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Truong CM, Jair YC, Chen HP, Chen WC, Liu YH, Chen PC, Chen PS. Streamlining regular liquid chromatography with MALDI-TOF MS and NMR spectroscopy using automatic full-contact splitless spotting interface and flash-tap fractioning collection. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1298:342401. [PMID: 38462340 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are powerful tools to identify unknown psychoactive substances. However, in complex matrices, trace levels of unknown substances usually require additional fractionation and concentration. Specialized liquid chromatography systems are necessary for both techniques. The small flow rate of nano LC, typically paired with MALDI-TOF MS, often results in prolonged fractionation times. Conversely, the larger flow rate of semi-preparative LC, used for NMR analysis, can be time-consuming and labor-intensive when concentrating samples. To address these issues, we developed an integrated automatic system that integrated to regular LC. RESULT Automatic spot collector (ASC) and automatic fraction collector (AFC) were present in this study. The ASC utilized in-line matrix mixing, full-contact spotting and real time heating (50 °C), achieving great capacity of 5 μL droplet on MALDI plate, high recovery (76-116%) and rapid evaporation in 2 min. The analytes were concentrated 4-8 times, forming even crystallization, reaching the detection limit at the concentration of 50 μg L-1 for 12 psychoactive substances in urine. The AFC utilizes flexible tubing which flash-tapped the microtube's upper rim (3 mm depth) instead of reaching the bottom. This method prevents sample loss and minimizes the robotic arm's movement, providing a high fractionating speed at 6 s 12 psychoactive compounds were fractionated in a single round analysis (recovery: 81%-114%). Methamphetamine and nitrazepam obtained from drug-laced coffee samples were successful analyzed with photodiode array (PDA) after one AFC round and NMR after five rounds. SIGNIFICANCE The ASC device employed real-time heating, in-line matrix mixing, and full-contact spotting to facilitate the samples spotting onto the MALDI target plate, thereby enhancing detection sensitivity in low-concentration and complex samples. The AFC device utilized the novel flash-tapping method to achieve rapid fractionation and high recovery rate. These devices were assembled using commercially available components, making them affordable (400 USD) for most laboratories while still meeting the required performance for advanced commercialized systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Minh Truong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Cheng Jair
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Po Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Chuan Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pai-Shan Chen
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Nakatani T, Shiosakai K, Hashimoto T, Shionoya M, Akasaka T, Toyama K, Ishizuka H, Saito Y. Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Hydromorphone in Japanese Patients with Renal Impairment and Cancer Pain. J Palliat Med 2022. [PMID: 36579915 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2022.0289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The opioid analgesic hydromorphone has a low renal excretion ratio; however, exposure after oral administration is several times higher in those with moderate or severe renal impairment. Objectives: We evaluated the impact of renal impairment on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered hydromorphone in patients with cancer being treated for pain. Design: This was an open-label, prospective, parallel-comparison, interventional clinical pharmacology study. Setting/Subjects: This study was conducted at one hospital in Japan. Using creatinine clearance (CLcr) values, patients were grouped according to kidney function: CLcr ≥90 mL/min (normal), 60-<90 mL/min (mild impairment), 30-<60 mL/min (moderate impairment), or <30 mL/min (severe impairment). Measurements: Hydromorphone was administered by constant infusion to patients at the same constant dose rate as at the time of enrollment. Hydromorphone and its glucuronide metabolite concentrations in plasma and urine were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters at steady state were assessed using noncompartmental analysis. Results: Thirty-two patients were enrolled (normal, n = 3; mild, n = 10; moderate, n = 15; and severe, n = 4). Adjusted geometric mean ratios for hydromorphone steady-state clearance (CLss) for patients with impaired versus normal renal function were 0.69 (90% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-1.14), 0.52 (90% CI, 0.31-0.84), and 0.55 (90% CI, 0.30-1.02) for mild, moderate, or severe impairment, respectively. Exposures to the metabolite hydromorphone-3-glucuronide generally increased with renal impairment. No adverse event was reported. Conclusion: Hydromorphone CLss in patients with impaired renal function (moderate and severe) was decreased ∼50% of that of normal renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Nakatani
- Department of Palliative Care, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Hashimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Palliative Care Center, Shimane University Hospital, Izumo, Japan
| | - Masao Shionoya
- Statistical Analysis Department, Mebix, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akasaka
- Primary Medical Science Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Toyama
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishizuka
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoji Saito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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3
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Butler KE, Baker ES. A High-Throughput Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry Screening Method for Opioid Profiling. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1904-1913. [PMID: 36136315 PMCID: PMC9616473 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In 2017, the United States Department of Health and Human Services declared the widespread misuse and abuse of prescription and illicit opioids an epidemic. However, this epidemic dates back to the 1990s when opioids were extensively prescribed for pain management. Currently, opioids are still recommended for pain management, and given their abuse potential, rapid screening is imperative for patient treatment. Of particular importance is assessing pain management patient compliance, where evaluating drug use is crucial for preventing opioid abuse and potential overdoses. In this work, we utilized drift tube ion mobility spectrometry coupled with mass spectrometry (DTIMS-MS) to develop a rapid screening method for 33 target opioids and opioid urinary metabolites. Collision cross section values were determined for all target molecules using a flow-injection DTIMS-MS method, and clear differentiation of 27 out of the 33 opioids without prior chromatographic separation was observed when utilizing a high resolution demultiplexing screening approach. An automated solid phase extraction (SPE) platform was then coupled to DTIMS-MS for 10 s sample-to-sample analyses. This SPE-IMS-MS approach enabled the rapid screening of urine samples for opioids and presents a major improvement in sample throughput compared to traditional chromatographic analyses coupled with MS, which routinely take several minutes per sample. Overall, this vast reduction in analysis time facilitates a faster turn-around for patient samples, providing great benefits to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Butler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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4
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Ballester P, Muriel J, Peiró AM. CYP2D6 phenotypes and opioid metabolism: the path to personalized analgesia. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:261-275. [PMID: 35649041 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2085552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Opioids play a fundamental role in chronic pain, especially considering when 1 of 5 Europeans adults, even more in older females, suffer from it. However, half of them do not reach an adequate pain relief. Could pharmacogenomics help to choose the most appropriate analgesic drug? AREAS COVERED The objective of the present narrative review was to assess the influence of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) phenotypes on pain relief, analgesic tolerability, and potential opioid misuse. Until December 2021, a literature search was conducted through the MEDLINE, PubMed database, including papers from the last 10 years. CYP2D6 plays a major role in metabolism that directly impacts on opioid (tramadol, codeine, or oxycodone) concentration with differences between sexes, with a female trend toward poorer pain control. In fact, CYP2D6 gene variants are the most actionable to be translated into clinical practice according to regulatory drug agencies and international guidelines. EXPERT OPINION CYP2D6 genotype can influence opioids' pharmacokinetics, effectiveness, side effects, and average opioid dose. This knowledge needs to be incorporated in pain management. Environmental factors, psychological together with genetic factors, under a sex perspective, must be considered when you are selecting the most personalized pain therapy for your patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pura Ballester
- Neuropharmacology on Pain (NED) group, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Javier Muriel
- Neuropharmacology on Pain (NED) group, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana M Peiró
- Neuropharmacology on Pain (NED) group, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL Foundation), Alicante, Spain.,Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Health of Alicante, General Hospital, Alicante, Spain
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5
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Lessard-Lord J, Plante PL, Desjardins Y. Purified recombinant enzymes efficiently hydrolyze conjugated urinary (poly)phenol metabolites. Food Funct 2022; 13:10895-10911. [PMID: 36239175 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02229j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Purified recombinant enzymes are efficient at hydrolyzing microbial (poly)phenol metabolite phase II conjugates, and hence, can be used to accurately quantify them using unconjugated analytical standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lessard-Lord
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Nutrition, Health and Society Centre (NUTRISS), INAF, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Pier-Luc Plante
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Nutrition, Health and Society Centre (NUTRISS), INAF, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Nutrition, Health and Society Centre (NUTRISS), INAF, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
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6
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Okoye NC, Greene DN, Johnson-Davis KL. Is the Confirmatory Test Always Right? Sometimes Immunoassays Know What They Are Talking About. J Appl Lab Med 2021; 7:607-612. [PMID: 34568949 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nkemakonam C Okoye
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dina N Greene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Kaiser Permanente Washington Laboratories, Renton, WA, USA
| | - Kamisha L Johnson-Davis
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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7
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Lee LA, McGee AC, Sitasuwan P, Tomashek JJ, Riley C, Muñoz-Muñoz AC, Andrade L. Factors Compromising Glucuronidase Performance in Urine Drug Testing Potentially Resulting in False Negatives. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:689-696. [PMID: 34401904 PMCID: PMC9282255 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation β-glucuronidases can effectively cleave glucuronides in urine at room temperature. However, during the discovery studies, additional challenges were identified for urine drug testing across biologically relevant pH extremes and patient urine specimens. Different enzymes were evaluated across clinical urine specimens and commercially available urine control matrices. Each enzyme shows distinct substrate preferences, pH optima, and variability across clinical specimens. These results demonstrate how reliance on a single glucuronidated substrate as the internal hydrolysis control cannot ensure performance across a broader panel of analytes. Moreover, sample specific urine properties compromise β-glucuronidases to varying levels, more pronounced for some enzymes, and thereby lower the recovery of some drug analytes in an enzyme-specific manner. A minimum of 3-fold dilution of urine with buffer yields measurable improvements in achieving target pH and reducing the impact of endogenous compounds on enzyme performance. After subjecting the enzymes to pH extremes and compromising chemicals, one particular β-glucuronidase was identified that addressed many of these challenges and greatly lower the risk of failed hydrolyses. In summary, we present strategies to evaluate glucuronidases that aid in higher accuracy urine drug tests with lower potential for false negatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Andrew Lee
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, Inc, Irmo, SC 29063, USA
| | - Amanda C McGee
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, Inc, Irmo, SC 29063, USA
| | | | - John J Tomashek
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, Inc, Irmo, SC 29063, USA
| | - Chris Riley
- Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA
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8
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Jakobsson G, Truver MT, Wrobel SA, Gréen H, Kronstrand R. Heroin-Related Compounds and Metabolic Ratios in Postmortem Samples Using LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:215-225. [PMID: 33031535 PMCID: PMC7953417 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of postmortem samples with the presence of morphine can sometimes be challenging to interpret. Tolerance complicates interpretation of intoxications and causes of death due to overlap in therapeutic and fatal concentrations. Determination of metabolites and metabolic ratios can potentially differentiate between abstinence, continuous administration, and perhaps time of administration. The purpose of this study was to (a) develop and validate a method for quantitation of morphine-3β-D-glucuronide, morphine-6β-D-glucuronide, normorphine, codeine-6β-D-glucuronide, norcodeine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine, and ethylmorphine in urine using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry; (b) apply the method to opiate related deaths; (c) compare metabolic ratios in urine in different causes of death (CoD) and after different drug intakes and (d) compare heroin intoxications in rapid and delayed deaths. Validation parameters such as precision, bias, matrix effects, stability, process efficiency, and dilution integrity were assessed and deemed acceptable. Lower limits of quantitation ranged from 0.01–0.2 μg/mL for all analytes. Autopsy cases (n=135) with paired blood and urine samples were analyzed. Cases were divided into three groups based on CoD; opiate intoxication, intoxication with other drugs than opiates, and other CoD. The cases were classified by intake: codeine (n=42), heroin (n=36), morphine (n=49), and ethylmorphine (n=3). Five cases were classified as mixed intakes and excluded. Heroin intoxications (n=35) were divided into rapid (n=15) or delayed (n=20) deaths. Parent drug groups were compared using metabolic ratio morphine-3β-D-glucuronide/morphine and significant differences were observed between codeine vs morphine (p=0.005) and codeine vs heroin (p≤0.0001). Urine and blood concentrations, and metabolic ratios in rapid and delayed heroin intoxications were compared and determined a significant difference for morphine (p=0.001), codeine (p=0.009), 6-acetylmorphine (p=0.02) in urine, and morphine (p=0.02) in blood, but there was no significant difference (p=0.9) between metabolic ratios. Morphine-3β-D-glucuronide results suggested a period of abstinence prior to death in 25% of the heroin intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Jakobsson
- *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Michael T Truver
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sonja A Wrobel
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 587 58, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Henrik Gréen
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 587 58, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Kronstrand
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, 587 58, Linköping, Sweden
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9
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Schlachter CR, McGee AC, Sitasuwan PN, Horvath GC, Karri NG, Lee LA, Tomashek JJ. Variants of glycosyl hydrolase family 2 β-glucuronidases have increased activity on recalcitrant substrates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 145:109742. [PMID: 33750535 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucuronidated drug metabolites can be quantified from urine samples by first hydrolyzing conjugates with β-glucuronidase (β-GUS) and then separating free drug molecules by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS). To improve the activity and specificity of various β-GUS, we designed enzyme chimeras and generated site-saturation variants based on structural analyses, then screened them for improved activity on drug metabolites important to clinical and forensic drug-testing laboratories. Often, an increase of activity on one substrate of interest was countered by loss of activity against another, and there was no strong correlation of activity on standard β-glucuronidase substrates to activity on recalcitrant drug glucuronides. However, we discovered a chimera of two enzymes from different species of Aspergillus that displays a 27 % increase in activity on morphine-3-glucuronide than the parent proteins. Furthermore, mutations in the M-loop, which is a loop near the active site, resulted in numerous variants with dramatically increased rates of hydrolysis on drug glucuronides. Specifically, the M-loop variant Q451D/A452E of a β-GUS from Brachyspira pilosicoli has a 50-fold and 25-fold increase in activity on the recalcitrant substrates codeine-6-glucuronide and dihydrocodeine-6-glucuronide, respectively, compared to the parent enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb R Schlachter
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC, 29063, United States
| | - Amanda C McGee
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC, 29063, United States
| | - Pongkwan N Sitasuwan
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC, 29063, United States
| | - Gary C Horvath
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC, 29063, United States
| | - Nanda G Karri
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC, 29063, United States
| | - L Andrew Lee
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC, 29063, United States
| | - John J Tomashek
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, 110 Centrum Drive, Irmo, SC, 29063, United States.
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10
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Predicting drug-metagenome interactions: Variation in the microbial β-glucuronidase level in the human gut metagenomes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244876. [PMID: 33411719 PMCID: PMC7790408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the gut microbiota in terms of their capacity to interfere with drug metabolism is necessary to achieve drug efficacy and safety. Although examples of drug-microbiome interactions are well-documented, little has been reported about a computational pipeline for systematically identifying and characterizing bacterial enzymes that process particular classes of drugs. The goal of our study is to develop a computational approach that compiles drugs whose metabolism may be influenced by a particular class of microbial enzymes and that quantifies the variability in the collective level of those enzymes among individuals. The present paper describes this approach, with microbial β-glucuronidases as an example, which break down drug-glucuronide conjugates and reactivate the drugs or their metabolites. We identified 100 medications that may be metabolized by β-glucuronidases from the gut microbiome. These medications included morphine, estrogen, ibuprofen, midazolam, and their structural analogues. The analysis of metagenomic data available through the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) showed that the level of β-glucuronidase in the gut metagenomes was higher in males than in females, which provides a potential explanation for the sex-based differences in efficacy and toxicity for several drugs, reported in previous studies. Our analysis also showed that infant gut metagenomes at birth and 12 months of age have higher levels of β-glucuronidase than the metagenomes of their mothers and the implication of this observed variability was discussed in the context of breastfeeding as well as infant hyperbilirubinemia. Overall, despite important limitations discussed in this paper, our analysis provided useful insights on the role of the human gut metagenome in the variability in drug response among individuals. Importantly, this approach exploits drug and metagenome data available in public databases as well as open-source cheminformatics and bioinformatics tools to predict drug-metagenome interactions.
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11
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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12
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Basiliere S, Kerrigan S. Identification of metabolites and potential biomarkers of kratom in urine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1140:121971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.121971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Rudik A, Bezhentsev V, Dmitriev A, Lagunin A, Filimonov D, Poroikov V. Metatox - Web application for generation of metabolic pathways and toxicity estimation. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2020; 17:1940001. [PMID: 30866738 DOI: 10.1142/s0219720019400018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Xenobiotics biotransformation in humans is a process of the chemical modifications, which may lead to the formation of toxic metabolites. The prediction of such metabolites is very important for drug development and ecotoxicology studies. We created the web-application MetaTox ( http://way2drug.com/mg ) for the generation of xenobiotics metabolic pathways in the human organism. For each generated metabolite, the estimations of the acute toxicity (based on GUSAR software prediction), organ-specific carcinogenicity and adverse effects (based on PASS software prediction) are performed. Generation of metabolites by MetaTox is based on the fragments datasets, which describe transformations of substrates structures to a metabolites structure. We added three new classes of biotransformation reactions: Dehydrogenation, Glutathionation, and Hydrolysis, and now metabolite generation for 15 most frequent classes of xenobiotic's biotransformation reactions are available. MetaTox calculates the probability of formation of generated metabolite - it is the integrated assessment of the biotransformation reactions probabilities and their sites using the algorithm of PASS ( http://way2drug.com/passonline ). The prediction accuracy estimated by the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOO-CV) procedure calculated separately for the probabilities of biotransformation reactions and their sites is about 0.9 on the average for all reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Rudik
- * Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Vladislav Bezhentsev
- * Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Alexander Dmitriev
- * Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Alexey Lagunin
- * Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia.,† Medico-Biological Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovitianov Street, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry Filimonov
- * Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Vladimir Poroikov
- * Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10 Building 8, Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
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Winborn J, Kerrigan S. Stability and Hydrolysis of Desomorphine-Glucuronide. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:536-542. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractDesomorphine, the principal opioid in Krokodil, has an analgesic potency approximately ten-times that of morphine. Similar to other opioids, during phase II metabolism it undergoes conjugation with glucuronic acid to form desomorphine-glucuronide. Although hydrolysis of conjugated species is sometimes required prior to analysis, desomorphine-glucuronide has not been fully investigated. In this study, six hydrolysis procedures were optimized and evaluated. Deconjugation efficiencies using chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis were evaluated and stability in aqueous solution was assessed. Acid hydrolysis was compared with five β-glucuronidase sources (BGTurbo™, IMCSzyme™, Escherichia coli, Helix pomatia and Patella vulgata). At optimal conditions, each hydrolysis method produced complete hydrolysis (≥96%). However, under simulated challenging conditions, P. vulgata was the most efficient β-glucuronidase for the hydrolysis of desomorphine-glucuronide. Both BGTurbo™ and IMCSzyme™ offered fast hydrolysis with no need for sample cleanup prior to liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time of flight-mass spectrometry (LC-Q/TOF-MS) analysis. Hydrolysates using E. coli, H. pomatia and P. vulgata underwent additional sample treatment using β-Gone™ cartridges. Additionally, the stability of free and conjugated drug was evaluated at elevated temperature (60°C) in aqueous solutions between pH 4 and 10. No degradation was observed for either desomorphine or desomorphine-glucuronide under any of the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Winborn
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Box 2525, 1003 Bowers Blvd, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
| | - Sarah Kerrigan
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Box 2525, 1003 Bowers Blvd, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
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Sitasuwan P, Melendez C, Marinova M, Spruill M, Lee LA. Comparison of Purified β-glucuronidases in Patient Urine Samples Indicates a Lack of Correlation Between Enzyme Activity and Drugs of Abuse Metabolite Hydrolysis Efficiencies Leading to Potential False Negatives. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:221-227. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margarita Marinova
- Frank Reidy Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | | | - L Andrew Lee
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, LLC, Irmo, SC, USA
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16
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Advancing the analysis of terbutaline in urine samples using novel enzyme hydrolysis. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1853-1860. [PMID: 30371108 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the efficiency of two new fast-acting enzymes, recombinant arylsulfatase (IMCS-PSF) and mutant β-glucuronidase from Escherichia coli (IMCSzyme), in hydrolyzing specific terbutaline metabolites. Materials & methods: Two purified novel enzymes are used to precisely determine the amount of each metabolite in urine at different time points after oral administration. After systematically evaluating the hydrolysis efficiency of the novel enzymes compared with commercially available enzymes, these recently developed enzymes were applied to establish the separate urine concentration profiles of terbutaline and each metabolite. Results & discussion: The results highlight the highly efficient arylsulfatase enzyme expressed from E. coli for urine analysis of terbutaline while suggesting sulfoconjugates as the main terbutaline metabolites. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the high efficiency of the IMCS-PSF enzyme in hydrolyzing terbutaline conjugates in comparison with other enzyme reagents typically used for the analysis of terbutaline and sulfoconjugates are the main terbutaline metabolites in urine.
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17
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Johnson-Davis KL. Opiate & Benzodiazepine Confirmations: To Hydrolyze or Not to Hydrolyze is the Question. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:564-572. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2016.022947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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