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Sweeney J, Gao W, Gutowski JM, Hughes C, Kimoto T, Kostanowicz C, Li Y, MacQuarrie CJK, Mayo P, Meng Q, Mokrzycki T, Silk P, Webster V, Miller DR. Diversity in trap color and height increases species richness of bark and woodboring beetles detected in multiple funnel traps. PLoS One 2025; 20:e0322412. [PMID: 40341276 PMCID: PMC12061410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0322412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2025] [Accepted: 03/20/2025] [Indexed: 05/10/2025] Open
Abstract
Early detection of non-native, potentially invasive bark beetles and woodboring beetles (BBWB) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Disteniidae; Curculionidae: Scolytinae) inadvertently introduced to new habitats via global trade is a critical issue for regulatory agencies in numerous countries. We conducted trapping experiments to evaluate the effects of trap color (black vs. green vs. purple) and trap height (canopy vs. understory) on detection of BBWB in Canada, Poland, USA, and China, using Fluon-treated 12-unit multiple-funnel traps. Each trap was baited with the same pheromone and ethanol lures known to attract several species of BBWB. We predicted BBWB species composition would differ between vertical strata and among trap colors, and that the number of BBWB species detected would increase with greater diversity of trapping methods, i.e., by using more than one color of trap and by placing traps in both the canopy and understory. Our prediction was partially supported, i.e., placing one color of trap in the understory and a different colored trap in the canopy detected more species than did a single trap color placed in either the understory or canopy. However, the combinations of trap height and colors that detected the most species varied among sites. The community of BBWB species captured in traps was significantly affected by trap height and trap color at all sites, with the strongest patterns in the data from Poland and the USA. Black and purple traps caught similar communities of BBWB species in the canopy and understory, but green traps caught a different species assemblage in the canopy in Poland and the USA. Effects of trap height and color on species richness were consistent across all four sites within the subfamilies Agrilinae (more species captured in green canopy traps than any other trap height-color combination), Chrysochroinae (more species captured in purple canopy traps than any trap height-color combination) and Scolytinae (more species captured in the understory than the canopy and no effect of trap color), but varied significantly among sites within Cerambycidae subfamilies. None of the species accumulation curves reached an asymptote for any trap color-height combination at any site, indicating that 8-9 traps per site were not sufficient to detect all BBWB species present. Thus, increasing the number of traps deployed per site will increase the BBWB species richness captured and the chances of detecting non-native species that may be present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Sweeney
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Wentao Gao
- Forestry College of Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Jerzy M. Gutowski
- Department of Natural Forests, Forest Research Institute, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Cory Hughes
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Troy Kimoto
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Plant Health Surveillance Unit, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chantelle Kostanowicz
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- Forestry College of Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin, P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function of Changbai Mountains, Jilin City, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Chris J. K. MacQuarrie
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Mayo
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Qingfan Meng
- Forestry College of Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin, P. R. China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function of Changbai Mountains, Jilin City, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Tomasz Mokrzycki
- Department of Forest Protection and Ecology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Silk
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Vincent Webster
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Miller
- United States of America Department of Agriculture, United States of America Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Athens, GeorgiaUnited States of America
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Andrade SMM, McTavish MJ, Smith SM, Allison JD. The role of pheromones and temporal mechanisms in the reproductive isolation of Monochamus maculosus, Monochamus notatus, and Monochamus scutellatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2025; 54:233-242. [PMID: 40036303 PMCID: PMC12005948 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaf017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Revised: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2025] [Indexed: 03/06/2025]
Abstract
The mechanisms used to facilitate mate location among insects-such as pheromones-can inhibit interspecific attraction and confer reproductive isolation. However, pheromone components seem conserved within the genus Monochamus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with the compound 2-(undecyloxy)ethanol (referred to as monochamol) being identified as the sex-aggregation pheromone or putative pheromone attractant for at least 15 species in this genus. This pheromone parsimony suggests the existence of additional isolating mechanisms. Here we describe the results of laboratory and field assays of additional mechanisms, including laboratory volatile collections and field trapping experiments that assessed the potential presence of additional pheromone components, diel rhythms of pheromone production, and phenological/diel flight activity in the reproductive isolation of sympatric populations of three species of Monochamus in the Great Lakes Forest Region of Ontario, Canada. Chemical analyses of volatile extractions indicate that monochamol is produced by male Monochamus maculosus and Monochamus scutellatus, but no qualitative differences were observed in male extracts of these two species suggesting that there are no additional pheromone components that confer specificity. No quantitative differences were found in the production of monochamol by male M. scutellatus during the photophase and scotophase suggesting there is no diel rhythm in pheromone production. Our results indicate that M. scutellatus flies earlier in the season and day than M. maculosus and Monochamus notatus, which could partially contribute to their reproductive isolation. Overall, no obvious differences in pheromone composition were observed but minor differences in flight times were observed, suggesting other isolating mechanisms may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara M M Andrade
- Institute of Forestry & Conservation, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada – Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J McTavish
- Institute of Forestry & Conservation, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sandy M Smith
- Institute of Forestry & Conservation, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy D Allison
- Institute of Forestry & Conservation, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada – Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- African Centre of Chemical Ecology, Innovation Africa at University of Pretoria, UP Hillcrest Experimental Farm, Pretoria, South Africa
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López-Rojas JJ, Villegas DA, Prieto HJP, Garcia-Grandez KE, Aguirre-Gil OJ. New report of Cerambycidae beetles captured using synthetic pheromones in Alto Mayo, Peru: Filling gap. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2025; 97:e20240874. [PMID: 40105592 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202520240874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 12/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2025] Open
Abstract
We report the capture of several new species of longhorn beetles from Peruvian fauna using synthetic pheromones, syn-2,3-hexanediol, fuscumol, and fuscumol acetate. A total of seven species of longhorn beetles from the subfamily Lamiinae were captured. These longhorn beetles were distributed into the following tribes and species: Acanthocinini (Hylettus spilotus, Leptostylus sp., Nealcidion emeritum, and Paroecus charpentierae), Acanthoderini (Oreodera bituberculata), Colobotheini (Colobothea osculatii), and Compsosomatini (Aerenea brunnea). All specimens were captured in traps baited with fuscumol, either alone or in blend. Our findings suggest that blends of pheromones containing fuscumol are crucial for monitoring potential invasive species in new agricultural and forestry environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon Jairo López-Rojas
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Facultad de Ecología, Prolongación 20 de abril, s/n, 22201 Moyobamba, Peru
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, Salobrinho, 45650-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - David A Villegas
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Facultad de Ecología, Prolongación 20 de abril, s/n, 22201 Moyobamba, Peru
| | - Harley Junior P Prieto
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Facultad de Ecología, Prolongación 20 de abril, s/n, 22201 Moyobamba, Peru
| | | | - Oniel Jeremias Aguirre-Gil
- Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Facultad de Ecología, Prolongación 20 de abril, s/n, 22201 Moyobamba, Peru
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Allison JD, Guignard Q, Ochoa I, Sousa E, Bonifacio L. Asymmetric semiochemical-mediated interactions of Monochamus spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and associated bark beetles in Portugal and Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2025; 54:46-53. [PMID: 39484993 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/17/2024] [Indexed: 11/03/2024]
Abstract
Some coniferophagous bark and woodboring beetles overlap spatially and temporally in host trees. These larval interactions have been classified as competitive and predatory in favor of the larger and more mobile woodborer larvae. In some bark beetles, larval traits have been reported that facilitate evasion of woodborer larvae. Both bark beetles and woodborers mediate mating on host material with volatile pheromones. Although it is known that some woodborers eavesdrop on bark beetle aggregation pheromones to facilitate host location, it is not known what effect woodborer pheromones have on bark beetles. The pheromone monochamol is used by most Monochamus spp. Dejean and coniferophagous species from this genus co-occur with bark beetles in host tissues. Because of the negative consequences these larval interactions have for bark beetles, we hypothesized that the woodborer pheromone monochamol would inhibit captures of sympatric and synchronic bark beetles to intercept traps baited with their aggregation pheromones and host volatiles. We tested this hypothesis in 2 systems, 1 in Ontario, Canada, and another in Setúbal, Portugal with field trapping experiments. Trap captures of Ips sexdentatus (Boerner) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) (2 bark beetle species captured in Portugal), and Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) (1 bark beetle species captured in Canada) were reduced by the presence of monochamol. These results suggest that an additional evasion mechanism in some bark beetles is the detection of the woodborer pheromone monochamol and subsequent reduced response to aggregation pheromone and host volatiles in the presence of this woodborer pheromone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Allison
- Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - Quentin Guignard
- Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Ochoa
- Natural Resources Canada-Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - Edmundo Sousa
- INIAV IP, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT - Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luis Bonifacio
- INIAV IP, Avenida da República, Quinta do Marquês, Oeiras, Portugal
- GREEN-IT - Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
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5
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Andrade SMM, Guignard Q, Smith SM, Allison JD. Confirmation that Monochamol is a Male Produced Aggregation-Sex Pheromone for Monochamus maculosus Haldeman (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:409-418. [PMID: 39088150 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01530-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The recognition of cerambycids as frequent and damaging invaders led to an increase in the interest in the chemical ecology of the group with the identification of pheromones and pheromone-like attractants for well over 100 species. Pheromone components of the Cerambycidae are often phylogenetically conserved, with a single compound serving as a pheromone component for several related species. In the subfamily Lamiinae, the compound 2-(undecyloxy)ethanol (monochamol) has been identified as an aggregation-sex pheromone for several species of the genus Monochamus. In other species, including Monochamus maculosus Haldeman, field trials have demonstrated that monochamol is a pheromone attractant, but at that point it was still unknown as to whether it was a pheromone for this species. Here we report the identification, and laboratory and field trials of a pheromone component produced by adult male M. maculosus. Chemical analyses of headspace volatile collections sampled from field collected beetles of both sexes revealed the presence of one male-specific compound that was identified as 2-(undecyloxy)ethanol. Electroantennography analyses showed that monochamol elicited responses from the antennae of female beetles. Traps baited with monochamol in the field captured M. maculosus adults of both sexes corroborating the identification of monochamol as the sex-aggregation pheromone of this species. The attractivity of monochamol to adult M. maculosus in our field trapping experiment was synergized by the addition of the host volatile α-pinene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara M M Andrade
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada - Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Forestry & Conservation, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Quentin Guignard
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada - Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- African Centre of Chemical Ecology, Innovation Africa at University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sandy M Smith
- Institute of Forestry & Conservation, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy D Allison
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada - Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
- Institute of Forestry & Conservation, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- African Centre of Chemical Ecology, Innovation Africa at University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Röpke R, Millar JG, Halloran S, Ginzel MD, Tobin KN, Grommes AC, Hanks LM. (1R,4R)-Quercivorol, a Male-Produced Aggregation-Sex Pheromone of the Beetle Elytrimitatrix undata (F.) (Coleoptera: Disteniidae). J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:363-368. [PMID: 37085723 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The beetle family Disteniidae is currently considered to be closely related to the much larger family Cerambycidae, the longhorned beetles. The 300 + species of disteniids are mostly native to tropical and subtropical regions, with the only described North American species north of Mexico being Elytrimitatrix undata (F.). Here we describe the identification and field testing of (1R,4R)-quercivorol as a male-produced aggregation-sex pheromone component for E. undata. This is the first pheromone identified for any species within the family Disteniidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Röpke
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- TU Braunschweig, Workgroup Stefan Schulz, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Sean Halloran
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Matthew D Ginzel
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Kelsey N Tobin
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Anna C Grommes
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Corteva Agriscience, 7300 NW 62nd Ave., PO Box 1004, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Queffelec J, Sullivan B, Mckenney JL, Allison JD. No Evidence of Responding Individuals Constraining the Evolution of the Pheromone Signal in the Pine Engraver Ips avulsus. J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:11-17. [PMID: 36495363 PMCID: PMC9941236 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemical signals are important mediators of interactions within forest ecosystems. In insects, pheromone signals mediate intraspecific interactions such as mate location and acceptance. The evolution of pheromones in insects has been mostly studied from a theoretical perspective in the Lepidoptera. With this study, we aimed to broaden our understanding of pheromone communication in bark beetles. We first demonstrated that the enantiomeric ratios of ipsdienol produced by male I. avulsus, showed little variation. Subsequently, with field trapping trials we characterized the influence of the enantiomeric ratio of ipsdienol (pheromone component of I. avulsus) on I. avulsus captures and observed a great amount of variation in the receiver preference function. Most importantly, we demonstrated that responding individuals responded indiscriminately to all the enantiomeric ratios produced by the emitting individuals. These observations are consistent with the asymmetric tracking model which postulates that if the limiting sex is the emitting sex, responding individuals should not discriminate between emitted ratios. Consequently, responding individuals do not constrain the evolution of the signal. Our data suggest that, in I. avulsus, the composition of the aggregation pheromone signal might be more responsive to external selection forces, such as predation and metabolic constraints, as suggested by the asymmetric tracking model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joséphine Queffelec
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, P6A2E5, Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada.
| | - Brian Sullivan
- U.S. Forest Service, USDA, Southern Research Station, Pineville, USA
| | | | - Jeremy D Allison
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen Street East, P6A2E5, Sault Ste. Marie, ON Canada ,Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa ,Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
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The Effect of Trap Color on Catches of Monochamus galloprovincialis and Three Most Numerous Non-Target Insect Species. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030220. [PMID: 35323518 PMCID: PMC8956112 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The pine sawyer, Monochamus galloprovincialis, is a longhorned beetle widespread in Europe. It develops in severely weakened, dying, or recently dead pine trees. The importance of M. galloprovincialis has increased since it was shown to be a vector of the alien and invasive pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which can kill pines within a year. Pheromone traps are the most useful tools for monitoring M. galloprovincialis. While black traps are most commonly used, the objective of our studies was to test the attractiveness of different colors to immature and mature M. galloprovincialis and three non-target species. The results could be useful in selecting an optimal color that is attractive to M. galloprovincialis, but minimizes bycatch of non-target insects. A total of twenty colors were tested, including nine colors tested in the field, using cross-vane traps. The unpainted white traps were found to be most attractive to M. galloprovincialis and can be used to increase catches of this insect. However, the predatory beetles Thanasimus spp. responded to the trap color in the same way as M. galloprovincialis; therefore, either trap design or lure composition should be modified to reduce the impact on these beneficial insects. Abstract Black pheromone-baited traps are commonly used for monitoring Monochamus galloprovincialis, a vector of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, although few studies have been conducted on its response to color (black, white, and clear). The objective of our studies was to evaluate the attractiveness of different colors to M. galloprovincialis and non-target species: Spondylis buprestoides and predatory Thanasimus formicarius and T. femoralis. Laboratory tests of fifteen colors against immature and mature M. galloprovincialis revealed some differences in their color preference. In two field tests, eight colors of coroplast vanes in cross-vane traps were compared with unpainted white (a reference (RF)). The first test confirmed the laboratory results, i.e., RF was slightly more attractive to M. galloprovincialis than pastel yellow, reseda green, and cyan blue, but trap color had no significant effect on any of the insect species studied. In the second test, the attractiveness of RF was highest and significantly different from pure white (for all four species), light blue, and pine green (except S. buprestoides). Overall, the unpainted white traps appeared to be most effective in catching M. galloprovincialis. Thanasimus spp. responded to the colors similarly to M. galloprovincialis; therefore, either trap design or lure composition should be modified to reduce their catches.
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Marchioro M, Rassati D, Faccoli M, Van Rooyen K, Kostanowicz C, Webster V, Mayo P, Sweeney J. Maximizing Bark and Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Catches in Trapping Surveys for Longhorn and Jewel Beetles. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:2745-2757. [PMID: 32964240 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bark and ambrosia beetles are commonly moved among continents within timber and fresh wood-packaging materials. Routine visual inspections of imported commodities are often complemented with baited traps set up in natural areas surrounding entry points. Given that these activities can be expensive, trapping protocols that attract multiple species simultaneously are needed. Here we investigated whether trapping protocols commonly used to detect longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) can be exploited also for detecting bark and ambrosia beetles. In factorial experiments conducted in 2016 both in Italy (seminatural and reforested forests) and Canada (mixed forest) we tested the effect of trap color (green vs purple), trap height (understory vs canopy), and attractive blend (hardwood-blend developed for broadleaf-associated wood-boring beetles vs ethanol in Italy; hardwood-blend vs softwood-blend developed for conifer-associated wood-boring beetles, in Canada) separately on bark beetles and ambrosia beetles, as well as on individual bark and ambrosia beetle species. Trap color affected catch of ambrosia beetles more so than bark beetles, with purple traps generally more attractive than green traps. Trap height affected both beetle groups, with understory traps generally performing better than canopy traps. Hardwood-blend and ethanol performed almost equally in attracting ambrosia beetles in Italy, whereas hardwood-blend and softwood-blend were more attractive to broadleaf-associated species and conifer-associated species, respectively, in Canada. In general, we showed that trapping variables suitable for generic surveillance of longhorn and jewel beetles may also be exploited for survey of bark and ambrosia beetles, but trapping protocols must be adjusted depending on the forest type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Marchioro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Davide Rassati
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Massimo Faccoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Kate Van Rooyen
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Chantelle Kostanowicz
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Vincent Webster
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Peter Mayo
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jon Sweeney
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service - Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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Effect of Trap Color on Captures of Bark-and Wood-Boring Beetles (Coleoptera; Buprestidae and Scolytinae) and Associated Predators. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110749. [PMID: 33143221 PMCID: PMC7694114 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Several wood-associated insects are inadvertently introduced every year within wood-packaging materials used in international trade. These insects can cause impressive economic and ecological damage in the invaded environment. Thus, several countries use traps baited with pheromones and plant volatiles at ports of entry and surrounding natural areas to intercept incoming exotic species soon after their arrival and thereby reduce the likelihood of their establishment. In this study, we investigated the performance of eight trap colors in attracting jewel beetles and bark and ambrosia beetles to test if the trap colors currently used in survey programs worldwide are the most efficient for trapping these potential forest pests. In addition, we tested whether trap colors can be exploited to minimize inadvertent removal of their natural enemies. Our results confirmed that trap color strongly affects trapping performance. Overall, the trap colors currently adopted in most survey programs (i.e., green and black) are efficient only for certain beetle species, therefore there is a clear need to use additional trap colors to increase the range of species that can be effectively attracted. Moreover, we confirmed that many predators exploit the same visual cues as their preys, and thus trap color cannot be used as a variable to minimize bycatch. Abstract Traps baited with attractive lures are increasingly used at entry-points and surrounding natural areas to intercept exotic wood-boring beetles accidentally introduced via international trade. Several trapping variables can affect the efficacy of this activity, including trap color. In this study, we tested whether species richness and abundance of jewel beetles (Buprestidae), bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae), and their common predators (i.e., checkered beetles, Cleridae) can be modified using trap colors different to those currently used for surveillance of jewel beetles and bark and ambrosia beetles (i.e., green or black). We show that green and black traps are generally efficient, but also that many flower-visiting or dark-metallic colored jewel beetles and certain bark beetles are more attracted by other colors. In addition, we show that checkered beetles have color preferences similar to those of their Scolytinae preys, which limits using trap color to minimize their inadvertent removal. Overall, this study confirmed that understanding the color perception mechanisms in wood-boring beetles can lead to important improvements in trapping techniques and thereby increase the efficacy of surveillance programs.
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Impact of Horizontal Edge-Interior and Vertical Canopy-Understory Gradients on the Abundance and Diversity of Bark and Woodboring Beetles in Survey Traps. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090573. [PMID: 32858948 PMCID: PMC7564748 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Traps baited with sex attractants and plant odors are used by regulatory agencies to survey for alien invasive forest insects that may arrive via importation of goods from overseas. The performance of these surveys is affected not only by the type of traps and attractants used, but also by where the traps are placed at survey sites. We tested the effect of trap position along horizontal (relative to the forest edge) and vertical (canopy-understory) forest gradients on the diversity and abundance of species of bark and wood boring beetles detected. Both horizontal and vertical trap position affected trap performance, but trends differed among taxa and were context-dependent. For example, jewel beetles were detected mainly in canopy traps regardless of horizontal position, whereas bark and ambrosia beetles were detected mainly in understory traps placed along the forest edge. For optimal early detection of potentially invasive bark and wood boring beetles, surveys should place traps at multiple locations along horizontal and vertical gradients. Abstract Semiochemical-baited intercept traps are important tools used to collect information about the presence/absence and population dynamics of forest insects. The performance of these tools is influenced by trap location along both horizontal edge–interior and vertical understory–canopy gradients. Consequently, the development of survey and detection programs requires both the development of effective traps and semiochemical lures but also deployment protocols to guide their use. We used field trapping experiments to examine the impact of both horizontal edge–interior and vertical understory–canopy gradients and their interactions with the species richness and abundance of Buprestidae, Cerambycidae and Curculionidae. Both gradients had significant effects on the diversity and abundance of all three families collected in traps and the pattern of gradient effects differed between the two experiments. In the first experiment, traps were deployed along transects involving large (>100 m) forest gaps and in the second experiment traps transected small (ca. 15 m) forest gaps. These results were consistent with the idea that gradient effects on the abundance and diversity of these three families of forest Coleoptera are context dependent. The results of this study suggest that monitoring programs for bark and woodboring beetles should deploy traps at multiple locations along both vertical understory–canopy and horizontal edge–interior gradients.
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Optimizing Trap Characteristics to Monitor the Leaffooted Bug Leptoglossus zonatus (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in Orchards. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11060358. [PMID: 32526906 PMCID: PMC7349340 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The leaffooted bug, Leptoglossuszonatus (Heteroptera: Coreidae), has become a key pest of almonds, pistachios, and pomegranates in California. Adults and nymphs directly feed on nuts and fruits, which reduces crop yield and quality and can facilitate pathogen infections. Current monitoring strategies require growers to actively sample the tree canopy, with no economic thresholds being developed for this pest. To improve monitoring of L.zonatus, a three-year study was conducted to identify an optimal trap. A hanging cross-vane panel trap was identified as the best trap type in Year 1, and subsequent work in Years 1–3 focused on refining its use by modifying surface texture and color. Results indicated that coating trap surfaces with the lubricant fluon improved trap catching ability, and adults were most frequently recovered in yellow traps. A hanging cross-vane panel trap with these features could serve as the basis for the development of a new monitoring system for this pest in orchards, which could be improved further if semiochemical lures will be developed.
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Hughes GP, Meier LR, Zou Y, Millar JG, Hanks LM, Ginzel MD. Stereochemistry of Fuscumol and Fuscumol Acetate Influences Attraction of Longhorned Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) of the Subfamily Lamiinae. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:1271-1275. [PMID: 27523086 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structures of aggregation-sex pheromones of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are often conserved among closely related taxa. In the subfamily Lamiinae, adult males and females of several species are attracted by racemic blends of (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-ol (termed fuscumol) and the structurally related (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-yl acetate (fuscumol acetate). Both compounds have a chiral center, so each can exist in two enantiomeric forms. Males of many species of longhorned beetles only produce one stereoisomer of each pheromone component, and attraction may be reduced by the presence of stereoisomers that are not produced by a particular species. In a previous publication, analysis of headspace volatiles of adult beetles of the lamiine species Astyleiopus variegatus (Haldeman) revealed that males sex-specifically produced (S)-fuscumol and (S)-fuscumol acetate. Here, we describe field trials which tested attraction of this species to single enantiomers of fuscumol and fuscumol acetate, or to blends of enantiomers. We confirmed attraction of A. variegatus to its species-specific blend, but during the course of the trials, found that several other species also were attracted. These included Aegomorphus modestus (Gyllenhall), attracted to (S)-fuscumol acetate; Astylidius parvus (LeConte), attracted to (R)-fuscumol; Astylopsis macula (Say), attracted to (S)-fuscumol; and Graphisurus fasciatus (DeGeer), attracted to a blend of (R)-fuscumol and (R)-fuscumol acetate. These results suggest that chirality may be important in the pheromone chemistry of lamiines, and that specific stereoisomers or mixtures of stereoisomers are likely produced by each species.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Hughes
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907 (; )
| | - L R Meier
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 (; )
| | - Y Zou
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 (; )
| | - J G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 (; )
| | - L M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 (; )
| | - M D Ginzel
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907 (; )
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Hanks LM, Millar JG. Sex and Aggregation-Sex Pheromones of Cerambycid Beetles: Basic Science and Practical Applications. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:631-54. [PMID: 27501814 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research since 2004 has shown that the use of volatile attractants and pheromones is widespread in the large beetle family Cerambycidae, with pheromones now identified from more than 100 species, and likely pheromones for many more. The pheromones identified to date from species in the subfamilies Cerambycinae, Spondylidinae, and Lamiinae are all male-produced aggregation-sex pheromones that attract both sexes, whereas all known examples for species in the subfamilies Prioninae and Lepturinae are female-produced sex pheromones that attract only males. Here, we summarize the chemistry of the known pheromones, and the optimal methods for their collection, analysis, and synthesis. Attraction of cerambycids to host plant volatiles, interactions between their pheromones and host plant volatiles, and the implications of pheromone chemistry for invasion biology are discussed. We also describe optimized traps, lures, and operational parameters for practical applications of the pheromones in detection, sampling, and management of cerambycids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Departments of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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