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Hovda LR. Therapeutic Medications and Illicit Medications and Supplements. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:151-160. [PMID: 37951813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides information on the toxicity of some therapeutic drugs, illicit drugs, and supplements. Medications in the therapeutic section are grouped into antibiotics, antipsychotic agents, bronchodilators, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and sedatives/tranquilizers. The section on illicit drugs and supplements provides information on more specific medications including commonly used or abused human medications and a few that are available only from Internet compounding pharmacies. Many drugs and supplements can be either therapeutic or illicit depending on the dosage and ultimate use of the horse. Some medications, however, are illicit no matter when and how they are administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Rolland Hovda
- Safetycall International and Pet Poison Helpline, 3600 American Boulevard West, Suite 725, Bloomington, MN 55431, USA; Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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Shelver WL, Chakrabarty S, Young JM, Byrd CJ, Smith DJ. Evaluation of rapid and standard tandem mass spectrometric methods to analyse veterinary drugs and their metabolites in antemortem bodily fluids from food animals. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:462-474. [PMID: 34939883 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.2006801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Antemortem bodily fluids can serve as an indicator of veterinary medicine exposure prior to food animal slaughter. A multi-residue, rapid screen electrospray ionisation mass spectrometric (RS-ESI-MS) method was developed to analyse 10 veterinary drugs or metabolites (clenbuterol, erythromycin, flunixin, 5-hydroxyflunixin, meloxicam, ractopamine, ractopamine-glucuronide, salbutamol, tylosin, and zilpaterol) in hog oral fluid and bovine urine. Simple acetonitrile extraction with salting-out was employed to remove the analytes from matrices in less than 30 minutes. Instrumental analysis time was < 1 min/injection. Regression coefficients of matrix-matched calibration curves ranged 0.9743-0.9999 across all compounds with limits of detection ranging from 0.46-108 ng mL-1 for cattle urine and 0.19-64.4 ng mL-1 for hog oral fluid across all analytes. Except for ractopamine-glucuronide, analyte recoveries ranged from 92.7-106% for oral fluid and urine fortified at 30, 100, and 300 ng mL-1, with inter-day variations of < 25%. Ractopamine-glucuronide recovery was 93.3% for oral fluid fortified at 300 ng mL-1. The RS-ESI-MS method accurately identified ractopamine and/or ractopamine-glucuronide in incurred cattle urine with results correlating well with traditional LC-MS/MS and HPLC fluorescence methods. As far as we are aware, this is the first report of the direct quantification of ractopamine-glucuronide from biological matrices without lengthy hydrolysis and cleanup steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin L Shelver
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, USA
| | | | - Jennifer M Young
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Christopher J Byrd
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - David J Smith
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Biosciences Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND, USA
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Xiong L, Guo Z, Wang H, Pei J, Wu X, Yan P, Guo X. The Study on Potential Biomarker in Rat After Withdrawal of Cimaterol Using Untargeted Metabonomics. Chromatographia 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-021-04049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tang C, Liang X, Zhang K, Zhao Q, Meng Q, Zhang J. Residues of Ractopamine and Identification of its Glucuronide Metabolites in Plasma, Urine, and Tissues of Cattle. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:738-743. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chiesa L, Panseri S, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Divari S, Benevelli R, Arioli F, Pavlovic R. Evaluation of nandrolone and ractopamine in the urine of veal calves: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:561-570. [PMID: 27448217 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Under European legislation, the use of growth promoters is forbidden in food-producing livestock. The application of unofficial protocols with diverse combinations of veterinary drugs, administered in very low concentrations, hinders reliable detection and subsequent operative prevention. It was observed that nandrolone (anabolic steroid) and ractopamine (β-adrenergic agonist) are occasionally administered to animals, but little is known about their synergic action when they are administered together. Two specific analytical methods based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry have been developed, both of which include hydrolysis of the corresponding conjugates. For the nandrolone method, solid-phase extraction was necessary for the complete elimination of the interferences, while employment of the Quantitation Enhanced Data-Dependent scan mode during MS acquisition of ractopamine enabled the utilization of simple liquid-liquid extraction. The nandrolone method was linear in the range of 0.5-25 ng/mL, while the ractopamine calibration curve was constructed from 0.5 to 1000 ng/mL. The corresponding coefficients of correlations were >0.9907. The lower limit of quantification for both methods was 0.5 ng/mL, followed by overall recoveries >81%. Precisions expressed as relative standard deviations were <17%, while matrix effects were minimal. Urine samples taken at the slaughterhouse from veal calves enrolled in an experimental treatment consisting of intramuscular administration of β-nandrolone-phenylpropionate accompanied with a ractopamine-enriched diet were analysed. Those methods might be useful for studying the elimination patterns of the administered compounds along with characterization of the main metabolic pathways. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F T Cannizzo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - B Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - S Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - R Benevelli
- Quinto Valore S.c.a.r.l., Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - F Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - R Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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Gressler V, Franzen AR, de Lima GJ, Tavernari FC, Dalla Costa OA, Feddern V. Development of a readily applied method to quantify ractopamine residue in meat and bone meal by QuEChERS-LC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1015-1016:192-200. [PMID: 26927879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang M, Kang M, Guo C, Fang S, He L, Jia C, Zhang G, Bai B, Zong W, Zhang Z. Electrochemical biosensor based on Cu/Cu2O nanocrystals and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for sensitively detecting ractopamine. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Zhang X, Xiong W, Shi L, Hou H, Hu Q. Simultaneous determination of five mercapturic acid derived from volatile organic compounds in human urine by LC–MS/MS and its application to relationship study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 967:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jiang XF, Zhu YH, Liu XY. Identification of ractopamine glucuronides and determination of bioactive ractopamine residues and its metabolites in food animal urine by ELISA, LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:29-38. [PMID: 24444392 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.855327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ractopamine glucuronides have been identified in cattle urine sampled by LC-MS/MS. An ELISA method, which was capable of specifically determining (1R, 3R)-ractopamine stereoisomer and its glucuronide metabolites, had more than 100% recovery with an acceptable coefficient of variation in the inter- and intra-assay variation tests for RR-ractopamine. The concentration levels of parent ractopamine and ractopamine glucuronide metabolites as the main components of total ractopamine in cattle and sheep urine showed similar depletion trends, in which the concentration curves increased and reached a climax during the feeding period, and then dropped quickly when entering the withdrawal period. Data from the three methods had very good pair-wise correlations. In the cattle urine samples, the correlation coefficient (R(2)) for parent ractopamine between the ELISA and the LC-MS/MS or GC-MS results were 0.93 or 0.92; R(2) values for parent ractopamine and total ractopamine data measured by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS were 0.9651 and 0.9677, respectively. All R(2) values for data gained from sheep urine samples were >0.95. The study indicated that the close levels of RR-ractopamine stereoisomer in cattle and sheep urine samples may imply the presence of a similar depletion pattern in other livestock, and thus would facilitate an accurate detection and management of ractopamine usage in food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Jiang
- a School of Chemistry and Life Science , Guizhou Normal College , Guiyang 550018 , China
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Zhang Q, Su Y, He Q, Shen X, He L, Zhang N, Zeng Z. Molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction for the selective HPLC determination of ractopamine in pig urine. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3399-409. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Ractopamine, a synthetic β(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, is widely used as a feed additive in the United States to promote a reduction in body fat and enhance muscle growth in cattle, pigs, and turkeys. It has the potential for illegal use in show and racing animals because it may affect performance via its β-adrenergic agonist properties or anabolic activities. Nine greyhounds were orally administered 1 mg/kg of ractopamine to investigate the ability to detect the drug in urine. Postdosing, 7 of 9 dogs developed cardiac arrhythmias and had elevated troponin levels indicating myocardial damage. One dog necropsied 4 days postdosing had massive myocardial necrosis, mild to focally moderate skeletal muscle necrosis, and widespread segmental arterial mediolysis. A second dog necropsied 17 days postdosing had mild myocardial necrosis and fibrosis. Scattered arteries exhibited segmental medial and perimedial fibromuscular dysplasia. This is the first reported case of arterial, cardiac, and skeletal muscle damage associated with ractopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Yaeger
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Garcia P, Paris AC, Gil J, Popot MA, Bonnaire Y. Analysis of β-agonists by HPLC/ESI-MSn in horse doping control. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:147-54. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wagner SA, Mostrom MS, Hammer CJ, Thorson JF, Smith DJ. Adverse Effects of Zilpaterol Administration in Horses: Three Cases. J Equine Vet Sci 2008; 28:238-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2008.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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