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Prihed H, Shifrovitch A, Shamai Yamin T, Madmon M, Belay C, Blanca M, Weissberg A. Rapid and simple identification of trace amounts of sodium azide in beverages and bodily fluids followed by derivatization and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9624. [PMID: 37799031 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sodium azide (NaN3 ) is a toxic chemical agent to humans by ingestion and inhalation with a growing number of intentional exposures and accidental cases over the last few decades. Due to its low molecular weight and lack of any chromophore, its retention and detection by reverse-phase liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-mass spectrometry methods are a challenging task. METHODS To be able to confirm azide exposure, we have developed a method to identify azide in both beverages and bodily fluids. The identification of azide (N3 - ) is based on derivatization with N-(2-(bromomethyl)benzyl)-N,N-diethylethanaminium bromide (CAX-B) at 25°C for 15 min followed by LC/ESI-MS/MS analysis, with no other sample preparation. RESULTS The azide after derivatization (CAX-N3 ) was stable, retainable by LC and sensitively detected by selected reaction monitoring. The ESI-MS/MS fragmentation of the M+ precursor ion produced characteristic product ions at m/z 118, 100, 91 and 86. The calibration curves for CAX-N3 showed linearity over two orders of magnitude with R2 value of 0.99. Low limits of identification of 0.1-0.5 ng/mL were obtained in all investigated matrices (drinking water, tea, orange juice, plasma and urine). CONCLUSIONS Compared with previously reported chromatography-based methods, this method that was based on derivatization and LC/ESI-MS/MS analysis was substantially more sensitive, simpler and faster. The method can be used for forensic investigation to confirm azide exposure from fatal use to much smaller intoxication dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagit Prihed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avital Shifrovitch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Tamar Shamai Yamin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Moran Madmon
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Chen Belay
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Merav Blanca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Avi Weissberg
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), Ness Ziona, Israel
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Wachełko O, Zawadzki M, Szpot P. A novel procedure for stabilization of azide in biological samples and method for its determination (HS-GC-FID/FID). Sci Rep 2021; 11:15568. [PMID: 34330976 PMCID: PMC8324859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95104-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium azide is an old poison with toxicity comparable to potassium cyanide. It would seem to be completely forgotten however, between 2000 and 2020, the number of intentional ingestions and murders committed with sodium azide significantly increased. Furthermore, due to its extreme instability, sodium azide is difficult to detect, which poses an additional risk when used to commit a crime. In this study, the epidemiology of sodium azide exposures between 1920 and 2020 was investigated. For the determination the azide concentration in biological samples, a simple, precise and selective headspace gas chromatography method (HS-GC-FID/FID) was developed and fully validated. The limit of quantification was 0.65 µg/mL; and the limit of detection was 0.35 µg/mL; precision and accuracy did not exceed 20%. The stability study was conducted for various biological fluids (urine, bile, blood, gastric content) for 91 days in the refrigerator (4 °C) and the method for stabilization of azide was presented. The addition of a mixture of borax and sodium fluoride (w/w 3:1) to the test tubes can stabilize this poison. The described unique technique of collecting the biological samples poses a great potential for azide detection in clinical and toxicology laboratories even long time after human exposure to this substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Wachełko
- Institute of Toxicology Research, 45 Kasztanowa Street, 55093, Borowa, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, 50345, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Szpot
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 4 J. Mikulicza-Radeckiego Street, 50345, Wroclaw, Poland
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3
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Bruin MAC, Dekker D, Venekamp N, Tibben M, Rosing H, de Lange DW, Beijnen JH, Huitema ADR. Toxicological analysis of azide and cyanide for azide intoxications using gas chromatography. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 128:534-541. [PMID: 33090684 PMCID: PMC7984282 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Azide is a highly toxic chemical agent to human being. Accidental, but also intentional exposure to azide occurs. To be able to confirm azide ingestion, we developed a method to identify and quantify azide in biological matrices. Cyanide was included in the method to evaluate suggested in vivo production of cyanide after azide ingestion. Azide in biological matrices was first derivatized by propionic anhydride to form propionyl azide. Simultaneously, cyanide was converted into hydrogen cyanide. After thermal rearrangement of propionyl azide, ethyl isocyanate was formed, separated together with hydrogen cyanide by gas chromatography (GC) and detected using a nitrogen phosphorous detector (NPD). The method was linear from 1.0‐100 µg/mL for both analytes, and azide was stable in human plasma at −20°C for at least 49 days. Azide was measured in the gastric content of two cases of suspected azide ingestion (case 1:1.2 mg/mL, case 2:1.5 mg/mL). Cyanide was only identified in the gastric content of case 1 (approximately 1.4 µg/mL). Furthermore, azide was quantified in plasma (19 µg/mL), serum (24 µg/mL), cell pellet (21 µg/mL) and urine (3.0 µg/mL) of case 2. This method can be used to confirm azide and cyanide exposure, and azide concentrations can be quantified in several biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike A C Bruin
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe Dekker
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nikkie Venekamp
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Tibben
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dylan W de Lange
- Dutch Poisons Information Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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4
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Pagliano E, Campanella B, D'Ulivo A, Mester Z. Derivatization chemistries for the determination of inorganic anions and structurally related compounds by gas chromatography - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1025:12-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Sensitive electrochemical detection of sodium azide based on the electrocatalytic activity of the pasting liquid of a carbon paste electrode. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4953-4957. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Kudo K, Usumoto Y, Sameshima N, Okumura M, Tsuji A, Ikeda N. Reliable determination of cyanide, thiocyanate and azide in human whole blood by GC–MS, and its application in NAGINATA–GC–MS screening. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Tsikas D. Pentafluorobenzyl bromide-A versatile derivatization agent in chromatography and mass spectrometry: I. Analysis of inorganic anions and organophosphates. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1043:187-201. [PMID: 27561968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFB-Br) is a versatile derivatization agent. It is widely used in chromatography and mass spectrometry since several decades. The bromide atom is largely the single leaving group of PFB-Br. It is substituted by wide a spectrum of nucleophiles in aqueous and non-aqueous systems to form electrically neutral, in most organic solvents soluble, generally thermally stable, volatile, strongly electron-capturing and ultraviolet light-absorbing derivatives. Because of these greatly favoured physicochemical properties, PFB-Br emerged an ideal derivatization agent for highly sensitive analysis of endogenous and exogenous substances including various inorganic and organic anions by electron capture detection or after electron-capture negative-ion chemical ionization in GC-MS. The present article attempts an appraisal of the utility of PFB-Br in analytical chemistry. It reviews and discusses papers dealing with the use of PFB-Br as the derivatization reagent in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of endogenous and exogenous inorganic anions in various biological samples, notably plasma, urine and saliva. These analytes include nitrite, nitrate, cyanide and dialkyl organophosphates. Special emphasis is given to mass spectrometry-based approaches and stable-isotope dilution techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsikas
- Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, 30623 Hannover, Germany.
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8
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Gričar M, Andrenšek S. Determination of azide impurity in sartans using reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Wang K, Friscourt F, Dai C, Wang L, Zheng Y, Boons GJ, Wang S, Wang B. A metal-free turn-on fluorescent probe for the fast and sensitive detection of inorganic azides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1651-4. [PMID: 26944613 PMCID: PMC4797929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sodium azide is toxic and widely used in agricultural, commercial products, and research laboratories. Thus it is of a significant environmental concern and there is a need for the development of a rapid detection method. A fluorogenic dibenzylcyclooctyne derivative (Fl-DIBO) is herein described as a fluorescent probe for the rapid detection of inorganic azide via Strain-Promoted Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition (SPAAC). Fl-DIBO was found to be highly selective toward NaN3 in comparison to other common anions with good sensitivity and detection limit of 10μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, USA
| | - Frédéric Friscourt
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Chaofeng Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, USA
| | - Lifang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, USA
| | - Yueqin Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Siming Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-3965, USA.
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10
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Prakash V, Saha S, Chakraborty K, Krishnan Y. Rational design of a quantitative, pH-insensitive, nucleic acid based fluorescent chloride reporter. Chem Sci 2016; 7:1946-1953. [PMID: 30050672 PMCID: PMC6042475 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04002g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloride plays a major role in cellular homeostasis by regulating the lumenal pH of intracellular organelles. We have described a pH-independent, fluorescent chloride reporter called Clensor that has successfully measured resting chloride in organelles of living cells. Here, we describe the rational design of Clensor. Clensor integrates a chloride sensitive fluorophore called 10,10'-bis[3-carboxypropyl]-9,9'-biacridinium dinitrate (BAC) with the programmability, modularity and targetability available to nucleic acid scaffolds. We show that simple conjugation of BAC to a DNA backbone fails to yield a viable chloride-sensitive reporter. Fluorescence intensity and lifetime investigations on a series of BAC-functionalized structural variants yielded molecular insights that guided the rational design and successful realization of the chloride sensitive fluorescent reporter, Clensor. This study provides some general design principles that would aid the realization of diverse ion-sensitive nucleic acid reporters based on the sensing strategy of Clensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Department of Chemistry and the Grossman Institute , University of Chicago , 929E, 57th Street, E305A, GCIS , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Sonali Saha
- National Centre for Biological Sciences , TIFR, GKVK, Bellary Road , Bangalore 560065 , India
| | - Kasturi Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry and the Grossman Institute , University of Chicago , 929E, 57th Street, E305A, GCIS , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
| | - Yamuna Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry and the Grossman Institute , University of Chicago , 929E, 57th Street, E305A, GCIS , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , USA .
- National Centre for Biological Sciences , TIFR, GKVK, Bellary Road , Bangalore 560065 , India
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11
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An enzymatic method for determination of azide and cyanide in aqueous phase. J Biotechnol 2015; 214:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Hajiaghabozorgy R, Zarei AR, Pakdehi SG. A highly sensitive spectrophotometric determination of ultra trace amounts of azide ion in water and biological samples after preconcentration using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814080085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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High distribution of azide in blood investigated in vivo, and its stability in blood investigated in vitro. Forensic Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-014-0233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Minakata K, Nozawa H, Yamagishi I, Gonmori K, Hasegawa K, Suzuki M, Watanabe K, Suzuki O. Determination of azide in gastric fluid and urine by flow-injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:1793-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Polyaniline based catalase biosensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide and azide. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Sakayanagi M, Yamada Y, Sakabe C, Watanabe K, Harigaya Y. Identification of inorganic anions by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2006; 157:134-43. [PMID: 15885947 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic anions were identified by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Derivatization of the anions was achieved with pentafluorobenzyl p-toluenesulphonate (PFB-Tos) as the reaction reagent and a crown ether as a phase transfer catalyst. When PFB-Br was used as the reaction reagent, the retention time of it was close to those of the derivatized inorganic anions and interfered with the analysis. In contrast, the retention time of PFB-Tos differed greatly from the PFB derivatives of the inorganic anions and the compounds of interest could be detected without interference. Although the PFB derivatives of SO4, S2O3, CO3, ClO4, and ClO3 could not be detected, the derivatives of F, Cl, Br, I, CN, OCN, SCN, N3, NO3, and NO2 were detected using PFB-Tos as the derivatizing reagent. The inorganic anions were detectable within 30 ng approximately, which is of sufficient sensitivity for use in forensic chemistry. Accurate mass number was measured for each PFB derivative by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) within a measurement error of 2 millimass units (mmu), which allowed determination of the compositional formula from the mass number. In addition, actual analysis was performed successively by our method using trial samples of matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Sakayanagi
- Scientific Criminal Investigation Laboratory, Kanagawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Yokohama 231-0023, Japan.
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17
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Ruzo LO. Physical, chemical and environmental properties of selected chemical alternatives for the pre-plant use of methyl bromide as soil fumigant. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2006; 62:99-113. [PMID: 16308867 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Production and use of methyl bromide, a soil fumigant, are being restricted because of this chemical's deleterious effects on stratospheric ozone concentrations. Several products, some of which are currently used as soil fumigants, are being considered as possible replacements for methyl bromide, alone and in various combinations. Among these, 1,3-dichloropropene, methyl isothiocyanate generators such as metam-sodium, and chloropicrin are currently registered, while others such as methyl iodide and sodium azide are at different stages of the registration process. This review examines physicochemical properties, environmental fate, and metabolism of the various potential methyl bromide replacement products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis O Ruzo
- PTRL West, Inc., 625-B Alfred Nobel Drive, Hercules, CA 94547, USA.
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18
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Cui Y, Barford JP, Renneberg R. A Disposable, Screen-Printed Electrode for the Amperometric Determination of Azide Based on the Immobilization with Catalase or Tyrosinase. ANAL SCI 2006; 22:1279-81. [PMID: 17038762 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A disposable, screen-printed electrode based on the immobilization of catalase or tyrosinase was developed to construct biosensors for the amperometric determination of azide. The determination principles for azide by these two methods are based on inhibiting the enzymatic consumption of an electrode-detectable substance (hydrogen peroxide or catechol) on an enzyme-immobilized electrode. Both of these methods show a sensitive detection range and a short measuring time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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19
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Sezgintürk MK, Göktuğ T, Dinçkaya E. A biosensor based on catalase for determination of highly toxic chemical azide in fruit juices. Biosens Bioelectron 2005; 21:684-8. [PMID: 16202884 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Revised: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an amperometric biosensor based on catalase enzyme was developed for the determination of azide. The principle of the measurements was based on the determination of the decrease in the differentiation of oxygen level which had been caused by the inhibition of catalase in the bioactive layer of the biosensor by azide. Firstly, the optimum conditions for the inhibitor biosensor were established. In the optimization studies of the biosensor, the most suitable catalase and gelatin amounts and glutaraldehyde ratio were determined. Optimum catalase activity, optimum gelatin amount and glutaraldehyde percentage were 5000 Ucm(-2), 5.94 mgcm(-2) and 2.5%, respectively. Characterization studies of the biosensor such as optimum pH and optimum temperature were carried out. The repeatability experiments were done and the average value (x), standard deviation (S.D.) and variation coefficient (C.V.) were calculated as 98.6 microM, +/-4.16 microM and 4.23%, respectively. A good linear relationship with a correlation coefficient of 0.9902 was obtained over the concentration range of 25 microM to 300 microM azide. After the optimization and characterization studies the proposed biosensor was applied to the determination of azide in certain fruit juices.
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20
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Ohashi M, Kitada Y, Imai S. Determination of azide as the 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl derivative by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1045:247-52. [PMID: 15378902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and reliable capillary electrophoresis method with a photodiode array detector was developed for determination of azide as the 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl derivative in drink samples fortified with sodium azide. Sample preparation was simple and rapid because no more than a simple dilution of samples is needed after quick derivatization. Separation was carried out using a buffer system comprising 25 mM phosphate buffer and 4 mM cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide at pH 3.0. Methyl benzoate was selected as the internal standard (IS). This study investigated the influence of the concentration of phosphate buffer and electroosmotic flow (EOF) modifier, and the buffer pH on migration time and signal response. The optimized method made it possible to determine azide within 5 min. The limit of detection was determined to be 1.9 microg/ml with SIN > 3. The quantitation range was 6.5-323 microg/ml. By the method recoveries of azide in drink samples fortified with sodium azide were investigated. Mean recovery values ranged from 93.6 to 105.8% and results were satisfactory. In addition, no interference was observed in electropherograms of drink samples fortified with sodium azide. Thus, by this method, azide in drink samples can be determined rapidly with high recoveries and good selectivity despite extremely simple sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Ohashi
- Nara Prefectural Institute for Hygiene and Environment, 57-6 Ohmori-cho, Nara 630-8131, Japan.
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21
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Kage S, Kudo K, Ikeda H, Ikeda N. Simultaneous determination of formate and acetate in whole blood and urine from humans using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 805:113-7. [PMID: 15113546 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Revised: 02/10/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We devised a sensitive and simple method for simultaneous determination of formate and acetate in whole blood and urine from humans using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Formate and acetate were alkylated with pentafluorobenzyl bromide in the mixture of acetone and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The derivatives obtained were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in positive-ion electron ionization (EI) mode. The lower limit of detection for both compounds was 0.02mM. The calibration curves for formate and acetate were linear over the concentration range from 0.05 to 5.0mM. Accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated and the coefficients of variation were within 10%. With use of this method, levels of formate and acetate in whole blood can be determined in forensic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetoshi Kage
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Fukuoka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 7-7, Higashikoen, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka 812-8576, Japan
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22
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:1474-1485. [PMID: 11180639 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200012)35:12<1474::aid-jms985>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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