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Curkovic T, Arraztio D, Huerta A, Rebolledo R, Cheuquel A, Contreras A, Millar JG. Generic Pheromones Identified from Northern Hemisphere Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) Are Attractive to Native Longhorn Beetles from Central-Southern Chile. INSECTS 2022; 13:1067. [PMID: 36421970 PMCID: PMC9695304 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We conducted field bioassays with several known cerambycid pheromones in two zones of central-southern Chile: (1) Las Trancas (Ñuble region) and Coñaripe (Los Rios region) (Study 1) and (2) Rucamanque and Maquehue (La Araucania region) (Study 2). Up to eight compounds were tested individually, including 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone, (2R*,3S*)- and (2R*,3R*)-2,3-hexanediol, fuscumol, fuscumol acetate, monochamol, 2-methylbutanol, and geranylacetone. Compounds were loaded in plastic sachets placed in either multiple funnel or cross-vane panel traps hung in trees in a randomized block design (n = 3 or 4). The number of treatments and bioassay periods varied depending on the study. A total of 578 specimens belonging to 11 native species were collected, with the three captured in the highest numbers being Eryphus laetus (292 specimens), Calydon submetallicum (n = 234), and Chenoderus testaceus (n = 20). The three species are of economic importance: E. laetus is considered a minor pest in apple orchards, and the other two species infest Nothophagus hosts, including some timber species. Traps baited with 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone collected significant numbers of both sexes of the two most abundant species, and this compound was the only treatment that attracted C. submetallicum. (2R*,3R*)- and (2R*,3S*)-2,3-Hexanediols were also significantly attractive to E. laetus. Our results suggested that 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone and 2,3-hexanediols, which are known pheromone components of cerambycid species worldwide, are also likely to be conserved aggregation pheromone components among some species in western South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Curkovic
- Facultad de Cs. Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 1004, Chile
| | - Diego Arraztio
- Facultad de Cs. Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 1004, Chile
| | - Amanda Huerta
- Facultad de Cs. Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 9206, Chile
| | - Ramón Rebolledo
- Facultad de Cs. Agrícolas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco P.O. Box 54-D, Chile
| | - Arly Cheuquel
- Facultad de Cs. Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 1004, Chile
| | - Américo Contreras
- Facultad de Cs. Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago P.O. Box 1004, Chile
| | - Jocelyn G. Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92506, USA
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Silva WD, Hanks LM, Bento JMS, Millar JG. 3-Hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-Methylthiopropan-1-ol as Pheromone Candidates for the South American Cerambycid Beetles Stizocera phtisica and Chydarteres dimidiatus dimidiatus, and Six Related Species. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:941-949. [PMID: 34532812 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we study the pheromone chemistry of two South American cerambycid beetle species, and their behavioral responses to candidate pheromone components. Adult males of Stizocera phtisica Gounelle (subfamily Cerambycinae: tribe Elaphidiini) produced a sex-specific blend of (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one with lesser amounts of 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol. In field bioassays, traps baited with racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol did not catch conspecific beetles, but did catch both sexes of a sympatric species, Chydarteres dimidiatus dimidiatus (F.) (Cerambycinae: Trachyderini). We found that males of this species also produce (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol, and small amounts of 2-phenylethanol. Subsequent bioassays with these compounds showed that a blend of 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and 3-methylthiopropan-1-ol constitutes the aggregation-sex pheromone of C. d. dimidiatus, with 2-phenylethanol not influencing the attraction of conspecifics. During the field bioassays, six other species in the Cerambycinae also were caught in significant numbers, including Aglaoschema ventrale (Germar) (tribe Compsocerini), congeners Chrysoprasis aurigena (Germar), Chrysoprasis linearis Bates, and an unidentified Chrysoprasis species (Dichophyiini), and Cotyclytus curvatus (Germar) and Itaclytus olivaceus (Laporte & Gory) (both Clytini), suggesting that one or more of the compounds tested are also pheromone components for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weliton D Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418900, Brazil.
| | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - José Mauricio S Bento
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418900, Brazil
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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Rassati D, Marchioro M, Flaherty L, Poloni R, Edwards S, Faccoli M, Sweeney J. Response of native and exotic longhorn beetles to common pheromone components provides partial support for the pheromone-free space hypothesis. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:793-810. [PMID: 32293107 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Longhorn beetles are among the most important groups of invasive forest insects worldwide. In parallel, they represent one of the most well-studied insect groups in terms of chemical ecology. Longhorn beetle aggregation-sex pheromones are commonly used as trap lures for specific and generic surveillance programs at points of entry and may play a key role in determining the success or failure of exotic species establishment. An exotic species might be more likely to establish in a novel habitat if it relies on a pheromone channel that is different to that of native species active at the same time of year and day, allowing for unhindered mate location (i.e., pheromone-free space hypothesis). In this study, we first tested the attractiveness of single pheromone components (i.e., racemic 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one, racemic 3-hydroxyoctan-2-one, and syn-2,3-hexanediol), and their binary and tertiary combinations, to native and exotic longhorn beetle species in Canada and Italy. Second, we exploited trap catches to determine their seasonal flight activity. Third, we used pheromone-baited "timer traps" to determine longhorn beetle daily flight activity. The response to single pheromones and their combinations was mostly species specific but the combination of more than one pheromone component allowed catch of multiple species simultaneously in Italy. The response of the exotic species to pheromone components, coupled with results on seasonal and daily flight activity, provided partial support for the pheromone-free space hypothesis. This study aids in the understanding of longhorn beetle chemical ecology and confirms that pheromones can play a key role in longhorn beetle invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Rassati
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Marchioro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Leah Flaherty
- Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Sara Edwards
- Forest Protection Limited, Fredericton International Airport, Lincoln, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Massimo Faccoli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Jon Sweeney
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service-Atlantic Forestry Centre, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
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Silva WD, Hanks LM, Alvarez JCS, Madalon FZ, Bento JMS, Bello JE, Millar JG. Variations on a Theme: Two Structural Motifs Create Species-Specific Pheromone Channels for Multiple Species of South American Cerambycid Beetles. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11040222. [PMID: 32252447 PMCID: PMC7240461 DOI: 10.3390/insects11040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the identification, synthesis, and field-testing of aggregation-sex pheromones, or likely pheromone candidates, of seven species of South American cerambycid beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae, of the tribes Eburiini and Neoibidionini. Analyses of extracts of volatiles released by adult males revealed that Eburodacrys dubitata White produce 11-methyltridecanal, whereas the males of Eburodacrys assimilis Gounelle, Eburodacrys flexuosa Gounelle, and Eburodacrys lenkoi Napp and Martins produce blends of this compound, along with its analog 10-methyldodecanal. In contrast, males of Compsibidion graphicum (Thomson) and Compsibidion sommeri (Thomson) produce blends of 10-methyldodecanal and its corresponding alcohol 10-methyldodecanol. The results from field bioassays with synthetic compounds showed that each species was specifically attracted to traps containing their reconstructed pheromone blend. However, E. assimilis was not trapped, possibly due to inhibition by non-natural enantiomers in the racemic test compounds. During the trials for the Compsibidion species, adults of another cerambycid species, Tetraopidion mucoriferum (Thomson), were captured in significant numbers in traps baited with 10-methyldodecanol, suggesting that this compound is a pheromone component for this species. This study demonstrates another case of conservation of pheromone structures within South American cerambycid species. It also highlights how blends of closely related structures, differing only in chain length or functional group, make the evolution of species-specific pheromone channels possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weliton D. Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (W.D.S.); (J.G.M.)
| | - Lawrence M. Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Fernando Z. Madalon
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900, Brazil
| | - José Maurício S. Bento
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418900, Brazil
| | - Jan E. Bello
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jocelyn G. Millar
- Departments of Entomology and Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Correspondence: (W.D.S.); (J.G.M.)
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Eliott M, Lawson S, Hayes A, Debuse V, York A, Lewis T. The response of cerambycid beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to long-term fire frequency regimes in subtropical eucalypt forest. AUSTRAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Eliott
- School of Science; Faculty of Science, Health, Education & Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; 90 Sippy Downs Dr Sippy Downs Queensland 4556 Australia
| | - Simon Lawson
- Forest Industries Research Centre; University of the Sunshine Coast; Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries; Forest Industries Research Centre; Ecosciences Precinct; Dutton Park Queensland Australia
| | - Andrew Hayes
- Forest Industries Research Centre; University of the Sunshine Coast; Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries; Forest Industries Research Centre; Ecosciences Precinct; Dutton Park Queensland Australia
| | - Valerie Debuse
- Forest Industries Research Centre; University of the Sunshine Coast; Sippy Downs Queensland Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries; Forest Industries Research Centre; Ecosciences Precinct; Dutton Park Queensland Australia
| | - Alan York
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences; University of Melbourne; Creswick Victoria Australia
| | - Tom Lewis
- School of Science; Faculty of Science, Health, Education & Engineering; University of the Sunshine Coast; 90 Sippy Downs Dr Sippy Downs Queensland 4556 Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries; Forest Industries Research Centre; Ecosciences Precinct; Dutton Park Queensland Australia
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Collignon RM, Cale JA, McElfresh JS, Millar JG. Effects of Pheromone Dose and Conspecific Density on the Use of Aggregation-Sex Pheromones by the Longhorn Beetle Phymatodes grandis and Sympatric Species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:217-226. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Halloran ST, Collignon RM, McElfresh JS, Millar JG. Fuscumol and Geranylacetone as Pheromone Components of Californian Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the Subfamily Spondylidinae. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:1300-1305. [PMID: 29986003 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In field trials testing attraction of cerambycid beetles to a blend of known pheromone components plus host plant volatiles, several species in the subfamily Spondylidinae were attracted to baited traps, suggesting that one or more components of the blend might constitute their pheromones. Here, we describe laboratory and field experiments aimed at identifying the actual pheromone components produced by these species. Analysis of headspace odors collected from male Tetropium abietis (Fall) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) contained (S)-fuscumol as a single component, whereas Asemum nitidum (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) males produced both (S)-fuscumol and geranylacetone, and Asemum caseyi (Linsley) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) produced only geranylacetone. In field trials testing fuscumol, fuscumol acetate, and geranylacetone as individual components or in blends, in combination with host plant volatiles, A. nitidum were attracted to blends of fuscumol and geranylacetone, T. abietis were attracted to fuscumol alone, and A. caseyi were attracted to geranylacetone alone. Fuscumol acetate did not appear to be either attractive or inhibitory. These results, along with previous catches of spondylidine species in traps baited with fuscumol, provide evidence that fuscumol and geranylacetone are likely to be relatively common pheromone structures for species in the subfamily Spondylidinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean T Halloran
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | | | | | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
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Millar JG, Mitchell RF, Mongold-Diers JA, Zou Y, Bográn CE, Fierke MK, Ginzel MD, Johnson CW, Meeker JR, Poland TM, Ragenovich I, Hanks LM. Identifying Possible Pheromones of Cerambycid Beetles by Field Testing Known Pheromone Components in Four Widely Separated Regions of the United States. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 111:252-259. [PMID: 29228303 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The pheromone components of many cerambycid beetles appear to be broadly shared among related species, including species native to different regions of the world. This apparent conservation of pheromone structures within the family suggests that field trials of common pheromone components could be used as a means of attracting multiple species, which then could be targeted for full identification of their pheromones. Here, we describe the results of such field trials that were conducted in nine states in the northeastern, midwestern, southern, and western United States. Traps captured 12,742 cerambycid beetles of 153 species and subspecies. Species attracted in significant numbers to a particular treatment (some in multiple regions) included 19 species in the subfamily Cerambycinae, 15 species in the Lamiinae, one species in the Prioninae, and two species in the Spondylidinae. Pheromones or likely pheromones for many of these species, such as 3-hydroxyhexan-2-one and syn- and anti-2,3-hexanediols for cerambycine species, and fuscumol and/or fuscumol acetate for lamiine species, had already been identified. New information about attractants (in most cases likely pheromone components) was found for five cerambycine species (Ancylocera bicolor [Olivier], Elaphidion mucronatum [Say], Knulliana cincta cincta [Drury], Phymatodes aeneus LeConte, and Rusticoclytus annosus emotus [Brown]), and five lamiine species (Ecyrus dasycerus dasycerus [Say], Lepturges symmetricus [Haldeman], Sternidius misellus [LeConte], Styloleptus biustus biustus [LeConte], and Urgleptes signatus [LeConte]). Consistent attraction of some species to the same compounds in independent bioassays demonstrated the utility and reliability of pheromone-based methods for sampling cerambycid populations across broad spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Robert F Mitchell
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | - Yunfan Zou
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | | | - Melissa K Fierke
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
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Wong JCH, Meier LR, Zou Y, Mongold-Diers JA, Hanks LM. Evaluation of Methods Used in Testing Attraction of Cerambycid Beetles to Pheromone-Baited Traps. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:2269-2274. [PMID: 28961893 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we describe several field experiments that evaluated potential problems with current methods of trapping cerambycid beetles using panel traps baited with synthesized pheromones. Positioning traps at least 5 m apart in linear transects was effective in preventing unbaited traps from intercepting beetles that were flying to baited traps, which would result in interference between treatments. There was no evidence that traps baited with a strong attractant drew beetles away from traps baited with weaker attractants, which would lead to the erroneous conclusion that the latter have no activity. Unbaited panel traps were minimally attractive to cerambycid beetles, and unlikely to intercept them passively in flight. Finally, dose-response experiments revealed that trap catch of cerambycids was positively associated with pheromone release rates. Overall, our results generally validated current methods of trapping cerambycids using traps baited with pheromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C H Wong
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Linnea R Meier
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Yunfan Zou
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | | | - Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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The Rare North American Cerambycid Beetle Dryobius sexnotatus Shares a Novel Pyrrole Pheromone Component with Species in Asia and South America. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:739-744. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Synergism between Enantiomers Creates Species-Specific Pheromone Blends and Minimizes Cross-Attraction for Two Species of Cerambycid Beetles. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:1181-1192. [PMID: 27771798 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0782-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Research over the last decade has revealed extensive parsimony among pheromones within the large insect family Cerambycidae, with males of many species producing the same, or very similar aggregation pheromones. Among some species in the subfamily Cerambycinae, interspecific attraction is minimized by temporal segregation, and/or by minor pheromone components that synergize attraction of conspecifics or inhibit attraction of heterospecifics. Less is known about pheromone-based mechanisms of reproductive isolation among species in the largest subfamily, the Lamiinae. Here, we present evidence that the pheromone systems of two sympatric lamiine species consist of synergistic blends of enantiomers of (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-ol (fuscumol) and the structurally related (E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-yl acetate (fuscumol acetate), as a mechanism by which species-specific blends of pheromone components can minimize interspecific attraction. Male Astylidius parvus (LeConte) were found to produce (R)- and (S)-fuscumol + (R)-fuscumol acetate + geranylacetone, whereas males of Lepturges angulatus (LeConte) produced (R)- and (S)-fuscumol acetate + geranylacetone. Field experiments confirmed that adult beetles were attracted only by their species-specific blend of the enantiomers of fuscumol and fuscumol acetate, respectively, and not to the individual enantiomers. Because other lamiine species are known to produce single enantiomers or blends of enantiomers of fuscumol and/or fuscumol acetate, synergism between enantiomers, or inhibition by enantiomers, may be a widespread mechanism for forming species-specific pheromone blends in this subfamily.
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Hanks LM, Millar JG. Sex and Aggregation-Sex Pheromones of Cerambycid Beetles: Basic Science and Practical Applications. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:631-54. [PMID: 27501814 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research since 2004 has shown that the use of volatile attractants and pheromones is widespread in the large beetle family Cerambycidae, with pheromones now identified from more than 100 species, and likely pheromones for many more. The pheromones identified to date from species in the subfamilies Cerambycinae, Spondylidinae, and Lamiinae are all male-produced aggregation-sex pheromones that attract both sexes, whereas all known examples for species in the subfamilies Prioninae and Lepturinae are female-produced sex pheromones that attract only males. Here, we summarize the chemistry of the known pheromones, and the optimal methods for their collection, analysis, and synthesis. Attraction of cerambycids to host plant volatiles, interactions between their pheromones and host plant volatiles, and the implications of pheromone chemistry for invasion biology are discussed. We also describe optimized traps, lures, and operational parameters for practical applications of the pheromones in detection, sampling, and management of cerambycids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Hanks
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Departments of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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