1
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Mo IV, Schatz C, Christensen BE. Functionalisation of the non-reducing end of chitin by selective periodate oxidation: A new approach to form complex block polysaccharides and water-soluble chitin-based block polymers. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118193. [PMID: 34119160 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most polysaccharides used in polysaccharide-based block copolymers are attached to the second block through the reducing end, due to the few and highly polysaccharide specific non-reducing end (NRE) functionalisation methods available. Chitin oligomers, prepared by nitrous acid degradation of chitosan (AnM) can, however, be selectively oxidised by periodate since they only possess a single vicinal diol in the NRE residue. Here, we show that both aldehydes formed after oxidation are highly reactive towards bifunctional oxyamines and hydrazide linkers. Sub-stochiometric amounts of linkers resulted in conjugation of AnM oligomers through both chain termini to yield a discrete distribution of 'polymerised' oligomers. Such chitin-based block polymers were, in contrast to chitins of the same chain lengths, water-soluble. Oxidised AnM oligomers, functionalised at both termini can also enable the preparation of more complex block polysaccharides such as ABA- or ABC-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Vikøren Mo
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands veg 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christophe Schatz
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France.
| | - Bjørn E Christensen
- NOBIPOL, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Saelands veg 6/8, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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2
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Tyrikos‐Ergas T, Bordoni V, Fittolani G, Chaube MA, Grafmüller A, Seeberger PH, Delbianco M. Systematic Structural Characterization of Chitooligosaccharides Enabled by Automated Glycan Assembly. Chemistry 2021; 27:2321-2325. [PMID: 33290603 PMCID: PMC7898498 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a polymer composed of β(1-4)-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine monomers, and its partially deacetylated analogue chitosan, are abundant biopolymers with outstanding mechanical as well as elastic properties. Their degradation products, chitooligosaccharides (COS), can trigger the innate immune response in humans and plants. Both material and biological properties are dependent on polymer length, acetylation, as well as the pH. Without well-defined samples, a complete molecular description of these factors is still missing. Automated glycan assembly (AGA) enabled rapid access to synthetic well-defined COS. Chitin-cellulose hybrid oligomers were prepared as important tools for a systematic structural analysis. Intramolecular interactions, identified by molecular dynamics simulations and NMR analysis, underscore the importance of the chitosan amino group for the stabilization of specific geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Tyrikos‐Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Vittorio Bordoni
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Manishkumar A. Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Andrea Grafmüller
- Department of TheoryMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular SystemsMax-Planck-Institute of Colloids and InterfacesAm Mühlenberg 114476PotsdamGermany
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3
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Li S, Wang L, Chen X, Sun M, Han Y. Design and Synthesis of a Chitodisaccharide-Based Affinity Resin for Chitosanases Purification. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17010068. [PMID: 30669556 PMCID: PMC6356299 DOI: 10.3390/md17010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (CHOS) have gained increasing attention because of their important biological activities. Enhancing the efficiency of CHOS production essentially requires screening of novel chitosanase with unique characteristics. Therefore, a rapid and efficient one-step affinity purification procedure plays important roles in screening native chitosanases. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of affinity resin for efficient purification of native chitosanases without any tags, using chitodisaccharides (CHDS) as an affinity ligand, to couple with Sepharose 6B via a spacer, cyanuric chloride. Based on the CHDS-modified affinity resin, a one-step affinity purification method was developed and optimized, and then applied to purify three typical glycoside hydrolase (GH) families: 46, 75, and 80 chitosanase. The three purified chitosanases were homogeneous with purities of greater than 95% and bioactivity recovery of more than 40%. Moreover, we also developed a rapid and efficient affinity purification procedure, in which tag-free chitosanase could be directly purified from supernatant of bacterial culture. The purified chitosanases samples using such a procedure had apparent homogeneity, with more than 90% purity and 10⁻50% yield. The novel purification methods established in this work can be applied to purify native chitosanases in various scales, such as laboratory and industrial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Linna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xuehong Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Mi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yantao Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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4
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Ning X, Wang Y, Yan W, Li G, Sang N. Chitin synthesis inhibitors promote liver cancer cell metastasis via interfering with hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Chemosphere 2018; 206:231-237. [PMID: 29753285 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs), as alternatives to conventional insecticides, have been in worldwide demand in recent years. However, little attention has been paid to the potential ecological safety and health risks of CSIs, especially their abilities to interfere with nonsexual hormone receptors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). In this work, we conducted a systematic study regarding the influence of CSIs on HIF-1α-related liver cancer cell metastasis. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that two of fourteen CSIs exhibited dose-response HIF-1α agonistic activities at noncytotoxic concentrations with relative luciferase activity (RLA) values of 25.6% for diflubenzuron (DFB) and 20.9% for triflumuron (TFM). Following this result, in vitro bioassays demonstrated that both DFB and TFM stimulated HepG2 cell migration and invasion. This action was associated with the varied expression levels of genes involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) activation and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, such as the upregulation of fibronectin (FN1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and the suppression of E-cadherin (E-cad) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2). Moreover, changes in these EMT and ECM phenotype markers were dramatically blocked by a HIF-1α inhibitor (KC7F2), which further verified the involvement of HIF-1α in CSI-induced HepG2 cell metastasis. For the first time, our findings reveal that CSIs play crucial roles in promoting the metastasis of human liver cancer cells and that HIF-1α is potentially responsible for these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ning
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Wei Yan
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Guangke Li
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, PR China.
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5
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Akpan EI, Gbenebor OP, Adeosun SO. Synthesis and characterisation of chitin from periwinkle (Tympanotonus fusatus (L.)) and snail (Lissachatina fulica (Bowdich)) shells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 106:1080-1088. [PMID: 28842202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes chitin extracted from bio-sources of snail and periwinkle using varied combinations of acid and alkali concentrations. A three level factorial design of experiment with alkali and acid concentrations was used. FTIR, XRD and SEM were used to investigate the structural changes after treatments. Results reveal that both alkali and acid concentrations significantly affect the development of the functional groups and their intensities in the extracted chitin. A certain combination of concentration of acid and alkali can be used to obtain chitin with high degree of order (Crystallinity Index (CrI)>0.9) and a degree of de-acetylation (DD>50%). This results in combined high crystallinity and degree of de-acetylation. The study also established that certain combination of acid and alkali concentrations could lead to alpha to beta transformation in chitin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Akpan
- Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - O P Gbenebor
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria
| | - S O Adeosun
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria
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6
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Blanco-Fernandez B, Chakravarty S, Nkansah MK, Shapiro EM. Fabrication of magnetic and fluorescent chitin and dibutyrylchitin sub-micron particles by oil-in-water emulsification. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:276-285. [PMID: 27592817 PMCID: PMC5817882 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a carbohydrate polymer with unique pharmacological and immunological properties, however, because of its unwieldy chemistry, the synthesis of discreet sized sub-micron particles has not been well reported. This work describes a facile and flexible method to fabricate biocompatible chitin and dibutyrylchitin sub-micron particles. This technique is based on an oil-in-water emulsification/evaporation method and involves the hydrophobization of chitin by the addition of labile butyryl groups onto chitin, disrupting intermolecular hydrogen bonds and enabling solubility in the organic solvent used as the oil phase during fabrication. The subsequent removal of butyryl groups post-fabrication through alkaline saponification regenerates native chitin while keeping particles morphology intact. Examples of encapsulation of hydrophobic dyes and nanocrystals are demonstrated, specifically using iron oxide nanocrystals and coumarin 6. The prepared particles had diameters between 300-400nm for dibutyrylchitin and 500-600nm for chitin and were highly cytocompatible. Moreover, they were able to encapsulate high amounts of iron oxide nanocrystals and were able to label mammalian cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We describe a technique to prepare sub-micron particles of highly acetylated chitin (>90%) and dibutyrylchitin and demonstrate their utility as carriers for imaging. Chitin is a polysaccharide capable of stimulating the immune system, a property that depends on the acetamide groups, but its insolubility limits its use. No method for sub-micron particle preparation with highly acetylated chitins have been published. The only approach for the preparation of sub-micron particles uses low acetylation chitins. Dibutyrylchitin, a soluble chitin derivative, was used to prepare particles by oil in water emulsification. Butyryl groups were then removed, forming chitin particles. These particles could be suitable for encapsulation of hydrophobic payloads for drug delivery and cell imaging, as well as, adjuvants for vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shatadru Chakravarty
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Michael K Nkansah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Erik M Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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7
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Abstract
The aim of this study was the preparation and characterization of chitosan sponges including a model antibiotic (i.e., norfloxacin). The chitosan sponges were prepared by a solvent evaporation method. The matrix was also cross-linked during the preparation. The results indicated that the chitosan sponges were in the fibrillar structure. The swelling behavior, norfloxacin loading, in vitro release characteristics, and antibacterial activity were determined. The effects of cross-linker concentration, norfloxacin/chitosan ratio, chitosan molecular weight, and base concentration were investigated. The most effective parameter was found to be the degree of neutralization. It was also observed that the equilibrium swelling ratio decreased with increasing crosslinking density. The norfloxacin release was found to be swelling controlled initially and diffusion controlled at the extended release periods. It was also found that the antibacterial activity was directly proportional to the release rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir B Denkbaş
- Chemistry Department, Biochemistry Division Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Rădulescu M, Holban AM, Mogoantă L, Bălşeanu TA, Mogoșanu GD, Savu D, Popescu RC, Fufă O, Grumezescu AM, Bezirtzoglou E, Lazar V, Chifiriuc MC. Fabrication, Characterization, and Evaluation of Bionanocomposites Based on Natural Polymers and Antibiotics for Wound Healing Applications. Molecules 2016; 21:E761. [PMID: 27294905 PMCID: PMC6273619 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our research activity was to obtain a biocompatible nanostructured composite based on naturally derived biopolymers (chitin and sodium alginate) loaded with commercial antibiotics (either Cefuroxime or Cefepime) with dual functions, namely promoting wound healing and assuring the local delivery of the loaded antibiotic. Compositional, structural, and morphological evaluations were performed by using the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analytical techniques. In order to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the biocompatibility of the obtained composites, we performed the tetrazolium-salt (MTT) and agar diffusion in vitro assays on the L929 cell line. The evaluation of antimicrobial potential was evaluated by the viable cell count assay on strains belonging to two clinically relevant bacterial species (i.e., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Rădulescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, Sector 5, 77206 Bucharest, Romania.
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Life, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Spl. Independentei 91-95, 0500088 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Laurențiu Mogoantă
- Research Center for Microscopic Morphology and Immunology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, PetruRares Street, No. 2, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Tudor-Adrian Bălşeanu
- Research Center for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova 2 PetruRareş Street, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - George Dan Mogoșanu
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, PetruRares Street, No. 2, 200349 Craiova, Romania.
| | - Diana Savu
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, "HoriaHulubei" National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele, 077125 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Roxana Cristina Popescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Life and Environmental Physics, "HoriaHulubei" National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele, 077125 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Oana Fufă
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, 077125 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Eugenia Bezirtzoglou
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, 68200 Orestiada, Greece.
| | - Veronica Lazar
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, Sector 5, 77206 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Microbiology Immunology Department, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1-3 Portocalelor Lane, Sector 5, 77206 Bucharest, Romania.
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest, Life, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Spl. Independentei 91-95, 0500088 Bucharest, Romania.
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9
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Abstract
This review presents an analysis of the literature data over the last decade in order to reveal the relationship between the structure and composition of chitin/chitosan oligomers and their antitumor activity. Oligosaccharides consisting of N-acetylglucosamine and/or glucosamine units connected to each other by β-1,4-O-glycoside bond are generally called chitooligosaccharides. Homochitooligosaccharides are the oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine (AGA) or glucosamine (GA). Heterooligosaccharides are a mixture of various oligomers differing in the degree of polymerization (DP), acetylation (DA), or deacetylation (DD), as well as in the location of N-acetyl residues in the oligomer chain. Heterochitooligomers with a polymerization degree of no more than 10 are usually water soluble. The solubility of chitooligosaccharides with a DP of more than 10 depends on the DA and pH of a solution. The pharmaceutical and food industries, as well as scientists engaged in basic research, are interested in the use of heterochitooligosaccharides. This is explained by their unique properties, such as good water solubility; minimal toxicity; biocompatibility; the ability to penetrate cell membranes, resulting in a high degree of absorption (unlike chitin and chitosan); and their biological activity. Therefore, in the last decade, researchers have focused their attention on studying the relationship of the structure of oligosaccharides and their specific activity, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immunemodulatory, and other activities. This is shown by the number of publications, which has doubled compared to the number in 2001.
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10
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Duan B, Gao H, He M, Zhang L. Hydrophobic modification on surface of chitin sponges for highly effective separation of oil. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:19933-42. [PMID: 25347002 DOI: 10.1021/am505414y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A highly hydrophobic and oleophilic chitin sponge was synthesized, for the first time, via a freeze-dried method and then by using a thermal chemical vapor deposition of methyltrichlorosilane (MTCS) at different relative humidity. Fourier-transform infrared, energy-dispersive X-ray spectra, and scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the silanization occurred on the pore wall surface of the chitin sponge. The MTCS-coated chitin sponge had interconnected open-cell structures with the average pore size from 20 to 50 μm, and the MTCS nanofilaments immobilized on the chitin matrix, leading to the high hydrophobicity, as a result of the existence of a solid/air composite rough surface. Cyclic compression test indicated that the hydrophobic chitin sponges exhibited excellent elasticity and high mechanical durability. The sponges could efficiently collect organics both on the surface and bottom from the water with the highest 58 times of their own weight absorption capacities through the combination of the particular wettability and great porosity. Furthermore, the biodegradation kinetics of the chitin sponge forecasted that the chitin could be completely biodegraded within 32 days by the microorganisms in the soil. This work provided a new pathway to prepare the chitin-based materials for highly effective removal of oil from water, showing potential application in the pollutant remediation field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
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11
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Abstract
Nowadays, chitin and chitosan are produced from the shells of crabs and shrimps, and bone plate of squid in laboratory to industrial scale. Production of chitosan involved deproteinization, demineralization, and deacetylation. The characteristics of chitin and chitosan mainly depend on production processes and conditions. The characteristics of these biopolymers such as appearance of polymer, turbidity of polymer solution, degree of deacetylation, and molecular weight are of major importance on applications of these polymers. This chapter addresses the production processes and conditions to produce chitin, chitosan, and chito-oligosaccharide and methods for characterization of chitin, chitosan, and chito-oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitar Nwe
- Dukkha Life Science Laboratory, Thanlyin, Yangon, Myanmar; Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Bioprocess Technology, Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Tetsuya Furuike
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamura
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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12
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Huang CM, Chen LC, Yang HC, Li MH, Pan TC. Preparation of acrylic acid-modified chitin improved by an experimental design and its application in absorbing toxic organic compounds. J Hazard Mater 2012; 241-242:190-196. [PMID: 23040661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chitin grafted poly (acrylic acid) (chi-g-PAA) is synthesized and characterized as an adsorbent of toxic organic compounds. Chi-g-PAA copolymers are prepared using of ammonium cerium (IV) nitrate (Ce(4+)) as the initiator. The highest grafting percentage of AA in chitin obtained using the traditional technique is 163.1%. A maximum grafting percentage of 230.6% is obtained using central composite design (CCD). Experimental results are consistent with theoretical calculations. The grafted copolymer is characterized by Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy and solid state (13)C NMR. A representative chi-g-AA copolymer is hydrolyzed to a type of sodium salt (chi-g-PANa) and used in the adsorption of malachite green (MG), methyl violet (MV), and paraquat (PQ) in aqueous. The monolayer adsorption capacities of these substances are 285.7, 357.1, and 322.6 mg/g-adsorbent, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations show that the adsorption of MG, MV, and PQ are more favored at diluted solutions. The high adsorption capacity of chi-g-PANa for toxic matter indicates its potential in the treatment of wastewater and emergency treatment of PQ-poisoned patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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13
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Bozkir A, Saka OM. Chitosan Nanoparticles for Plasmid DNA Delivery: Effect of Chitosan Molecular Structure on Formulation and Release Characteristics. Drug Deliv 2008; 11:107-12. [PMID: 15200009 DOI: 10.1080/10717540490280705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan can be useful as a nonviral vector for gene delivery. Although there are several reports to form chitosan-pDNA particles, the optimization and effect on transfection remain insufficient. The chitosan-pDNA nanoparticles were formulated using complex coacervation and solvent evaporation techniques. The important parameters for the encapsulation efficiency were investigated, including molecular weight and deacetylation degree of chitosan. We found that encapsulation efficiency of pDNA is directly proportional with deacetylation degree, but there is an inverse proportion with molecular weight of chitosan. DNA-nanoparticles in the size range of 450-820 nm depend on the formulation process. The surface charge of the nanoparticles prepared with complex coacervation method was slightly positive with a zeta potential of +9 to +18 mV; nevertheless, nanoparticles prepared with solvent evaporation method had a zeta potential approximately +30 mV. The pDNA-chitosan nanoparticles prepared by using high deacetylation degree chitosan having 92.7%, 98.0%, and 90.4% encapsulation efficiency protect the encapsulated pDNA from nuclease degradation as shown by electrophoretic mobility analysis. The release of pDNA from the formulation prepared by complex coacervation was completed in 24 hr whereas the formulation prepared by evaporation technique released pDNA in 96 hr, but these release profiles are not statistically significant compared with formulations with similar structure (p > .05). According to the results, we suggest nanoparticles have the potential to be used as a transfer vector in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuman Bozkir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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14
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Liao W, Liu Y, Frear C, Chen S. Co-production of fumaric acid and chitin from a nitrogen-rich lignocellulosic material - dairy manure - using a pelletized filamentous fungus Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 20344. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:5859-5866. [PMID: 18006305 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fumaric acid is widely used as a food additive for flavor and preservation. Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 20344 is a fungus known for good fumaric acid production. It also has been reported that the fungal biomass has high chitin content. This study investigated the possibility of producing both fumaric acid and chitin via R. oryzae fermentation of dairy manure. Co-production of valuable bio-based chemicals such as fumaric acid and chitin could make the utilization of manure more efficient and more profitable. A three step fermentation process was developed which effectively utilized the nitrogen as well as the carbohydrate sources within the manure. These steps were: the culturing of pellet seed; biomass cultivation on liquid manure to produce both biomass and chitin; and fumaric acid production on the hydrolysate from the manure fiber. Under the identified optimal conditions, the fermentation system had a fumaric acid yield of 31%, and a biomass concentration of 11.5 g/L that contained 0.21 g chitin/g biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liao
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, United States.
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15
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Chen X, Li C, Ji X, Zhong Z, Li P. Recovery of protein from discharged wastewater during the production of chitin. Bioresour Technol 2008; 99:570-4. [PMID: 17383175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 12/25/2006] [Accepted: 12/25/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies were carried out to optimize the conditions for the recovery of protein. The results showed that pH of 6.00 for wastewater, the dosage of 1% chitosan solution in 1% acetic acid aqueous solution of 2.0 ml for 50 ml wastewater and 1% FeCl(3) aqueous solution of 2 ml for 5 0ml wastewater, the flocculation time of 4.0 h were the optimal conditions for the recovery of protein. The obtained protein sediment contained abundant amino acids, especially isoleucine, methione and lysine that are absent in other protein resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Chen
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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16
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Palmberger TF, Hombach J, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiolated chitosan: development and in vitro evaluation of an oral delivery system for acyclovir. Int J Pharm 2007; 348:54-60. [PMID: 17716840 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a novel oral delivery system for the efflux pump substrate acyclovir (ACY) utilizing thiolated chitosan as excipient which is capable of inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Three chitosan-4-thiobutylamidine (Chito-TBA) conjugates with increasing molecular mass (Chito-9.4kDa-TBA, Chito-150kDa-TBA and Chito-600kDa-TBA) were synthesized and permeation studies on rat intestinal mucosa and Caco-2 monolayers were performed. Additionally, tablets comprising the conjugates and ACY were tested towards their drug release behaviour. The efflux ratio (secretory P(app)/absorptive P(app)) of ACY across Caco-2 monolayers was determined to be 2.5 and in presence of 100microM verapamil 1.1 which indicates ACY as P-gp substrate. In comparison to buffer only, the transport of ACY in presence of 0.5% (m/v) unmodified chitosan, 0.5% (m/v) Chito-150kDa-TBA and 0.5% (m/v) Chito-150kDa-TBA with 0.5% (m/v) reduced glutathione (GSH), was 1.3-, 1.6- and 2.1-fold improved, respectively. Transport studies across Caco-2 monolayers showed that P-gp inhibition is dependent on the average molecular mass of thiolated chitosan showing following rank order: 0.5% (m/v) Chito-150kDa-TBA/GSH>0.5% (m/v) Chito-9.4kDa-TBA/GSH>0.5% (m/v) Chito-600kDa-TBA/GSH. The higher the molecular mass of Chito-TBA was, the more sustained was the release of ACY. Chito-150kDa-TBA/GSH might be an appropriate sustained release drug delivery system for ACY, which is able to enhance ACY transport due to efflux pump inhibition.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Acyclovir/administration & dosage
- Acyclovir/metabolism
- Acyclovir/pharmacokinetics
- Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic/chemical synthesis
- Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic/chemistry
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Caco-2 Cells
- Chitin/analogs & derivatives
- Chitin/chemical synthesis
- Chitin/chemistry
- Cimetidine/metabolism
- Drug Delivery Systems/methods
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Electric Impedance
- Glutathione/chemistry
- Humans
- Intestinal Absorption/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Propranolol/metabolism
- Rats
- Tablets
- Verapamil/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Palmberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 52, Josef Möller Haus, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Gaertner FC, Luxenhofer R, Blechert B, Jordan R, Essler M. Synthesis, biodistribution and excretion of radiolabeled poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s. J Control Release 2007; 119:291-300. [PMID: 17451833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on the preparation of well defined water-soluble poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) terminally equipped with a chelator (N,N',N'',N'''-tetraazacylododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)) for radionuclide labeling. The tissue distribution and excretion of (111)In-labeled poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s were studied in mice. We found that the hydrophilic polymers do not accumulate in tissues and are rapidly cleared from the blood pool, predominantly by glomerular filtration in the kidneys. In contrast only a small fraction is excreted via the hepatobiliary tract. Only minimal amounts of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s are taken up by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Scintigraphic studies revealed the feasibility of in vivo imaging of (111)In-labeled poly(2-oxazoline)s. Since additional functionalities for targeting can readily be introduced into poly(2-oxazoline)s via functional monomer units, these compounds fulfill fundamental requirements for an application as carrier molecules in radionuclide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian C Gaertner
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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18
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Siemieniewicz KW, Kajla MK, Schrempf H. Elucidating the Biosynthesis of Chitin Filaments and their Configuration with Specific Proteins and Electron Microscopy. Macromol Biosci 2007; 7:40-7. [PMID: 17238229 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To deepen the knowledge of chitin synthesis, a yeast mutant has been used as a model. Purified chitin synthase I-containing vesicles (chitosomes) with a diameter of 85 to 120 nm are identified by electron microscopy to eject tiny fibers upon addition of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. The filigree of extruded filaments fused gradually into a large three-dimensional network, which is degradable by a chitinase. The network is targeted and restructured by the Streptomyces chitin-binding protein CHB1, which has a very high affinity only for alpha-chitin. Within the chitosomes, filaments are found to be highly condensed within consecutive oval fibroids, which are specifically targeted by the alpha-chitin-binding protein. The presented data give new insights to the generation of chitin filaments with an antiparallel (alpha) configuration. [image: see text]
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Abstract
Synthesis of fluorinated chitin derivatives has been achieved using chitinase from Bacillus sp. as a catalyst. 6'-Fluoro- (1a), 6-fluoro- (1b) and 6,6'-difluoro- (1c) chitobiose oxazoline derivatives were newly prepared as TSAS monomers for chitinase. Ring-opening polyaddition of these monomers proceeded effectively at pH 8.0-9.0 and 30-40 degrees C, giving rise to alternatingly 6-fluorinated chitin derivatives (2a and 2b) from 1a and 1b, and fully 6-fluorinated chitin derivative (2c) from 1c under total control of regioselectivity and stereochemistry. XRD measurements revealed that polysaccharides 2a and 2b had crystalline structures similar to that of alpha-chitin. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Makino
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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20
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Lü F, Chen SX, Liu TJ, Sun HF. [Preparation and evaluation of microbubble ultrasound contrast agent with N-carboxymethyl chitosan]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao 2006; 28:497-501. [PMID: 16995300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To prepare microbubble, made of N-carboxymethyl chitosan, as ultrasound contrast agent and evaluate its characteristics and acoustic effects in vivo. METHODS Oil-Water-Oil multiple emulsion/solvent evaporation method was used to prepare the microbubble contrast agent. Both optical micrography and scanning electron micrography were performed to determine the bubble size and morphology. The acoustic effect of the N-carboxymethyl chitosan echo contrast agent was evaluated in vivo in rabbit. Liver echo images were recorded with ultrasound machine before and after intravenous bolus injecting 0.5 ml of the agent. RESULTS The novel N-carboxymethyl chitosan echo contrast agent was formulated as lyophilized product, with a mean diameter of 2-3 microm and a shell thickness of 250-300 nm. Its size is relatively uniform. The imaging effect was remarkably enhanced with the ultrasonic contrast agent when applied in rabbit livers. CONCLUSION It is feasible to prepare excellent microbubble ultrasound contrast agent with N-carboxymethyl chitosan as membrane components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lü
- Tianjin Biomedical Materials Key Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAMS and PUMC, Tianjin 300192, China
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21
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Huang GL, Zhang DW, Zhao HJ, Zhang HC, Wang PG. Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of allyl penta-N-acetyl-chitopentaose. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2042-3. [PMID: 16403625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2005] [Revised: 12/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell density cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli strains harboring the nodC gene (encoding chitooligosaccharide synthase) from Azorhizobium caulinodans has been previously described as a practical method for the preparation of gram-scale quantities of penta-N-acetyl-chitopentaose. We have now extended this method to the production of allylated derivative of penta-N-acetyl-chitopentaose by using allyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranoside (2) as the initial acceptor for the synthesis of target pentaoside in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Liang Huang
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan City 250100, China.
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22
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Park KE, Kang HK, Lee SJ, Min BM, Park WH. Biomimetic Nanofibrous Scaffolds: Preparation and Characterization of PGA/Chitin Blend Nanofibers. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:635-43. [PMID: 16471941 DOI: 10.1021/bm0509265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA)/chitin blend solutions in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol was investigated to fabricate biodegradable and biomimetic nanostructured scaffolds for tissue engineering. The morphology of the electrospun PGA/chitin blend nanofibers was investigated with a field emission scanning electron microscope. The PGA/chitin blend fibers have average diameters of around 140 nm, and their diameters have a distribution in the range 50-350 nm. The miscibility of PGA/chitin blend fibers was examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The PGA and chitin were immiscible in the as-spun nanofibrous structure. An in vitro degradation study of PGA/chitin blend nanofibers was conducted in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.2. It was found that the hydrolytic cleavage of PGA in the blend nanofibers was accelerated by the coexistence of hydrophilic chitin. To assay the cytocompatability and cell behavior on the PGA/chitin blend nanofibrous scaffolds, cell attachment and spreading of normal human epidermal fibroblasts seeded on the scaffolds were studied. Our results indicate that the PGA/chitin blend nanofibrous matrix, particularly the one that contained 25% PGA and 75% chitin with bovine serum albumin coating, could be a good candidate for tissue engineering scaffolds, because it has an excellent cell attachment and spreading for normal human fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Eun Park
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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23
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Langoth N, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Kurka P. In vitro evaluation of various buccal permeation enhancing systems for PACAP (pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide). Pharm Res 2005; 22:2045-50. [PMID: 16132338 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-7894-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Buccal administration of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) could represent a new possibility for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this study the effect of various buccal permeation enhancers on PACAP and FD-4 was evaluated. METHODS The permeation-enhancing properties of the well-established permeation enhancers sodium deoxycholate (Na DOC) and cetrimide on the permeation of PACAP were investigated on freshly excised porcine buccal mucosa in Ussing chambers. Furthermore, the effect of chitosan and that of chitosan-4-thiobutylamidine conjugate (chitosan-TBA) optionally in combination with reduced glutathione (GSH) on the permeation of PACAP across the buccal mucosa was studied. RESULTS The apparent permeability coefficient (P(app)) of PACAP in buffer only was 5.7 +/- 3.1x10(-8) cm/s. In the presence of 5% (m/v) Na DOC, the enhancement of the permeation was 18.6-fold, whereas due to the addition of 5% (m/v) cetrimide an enhancement ratio of 46.5 was obtained. In the presence of the chitosan-TBA conjugate (1%), a 38.9-fold increased permeation was achieved, whereas unmodified chitosan (1%) did not show any effect. The combination of chitosan-TBA conjugate (1%) with GSH (2%) led to an increase in P(app) up to 441.7 +/- 89.9x10(-8) cm/s, which represents a 77.5-fold improvement. The P(app) of GSH per se was only 1.0 +/- 0.2x10(-9) cm/s, showing that GSH remains concentrated on the surface of the buccal mucosa. Results were confirmed by additional permeation studies performed with FD-4 used as hydrophilic macromolecular test compound. CONCLUSIONS Based on their permeation-enhancing properties, chitosan-TBA conjugates represent a promising tool for the buccal administration of peptide drugs, e.g., PACAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Langoth
- ThioMatrix GmbH, Mitterweg 24, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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24
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Kurita K, Sugita K, Kodaira N, Hirakawa M, Yang J. Preparation and Evaluation of Trimethylsilylated Chitin as a Versatile Precursor for Facile Chemical Modifications. Biomacromolecules 2005; 6:1414-8. [PMID: 15877360 DOI: 10.1021/bm049295p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylsilylation of chitin was studied in detail to establish a reliable method, and the properties of the resulting product were elucidated. Chitin was successfully trimethylsilylated with a mixture of hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylsilyl chloride in pyridine. Compared to alpha-chitin, beta-chitin was much more reactive and advantageous as a starting material to prepare fully substituted chitin in a simple manner, though alpha-chitin also underwent full silylation under appropriate conditions. The resulting silylated chitin was characterized by marked solubility in common organic solvents and by easy desilylation to regenerate hydroxy groups, which enabled clean preparation of chitin films. The reactivity of the silylated chitin was examined by treating with triphenylmethyl chloride and acetic anhydride as typical alkylating and acylating reagents, and complete substitutions were readily accomplished. The silylated chitin has thus proved to be a superb precursor for modification reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kurita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Seikei University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan.
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25
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Krauland AH, Guggi D, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Oral insulin delivery: the potential of thiolated chitosan-insulin tablets on non-diabetic rats. J Control Release 2005; 95:547-55. [PMID: 15023465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2003.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2003] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It was the aim of this study to develop a delivery system providing an improved efficacy of orally administered insulin utilizing a thiolated polymer. 2-Iminothiolane was covalently linked to chitosan. The resulting chitosan-TBA (chitosan-4-thiobutylamidine) conjugate exhibited 453.5+/-64.1 micromol thiol groups per gram polymer. 3.1% of these thiol groups were oxidised. Additionally, the enzyme inhibitors BBI (Bowman-Birk-Inhibitor) and elastatinal were covalently linked to chitosan representing 3.5+/-0.1% and 0.5+/-0.03% of the total weight of the resulting polymer conjugate, respectively. Chitosan-TBA conjugate (5 mg), insulin (2.75 mg), the permeation mediator reduced glutathione (0.75 mg) and the two inhibitor conjugates (in each case 0.75 mg) were compressed to so-called chitosan-TBA-insulin tablets. Control tablets consisted of unmodified chitosan (7.25 mg) and insulin (2.75 mg). Chitosan-TBA-insulin tablets showed a controlled release of insulin over 8 h. In vitro mucoadhesion studies showed that the mucoadhesive/cohesive properties of chitosan were at least 60-fold improved by the immobilisation of thiol groups on the polymer. After oral administration of chitosan-TBA-insulin tablets to non-diabetic conscious rats, the blood glucose level decreased significantly for 24 h corresponding to a pharmacological efficacy of 1.69+/-0.42% (means+/-S.D.; n=6) versus s.c. injection. In contrast, neither control tablets nor insulin given in solution showed a comparable effect. According to these results the combination of chitosan-TBA, chitosan-enzyme-inhibitor conjugates and reduced glutathione seems to represent a promising strategy for the oral application of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Krauland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Center of Pharmacy, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria/Europe
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Abstract
Tosylation of chitin under homogeneous conditions was achieved by the reaction of tosyl chloride with chitin in a DMAc/LiCl solvent system. The resultant tosyl-chitin was fully N-acetylated with acetic anhydride in methanol. The fully acetylated tosyl-chitin was subsequently reacted with the sodium salts of ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, diethyl malonate, and diethyl phosphite in DMAc to give the corresponding chitin derivatives of 6-O-ethyl benzoate-chitin, 6-deoxy-diethyl malonate-chitin, and 6-(deoxydiethyl) phosphite-chitin, respectively. Subsequent hydrolysis of the chitin-ester derivatives with tert-butoxide in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) generated 6-O-carboxyphenyl-chitin and 6-(deoxydicarboxy)methyl-chitin. The structures of the chitin derivatives were assessed by FT-IR, (13)C NMR, and (31)P NMR, while the degree of substitution of the S(N)2 reaction was estimated by elemental analysis. All the chitin derivatives were found to be soluble or swellable in water, DMAc, or DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuquan Zou
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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27
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Abstract
The influences of the pH, tripolyphosphate (TPP) concentration, and ionic strength of the gelling medium on the entrapment efficiency, release, and activity of lipase in chitosan hydrogel beads were studied. A solution of Candida rugosa lipase was prepared in a 1.5% w/v chitosan and 1% (v/v) acetic acid medium, and dropped into a TPP solution. Release of lipase in pH 7.2 Tris buffer was monitored over 36 h using the micro BCA protein assay. The activity of the entrapped enzyme was assayed using the Sigma lipase activity method. Following preliminary studies, an experimental design was followed to develop mathematical models that describe bead characteristics as functions of the pH and the TPP concentration in the gelling medium. The pH and the TPP concentration each had an effect on the entrapment, retention, and activity of lipase. Entrapped lipase retained a high degree of activity in multiple reactions. The ionic strength, in the range studied, exerted a minimal effect on bead characteristics. Statistical analysis allowed optimization within the factor space with respect to maximizing the enzyme entrapment efficiency and activity, and also minimizing the amount released after 36 h in the Tris buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Alsarra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11478, Saudi Arabia
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28
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Yoksan R, Akashi M, Miyata M, Chirachanchai S. Optimal gamma-ray dose and irradiation conditions for producing low-molecular-weight chitosan that retains its chemical structure. Radiat Res 2004; 161:471-80. [PMID: 15038763 DOI: 10.1667/rr3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the optimal conditions for gamma irradiation to reduce the molecular weight of chitosan but still retain its chemical structure. Chitosan was irradiated under various conditions, i.e. flake solid state (condition 1), flake dispersed in water (condition 2), flake dispersed in 0.05, 0.1, 1 and 2% aqueous K(2)S(2)O(8) solution (conditions 3a, 3b, 3c and 3d, respectively), flake dispersed in 0.5, 1 and 2% aqueous H(2)O(2) solution (conditions 4a, 4b and 4c, respectively), and chitosan acetic acid solution (condition 5). Comparative studies were done using three types of chitosans with molecular weights of the order of 10(5) Da with degrees of deacetylation of 0.80, 0.85 and 0.90%. For all conditions, after irradiation, there were two regions of molecular weight reduction. A severe degradation occurred in the first region with decreases in the molecular weight of 80% for radiation doses up to 50 kGy for conditions 1, 2 and 3 (3a-3c) and 20 kGy for condition 4. In the second region, a slow degradation occurred, which resembled a plateau stage. The results for conditions 3d and 5 were the most dramatic, since the primary structure of chitosan was changed after the irradiation. The degradation of chitosan by gamma rays was found to be most effective for the amorphous structure. The retention of the structure of chitosan after gamma irradiation makes it possible to produce a low-molecular-weight chitosan that retains its functionality, as demonstrated by its activity in the coupling reaction with N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangrong Yoksan
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Phya Thai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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29
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Abstract
Laser immunotherapy is a novel approach for the treatment of metastatic tumors. It combines a selective photothermal laser-tissue interaction for direct tumor destruction and an immunoadjuvant-directed simulation for immune responses. In experiments using a rat metastatic tumor model, laser immunotherapy resulted in the eradication of both treated primary tumors and untreated metastases at remote sites. It also induced anti-tumor resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei R Chen
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Physics and Engineering, University of Central Oklahoma, 100 N. University Drive, Edmond, OK 73034, USA.
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30
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Lee DW, Baney RH. Oligochitosan Derivatives Bearing Electron-Deficient Aromatic Rings for Adsorption of Amitriptyline: Implications for Drug Detoxification. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:1310-5. [PMID: 15244445 DOI: 10.1021/bm049935o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is the synthesis of water-soluble oligochitosan derivatives with electron deficient aromatic rings for selective and rapid adsorption of amitriptyline through pi-pi complexation. Oligochitosan was chemically modified under homogeneous conditions in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). (1)H NMR, FT-IR, and MALDI-TOF were employed in characterization, confirming that the electron deficient aromatic rings were chemically attached to the backbone of oligochitosan. Thromboelastography (TEG) revealed functionalized oligochitosan derivatives did not affect blood clotting. (1)H NMR was also utilized to observe the aromatic-aromatic interaction between electron deficient aromatic rings on oligochitosan and electron rich aromatic rings in amitriptyline. The chemical shift variation of aromatic protons in oligochitosan derivatives was followed to monitor the aromatic-aromatic interaction. Upfield shift of aromatic protons on benzenesulfonyl and dinitrobenzenesulfonyl groups was observed upon the addition of amitriptyline, supporting the formation of pi-pi complexes through aromatic-aromatic interactions. Dinitrobenzenesulfonyl rings show a larger variation in chemical shift due to the presence of the electron deficient nitro groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Won Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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31
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Elder SH, Nettles DL, Bumgardner JD. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan scaffolds for cartilage-tissue engineering. Methods Mol Biol 2004; 238:41-8. [PMID: 14970437 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-428-x:41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Elder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Bivas-Benita M, Laloup M, Versteyhe S, Dewit J, De Braekeleer J, Jongert E, Borchard G. Generation of Toxoplasma gondii GRA1 protein and DNA vaccine loaded chitosan particles: preparation, characterization, and preliminary in vivo studies. Int J Pharm 2004; 266:17-27. [PMID: 14559390 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(03)00377-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan microparticles as carriers for GRA-1 protein vaccine were prepared and characterized with respect to loading efficiency and GRA-1 stability after short-term storage. Chitosan nanoparticles as carriers for GRA-1 pDNA vaccine were prepared and characterized with respect to size, zeta potential, and protection of the pDNA vaccine against degradation by DNase I. Both protein and pDNA vaccine preparations were tested with regard to their potential to elicit GRA-1-specific immune response after intragastric administration using different prime/boost regimen. The immune response was measured by determination of IgG2a and IgG1 antibody titers. It was shown that priming with GRA1 protein vaccine loaded chitosan particles and boosting with GRA1 pDNA vaccine resulted in high anti-GRA1 antibodies, characterized by a mixed IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. These results showed that oral delivery of vaccines using chitosan as a carrier material appears to be beneficial for inducing an immune response against Toxoplasma gondii. The type of immune response, however, will largely depend on the prime/boost regimen and the type of vaccine used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maytal Bivas-Benita
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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33
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Yu Z, Zhao L, Ke H. Potential role of nuclear factor-kappaB in the induction of nitric oxide nd tumor necrosis factor-alpha by oligochitosan in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2004; 4:193-200. [PMID: 14996411 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 12/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oligochitosan, having an average molecular weight of 1000 Da and a degree of N-acetylation below 15%, can be obtained by either chemical or enzymic hydrolysis of chitosan. The present investigation demonstrated that oligochitosan can significantly increase the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and induce the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in macrophages. Moreover, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) protein levels in nuclear extract are increased in response to oligochitosan. Blocking NF-kappaB with specific inhibitor results in decreased levels of NO and TNF-alpha. These results indicate that NF-kappaB plays a potential role in the induction of NO and TNF-alpha by oligochitosan in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
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34
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Badawy MEI, Rabea EI, Rogge TM, Stevens CV, Smagghe G, Steurbaut W, Höfte M. Synthesis and Fungicidal Activity of New N,O-Acyl Chitosan Derivatives. Biomacromolecules 2004; 5:589-95. [PMID: 15003025 DOI: 10.1021/bm0344295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel N,O-acyl chitosan (NOAC) derivatives were synthesized to examine their fungicidal activity against the gray mould fungus Botrytis cinerea (Leotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) and the rice leaf blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae (Teleomorph: Magnaporth grisea). The fungicidal activity was evaluated by the radial growth bioassay. NOAC derivatives were more active against the two plant pathogens than chitosan itself, and the effect was concentration dependent. Against B. cinerea, 4-chlorobutyryl chitosan (EC50=0.043%), decanoyl chitosan (EC50=0.044%), cinnamoyl chitosan (EC50=0.045%), and p-methoxybenzoyl chitosan (EC50=0.050%) were the most active (12-13-fold more active than chitosan). (Un)-substituted benzoyl chitosan derivatives were more active against B. cinerea than most of these with N,O-alkyl derivatives. Against P. oryzae chitosan derivatives with lauroyl, methoxy acetyl, methacryloyl and decanoyl were the most active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E I Badawy
- Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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35
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Subramanian A, Lin HY, Vu D, Larsen G. Synthesis and evaluation of scaffolds prepared from chitosan fibers for potential use in cartilage tissue engineering. Biomed Sci Instrum 2004; 40:117-22. [PMID: 15133945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering concepts and methodologies that employ biocompatible matrices or scaffolds have the potential to meet needs encountered in the repair of defects in articular cartilage. A desirable design parameter in the tissue engineering of cartilage in vitro is the development of seeded scaffolds with appropriate structure, composition, mechanical properties and durability that are similar to normal articular cartilage. Previous methods that have used freeze drying and lyophilization techniques to make foams and hydrogels have not met the scaffold characteristics (porosity, compressive elastic modulus, permeability and viscoelastic properties), which are required of scaffolds slated for use in cartilage tissue engineering applications. Thus there is an impetus to design and develop biomimetic scaffolds that mimic the native ECM of articular cartilage, and distribute strain in a bioresponsive manner to signal seeded chondrocytes to synthesize and organize ECM to result in material properties that are in range of natural cartilage. We have employed the method of electrospinning to prepare scaffolds with oriented and random fiber alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Subramanian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0643, USA
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36
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D'Acunzo F, Lanzalunga O. First synthesis of a polysaccharide-supported lignin model compound and study of its oxidation promoted by lignin peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:17-21. [PMID: 14672691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Veratrylchitosan, a polysaccharide-supported lignin model compound, has been synthesised by covalently attaching 3-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyloxy)propionic acid to the polysaccharide chitosan through an amide linkage. When this polymer was used as a substrate in the oxidation promoted by lignin peroxidase (LiP), significant decomposition of the lignin model resulted in the formation of veratraldehyde. The oxidation mechanism involves an initial transfer of one electron from chitosan to the active species of LiP (LiP I) followed by C(alpha)-H deprotonation of an aromatic cation radical. A benzylic radical is then formed which is further oxidised to a benzyl cation. Reaction with water and hydrolysis of the hemiacetal then lead to veratraldehyde formation. An increase in the yields of the oxidation product is observed in the presence of the mediator 2-chloro-1,4-dimethoxybenzene, thus indicating that a more efficient degradation results from the transfer of an electron from the polymer to the radical cation of the mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D'Acunzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza" and Istituto CNR di Metodologie Chimiche (IMC-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro, 5 I-00185 Rome, Italy
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37
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Abstract
Freeze-fixation and freeze-gelation methods are presented in this paper which can be used to prepare highly porous scaffolds without using the time and energy consuming freeze-drying process. The porous structure was generated during the freeze of a polymer solution, following which either the solvent was extracted by a non-solvent or the polymer was gelled under the freezing condition; thus, the porous structure would not be destructed during the subsequent drying stage. Compared with the freeze-drying method, the presented methods are time and energy-saving, with less residual solvent, and easier to be scaled up. Besides, the problem of formation of surface skin can be resolved and the limitation of using solvent with low boiling point can be lifted by the presented methods. With the freeze-extraction and freeze-gelation methods, porous PLLA, PLGA, chitosan and alginate scaffolds were successfully fabricated. In addition to the presentation of the morphologies of the fabricated scaffolds, preliminary data of cell culture on them are as well included in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University,Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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38
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Abstract
A novel fiber-reactive chitosan derivative was synthesized in two steps from a chitosan of low molecular weight and low degree of acetylation. First, a water-soluble chitosan derivative, N-[(2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammonium)propyl]chitosan chloride (HTCC), was prepared by introducing quaternary ammonium salt groups on the amino groups of chitosan. This derivative was further modified by introducing functional (acrylamidomethyl) groups, which can form covalent bonds with cellulose under alkaline conditions, on the primary alcohol groups (C-6) of the chitosan backbone. The fiber-reactive chitosan derivative, O-acrylamidomethyl-HTCC (NMA-HTCC), showed complete bacterial reduction within 20 min at the concentration of 10ppm, when contacted with Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (1.5-2.5 x 10(5) colony forming units per milliliter [CFU/mL]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Lim
- Fiber and Polymer Science Program, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
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39
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Snyman D, Govender T, Kotzé AF. Low molecular weight quaternised chitosan (I): synthesis and characterisation. Pharmazie 2003; 58:705-8. [PMID: 14609281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
For a better understanding of the behaviour of macromolecules in vitro and in vivo, their structural and chemical properties that may be influential as experimental variables need to be characterised. N-Trimethyl chitosan chloride and N-triethyl chitosan chloride have been synthesised from chitosan to increase the solubility range of these polymers. However, little is known about the effect of the degree of quaternisation, molecular weight, viscosity and different substitution groups on the polymer's ability to enhance the transport of large hydrophilic compounds, such as peptide and protein drugs, across intestinal and nasal epithelia and on their toxicity profile. This study describes the synthesis of various quaternised chitosan polymers from low and medium molecular weight chitosan. These polymers were characterised to determine if any relationships between their degree of quaternisation, molecular weight and viscosity could be found which will determine their behaviour as absorption enhancers in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Snyman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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40
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Abstract
Chitosan-dendrimer hybrids having various functional groups such as carboxyl, ester, and poly(ethylene glycol) groups were prepared successfully using dendrimer acetal by reductive N-alkylation. The synthetic procedure could be accomplished by one-step reaction without organic solvent. The degree of substitution of dendrimer was 0.13-0.18 evaluated by (1)H NMR. A perfectly or partially water-soluble chitosan-dendrimer hybrid could be obtained. By standard activated sludge, good biodegradation was observed in these hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Sashiwa
- Green Biotechnology Research Group, The Special Division for Human Life Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577 Japan.
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41
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Li L, Ding S, Zhou C. [Preparation and biological evaluation of PLA/chitosan composite materials]. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2003; 20:398-400. [PMID: 14564997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Hypersusceptibility test, pyrogen test, cell cultivation, and toxicity examination were applied in the biological evaluation of the poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/chitosan composite materials. The results indicated that all the materials were negative, conforming to the ISO10993-1. The cell could grow well on the surface of the materials. So the PLA/chitosan composite materials have good biocompatibility and can be planted in the body as scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Li
- Biomaterials Research Lab, Chemistry Department, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630
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42
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Kurita K, Akao H, Yang J, Shimojoh M. Nonnatural branched polysaccharides: synthesis and properties of chitin and chitosan having disaccharide maltose branches. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:1264-8. [PMID: 12959593 DOI: 10.1021/bm034074p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and properties of chitin and chitosan derivatives having beta-maltoside branches at C-6 have been studied. Chitosan was first transformed into an organosoluble acceptor having a reactive group only at C-6, 3-O-acetyl-2-N-phthaloyl-6-O-trimethylsilylchitosan. Glycosylation with an ortho ester from d-maltose was performed successfully at room temperature in dichloromethane in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate as the catalyst. The degree of substitution could be controlled by the reaction conditions and was up to 0.56. Full deprotection gave chitosan with maltoside branches, and the subsequent N-acetylation resulted in the formation of the corresponding chitin derivative. The introduced disaccharide unit improved hydrophilic properties considerably compared to monosaccharide units as confirmed by high solubility in water and moisture absorption and retention ability. The enzymatic degradability and antimicrobial activity were moderate probably because of the bulky nature of the branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kurita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Seikei University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
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43
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Abstract
We compared the ability of two enzymes to catalyze the formation of gels from solutions of gelatin and chitosan. A microbial transglutaminase, currently under investigation for food applications, was observed to catalyze the formation of strong and permanent gels from gelatin solutions. Chitosan was not required for transglutaminase-catalyzed gel formation, although gel formation was faster, and the resulting gels were stronger if reactions were performed in the presence of this polysaccharide. Consistent with transglutaminase's ability to covalently crosslink proteins, we observed that the transglutaminase-catalyzed gelatin-chitosan gels lost the ability to undergo thermally reversible transitions (i.e. sol-gel transitions) characteristic of gelatin. Mushroom tyrosinase was also observed to catalyze gel formation for gelatin-chitosan blends. In contrast to transglutaminase, tyrosinase-catalyzed reactions did not lead to gel formation unless chitosan was present (i.e. chitosan is required for tyrosinase-catalyzed gel formation). Tyrosinase-catalyzed gelatin-chitosan gels were observed to be considerably weaker than transglutaminase-catalyzed gels. Tyrosinase-catalyzed gels were strengthened by cooling below gelatin's gel-point, which suggests that gelatin's ability to undergo a collagen-like coil-to-helix transition is unaffected by tyrosinase-catalyzed reactions. Further, tyrosinase-catalyzed gelatin-chitosan gels were transient as their strength (i.e. elastic modulus) peaked at about 5h after which the gels broke spontaneously over the course of 2 days. The strength of both transglutaminase-catalyzed and tyrosinase-catalyzed gels could be adjusted by altering the gelatin and chitosan compositions. Potential applications of these gels for in situ applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhong Chen
- Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, 5115 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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44
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Cheng M, Deng J, Yang F, Gong Y, Zhao N, Zhang X. Study on physical properties and nerve cell affinity of composite films from chitosan and gelatin solutions. Biomaterials 2003; 24:2871-80. [PMID: 12742725 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of chitosan-gelatin composite films was prepared by varying the ratio of constituents. FT-IR and X-ray analysis showed good compatibility between these two biopolymers. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that the water take-up of chitosan film increased when blended with gelatin. Composite film exhibited a lower Young's modulus and a higher percentage of elongation-at-break compared with chitosan film, especially in wet state. All composite films were hydrophilic materials with water contact angles ranging from 55 degrees to 65 degrees. The results obtained from ELISA indicated the adsorption amount of fibronectin on composite films was much higher than on chitosan film. PC12 cells culture was used to evaluate the nerve cell affinity of materials. The cells cultured on the composite film with 60wt% gelatin differentiated more rapidly and extended longer neurites than on chitosan film. The results suggest that the soft and elastic complex of chitosan and gelatin, which has better nerve cell affinity compared to chitosan, is a promising candidate biomaterial for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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45
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Redepenning J, Venkataraman G, Chen J, Stafford N. Electrochemical preparation of chitosan/hydroxyapatite composite coatings on titanium substrates. J Biomed Mater Res A 2003; 66:411-6. [PMID: 12889012 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.10571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Composite coatings containing brushite (CaHPO(4). 2H(2)O) and chitosan were prepared by electrochemical deposition. The brushite/chitosan composites were converted to hydroxyapatite/chitosan composites in aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide. The coatings ranged from approximately 1 to 15% chitosan by weight. Qualitative assessment of the coatings showed adhesion significantly improved over that observed for electrodeposited coatings of pure HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Redepenning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, USA.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve the properties of chitosan as excipient in drug delivery systems by the covalent attachment of thiol moieties. This was achieved by the modification of chitosan with 2-iminothiolane. The resulting chitosan-4-thio-butyl-amidine conjugates (chitosan-TBA conjugates) displayed up to 408.9+/-49.8 micromol thiol groups per gram polymer. Because of the formation of disulfide bonds based on an oxidation process of the immobilized thiol groups under physiological conditions, chitosan-TBA conjugates exhibit in situ gelling properties. After less than 2h, 1.5% (m/v) chitosan-TBA conjugate solutions of pH 5.5 formed covalently cross-linked gels. The viscosity increased in positive correlation with the amount of thiol groups immobilized on chitosan. In addition, also the mucoadhesive properties were strongly improved by the covalent attachment of thiol groups on chitosan. The adhesion time of tablets based on the unmodified polymer on freshly excised porcine intestinal mucosa spanned on a rotating cylinder in an artificial intestinal fluid was extended more than 140-fold by using the thiolated version. Drug release studies out of tablets comprising the chitosan-TBA conjugate demonstrated that an almost zero-order release kinetic was achieved for the model drug clotrimazole within the first 6h. The modification of chitosan with 2-iminothiolane leads, therefore to thiolated polymers, which represent a promising tool for the development of in situ gelling and/or mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Park JH, Cho YW, Chung H, Kwon IC, Jeong SY. Synthesis and characterization of sugar-bearing chitosan derivatives: aqueous solubility and biodegradability. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:1087-91. [PMID: 12857096 DOI: 10.1021/bm034094r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The extended use of chitosan in biomedical fields has been limited by its insoluble nature in a biological solution. To endow the water solubility in a broad range of pH, chitosan derivatives were prepared by the covalent attachment of a hydrophilic sugar moiety, gluconic acid, through the formation of an amide bond. These sugar-bearing chitosans (SBCs) were further modified by the N-acetylation in an alcoholic aqueous solution. Thereafter, the effect of the gluconyl group and the degree of N-acetylation (DA) on the water solubility at different pHs and on the biodegradability of chitosan were investigated. The SBCs showed the water solubility in a broader range of pH than chitosan, whereas they were still insoluble at neutral and alkali pH. The N-acetylation of SBCs significantly affected the water solubility, for example, the SBCs with the DA, ranging from 29% to 63%, were soluble in the whole range of pH. This might result from the improved hydrophilicity by the gluconyl group, accompanied by the role of the N-acetyl group that disturbed the hydrogen bonding between amino groups of chitosan. From the biodegradation tests, determined by the decrease in the viscosity of a polymer solution exposed to lysozyme, it was evident that the gluconyl group attached to chitosan improved the biodegradability. Thus, it was possible to control the biodegradability of chitosan by adjusting the amounts of gluconyl and N-acetyl groups in the chitosan backbone. The N-acetylated SBCs, soluble in the broad range of pH, might be useful for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Park
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1 Haweolgog-dong, Sungbook-gu, Seoul 136-791, Korea
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48
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Shon YH, Nam KS. Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in Acanthamoeba castellanii and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity by chitosanoligosaccharide. Biotechnol Lett 2003; 25:701-4. [PMID: 12882169 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023480701270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth of Acanthamoeba castellanii was inhibited by chitosanoligosaccharide (up to 20 mg ml-1) from the shells of crabs but was reversed by the polyamines, putrescine or spermidine, at 0.8 mM. Chitosanoligosaccharide strongly inhibited the induction of ornithine decarboxylase by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, a key enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis, which is enhanced in tumour promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hee Shon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Intractable Disease Research Center, Dongguk University, Kyongju 780-714, Korea
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49
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Abstract
The material properties and the microstructure of the scaffold are important parameters that determine the suitability of a material for tissue growth and controlled drug release. Because of its non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and antithrombogenic nature, chitosan has generated enormous interest for such applications. Chitosan bead-type scaffolds having various microstructures without any other material introduction were fabricated. For fabricating pure chitosan beads, a modified wet process and an extended thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process were adapted. In the modified wet process, an acidic chitosan solution was phase-separated by changing its pH using an NaOH solution. The microstructure of the chitosan beads became looser with a decrease in the initial chitosan concentration, an increase in the acetic acid concentration, as well as with the addition of PEG to the dope solution. In contrast, the microstructure densified with an increase in the NaOH concentration in the coagulation bath. Through the modified wet process, porous chitosan beads with a relatively small pore size (0.01-13 microm) and moderate porosity (33-71%) could be prepared. In the extended TIPS process, chitosan solutions cast at different temperatures below 0 degrees C resulted in different microstructures wherein the microstructure densified with an increase in the quenching rate. The chitosan beads fabricated via extended TIPS had large pore sizes (26-120 microm) and high porosity (85-92%). All of these matrices showed good interconnected pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Juhn Ro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 80309-0427, USA.
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50
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Abstract
To make effective wound healing accelerator, water-soluble chitosan (WSC)/heparin (CH) complex was prepared using WSC with wound healing ability and heparin with ability to attract or bind growth factor related to wound healing process. Water-soluble CH complex was prepared by the reaction between WSC and heparin, and then, by adding distilled water to it, ointment type with high viscosity was made. To evaluate the wound healing effect, full thickness skin excision was performed on the backs of the rat and then WSC and water-soluble CH complex ointments were applied in the wounds, respectively. After 15 days, gross and histologic examination was performed. Grossly, untreated control group revealed that the wound had well defined margin and was covered by crust. The second group treated with WSC ointment revealed small wound size with less amount of covering crust and ill-defined margin, which appeared to regenerate from margin. The third group treated with water-soluble CH complex ointment appeared to be nearly completely healed. Histology of each group was well correlated to gross findings. The third group shows nearly complete regeneration of appendage structure similar to normal in the dermis in contrast to control and second group with absence and less number of skin appendages, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Keon Kweon
- Green Biotechnology Research Group, The Special Division for Human Life Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology, 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan.
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