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Yu H, Wu L, Xuan D, Peng Q, Qu W, Zhou Y. Development and validation of a GC-MS/MS method for the determination of iodoacetic acid in biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3185-3194. [PMID: 38568233 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Iodoacetic acid (IAA) is a halogenated disinfection by-product of growing concern due to its high cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, endocrine disruptor effects, and potential carcinogenicity. However, the data on distribution and excretion of IAA after ingestion by mammals are still scarce. Here, we developed a reliable and validated method for detecting IAA in biological specimens (plasma, urine, feces, liver, kidney, and tissues) based on modified QuEChERS sample preparation combined with gas chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The detection method for IAA exhibited satisfactory recovery rates (62.6-108.0%) with low relative standard deviations (RSD < 12.3%) and a low detection limit for all biological matrices ranging from 0.007 to 0.032 ng/g. The study showed that the proposed method was reliable and reproducible for analyzing IAA in biological specimens. It was successfully used to detect IAA levels in biological samples from rats given gavage administration. The results indicated that IAA was found in various tissues and organs, including plasma, thyroid, the liver, the kidney, the spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and others, 6 h after exposure. This study provides the first data on the in vivo distribution in and excretion of IAA by mammals following oral exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanning Yu
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Linying Wu
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201899, China
| | - Dongliang Xuan
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201899, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201899, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ying Zhou
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 201899, China.
- Pudong New Area Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China.
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Palmquist KB, Truver MT, Shoff EN, Krotulski AJ, Swortwood MJ. Review of analytical methods for screening and quantification of fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids in biological specimens. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:1643-1661. [PMID: 37221651 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and other novel synthetic opioids (NSO), including nitazene analogs, prevail in forensic toxicology casework. Analytical methods for identifying these drugs in biological specimens need to be robust, sensitive, and specific. Isomers, new analogs, and slight differences in structural modifications necessitate the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), especially as a non-targeted screening method designed to detect newly emerging drugs. Traditional forensic toxicology workflows, such as immunoassay and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), are generally not sensitive enough for detection of NSOs due to observed low (sub-μg/L) concentrations. For this review, the authors tabulated, reviewed, and summarized analytical methods from 2010-2022 for screening and quantification of fentanyl analogs and other NSOs in biological specimens using a variety of different instruments and sample preparation approaches. Limits of detection or quantification for 105 methods were included and compared to published standards and guidelines for suggested scope and sensitivity in forensic toxicology casework. Methods were summarized by instrument for screening and quantitative methods for fentanyl analogs and for nitazenes and other NSO. Toxicological testing for fentanyl analogs and NSOs is increasingly and most commonly being conducted using a variety of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based techniques. Most of the recent analytical methods reviewed exhibited limits of detection well below 1 μg/L to detect low concentrations of increasingly potent drugs. In addition, it was observed that most newly developed methods are now using smaller sample volumes which is achievable due to the sensitivity increase gained by new technology and new instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael T Truver
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Elisa N Shoff
- Miami-Dade Medical Examiner Department, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alex J Krotulski
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Madeleine J Swortwood
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, USA
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Cheng JYK, Hui JWS, Chan WS, So MH, Hong YH, Leung WT, Ku KW, Yeung HS, Lo KM, Fung KM, Ip CY, Dao KL, Cheung BKK. Interpol review of toxicology 2019-2022. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2022; 6:100303. [PMID: 36597440 PMCID: PMC9799715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bobbie Kwok-keung Cheung
- Corresponding author. Government Laboratory, 7/F, Homantin Government Offices, 88 Chung Hau Street, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong, China. http://www.govtlab.gov.hk/
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Zhao Q, Wang R, Liang C, Chen Y, Sheng Z, Xu Z, Zhang Y. Extension of the Temporal Window for the Determination of Alpha-Methylthiofentanyl and Thiofentanyl in Rat Urine by Monitoring the Metabolite Norfentanyl Using Online Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) Coupled with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2022.2087229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional and Technical Service Center for Biological Material Drug-ability Evaluation, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhai Sheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug and Pharmaceutical Process, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Professional and Technical Service Center for Biological Material Drug-ability Evaluation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence, Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
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Cooman T, Hoover B, Sauvé B, Bergeron SA, Quinete N, Gardinali P, Arroyo LE. The metabolism of valerylfentanyl using human liver microsomes and zebrafish larvae. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1116-1129. [PMID: 35128825 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Valerylfentanyl, a novel synthetic opioid less potent than fentanyl, has been reported in biological samples, but there are limited studies on its pharmacokinetic properties. The goal of this study was to elucidate the metabolism of valerylfentanyl using an in vitro human liver microsome (HLM) model compared with an in vivo zebrafish model. Nineteen metabolites were detected with N-dealkylation-valeryl norfentanyl and hydroxylation as the major metabolic pathways. The major metabolites in HLMs were also detected in 30 day postfertilization zebrafish. An authentic liver specimen that tested positive for valerylfentanyl, among other opioids and stimulants, revealed the presence of a metabolite that shared transitions and retention time as the hydroxylated metabolite of valerylfentanyl but could not be confirmed without an authentic standard. 4-Anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine (4-ANPP), a common metabolite to other fentanyl analogs, was also detected. In this study, we elucidated the metabolic pathway of valerylfentanyl, confirmed two metabolites using standards, and demonstrated that the zebrafish model produced similar metabolites to the HLM model for opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travon Cooman
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brianna Hoover
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brianna Sauvé
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sadie A Bergeron
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Institute of Environment and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Piero Gardinali
- Institute of Environment and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Luis E Arroyo
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Cox J, Mathison K, Ott C, DelTondo J, Kraner JC, DeCaprio AP, Arroyo-Mora LE. Quantitation and Validation of 34 Fentanyl Analogs from Liver Tissue Using a QuEChERS Extraction and LC-MS-MS Analysis. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:232-245. [PMID: 33515247 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, drug overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids (including fentanyl and fentanyl analogs) have increased from 3,105 to 31,335 in 2018. Postmortem toxicological analysis in fentanyl-related overdose deaths is complicated by the high potency of the drug, often resulting in low analyte concentrations and associations with toxicity, multidrug use, novelty of emerging fentanyl analogs and postmortem redistribution. Objectives for this study include the development of a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and subsequent liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry analysis, validation of the method following the American Academy of Forensic Sciences Standards Board (ASB) standard 036 requirements and application to authentic liver specimens for 34 analytes including fentanyl, metabolites and fentanyl analogs. The bias for all 34 fentanyl analogs did not exceed ±10% for any of the low, medium or high concentrations and the %CV did not exceed 20%. No interferences were identified. All 34 analytes were within the criteria for acceptable percent ionization suppression or enhancement with the low concentration ranging from -10.2% to 23.7% and the high concentration ranging from -7.1% to 11.0%. Liver specimens from 22 authentic postmortem cases were extracted and analyzed with all samples being positive for at least one target analyte from the 34 compounds. Of the 22 samples, 17 contained fentanyl and metabolites plus at least one fentanyl analog. The highest concentration for a fentanyl analog was 541.4 μg/kg of para-fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl (FIBF). The concentrations for fentanyl (n = 20) ranged between 3.6 and 164.9 μg/kg with a mean of 54.7 μg/kg. The fentanyl analog that was most encountered was methoxyacetyl fentanyl (n = 11) with a range of 0.2-4.6 μg/kg and a mean of 1.3 μg/kg. The QuEChERS extraction was fully validated using the ASB Standard 036 requirements for fentanyl, metabolites and fentanyl analogs in liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Cox
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, 1600 University Avenue, Oglebay Hall, Room 302, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kylea Mathison
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, 1600 University Avenue, Oglebay Hall, Room 302, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Colby Ott
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, 1600 University Avenue, Oglebay Hall, Room 302, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Joseph DelTondo
- Department of Pathology, Allegheny General Hospital, 320 E North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA
| | - James C Kraner
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 619 Virginia Street West, Charleston, WV 25302, USA
| | - Anthony P DeCaprio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University (FIU), 11200 SW 8th street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Luis E Arroyo-Mora
- Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, 1600 University Avenue, Oglebay Hall, Room 302, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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