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Encerrado-Manriquez AM, Pouv AK, Fine JD, Nicklisch SCT. Enhancing knowledge of chemical exposures and fate in honey bee hives: Insights from colony structure and interactions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170193. [PMID: 38278225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Honey bees are unintentionally exposed to a wide range of chemicals through various routes in their natural environment, yet research on the cumulative effects of multi-chemical and sublethal exposures on important caste members, including the queen bee and brood, is still in its infancy. The hive's social structure and food-sharing (trophallaxis) practices are important aspects to consider when identifying primary and secondary exposure pathways for residential hive members and possible chemical reservoirs within the colony. Secondary exposures may also occur through chemical transfer (maternal offloading) to the brood and by contact through possible chemical diffusion from wax cells to all hive members. The lack of research on peer-to-peer exposures to contaminants and their metabolites may be in part due to the limitations in sensitive analytical techniques for monitoring chemical fate and dispersion. Combined application of automated honey bee monitoring and modern chemical trace analysis techniques could offer rapid progress in quantifying chemical transfer and accumulation within the hive environment and developing effective mitigation strategies for toxic chemical co-exposures. To enhance the understanding of chemical fate and toxicity within the entire colony, it is crucial to consider both the intricate interactions among hive members and the potential synergistic effects arising from combinations of chemical and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amara K Pouv
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Fisheries, Animal, and Veterinary Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Julia D Fine
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3026 Bee Biology Rd., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sascha C T Nicklisch
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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2
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DesJardins NS, Macias J, Soto Soto D, Harrison JF, Smith BH. 'Inert' co-formulants of a fungicide mediate acute effects on honey bee learning performance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19458. [PMID: 37945797 PMCID: PMC10636155 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Managed honey bees have experienced high rates of colony loss recently, with pesticide exposure as a major cause. While pesticides can be lethal at high doses, lower doses can produce sublethal effects, which may substantially weaken colonies. Impaired learning performance is a behavioral sublethal effect, and is often present in bees exposed to insecticides. However, the effects of other pesticides (such as fungicides) on honey bee learning are understudied, as are the effects of pesticide formulations versus active ingredients. Here, we investigated the effects of acute exposure to the fungicide formulation Pristine (active ingredients: 25.2% boscalid, 12.8% pyraclostrobin) on honey bee olfactory learning performance in the proboscis extension reflex (PER) assay. We also exposed a subset of bees to only the active ingredients to test which formulation component(s) were driving the learning effects. We found that the formulation produced negative effects on memory, but this effect was not present in bees fed only boscalid and pyraclostrobin. This suggests that the trade secret "other ingredients" in the formulation mediated the learning effects, either through exerting their own toxic effects or by increasing the toxicities of the active ingredients. These results show that pesticide co-formulants should not be assumed inert and should instead be included when assessing pesticide risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessalynn Macias
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jon F Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Brian H Smith
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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3
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Fine JD, Foster LJ, McAfee A. Indirect exposure to insect growth disruptors affects honey bee (Apis mellifera) reproductive behaviors and ovarian protein expression. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292176. [PMID: 37782633 PMCID: PMC10545116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticide exposure and queen loss are considered to be major causes of honey bee colony mortality, yet little is known regarding the effects of regularly encountered agrochemicals on honey bee reproduction. Here, we present the results of a two-generational study using specialized cages to expose queens to commonly used insect growth disrupting pesticides (IGDs) via their retinue of worker bees. Under IGD exposure, we tracked queen performance and worker responses to queens, then the performance of the exposed queens' offspring was assessed to identify patterns that may contribute to the long-term health and stability of a social insect colony. The positive control, novaluron, resulted in deformed larvae hatching from eggs laid by exposed queens, and methoxyfenozide, diflubenzuron, and novaluron caused a slight decrease in daily egg laying rates, but this was not reflected in the total egg production over the course of the experiment. Curiously, eggs laid by queens exposed to pyriproxyfen exhibited increased hatching rates, and those larvae developed into worker progeny with increased responsiveness to their queens. Additionally, pyriproxyfen and novaluron exposure affected the queen ovarian protein expression, with the overwhelming majority of differentially expressed proteins coming from the pyriproxyfen exposure. We discuss these results and the potential implications for honey bee reproduction and colony health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D. Fine
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Leonard J. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alison McAfee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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4
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Barbosa RS, Ribeiro F, Rotili EA, de Sousa Venega R, Dornelas ASP, Soares AMVM, Gravato C, Sarmento RA. Is Actara® a less toxic neonicotinoid formulation? A multigenerational study using the non-target organism Chironomus xanthus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:93779-93785. [PMID: 37516699 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28956-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids are highly consumed systemic insecticides that mimic acetylcholine (ACh) with a specific mode of action at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The insecticide Actara® (active ingredient thiamethoxam- TMX) is a commercial formulation widely used for the control of various agricultural pest species. However, negative effects of TMX have been observed in non-target organisms. This work aimed to evaluate the biological effects of the commercial formulation Actara® on the aquatic non-target and non-biting larvae of Chironomus xanthus (Diptera). The lethal (LC50) and sublethal (body length, head capsule width, cumulative emergence, and mean time to emergence-EmT50) effects were determined in two subsequent generations (P and F1). The estimated 48 h LC50 for C. xanthus larvae exposed to Actara® was 73.02 µg TMX/L. By looking at the sublethal effects of Actara on the life cycle parameters of C. xanthus, we determined that none of the concentrations used induced a significantly different response in the organisms, compared to the control treatment (NOEC > 2 µg TMX/L). However, the head capsule width in the parental (P) generation exposed to Actara (≥ 0.9 µg TMX/L) was significantly bigger than the head capsule width of control animals. Overall, our results highlight that, at environmentally relevant concentrations, the commercial formulation Actara® is non-toxic to C. xanthus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rone S Barbosa
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Universidade Federal Do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Gurupi, TO, 77402-970, Brasil.
| | - Fabianne Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal Do Tocantins, Campus de Gurupi, Gurupi, TO, 77402-970, Brasil
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
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5
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Straw EA, Thompson LJ, Leadbeater E, Brown MJF. 'Inert' ingredients are understudied, potentially dangerous to bees and deserve more research attention. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212353. [PMID: 35232234 PMCID: PMC8889201 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrochemical formulations are composed of two broad groups of chemicals: active ingredients, which confer pest control action, and 'inert' ingredients, which facilitate the action of the active ingredient. Most research into the effects of agrochemicals focusses on the effects of active ingredients. This reflects the assumption that 'inert' ingredients are non-toxic. A review of relevant research shows that for bees, this assumption is without empirical foundation. After conducting a systematic literature search, we found just 19 studies that tested the effects of 'inert' ingredients on bee health. In these studies, 'inert' ingredients were found to cause mortality in bees through multiple exposure routes, act synergistically with other stressors and cause colony level effects. This lack of research is compounded by a lack of diversity in study organism used. We argue that 'inert' ingredients have distinct, and poorly understood, ecological persistency profiles and toxicities, making research into their individual effects necessary. We highlight the lack of mitigation in place to protect bees from 'inert' ingredients and argue that research efforts should be redistributed to address the knowledge gap identified here. If so-called 'inert' ingredients are, in fact, detrimental to bee health, their potential role in widespread bee declines needs urgent assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A. Straw
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linzi J. Thompson
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ellouise Leadbeater
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Mark J. F. Brown
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences and the Environment, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
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Co-formulant in a commercial fungicide product causes lethal and sub-lethal effects in bumble bees. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21653. [PMID: 34741036 PMCID: PMC8571393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00919-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pollinators, particularly wild bees, are suffering declines across the globe, and pesticides are thought to be drivers of these declines. Research into, and regulation of pesticides has focused on the active ingredients, and their impact on bee health. In contrast, the additional components in pesticide formulations have been overlooked as potential threats. By testing an acute oral dose of the fungicide product Amistar, and equivalent doses of each individual co-formulant, we were able to measure the toxicity of the formulation and identify the ingredient responsible. We found that a co-formulant, alcohol ethoxylates, caused a range of damage to bumble bee health. Exposure to alcohol ethoxylates caused 30% mortality and a range of sublethal effects. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees consumed half as much sucrose as negative control bees over the course of the experiment and lost weight. Alcohol ethoxylates treated bees had significant melanisation of their midguts, evidence of gut damage. We suggest that this gut damage explains the reduction in appetite, weight loss and mortality, with bees dying from energy depletion. Our results demonstrate that sublethal impacts of pesticide formulations need to be considered during regulatory consideration, and that co-formulants can be more toxic than active ingredients.
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Agroecological Strategies to Safeguard Insect Pollinators in Biodiversity Hotspots: Chile as a Case Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Industrial agriculture (IA) has been recognized among the main drivers of biodiversity loss, climate change, and native pollinator decline. Here we summarize the known negative effects of IA on pollinator biodiversity and illustrate these problems by considering the case of Chile, a “world biodiversity hotspot” (WBH) where food exports account for a considerable share of the economy in this country. Most of Chile’s WBH area is currently being replaced by IA at a fast pace, threatening local biodiversity. We present an agroecological strategy for sustainable food production and pollinator conservation in food-producing WBHs. In this we recognize native pollinators as internal inputs that cannot be replaced by IA technological packages and support the development of agroecological and biodiversity restorative practices to protect biodiversity. We suggest four fundamental pillars for food production change based on: (1) sharing the land, restoring and protecting; (2) ecological intensification; (3) localized knowledge, research, and technological development; and (4) territorial planning and implementation of socio-agroecological policies. This approach does not need modification of native pollination services that sustain the world with food and basic subsistence goods, but a paradigm change where the interdependency of nature and human wellbeing must be recognized for ensuring the world’s food security and sovereignty.
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Wang K, Zhao L, Zhang C, Zhang H, Lian K. Determination of 12 insect growth regulator residues in foods of different matrixes by modified QuEChERS and UPLC-MS/MS. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12162-12171. [PMID: 35423783 PMCID: PMC8697085 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00046b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 12 insect growth regulators (IGRs) (buprofezin, cyantraniliprole, flubendiamide, flonicamid, tolfenpyrad, chlorantraniliprole, RH-5849, methoxyfenozide, chromafenozide, tebufenozide, pyriproxyfen and fenoxycarb) in foods collected from different matrixes by modified QuEChERS and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The samples were ultrasonically extracted with acetonitrile containing 0.5% formic acid, and different QuEChERS purification conditions were optimized for different matrixes (vegetable oil, fruit and tea). 12 IGRs were separated on a Plus C18 column, and detected by MS/MS under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The developed method was validated in terms of linearity, matrix effect, accuracy and precision. Acceptable recoveries of IGRs in three different substrates (vegetable oil, tea and fruit) at three spiked levels were in the range of 65.47-95.17%, 80.55-110.15%, and 62.02-96.50%, respectively, with RSDs less than 11.58%. The method showed a good linearity (R 2 ≥ 0.9994) for all analytes in the range of 0.2-200 μg L-1. The LODs (S/N = 3) and LOQs (S/N = 10) of the method were 0.04-0.40 μg kg-1, and 0.13-1.24 μg kg-1, respectively. Owing to the advantages of simple operation, high accuracy and sensitivity, this method is suitable for the rapid and simultaneous detection of 12 IGRs in vegetable oil, tea and fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shijiazhuang 050011 China
- Shijiazhuang Technology Innovation Center for Chemical Poison Detection and Risk Early Warning Shijiazhuang 050011 China
| | - Lingzhi Zhao
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shijiazhuang 050011 China
| | - Can Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shijiazhuang Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shijiazhuang 050011 China
- Shijiazhuang Technology Innovation Center for Chemical Poison Detection and Risk Early Warning Shijiazhuang 050011 China
| | - Kaoqi Lian
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University Shijiazhuang 050017 China
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9
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Balmer ME, Janser D, Schaller U, Krauss J, Geiser HC, Poiger T. Magnitude and decline of pesticide co-formulant residues in vegetables and fruits: results from field trials compared to estimated values. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:1187-1196. [PMID: 33037861 PMCID: PMC7894497 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of plant protection products (PPPs) leads to the formation of residues in treated crops. Even though PPPs contain considerable amounts of co-formulants, regulation and monitoring of residues normally focus on the active substances (a.s.) only. For our study we selected four commonly used co-formulants (three anionic surfactants and one organic solvent) and investigated the formation and decline of residues in vegetables and apples under field conditions. The aims were to characterize the behavior of co-formulant residues on crops and to provide a basis for future investigations on consumer exposure. RESULTS The development of robust and sensitive analytical methods allowed the quantification of residues in the low μg/kg-level. After treatment with PPPs, co-formulants were detected up to approximately 10 mg kg-1 in vegetables. In general, these residues declined fast with half-lives of a few days. Wash-off and volatilization were identified as important removal processes for anionic surfactants and the organic solvent, respectively. However, in specific crops (parsley and celery), organic solvent residues were still considerable (≈2 mg kg-1 ) 2 weeks after treatment. We further demonstrate that it is feasible to estimate co-formulant residues using publicly available data on pesticide a.s. CONCLUSION To date no information on co-formulant residues in food is available. The findings from our field trials, as well as the presented approach for the prediction of residues, provide key elements for future consideration of consumer exposure to PPP co-formulants. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Janser
- Agroscope, Plant Protection ChemistryWädenswilSwitzerland
| | | | - Jürgen Krauss
- Agroscope, Vegetable‐Production ExtensionWädenswilSwitzerland
| | - H Christoph Geiser
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office (FSVO)Toxicology and BiologyBernSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Poiger
- Agroscope, Plant Protection ChemistryWädenswilSwitzerland
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10
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Shah S, Ma M, Ali A, Kaya M, Li XG, Wu G, Yang FL. Effects of diallyl trisulfide, an active substance from garlic essential oil, on structural chemistry of chitin in Sitotroga cerealella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 172:104765. [PMID: 33518052 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental pollution, evolution of resistance, and risks to human and aquatic animal health associated with pesticide application have attracted much attention globally. Herein, we tested the capacity of diallyl trisulfide (DAT) from garlic essential oil to control the destructive stored-product pest, Sitotroga cerealella. The effects of DAT on the total content of cuticular chitin and structure of adults S. cerealella were evaluated. This study was the first to investigate changes in chitin structure in adults due to exposure to DAT through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results of these analyses revealed that the cuticular chitin content of pests decreased after DAT treatment. DAT treatment also reduced thermal stability and crystallinity of chitin. These findings indicate that DAT is a potent biopesticide that is active against the moth, and establishes the basis for its use as an IPM and alternative to chitin synthesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakhawat Shah
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Min Ma
- Institute of Disinfection and Vector Control, Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Agriculture, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Murat Kaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of science and Letters, Aksary University, Aksary, Turkey
| | - Xue-Gang Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Gang Wu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Feng-Lian Yang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
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11
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Fine JD. Evaluation and comparison of the effects of three insect growth regulators on honey bee queen oviposition and egg eclosion. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 205:111142. [PMID: 32829209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are highly valued pollinators that help to ensure national food security in the United States, but reports of heavy annual losses to managed colonies have caused concerns and prompted investigations into the causes of colony losses. One factor that can negatively affect honey bee health and survival is agrochemical exposure. Investigations into the sublethal effects of agrochemicals on important metrics of colony health such as reproduction and queen fecundity has been limited by the availability of targeted methods to study honey bee queens. This work investigates the effects of three insect growth regulators (IGR), a class of agrochemicals known to target pathways involved in insect reproduction, on honey bee queen oviposition, egg hatching, and worker hypopharyngeal development in order to quantify their effects on the fecundity of mated queens. The reported results demonstrate that none of the IGRs affected oviposition, but all three affected egg eclosion. Worker bees consuming methoxyfenozide had significantly larger hypopharyngeal glands at two weeks of age than bees not fed this compound. The results suggest that although IGRs may not exhibit direct toxic effects on adult honey bees, they can affect larval eclosion from eggs and the physiology of workers, which may contribute to colony population declines over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Fine
- Invasive Species and Pollinator Health Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3026 Bee Biology Rd., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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12
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Harwood GP, Dolezal AG. Pesticide-Virus Interactions in Honey Bees: Challenges and Opportunities for Understanding Drivers of Bee Declines. Viruses 2020; 12:E566. [PMID: 32455815 PMCID: PMC7291294 DOI: 10.3390/v12050566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Honey bees are key agricultural pollinators, but beekeepers continually suffer high annual colony losses owing to a number of environmental stressors, including inadequate nutrition, pressures from parasites and pathogens, and exposure to a wide variety of pesticides. In this review, we examine how two such stressors, pesticides and viruses, may interact in additive or synergistic ways to affect honey bee health. Despite what appears to be a straightforward comparison, there is a dearth of studies examining this issue likely owing to the complexity of such interactions. Such complexities include the wide array of pesticide chemical classes with different modes of actions, the coupling of many bee viruses with ectoparasitic Varroa mites, and the intricate social structure of honey bee colonies. Together, these issues pose a challenge to researchers examining the effects pesticide-virus interactions at both the individual and colony level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan P. Harwood
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
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13
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A modified QuEChERS/GC–MS for simultaneous determination of 16 pesticide adjuvant residues in fruits and vegetables. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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14
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Timoumi R, Buratti FM, Abid-Essefi S, Dorne JLCM, Testai E. Metabolism of triflumuron in the human liver: Contribution of cytochrome P450 isoforms and esterases. Toxicol Lett 2019; 312:173-180. [PMID: 31082524 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Triflumuron (TFM) is a benzoylurea insecticide commonly used in Tunisian agriculture and around the world to control crop pests and flies as a promising alternative to conventional insecticides for its arthropod specificity and low toxicity. From the evidence available in animal models, it can be expected that the metabolism of TFM is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) and esterases. However, no data are available on human metabolism of TFM with regards to phase I metabolism and CYP isoform specificity. Hence, this manuscript describes experimental investigations to underpin in vitro phase I TFM metabolism in human samples for the first time. TFM biotransformation by recombinant human CYPs was characterized, then human liver microsomes (HLM) and chemical specific inhibitors have been used to identify the relative contribution of CYPs and esterases. Our results showed that all CYP isoforms were able to metabolize TFM with different affinity and efficiency. The relative contribution based both on the kinetic parameters and the CYP hepatic content was 3A4 > >2C9 > 2C8 > 2A6 > 1A2 > 2B6 > 2D6 > 2C19 > 2C18 > 1A1 at low TFM concentration, whilst at high TFM concentration it was 1A2 > >2C9 = 3A4 = 2A6 > 2C19 > 2B6 = 2C8 > 2D6 > 1A1 > 2C18. Experiments with HLMs confirmed the involvement of the most relevant CYPs in the presence of specific chemical inhibitors with a catalytic efficiency (Cliapp) lower by an order of magnitude compared with recombinant enzymes. Esterases were also relevant to the overall TFM kinetics and metabolism, with catalytic efficiency higher than that of CYPs. It is foreseen that such isoform-specific information in humans will further support in silico models for the refinement of the human risk assessment of single pesticides or mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Timoumi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia; Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Taher Haddad 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Franca M Buratti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Roma, Italy.
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Jean-Lou C M Dorne
- EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Via Carlo Magno, 1A, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment & Health Dept., Viale Regina Elena, 299, Roma, Italy
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15
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Exploring an Odor-Baited "Trap Bush" Approach to Aggregate Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Injury in Blueberries. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10040113. [PMID: 31010251 PMCID: PMC6523388 DOI: 10.3390/insects10040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This 2-year study (2013-2014) assessed the efficacy of an odor-baited "trap bush" approach to aggregate plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, adult injury, i.e., number of oviposition-scared fruit, in four commercial highbush blueberry farms in New Jersey (USA). In each farm, we compared fruit injury in bushes baited with grandisoic acid and benzaldehyde along the perimeter of trap-bush plots versus unbaited bushes in control plots. We also measured the amount of fruit injury in neighboring bushes (i.e., spillover effect) and in the plots' interior. In both years, the amount of fruit injury by C. nenuphar adults was greater on and near odor-baited bushes in trap-bush plots compared with those on and near unbaited bushes in control plots, indicative of aggregation. Injury in unbaited bushes neighboring trap bushes was often greater than unbaited bushes in control plots, providing some evidence for a spillover effect. However, no difference in fruit injury was found between interior trap-bush and control plots. Therefore, odor-baited trap bushes can be used in blueberries to manipulate C. nenuphar foraging behavior, i.e., aggregate adults, without compromising injury in field interiors. Under this approach, insecticides could then be targeted at only a few (perimeter-row) bushes within fields rather than entire fields.
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16
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Fine JD, Shpigler HY, Ray AM, Beach NJ, Sankey AL, Cash-Ahmed A, Huang ZY, Astrauskaite I, Chao R, Zhao H, Robinson GE. Quantifying the effects of pollen nutrition on honey bee queen egg laying with a new laboratory system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203444. [PMID: 30183759 PMCID: PMC6124782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bee populations have been declining precipitously over the past decade, and multiple causative factors have been identified. Recent research indicates that these frequently co-occurring stressors interact, often in unpredictable ways, therefore it has become important to develop robust methods to assess their effects both in isolation and in combination. Most such efforts focus on honey bee workers, but the state of a colony also depends on the health and productivity of its queen. However, it is much more difficult to quantify the performance of queens relative to workers in the field, and there are no laboratory assays for queen performance. Here, we present a new system to monitor honey bee queen egg laying under laboratory conditions and report the results of experiments showing the effects of pollen nutrition on egg laying. These findings suggest that queen egg laying and worker physiology can be manipulated in this system through pollen nutrition, which is consistent with findings from field colonies. The results generated using this controlled, laboratory-based system suggest that worker physiology controls queen egg laying behavior. Additionally, the quantitative data generated in these experiments highlight the utility of the system for further use as a risk assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D. Fine
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Hagai Y. Shpigler
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Allyson M. Ray
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Nathanael J. Beach
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Alison L. Sankey
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Amy Cash-Ahmed
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Zachary Y. Huang
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States of America
| | - Ieva Astrauskaite
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Ran Chao
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- LifeFoundry, Inc., Champaign, United States of America
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Gene E. Robinson
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Ning X, Wang Y, Yan W, Li G, Sang N. Chitin synthesis inhibitors promote liver cancer cell metastasis via interfering with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:231-237. [PMID: 29753285 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs), as alternatives to conventional insecticides, have been in worldwide demand in recent years. However, little attention has been paid to the potential ecological safety and health risks of CSIs, especially their abilities to interfere with nonsexual hormone receptors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). In this work, we conducted a systematic study regarding the influence of CSIs on HIF-1α-related liver cancer cell metastasis. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that two of fourteen CSIs exhibited dose-response HIF-1α agonistic activities at noncytotoxic concentrations with relative luciferase activity (RLA) values of 25.6% for diflubenzuron (DFB) and 20.9% for triflumuron (TFM). Following this result, in vitro bioassays demonstrated that both DFB and TFM stimulated HepG2 cell migration and invasion. This action was associated with the varied expression levels of genes involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, such as the upregulation of fibronectin (FN1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and the suppression of E-cadherin (E-cad) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2). Moreover, changes in these EMT and ECM phenotype markers were dramatically blocked by a HIF-1α inhibitor (KC7F2), which further verified the involvement of HIF-1α in CSI-induced HepG2 cell metastasis. For the first time, our findings reveal that CSIs play crucial roles in promoting the metastasis of human liver cancer cells and that HIF-1α is potentially responsible for these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ning
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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18
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Song S, Zhang C, Chen Z, He F, Wei J, Tan H, Li X. Simultaneous determination of neonicotinoid insecticides and insect growth regulators residues in honey using LC-MS/MS with anion exchanger-disposable pipette extraction. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1557:51-61. [PMID: 29735281 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed an anion exchanger-disposable pipette extraction (DPX) method to detect the residual concentrations of eight neonicotinoid insecticides (dinotefuran, acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, imidachloprid, imidaclothiz, nitenpyram, and thiamethoxam) and eight insect growth regulators (IGRs; triflumuron, cyromazine, buprofezin, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, chromafenozide, fenoxycarb, and RH 5849) in Chinese honey samples collected from different floral sources and different geographical regions using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). QAE Sephadex A-25 was used as the anion exchanger in the DPX column for the purification and cleanup of honey samples. Analytes were eluted with a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1 M HCl, and the elution was subjected to LC analysis. This method was thoroughly validated for its reproducibility, linearity, trueness, and recovery. Satisfactory recovery of pesticides was obtained ranging from 72% to 111% with intraday RSDs (n = 5) of 1%-10%. High linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9987) was observed for all 16 pesticides. Limits of detection and quantification for all 16 compounds ranged from 0.3 to 3 μg/kg and from 1 to 10 μg/kg, respectively. Pesticide residues (9-113 μg/kg) were found in Chinese honey samples. The anion exchanger-DPX method was effective for removing sugars and retaining target analytes. Moreover, this method was highly reliable and sensitive for detecting neonicotinoids and IGRs in different floral sources of honey and will be applicable to matrixes with high sugar content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Song
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Cuifang Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Zhaojie Chen
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Fengmei He
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Huihua Tan
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Xuesheng Li
- Institute of Pesticide & Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China.
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19
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Mesnage R, Antoniou MN. Ignoring Adjuvant Toxicity Falsifies the Safety Profile of Commercial Pesticides. Front Public Health 2018; 5:361. [PMID: 29404314 PMCID: PMC5786549 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial formulations of pesticides are invariably not single ingredients. Instead they are cocktails of chemicals, composed of a designated pesticidal “active principle” and “other ingredients,” with the latter collectively also known as “adjuvants.” These include surfactants, antifoaming agents, dyes, etc. Some adjuvants are added to influence the absorption and stability of the active principle and thus promote its pesticidal action. Currently, the health risk assessment of pesticides in the European Union and in the United States focuses almost exclusively on the stated active principle. Nonetheless, adjuvants can also be toxic in their own right with numerous negative health effects having been reported in humans and on the environment. Despite the known toxicity of adjuvants, they are regulated differently from active principles, with their toxic effects being generally ignored. Adjuvants are not subject to an acceptable daily intake, and they are not included in the health risk assessment of dietary exposures to pesticide residues. Here, we illustrate this gap in risk assessment by reference to glyphosate, the most used pesticide active ingredient. We also investigate the case of neonicotinoid insecticides, which are strongly suspected to be involved in bee and bumblebee colony collapse disorder. Authors of studies sometimes use the name of the active principle (for example glyphosate) when they are testing a commercial formulation containing multiple (active principle plus adjuvant) ingredients. This results in confusion in the scientific literature and within regulatory circles and leads to a misrepresentation of the safety profile of commercial pesticides. Urgent action is needed to lift the veil on the presence of adjuvants in food and human bodily fluids, as well as in the environment (such as in air, water, and soil) and to characterize their toxicological properties. This must be accompanied by regulatory precautionary measures to protect the environment and general human population from some toxic adjuvants that are currently missing from risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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