impact ionization and selected ion monitoring (GC-MS-SIM). The washed hair pieces were digested in the closed headspace vial in 1 ml 1 M NaOH containing 0.5 g NaCl and each 10 ng of the internal standards D9-methadone and D3-EDDP at 110 degrees C for 20 min. Then the HS-SPME was performed with a 65 microm polydimethylsiloxan/ divinylbenzene fiber at the same temperature in the same vial for another 20 min followed by the desorption in the GC injection port. The calibration curves were linear between 0.1 and 3 ng/mg (methadone and EMDP) and 10 ng/mg (EDDP) respectively, at higher concentrations a negative deviation from linearity was found. The detection limits were 0.03 ng/mg (methadone) and 0.05 ng/mg (EDDP and EMDP), and the reproducibility was 9.2% for methadone and 11.2% for EDDP (n= 12). The method was applied to hair samples of 26 drug fatalities. 19 cases were positive with 0.36-11.8 ng/mg methadone and 0.19 -10.8 ng/mg EDDP. EMDP was found only in two cases with 0.18 and 0.84 ng/mg. The methadone concentration range was in agreement with previous data, but the EDDP/methadone concentration ratios (0.19-0.67) were definitely higher than those determined by other methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Sporkert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lucas AC, Bermejo AM, Tabernero MJ, Fernández P, Strano-Rossi S. Use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the determination of methadone and EDDP in human hair by GC-MS. Forensic Sci Int 2000; 107:225-32. [PMID: 10689574 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a new extraction technique with many advantages: small sample volume, simplicity, quickness and solvent-free. It is mainly applied to environmental analysis, but is also useful for the extraction of drugs from biological samples. In this paper the use of SPME is proposed for the determination of methadone and its main metabolite EDDP in hair by GC-MS. The hair samples were washed, cut into 1-mm segments, and incubated with Pronase E for 12 h. A 100-micron polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film fibre was submerged for 30 min in a diluted solution of the hydrolysis liquid (1:4 with borax buffer) containing methadone-d3 and EDDP-d3 as internal standards. Once the microextraction was concluded the fibre was directly inserted into the CG injection port. Linearity was found for methadone and EDDP in the range studied, 1.0-50 ng/mg hair, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. Interassay relative standard deviation (R.S.D) was determined to be less than 13.30% for methadone and less than 8.94% for EDDP, at 3.0 and 30.0 ng/mg. Analytical recoveries were close to 100% for both compounds on spiked samples. The method was applied to the analysis of real hair samples from eight patients of a methadone maintenance programme. The concentration of methadone in hair ranged from 2.45 to 78.10 ng/mg, and for EDDP from 0.98 to 7.76 ng/mg of hair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Lucas
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, University of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sporkert F, Pragst F. Use of headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) in hair analysis for organic compounds. Forensic Sci Int 2000; 107:129-48. [PMID: 10689567 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(99)00158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) has advantages of high purity of the extract, avoidance of organic solvents and simple technical manipulation and can be used in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the hair analysis of a number of drugs. HS-SPME coupled with the hydrolysis of the hair matrix by 4% sodium hydroxide in the presence of excess sodium sulphate and of a suitable internal standard proved to be a convenient one-step method for the measurement of many lipophilic basic drugs such as nicotine, amphetamine derivatives, local anaesthetics, phencyclidine, ketamine, methadone, diphenhydramine, tramadol, tricyclic antidepressants and phenothiazines. Detection limits were between 0.05 and 1.0 ng/mg. From spiked 10-mg hair samples absolute recoveries between 0.04 and 5.7% were found. These recoveries decreased considerably if larger sample amounts were used, perhaps due to increased drug solubility in the aqueous phase or to elevated viscosity in the presence of dissolved hair proteins. Because of the phenolic hydroxyl group a change of pH after alkaline hair digestion (by adding excess orthophosphoric acid) was necessary for the detection of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), cannabinol (CBN) and cannabidiol (CBD) by HS-SPME. Nevertheless, the detection limits were such that only CBN could be detected in hair of a consumer. Clomethiazole, a compound hydrolysed in alkali, was measured by HS-SPME after extraction with aqueous buffer. The detection limit was 0.5 ng/mg. Cocaine could not be detected by HS-SPME. The application of HS-SPME to hair samples from several forensic and clinical cases is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Sporkert
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Forensic Science Bureau, New Jersey State Police, West Trenton 08625, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|