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Xie Z, Xu L, Zhao J, Li N, Qin D, Xiao C, Lu Y, Guo Z. Rapid cold hardening and cold acclimation promote cold tolerance of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) by physiological substances transformation and cryoprotectants accumulation. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:574-586. [PMID: 37501573 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Insect response to cold stress is often associated with adaptive strategies and chemical variation. However, low-temperature domestication to promote the cold tolerance potential of Bactrocera dorsalis and transformation of main internal substances are not clear. Here, we use a series of low-temperature exposure experiments, supercooling point (SCP) measurement, physiological substances and cryoprotectants detection to reveal that pre-cooling with milder low temperatures (5 and 10°C) for several hours (rapid cold hardening) and days (cold acclimation) can dramatically improve the survival rate of adults and pupae under an extremely low temperature (-6.5°C). Besides, the effect of rapid cold hardening for adults could be maintained even 4 h later with 25°C exposures, and SCP was significantly declined after cold acclimation. Furthermore, content of water, fat, protein, glycogen, sorbitol, glycerol and trehalose in bodies were measured. Results showed that water content was reduced and increased content of proteins, glycogen, glycerol and trehalose after two cold domestications. Our findings suggest that rapid cold hardening and cold acclimation could enhance cold tolerance of B. dorsalis by increasing proteins, glycerol, trehalose and decreasing water content. Conclusively, identifying a physiological variation will be useful for predicting the occurrence and migration trend of B. dorsalis populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Xie
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Luchen Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Deqiang Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yongyue Lu
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zijun Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Yunnan Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, Kunming 650201, China
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Mbande A, Mutamiswa R, Chidawanyika F. Ontogenetic responses of physiological fitness in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in response to repeated cold exposure. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:449-455. [PMID: 37587795 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485323000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
In this era of global climate change, intrinsic rapid and evolutionary responses of invasive agricultural pests to thermal variability are of concern given the potential implications on their biogeography and dire consequences on human food security. For insects, chill coma recovery time (CCRT) and critical thermal minima (CTmin), the point at which neuromuscular coordination is lost following cold exposure, remain good indices for cold tolerance. Using laboratory-reared Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), we explored cold tolerance repeated exposure across life stages of this invasive insect pest. Specifically, we measured their CTmin and CCRT across four consecutive assays, each 24 h apart. In addition, we assessed body water content (BWC) and body lipid content (BLC) of the life stages. Our results showed that CTmin improved with repeated exposure in 5th instar larvae, virgin males and females while CCRT improved in 4th, 5th and 6th instar larvae following repeated cold exposure. In addition, the results revealed evidence of cold hardening in this invasive insect pest. However, there was no correlation between cold tolerance and BWC as well as BLC. Our results show capacity for cold hardening and population persistence of S. frugiperda in cooler environments. This suggests potential of fall armyworm (FAW) to withstand considerable harsh winter environments typical of its recently invaded geographic range in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abongile Mbande
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- Tugwi-Mukosi Multidisciplinary Research Institute, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
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Li MJ, Zhang B, Chen GH, Zhou SW, Liu JH, Lu M, Zhang JL, Yang SW, Zhang XM. Effects of short-term extreme temperature treatment on the development and reproductive capacity of Encarsia formosa. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1187743. [PMID: 37389122 PMCID: PMC10304823 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1187743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Encarsia formosa is a natural enemy of the invasive pest Bemisia tabaci and is known to be a dominant parasitic. The frequency and magnitude of climate extremes, particularly temperature extremes, have increased, which has put insect populations at risk. However, the effects of temperature extremes on E. formosa are not well understood. To examine the impact of short-term extreme temperature exposure on the development and reproduction of E. formosa, eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults were exposed to high/low temperature treatments (HLT25, HLT50, LLT25, and LLT50). Our findings indicate that the pupal stage of E. formosa exhibited the strongest tolerance to both heat and cold, while adults exhibited a weaker tolerance. The shortest egg-to-adult development period of 12.65 days was observed in E. formosa exposed to HLT50 treatment during the egg-larval stage. The parasitism peak of the adult stage was delayed by 1-6 days after exposure to extreme temperatures during the egg-larval stage. Conversely, the parasitism peak was advanced by 1-3 days after exposure to extreme temperatures during the pupal and adult stages. The eclosion rate, total parasitism, eclosion rate of the F1 generation, and adult longevity of the F1 generation were lower in the treatment groups than in the control groups. The F1 generation's development period was prolonged to 15.49 and 15.19 days after exposure to HLT25 and HLT50 treatments, respectively, during the egg-larval stage. The F1 generation's development period was shortened to 13.33 days after exposure to LLT50 treatment during the pupal stage. Male individuals appeared in the F1 generation after exposure to HLT50 treatment during the pupal stage, with females accounting for only 56.38%. Our results demonstrate that short-term exposure to extreme temperatures has detrimental effects on the growth and reproduction of E. formosa. In field biocontrol against E. formosa, the release of E. formosa should be avoided as much as possible when the ambient temperature is higher than 35°C or lower than 0°C. During extreme temperature conditions, timely supplementation and release of E. formosa population, along with ventilation and cooling in greenhouse facilities during summer, are necessary for better pest control efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jiang Li
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd., Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Guo-Hua Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shun-Wen Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Ji-Huan Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Mei Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jin-Long Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shao-Wu Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering and Technological Research Center, College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Biological Resources in Yunnan, College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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Ma J, Faqir Y, Tan C, Khaliq G. Terrestrial insects as a promising source of chitosan and recent developments in its application for various industries. Food Chem 2021; 373:131407. [PMID: 34715633 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a deacetylated form of chitin and increasingly important amino-polysaccharide used in many various sectors including agriculture, food, and biomedicine. However, chitosan from marine sources has several adverse effects, including allergenic components harmful to human health. Furthermore, marine resources are seasonal, and availability is limited due to dependency on environmental conditions and climate change. In addition, shell infection in crustaceans and environmental contamination make the harvesting of chitin and chitosan problematic. In recent years, chitosan from terrestrial insects has attracted considerable interest. The discoveries show insect chitosan is more advantageous compared to crustacean chitosan. In addition, we were unable to find any literature about the adverse effects of insect chitosan thus far. This review aims to reveal information regarding crustacean and terrestrial insect chitosan and recent advances in chitosan sources. Applications from specific insect orders and perspectives for further study will also be highlighted, including medical and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Ma
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Resource Utilization and Modification of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Yahya Faqir
- Engineering Research Center for Biomass Resource Utilization and Modification of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Chengjia Tan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Mianyang Teachers' College, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Ghulam Khaliq
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
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Tarusikirwa VL, Mutamiswa R, Chidawanyika F, Nyamukondiwa C. Cold hardiness of the South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): both larvae and adults are chill-susceptible. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:184-193. [PMID: 32652749 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For many insects, including invasive species, overwintering survival is achieved behaviourally (e.g. through migration) or physiologically by entering diapause, a state of arrested physiological development that may be accompanied with depressed supercooling points (SCPs). Diapause allows in situ adaptation to adverse environmental conditions, providing sufficient parent propagules for insect pest proliferation when optimal conditions resurface. This phenomenon has however not been observed in the invasive South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta in its Mediterranean invaded areas. Moreover, no studies have looked at its overwintering survival in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we thus investigated the cold hardiness of Tuta absoluta larvae and adults to better explain its local overwintering adaptation strategy. RESULTS Larval lower lethal temperatures ranged from -1 to -17 °C for 0.5 to 4 h durations. Adults showed lower temperature activity limits than larvae albeit freeze strategy experiments showed neither survived internal freezing. Fasting and dehydration pre-treatment generally depressed SCPs, although asymmetrically, conferring more negative SCPs for larvae. Ramping rates, synonymic to diurnal temperature changes also significantly affected SCPs while, inoculative freezing significantly compromised freezing temperatures in both larvae and adults. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that (i) Tuta absoluta larvae and adults are chill-susceptible and may successfully overwinter, (ii) larvae appear more cold hardy than adults and (iii) ecological factors e.g. inoculative freezing, cooling rates, feeding- and hydration-status may affect cold hardiness. These results are important in determining species range limits, population phenology, modelling pest risk status and allows temporal life-stage specific targeting of management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimbai L Tarusikirwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
| | - Reyard Mutamiswa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Frank Chidawanyika
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
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Simultaneous Occurrence of Diapause and Cold Hardiness in Overwintering Eggs of the Apple Oystershell Scale, Lepidosaphes Malicola Borchsenius (Hem.: Diaspididae). Zool Stud 2020; 59:e25. [PMID: 33262848 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2020.59-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As the key pest of apple fruits, the oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes malicola Borchsenius (Hem.: Diaspididae), overwinters as diapausing eggs under the protective, waxy cover of females. In this research, the effects of diapause development, cold acclimation, and rapid cold hardening were studied on the cold hardiness of the eggs. The changes in some physiological components were also investigated. The results indicated cold exposure to be a prerequisite for the survival of the diapausing eggs of L. malicola. No eggs hatched without exposure to cold. In addition, a direct relationship was observed among cold hardiness, cold acclimation, and diapause of the eggs based on the results. The highest level of hatching (the highest cold hardiness) of the eggs (80%) occurred in the cold-acclimated eggs at the end of diapause (March). Rapid cold hardening also influenced the cold hardiness of the eggs with diapause development. At the end of diapause, the lowest (61%) and the highest (77%) rates of egg survival were observed when the eggs were exposed to 5 and -10°C for 24 h, respectively. Cold hardiness of the diapausing eggs of L. malicola was also accompanied by some physiological changes, i.e., a decrease in glycogen content and an increase in simple sugar, lipid, and protein contents. The lowest glycogen content (about 50 μg/g) and the highest amounts of total simple sugars (454 μg/g) of lipids (542 μg/g) and proteins (84 μg/g) were observed in the cold-acclimated eggs at the end of diapause.
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Hasanvand H, Izadi H, Mohammadzadeh M. Overwintering Physiology and Cold Tolerance of the Sunn Pest, Eurygaster integriceps, an Emphasis on the Role of Cryoprotectants. Front Physiol 2020; 11:321. [PMID: 32425803 PMCID: PMC7204558 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a serious pest of wheat, the Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hem.: Scutelleridae), is prevalent in Iran. This pest belongs to univoltine species and tends to estivate and overwinter in high altitudes of nearby mountains as diapausing adults. The economic importance of the crop was attacked by this pest, i.e., wheat led the authors to study the physiological adaptations of these diapausing adults, that is, changes in the supercooling point (SCP), in the accumulation of cryoprotectants, and in the activities of the related enzymes in relation to diapause development. The mean SCP of the diapausing adults was found to be −8°C. The lowest SCP, i.e., approximately −11°C, was observed in the middle of diapause, October, when the highest cold hardiness was also interestingly recorded. This finding proposed that SCP depression could be a feasible cold-tolerance strategy for diapausing adults. The sugar content was high in the initiation and at the termination of diapause and was low during diapause maintenance. These sugar reserves were most likely utilized to be converted to glycogen and lipid during diapause maintenance as a survival strategy. The changes in the glycogen and lipid contents were inversely proportional to the changes in the total sugar content. The authors also found that the changes in the glycogen content were directly proportional to those in the low-molecular-weight carbohydrates (e.g., glycerol and trehalose) and in the diapause development. This finding underlined the role of the low-molecular-weight carbohydrates, such as the cryoprotectants, in enhancing the cold tolerance of the given insect. In this study, the diapause-associated changes in the activities of α-amylases and proteases were also investigated. The results showed that the enzyme activities were related to diapause development and cold-tolerance enhancement. The highest enzyme activity was observed in September. Since the overwintering adults of the Sunn pest could not tolerate temperatures below their SCPs, they were grouped in the freeze-intolerant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Hasanvand
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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