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Sonnekus B, Slippers B, Hurley BP, Joubert E, Stiller M, Fourie G. Diversity and Molecular Barcoding of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Associated with Macadamia in South Africa. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070601. [PMID: 35886777 PMCID: PMC9317150 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Stink bugs inflict extensive damage leading to significant yield and economic loss in the South African macadamia industry. There is currently a need for alternative control strategies to replace the reliance on chemical control in South Africa. Accurate identification and knowledge of species composition are important to inform these management practices. In this study, we identified stink bug species associated with macadamia orchards in the three main growing regions of South Africa. This was performed based on morphology and DNA barcoding. A total of 21 stink bug species were found in macadamia orchards, and Bathycoelia distincta was the dominant species found. A group of Boerias spp. were found to be dominant in KwaZulu-Natal, and this is the first report of these species associated with macadamia. Evidence of cryptic species diversity was also found within Pseudatelus raptorius and an unidentified Boerias sp. (Boerias sp. 1). Species composition fluctuated over three growing seasons and between growing regions, highlighting the need for ongoing monitoring of these important pest species. The DNA barcode database developed in this study will be valuable for future monitoring, identifications and the implementation of informed management strategies. Abstract Stink bugs are major pests of macadamia in South Africa. Accurate identification and knowledge of species composition are important to inform management practices. The overall aims of this study were to identify stink bug species from macadamia orchards in South Africa using morphology, and to establish a DNA database based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene region. A total of 21 stink bug species were found in macadamia orchards in KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces. Bathycoelia distincta Distant, 1878, was the dominant species throughout all three growing regions. Two unidentified species of Boerias Kirkaldy, 1909, here designated as Boerias sp. 1 and Boerias sp. 2, were the second and third most abundant species found in KwaZulu-Natal. No species of Boerias has previously been reported in association with macadamia. Evidence of a cryptic third species of Boerias was also found. Species composition fluctuated over three growing seasons in Limpopo and differed between the three growing regions during the 2019–2020 season, highlighting the need for ongoing monitoring of these important pest species. The DNA barcode database developed in this study will be valuable for future monitoring and identifications, including cryptic or polymorphic stink bug species and different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Sonnekus
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (B.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (B.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Brett P. Hurley
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| | | | - Michael Stiller
- Biosystematics Division, ARC-Plant Health and Protection, Private Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa;
| | - Gerda Fourie
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (B.S.); (B.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +2712-420-3854
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Genetic diversity of the two-spotted stink bug Bathycoelia distincta (Pentatomidae) associated with macadamia orchards in South Africa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269373. [PMID: 35687547 PMCID: PMC9187107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The South African macadamia industry is severely affected by a complex of stink bugs, dominated by the two-spotted stink bug, Bathycoelia distincta Distant (Pentatomidae). This species was first discovered during the spring of 1984 in the Limpopo province. Although considerable effort has been spent trying to manage this pest, it continues to be a pest of concern for the macadamia industry. Information on the genetic diversity of this species is lacking, despite the potential relevance of such information for management strategies. The present study aimed to characterise the genetic diversity of B. distincta populations in South Africa. The Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit 1 (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb) gene regions were sequenced from individuals collected from the three main regions of macadamia production over three different seasons (2018–2020). An overall high haplotype diversity (COI = 0.744, Cytb = 0.549 and COI+Cytb = 0.875) was observed. Pairwise mean genetic distance between populations from each region varied from 0.2–0.4% in both datasets, which suggests the absence of cryptic species. The median joining network for both datasets consisted of one or two central haplotypes shared between the regions in addition to unique haplotypes observed in each region. Finally, low genetic differentiation (FST < 0.1), high gene flow (Nm > 1) and the absence of a correlation between genetic and geographic distance were estimated among populations. Overall, these results suggest that the B. distincta populations are not structured among the areas of macadamia production in South Africa. This might be due to its ability to feed and reproduce on various plants and its high dispersal (airborne) between the different growing regions of the country along with the rapid expansion of macadamia plantations in South Africa.
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Daane KM, da Silva PG, Stahl JM, Scaccini D, Wang X. Comparative Life History Parameters of Three Stink Bug Pest Species. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:430-439. [PMID: 35298591 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
California pistachios are threatened by several stink bug species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), including the native Thyanta pallidovirens (Stål) and Chlorochroa uhleri (Stål), as well as the invasive Nezara viridula (L.). In pistachio, control tactics often target specific life stages, which makes knowledge about life histories fundamental to successful IPM programs. For that purpose, life history parameters of these stink bug species were assessed. Nymphal development and survivorship at seven constant temperatures, upper and lower development thresholds, thermal constants, adult longevity and fecundity, and life table parameters were evaluated. No species completed development at 15°C or 35°C. For N. viridula, egg to adult development was fastest at 30°C, whereas for T. pallidovirens there was no significant difference between 27.5 and 30°C and C. uhleri development was similar between 25 and 30°C. Egg to adult survival was highest at 22.5°C and 27.5°C. The thermal requirements as degree-days (DD) to complete immature development were estimated to be 714.3, 370.4, and 434.8 for C. uhleri, T. pallidovirens, and N. viridula, respectively. For C. uhleri, life table calculations produced a value of 56.7 d for mean generation time (To), 24.89 for net reproductive rate (Ro) and 0.057 for the intrinsic rate of increase (r). Thyanta pallidovirens had a To of 39.9 d, a Ro of 81.10 and a r of 0.11. The results are discussed with respect to the improvement of IPM in California pistachios, and the information presented may contribute to the control of these pest species in other ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent M Daane
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul G da Silva
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Life and Earth Sciences, College of Marin, Kentfield, CA 94904, USA
| | - Judith M Stahl
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Davide Scaccini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Xingeng Wang
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE 19713, USA
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Joyce AL, Parolini H, Brailovsky H. Distribution of Two Strains of Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in the Western Hemisphere: Is L. zonatus a Potential Invasive Species in California? INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121094. [PMID: 34940182 PMCID: PMC8703490 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The leaffooted plant bug, Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) is polyphagous and widely distributed in the Western Hemisphere. Although it has been recorded in California since around 1900, it has become a more common pest in almonds in the last decade. Other studies have shown that an established insect can become a pest when a new genotype is introduced. This study investigated the distribution of two lineages (strains) of L. zonatus in the Western Hemisphere. Specimens from the Leptoglossus collection in the national insect collection in Mexico were used to extract DNA and sequence the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I (mtDNA COI) gene, for use in population genetic and phylogenetic analyses. New sequences from Mexico, Central and South America were combined with those available in GenBank, from California and Brazil. Two lineages (strains) of L. zonatus were uncovered. One lineage occurs in California, Mexico and Ecuador. The second lineage is more widespread and found in California, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Bolivia and Brazil. The haplotype number and diversity, and nucleotide diversity, were found for samples from California, Mexico, and Brazil, for the two lineages, and for all 118 sequences combined. All sequences combined produced five haplotypes, and a haplotype diversity of 0.54. California and Brazil had 3 haplotypes each, with one haplotype shared (5 total). Haplotype diversity in California and in Brazil were 0.526 and 0.505, respectively. A haplotype network found that one haplotype was most abundant and widespread. The small number of haplotypes, a range expansion, and economic pest status of L. zonatus in California, all contribute to this insect being a potentially invasive insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Joyce
- Department of Public Health, University of California Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA 94343, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Hannah Parolini
- Department of Public Health, University of California Merced, 5200 N. Lake Road, Merced, CA 94343, USA;
| | - Harry Brailovsky
- Instituto de Biología, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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Bianchi FM, Gonçalves LT. Borrowing the Pentatomomorpha tome from the DNA barcode library: Scanning the overall performance of
cox1
as a tool. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Michels Bianchi
- Laboratório de Entomologia Sistemática Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Animal Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Leonardo Tresoldi Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Drosophila Departamento de Genética Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
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Li Q, Deng J, Chen C, Zeng L, Lin X, Cheng Z, Qiao G, Huang X. DNA Barcoding Subtropical Aphids and Implications for Population Differentiation. INSECTS 2019; 11:E11. [PMID: 31877643 PMCID: PMC7022676 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA barcoding has proven its worth in species identification, discovering cryptic diversity, and inferring genetic divergence. However, reliable DNA barcode reference libraries that these applications depend on are not available for many taxonomic groups and geographical regions. Aphids are a group of plant sap sucking insects, including many notorious pests in agriculture and forestry. The aphid fauna of the subtropical region has been understudied. In this study, based on extensive sampling effort across main subtropical areas, we sequenced 1581 aphid specimens of 143 morphospecies, representing 75 genera, and 13 subfamilies, to build the first comprehensive DNA barcode library for subtropical aphids. We examined the utility of DNA barcodes in identifying aphid species and population differentiation and evaluated the ability of different species delimitation methods (automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD), generalized mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC), and Bayesian Poisson tree processes (bPTP)). We found that most aphid species demonstrated barcode gaps and that a threshold value of 2% genetic distance is suitable for distinguishing most species. Our results indicated that ten morphospecies may have species divergence related to factors such as host plant or geography. By using two pest species Aphis spiraecola and A. gossypii as examples, we also discussed the effect of the sampling scale of host plants on the results and reliability of DNA barcoding of phytophagous insects. This DNA barcode library will be valuable for future studies and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Cui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Linda Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Xiaolan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhentao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Gexia Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Xiaolei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Q.L.); (J.D.); (C.C.); (L.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.C.)
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Li ZQ, Cai XM, Luo ZX, Bian L, Xin ZJ, Liu Y, Chu B, Chen ZM. Geographical Distribution of Ectropis grisescens (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and Ectropis obliqua in China and Description of an Efficient Identification Method. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:277-283. [PMID: 30508146 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ectropis grisescens Warren 1894 (Lepidopotera: Geometridae) and Ectropis obliqua Prout 1915 (Lepidopotera: Geometridae) are the most destructive chewing pests in China's tea plantations. Ectropis grisescens sex pheromone lures and E. obliqua nucleopolyhedrosis virus (EoNPV) are two species-specific and effective bio-control technologies to control these pests. Because these two species are morphologically similar, tea growers are unable to discriminate them by visual inspection. Hence, determining whether to use E. grisescens sex pheromone lures or EoNPV is difficult without knowledge on the geographical distribution of these two Ectropis species in China. In this study, we developed an efficient identification method, which is considerably cheaper and faster than sequencing the cytochrome c oxidase I gene. Overall, 2,588 E. grisescens and E. obliqua samples, collected from 13 provinces and municipalities in China covering the major regions where these pests have been reported, were identified. All insect samples from southern Jiangsu Province were identified as E. obliqua. Both Ectropis species were mix-distributed at the Anhui-Zhejiang Province border areas, whereas E. grisescens was mostly collected from the other sampling sites. Thus, E. obliqua might be mainly distributed at the junction of Jiangsu, Anhui, and Zhejiang Provinces. In contrast, E. grisescens has a considerably wide distribution area and is the main lepidopteran pest in the tea plantations of China. Our results contribute to improve the management of E. grisescens and E. obliqua populations and provide new insights for further studies on these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Qun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Xiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Bian
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Jun Xin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Mao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Kasambala Donga T, Meadow R. Determination of Genetic Diversity in Chilo partellus, Busseola fusca, and Spodoptera frugiperda Infesting Sugarcane in Southern Malawi Using DNA Barcodes. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9030074. [PMID: 29932153 PMCID: PMC6165303 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sugarcane is one of the most valuable crops in the world. Native and exotic Lepidopteran stemborers significantly limit sugarcane production. However, the identity and genetic diversity of stemborers infesting sugarcane in Malawi is unknown. The main objectives for this study were to identify and determine genetic diversity in stemborers infesting sugarcane in Malawi. We conducted field surveys between June 2016 and March 2017 in the Lower Shire Valley district of Chikwawa and Nsanje, southern Malawi. Molecular identification was based amplification the partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene region. Phylogenetic trees for sequences were generated and published GenBank accessions for each species were constructed. We found that Malawi Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) specimens belonged to clade II, Spodoptera frugiperda sp. 1 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) were infesting sugarcane. Interspecific divergence ranged from 8.7% to 15.3%. Intraspecific divergence was highest for B. fusca, 3.6%. There were eight haplotypes for B. fusca, three for S. frugiperda and three for C. partellus. The importance of accurate species identification and genetic diversity on stemborer management is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trust Kasambala Donga
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, NO-1432 Ås, Trondheim 7439, Norway.
- Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 219 Lilongwe, Malawi.
| | - Richard Meadow
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, NO-1432 Ås, Trondheim 7439, Norway.
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