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Lou H, Huang Y, Zhu Z, Xu Q. Cloning and Expression Analysis of Onion (Allium cepa L.) MADS-Box Genes and Regulation Mechanism of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:2116-2134. [PMID: 36947296 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10360-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Flower organ development is one of the most important processes in plant life. However, onion CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility) shows an abnormal development of floral organs. The regulation of MADS-box transcription factors is important for flower development. To further understand the role of MADS-box transcription factors in the regulation of cytoplasmic male sterility onions. We cloned the full-length cDNA of five MADS-box transcription factors from the flowers of onion using RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) technology. We used bioinformatics methods for sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression patterns of these genes in different onion organs. The relative expression levels of five flower development genes were compared in CMS onions and wild onions. The results showed that the full-length cDNA sequences of the cloned MADS-box genes AcFUL, AcDEF, AcPI, AcAG, and AcSEP3 belonged to A, B, C, and E MADS-box genes, respectively. A phylogenetic tree construction analysis was performed on its sequence. Analysis of MADS-box gene expression in wild onion and CMS onion showed that the formation of CMS onion was caused by down-regulation of AcDEF, AcPI, and AcAG gene expression, up-regulation of AcSEP3 gene expression, and no correlation with AcFUL gene expression. This work laid the foundation for further study of the molecular mechanism of onion flower development and the molecular mechanism of CMS onion male sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Lou
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yuntong Huang
- Medical Laboratory College of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Industrial College of Biomedicine and Health Industry, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhengjie Zhu
- Agriculture and Food Engineering College, Baise University, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Qijiang Xu
- Medical Laboratory College of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
- Industrial College of Biomedicine and Health Industry, Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
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2
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Wu G, Tian X, Qiu Q, Zhang Y, Fan X, Yuan D. Dynamic cytological and transcriptomic analyses provide novel insights into the mechanisms of sex determination in Castanea henryi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1257541. [PMID: 37771497 PMCID: PMC10523332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1257541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Castanea henryi is a monoecious woody food tree species whose yield and industrialization potential are limited by its low female-to-male flower ratio. Here, the male flowers on the male inflorescence of C. henryi were converted to female flowers by triple applications of exogenous cytokinin (CK) (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea, CPPU). To study the role of exogenous CK in flower sex determination, cytological and transcriptomic analyses were performed on samples from the five stages after CK treatment. Cytological analysis showed that stage 3 (nine days after the last CK treatment) was the critical stage in the differential development of the pistil primordium and stamen primordium. On this basis, one key module and two modules with significant positive correlations with stage 3 were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), combined with transcriptome data. The CK and GA biosynthesis- and signaling-related genes, three transcription factor (TF) families, and 11 floral organ identity genes were identified in the related modules. In particular, the TFs WRKY47, ERF021, and MYB4, and floral organ identity genes AGL11/15, DEF, and SEP1 with large differences are considered to be critical regulators of sex determination in C. henryi. Based on these results, a genetic regulatory network for exogenous CK in the sex determination of flowers in C. henryi is proposed. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of CK in the sex regulation of flowers and provides new insights into the regulatory network of sex determination in C. henryi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | | | - Qi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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3
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Li G, Serek M, Gehl C. Physiological changes besides the enhancement of pigmentation in Petunia hybrida caused by overexpression of PhAN2, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:609-627. [PMID: 36690873 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-02983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of PhAN2 in vegetative tissue can improve regeneration and adventitious rooting but inhibit axillary bud outgrowth of petunia, while overexpression specifically in flowers could shorten longevity. Anthocyanin 2 has been only treated as a critical positive regulation factor of anthocyanin biosynthesis in petunia flowers. To determine if this gene had other functions in plant growth, we overexpressed this gene in an an2 mutant petunia cultivar driven by promoters with different strengths or tissue specificity. Various physiological processes of transformants in different growth stages and environments were analyzed. Besides the expected pigmentation improvement in different tissues, the results also showed that ectopic expression of AN2 could improve the regeneration skill but inhibit the axillary bud germination of in vitro plants. Moreover, the rooting ability of shoot tips of transformants was significantly improved, while some transgenic lines' flower longevity was shortened. Gene expression analysis showed that the transcripts level of AN2, partner genes anthocyanin 1 (AN1), anthocyanin 11 (AN11), and target gene dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) was altered in the different transgenic lines. In addition, ethylene biosynthesis-related genes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS1) and ACC oxidase (ACO1) were upregulated in rooting and flower senescence processes but at different time points. Overall, our data demonstrate that the critical role of this AN2 gene in plant growth physiology may extend beyond that of a single activator of anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Li
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Floriculture, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Margrethe Serek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Floriculture, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Gehl
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Floriculture, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
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Poulin V, Amesefe D, Gonzalez E, Alexandre H, Joly S. Testing candidate genes linked to corolla shape variation of a pollinator shift in Rhytidophyllum (Gesneriaceae). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267540. [PMID: 35853078 PMCID: PMC9295946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral adaptations to specific pollinators like corolla shape variation often result in reproductive isolation and thus speciation. But despite their ecological importance, the genetic bases of corolla shape transitions are still poorly understood, especially outside model species. Hence, our goal was to identify candidate genes potentially involved in corolla shape variation between two closely related species of the Rhytidophyllum genus (Gesneriaceae family) from the Antilles with contrasting pollination strategies. Rhytidophyllum rupincola has a tubular corolla and is strictly pollinated by hummingbirds, whereas R. auriculatum has more open flowers and is pollinated by hummingbirds, bats, and insects. We surveyed the literature and used a comparative transcriptome sequence analysis of synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions to obtain a list of genes that could explain floral variation between R. auriculatum and R. rupincola. We then tested their association with corolla shape variation using QTL mapping in a F2 hybrid population. Out of 28 genes tested, three were found to be good candidates because of a strong association with corolla shape: RADIALIS, GLOBOSA, and JAGGED. Although the role of these genes in Rhytidophyllum corolla shape variation remains to be confirmed, these findings are a first step towards identifying the genes that have been under selection by pollinators and thus involved in reproductive isolation and speciation in this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Poulin
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Delase Amesefe
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Gonzalez
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics (C3G), McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Microbiome Research Platform, McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity (MI4), Genome Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hermine Alexandre
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Simon Joly
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Montreal Botanical Garden, Montréal, Canada
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Fritsche S, Rippel Salgado L, Boron AK, Hanning KR, Donaldson LA, Thorlby G. Transcriptional Regulation of Pine Male and Female Cone Initiation and Development: Key Players Identified Through Comparative Transcriptomics. Front Genet 2022; 13:815093. [PMID: 35368695 PMCID: PMC8971679 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.815093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With long reproductive timescales, large complex genomes, and a lack of reliable reference genomes, understanding gene function in conifers is extremely challenging. Consequently, our understanding of which genetic factors influence the development of reproductive structures (cones) in monoecious conifers remains limited. Genes with inferred roles in conifer reproduction have mostly been identified through homology and phylogenetic reconstruction with their angiosperm counterparts. We used RNA-sequencing to generate transcriptomes of the early morphological stages of cone development in the conifer species Pinus densiflora and used these to gain a deeper insight into the transcriptional changes during male and female cone development. Paired-end Illumina sequencing was used to generate transcriptomes from non-reproductive tissue and male and female cones at four time points with a total of 382.82 Gbp of data generated. After assembly and stringent filtering, a total of 37,164 transcripts were retrieved, of which a third were functionally annotated using the Mercator plant pipeline. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis resulted in the identification of 172,092 DEGs in the nine tissue types. This, alongside GO gene enrichment analyses, pinpointed transcripts putatively involved in conifer reproductive structure development, including co-orthologs of several angiosperm flowering genes and several that have not been previously reported in conifers. This study provides a comprehensive transcriptome resource for male and early female cone development in the gymnosperm species Pinus densiflora. Characterisation of this resource has allowed the identification of potential key players and thus provides valuable insights into the molecular regulation of reproductive structure development in monoecious conifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Fritsche
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Leonardo Rippel Salgado
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand
- Molecular and Digital Breeding, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Te Puke, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Glenn Thorlby
- Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Scion, Rotorua, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Glenn Thorlby,
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iTRAQ and PRM -based proteomics analysis for the identification of differentially abundant proteins related to male sterility in ms-7 mutant tomato (Solanum lycoperscium) plants. J Proteomics 2022; 261:104557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Deveaux Y, Conde e Silva N, Manicacci D, Le Guilloux M, Brunaud V, Belcram H, Joets J, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Delannoy E, Corti H, Balzergue S, Caius J, Nadot S, Damerval C. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Putative Target Genes of APETALA3-3 During Early Floral Development in Nigella damascena L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:660803. [PMID: 34149759 PMCID: PMC8212990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.660803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Even though petals are homoplastic structures, their identity consistently involves genes of the APETALA3 (AP3) lineage. However, the extent to which the networks downstream of AP3 are conserved in species with petals of different evolutionary origins is unknown. In Ranunculaceae, the specificity of the AP3-III lineage offers a great opportunity to identify the petal gene regulatory network in a comparative framework. Using a transcriptomic approach, we investigated putative target genes of the AP3-III ortholog NdAP3-3 in Nigella damascena at early developmental stages when petal identity is determined, and we compared our data with that from selected eudicot species. We generated a de novo reference transcriptome to carry out a differential gene expression analysis between the wild-type and mutant NdAP3-3 genotypes differing by the presence vs. absence of petals at early stages of floral development. Among the 1,620 genes that were significantly differentially expressed between the two genotypes, functional annotation suggested a large involvement of nuclear activities, including regulation of transcription, and enrichment in processes linked to cell proliferation. Comparing with Arabidopsis data, we found that highly conserved genes between the two species are enriched in homologs of direct targets of the AtAP3 protein. Integrating AP3-3 binding site data from another Ranunculaceae species, Aquilegia coerulea, allowed us to identify a set of 18 putative target genes that were conserved between the three species. Our results suggest that, despite the independent evolutionary origin of petals in core eudicots and Ranunculaceae, a small conserved set of genes determines petal identity and early development in these taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Deveaux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Natalia Conde e Silva
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Domenica Manicacci
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martine Le Guilloux
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Brunaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Harry Belcram
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Johann Joets
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Etienne Delannoy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Hélène Corti
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Univ Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, Angers, France
| | - Jose Caius
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Univ Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
- Université de Paris, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Nadot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Orsay, France
| | - Catherine Damerval
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Probing the floral developmental stages, bisexuality and sex reversions in castor (Ricinus communis L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:4246. [PMID: 33608605 PMCID: PMC7895920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Castor (Ricinus communis L) is an ideal model species for sex mechanism studies in monoecious angiosperms, due to wide variations in sex expression. Sex reversion to monoecy in pistillate lines, along with labile sex expression, negatively influences hybrid seed purity. The study focuses on understanding the mechanisms of unisexual flower development, sex reversions and sex variations in castor, using various genotypes with distinct sex expression pattern. Male and female flowers had 8 and 12 developmental stages respectively, were morphologically similar till stage 4, with an intermediate bisexual state and were intermediate between type 1 and type 2 flowers. Pistil abortion was earlier than stamen inhibition. Sex alterations occurred at floral and inflorescence level. While sex-reversion was unidirectional towards maleness via bisexual stage, at high day temperatures (Tmax > 38 °C), femaleness was restored with subsequent drop in temperatures. Temperature existing for 2–3 weeks during floral meristem development, influences sexuality of the flower. We report for first time that unisexuality is preceded by bisexuality in castor flowers which alters with genotype and temperature, and sex reversions as well as high sexual polymorphisms in castor are due to alterations in floral developmental pathways. Differentially expressed (male-abundant or male-specific) genes Short chain dehydrogenase reductase 2a (SDR) and WUSCHEL are possibly involved in sex determination of castor.
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Orchid B sister gene PeMADS28 displays conserved function in ovule integument development. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1205. [PMID: 33441740 PMCID: PMC7806631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ovules and egg cells are well developed to be fertilized at anthesis in many flowering plants. However, ovule development is triggered by pollination in most orchids. In this study, we characterized the function of a Bsister gene, named PeMADS28, isolated from Phalaenopsis equestris, the genome-sequenced orchid. Spatial and temporal expression analysis showed PeMADS28 predominantly expressed in ovules between 32 and 48 days after pollination, which synchronizes with integument development. Subcellular localization and protein–protein interaction analyses revealed that PeMADS28 could form a homodimer as well as heterodimers with D-class and E-class MADS-box proteins. In addition, ectopic expression of PeMADS28 in Arabidopsis thaliana induced small curled rosette leaves, short silique length and few seeds, similar to that with overexpression of other species’ Bsister genes in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, complementation test revealed that PeMADS28 could rescue the phenotype of the ABS/TT16 mutant. Together, these results indicate the conserved function of BsisterPeMADS28 associated with ovule integument development in orchid.
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Li C, Chen L, Fan X, Qi W, Ma J, Tian T, Zhou T, Ma L, Chen F. MawuAP1 promotes flowering and fruit development in the basal angiosperm Magnolia wufengensis (Magnoliaceae). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1247-1259. [PMID: 32348527 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The APETALA1/SQUAMOSA (AP1/SQUA)-like genes of flowering plants play crucial roles in the development processes of floral meristems, sepals, petals and fruits. Although many of the AP1/SQUA-like genes have been characterized in angiosperms, few have been identified in basal angiosperm taxa. Therefore, the functional evolution of the AP1/SQUA subfamily is still unclear. We characterized an AP1 homolog, MawuAP1, from Magnolia wufengensis that is an ornamental woody plant belonging to the basal angiosperms. Gene sequence and phylogenetic analyses suggested that MawuAP1 was clustered with the FUL-like homologous genes of basal angiosperms and had FUL motif and paleoAP1 motif domain, but it did not have the euAP1 motif domain of core eudicots. Expression pattern analysis showed that MawuAP1 was highly expressed in vegetative and floral organs, particularly in the early stage of flower bud development and pre-anthesis. Protein-protein interaction pattern analysis revealed that MawuAP1 has interaction with an A-class gene (MawuAP1), C-class gene (MawuAG-1) and E-class gene (MawuAGL9) of the MADS-box family genes. Ectopic expression in Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that MawuAP1 could significantly promote flowering and fruit development, but it could not restore the sepal and petal formation of ap1 mutants. These results demonstrated that there are functional differences in the specification of sepal and petal floral organs and development of fruits among the AP1/SQUA-like genes, and functional conservation in the regulation of floral meristem. These findings provide strong evidence for the important functions of MawuAP1 in floral meristem determination, promoting flowering and fruit development, and further highlight the importance of AP1/SQUA subfamily in biological evolution and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU), Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, P.R. China
| | - Liyuan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Fan
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU), Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, P.R. China
| | - Wenjuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU), Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU), Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU), Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, P.R. China
| | - Luyi Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Silviculture and Conservation, Forestry College, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P.R. China
| | - Faju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Regional Plant Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement (CTGU), Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, P.R. China
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Githeng’u SK, Ding L, Zhao K, Zhao W, Chen S, Jiang J, Chen F. Ectopic expression of Chrysanthemum CDM19 in Arabidopsis reveals a novel function in carpel development. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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12
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Wang Q, Dan N, Zhang X, Lin S, Bao M, Fu X. Identification, Characterization and Functional Analysis of C-Class Genes Associated with Double Flower Trait in Carnation ( Dianthus caryphyllus L.). PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9010087. [PMID: 31936710 PMCID: PMC7020439 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Flowers with more petals are of more ornamental value. It is well known that AGAMOUS (AG) is the core member of the C-class gene which plays an essential role in double flower formation and identification of stamens and carpels in Arabidopsisthaliana. We searched C-class genes in the genome of the carnation, and found two AG orthologs (DcaAGa, DcaAGb). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two genes were closely related to the euAG subclade. Then we searched the genomes of other Caryophyllales plants (Beta vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea, Chenopodium quinoa) for C-class genes, and found that their C-class genes all belonged to the euAG subclade. Semi-quantitative PCR (sq-PCR) analysis indicated that the expression of DcaAG genes in the single flower phenotype was higher than that in the double flower phenotype. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expressions of DcaAG genes in the flower bud were significantly different from those in the root, stem, and leaf between the single and double flower phenotype carnations, and that DcaAG genes were specifically expressed in the stamen and carpel of carnation. Moreover, the expression of other floral organ identity genes (AP1 and AP2, PI and AP3, SEP1 and SEP3 corresponding to the A-, B-, and E-class of genes, respectively) showed no significant difference in all floral organs between the single and double flower phenotype carnations, suggesting that C-class (DcaAG) genes might play an important role in the double flower phenotype in carnation. Petal loss or decrease, precocious flowering, silique shortening, and seed sterility were observed in 35S::DcaAGa and 35S::DcaAGb transgenic Arabidopsis plants. All these results show that DcaAG genes might affect the petal number negatively and have a specific function in stamen and carpel development in carnation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.W.); (N.D.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (M.B.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (pilot run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Naizhen Dan
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.W.); (N.D.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (M.B.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (pilot run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoni Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.W.); (N.D.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (M.B.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (pilot run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shengnan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.W.); (N.D.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (M.B.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (pilot run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.W.); (N.D.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (M.B.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (pilot run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaopeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Q.W.); (N.D.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (M.B.)
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China (pilot run), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-159-2625-8658; Fax: +86-027-8728-2010
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Wang S, Huang H, Han R, Liu C, Qiu Z, Liu G, Chen S, Jiang J. Negative feedback loop between BpAP1 and BpPI/BpDEF heterodimer in Betula platyphylla × B. pendula. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 289:110280. [PMID: 31623773 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
MADS-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the control of many important developmental processes, especially the flower development of angiosperms. Analysis on gene regulatory relationship between MADS-box genes is useful for understanding the molecular mechanism of flower development. In this study, we focused on the regulatory relationship between MADS-box transcription factors APETALA1 (AP1) and PISTILLATA(PI)/DEFICIENS (DEF) in birch. We found that BpPI was an authentic target gene of BpAP1, and BpAP1 activated the expression of BpPI via directly binding to the CArG box motif. Functional analysis of BpPI showed that overexpression of BpPI may delay flowering via restricting flowering activators, in which BpAP1 was significantly down-regulated. We further investigated the regulatory of BpAP1 by BpPI, and found that BpPI could directly bind to the promoter of BpAP1 to restrict BpAP1 expression. In addition, we also found that BpPI could interact with its hypothetical partner BpDEF to co-regulate BpAP1 in birch. Our results suggested that overexpression of BpPI may delay flowering via restricting flowering activators, and there is a negative feedback loop between BpAP1 and BpPI/BpDEF heterodimer in birch. Our results will bring new evidences for further analysis of the molecular mechanism of flower formation in plants that produced unisexual flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Haijiao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Rui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Chaoyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Zhinan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Guifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Jing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, 26 Hexing Road, Harbin, 150040, China.
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Mitoma M, Kajino Y, Hayashi R, Endo M, Kubota S, Kanno A. Molecular mechanism underlying pseudopeloria in Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 99:439-451. [PMID: 30924980 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae) has two whorls of perianth, comprising three greenish sepals, two white petals and one lip (labellum). By contrast, the pseudopeloric (with a decreased degree of zygomorphy) mutant cultivar of H. radiata, 'Hishou', has changes in the identities of the dorsal sepal to a petaloid organ and the two ventral sepals to lip-like organs. Here, we isolated four DEFICIENS-like and two AGL6-like genes from H. radiata, and characterized their expression. Most of these genes revealed similar expression patterns in the wild type and in the 'Hishou' cultivar, except HrDEF-C3. The HrDEF-C3 gene was expressed in petals and lip in the wild type but was ectopically expressed in sepal, petals, lip, leaf, root and bulb in 'Hishou'. Sequence analysis of the HrDEF-C3 loci revealed that the 'Hishou' genome harbored two types of HrDEF-C3 genes: one identical to wild-type HrDEF-C3 and the other carrying a retrotransposon insertion in its promoter. Genetic linkage analysis of the progeny derived from an intraspecific cross between 'Hishou' and the wild type demonstrated that the mutant pseudopeloric trait was dominantly inherited and was linked to the HrDEF-C3 gene carrying the retrotransposon. These results indicate that the pseudopeloric phenotype is caused by retrotransposon insertion in the HrDEF-C3 promoter, resulting in the ectopic expression of HrDEF-C3. As the expression of HrAGL6-C2 was limited to lateral sepals and lip, the overlapping expression of HrDEF-C3 and HrAGL6-C2 is likely to be responsible for the sepal to lip-like identity in the lateral sepals of the 'Hishou' cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Mitoma
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yumi Kajino
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Risa Hayashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Miyako Endo
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shosei Kubota
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akira Kanno
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
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Reyes-Olalde JI, de Folter S. Control of stem cell activity in the carpel margin meristem (CMM) in Arabidopsis. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2019; 32:123-136. [PMID: 30671644 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-00359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Overview of the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate meristem activity in the CMM compared to the SAM. Meristems are undifferentiated cells responsible for post-embryonic plant development. The meristems are able to form new organs continuously by carefully balancing between stem cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The plant stem cell niche in each meristem harbors the stem cells that are important to maintain each meristem. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) produces all above-parts of a plant and the molecular mechanisms active in the SAM are actively studied since many years, and models are available. During the reproductive phase of the plant, the inflorescence meristem gives rise to floral meristems, which give rise to the flowers. During floral development, the gynoecium forms that contains a new meristem inside, called the carpel margin meristem (CMM). In Arabidopsis, the gynoecium consists out of two fused carpels, where the CMM forms along the fused carpel margins. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms taking place in the CMM, and we discuss similarities and differences found in the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Irepan Reyes-Olalde
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), CP 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
- Universidad Politécnica del Valle de Toluca, CP 50904, Almoloya de Juárez, Estado de México, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, CP 50180, Toluca, Estado de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), CP 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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16
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Chen YT, Chang CC, Chen CW, Chen KC, Chu YW. MADS-Box Gene Classification in Angiosperms by Clustering and Machine Learning Approaches. Front Genet 2019; 9:707. [PMID: 30671085 PMCID: PMC6333052 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The MADS-box gene family is an important transcription factor family involved in floral organogenesis. The previously proposed ABCDE model suggests that different floral organ identities are controlled by various combinations of classes of MADS-box genes. The five-class ABCDE model cannot cover all the species of angiosperms, especially the orchid. Thus, we developed a two-stage approach for MADS-box gene classification to advance the study of floral organogenesis of angiosperms. First, eight classes of reference datasets (A, AGL6, B12, B34, BPI, C, D, and E) were curated and clustered by phylogenetic analysis and unsupervised learning, and they were confirmed by the literature. Second, feature selection and multiple prediction models were curated according to sequence similarity and the characteristics of the MADS-box gene domain using support vector machines. Compared with the BindN and COILS features, the local BLAST model yielded the best accuracy. For performance evaluation, the accuracy of Phalaenopsis aphrodite MADS-box gene classification was 93.3%, which is higher than 86.7% of our previous classification prediction tool, iMADS. Phylogenetic tree construction – the most common method for gene classification yields classification errors and is time-consuming for analysis of massive, multi-species, or incomplete sequences. In this regard, our new system can also confirm the classification errors of all the random selection that were incorrectly classified by phylogenetic tree analysis. Our model constitutes a reliable and efficient MADS-box gene classification system for angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Chen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Chang
- School of Medical Informatics, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,IT Office, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chun Chen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wei Chu
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Callens C, Tucker MR, Zhang D, Wilson ZA. Dissecting the role of MADS-box genes in monocot floral development and diversity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2435-2459. [PMID: 29718461 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Many monocot plants have high social and economic value. These include grasses such as rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), which produce soft commodities for many food and beverage industries, and ornamental flowers such ase lily (Lilium longiflorum) and orchid (Oncidium Gower Ramsey), which represent an important component of international flower markets. There is constant pressure to improve the development and diversity of these species, with a significant emphasis on flower development, and this is particularly relevant considering the impact of changing environments on reproduction and thus yield. MADS-box proteins are a family of transcription factors that contain a conserved 60 amino acid MADS-box motif. In plants, attention has been devoted to characterization of this family due to their roles in inflorescence and flower development, which holds promise for the modification of floral architecture for plant breeding. This has been explored in diverse angiosperms, but particularly the dicot model Arabidopsis thaliana. The focus of this review is on the less well characterized roles of the MADS-box proteins in monocot flower development and how changes in MADS-box proteins throughout evolution may have contributed to creating a diverse range of flowers. Examining these changes within the monocots can identify the importance of certain genes and pinpoint those which might be useful in future crop improvement and breeding strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Callens
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
| | - Dabing Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, SA, Australia
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zoe A Wilson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
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Identification and Characterization of the MADS-Box Genes and Their Contribution to Flower Organ in Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040193. [PMID: 29617274 PMCID: PMC5924535 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dianthus is a large genus containing many species with high ornamental economic value. Extensive breeding strategies permitted an exploration of an improvement in the quality of cultivated carnation, particularly in flowers. However, little is known on the molecular mechanisms of flower development in carnation. Here, we report the identification and description of MADS-box genes in carnation (DcaMADS) with a focus on those involved in flower development and organ identity determination. In this study, 39 MADS-box genes were identified from the carnation genome and transcriptome by the phylogenetic analysis. These genes were categorized into four subgroups (30 MIKCc, two MIKC*, two Mα, and five Mγ). The MADS-box domain, gene structure, and conserved motif compositions of the carnation MADS genes were analysed. Meanwhile, the expression of DcaMADS genes were significantly different in stems, leaves, and flower buds. Further studies were carried out for exploring the expression of DcaMADS genes in individual flower organs, and some crucial DcaMADS genes correlated with their putative function were validated. Finally, a new expression pattern of DcaMADS genes in flower organs of carnation was provided: sepal (three class E genes and two class A genes), petal (two class B genes, two class E genes, and one SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP)), stamen (two class B genes, two class E genes, and two class C), styles (two class E genes and two class C), and ovary (two class E genes, two class C, one AGAMOUS-LIKE 6 (AGL6), one SEEDSTICK (STK), one B sister, one SVP, and one Mα). This result proposes a model in floral organ identity of carnation and it may be helpful to further explore the molecular mechanism of flower organ identity in carnation.
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Galimba KD, Martínez-Gómez J, Di Stilio VS. Gene Duplication and Transference of Function in the paleo AP3 Lineage of Floral Organ Identity Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:334. [PMID: 29628932 PMCID: PMC5876318 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The floral organ identity gene APETALA3 (AP3) is a MADS-box transcription factor involved in stamen and petal identity that belongs to the B-class of the ABC model of flower development. Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae), an emerging model in the non-core eudicots, has AP3 homologs derived from both ancient and recent gene duplications. Prior work has shown that petals have been lost repeatedly and independently in Ranunculaceae in correlation with the loss of a specific AP3 paralog, and Thalictrum represents one of these instances. The main goal of this study was to conduct a functional analysis of the three AP3 orthologs present in Thalictrum thalictroides, representing the paleoAP3 gene lineage, to determine the degree of redundancy versus divergence after gene duplication. Because Thalictrum lacks petals, and has lost the petal-specific AP3, we also asked whether heterotopic expression of the remaining AP3 genes contributes to the partial transference of petal function to the first whorl found in insect-pollinated species. To address these questions, we undertook functional characterization by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), protein-protein interaction and binding site analyses. Our results illustrate partial redundancy among Thalictrum AP3s, with deep conservation of B-class function in stamen identity and a novel role in ectopic petaloidy of sepals. Certain aspects of petal function of the lost AP3 locus have apparently been transferred to the other paralogs. A novel result is that the protein products interact not only with each other, but also as homodimers. Evidence presented here also suggests that expression of the different ThtAP3 paralogs is tightly integrated, with an apparent disruption of B function homeostasis upon silencing of one of the paralogs that codes for a truncated protein. To explain this result, we propose two testable alternative scenarios: that the truncated protein is a dominant negative mutant or that there is a compensational response as part of a back-up circuit. The evidence for promiscuous protein-protein interactions via yeast two-hybrid combined with the detection of AP3 specific binding motifs in all B-class gene promoters provide partial support for these hypotheses.
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Moriyama Y, Koshiba-Takeuchi K. Significance of whole-genome duplications on the emergence of evolutionary novelties. Brief Funct Genomics 2018; 17:329-338. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/ely007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuta Moriyama
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST), Klosterneuburg, Austria
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21
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Reyes-Olalde JI, Zúñiga-Mayo VM, Marsch-Martínez N, de Folter S. Synergistic relationship between auxin and cytokinin in the ovary and the participation of the transcription factor SPATULA. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1376158. [PMID: 28880725 PMCID: PMC5647943 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1376158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormones auxin and cytokinin are key regulators of plant development, and both regulate almost all aspects of plant growth and development. Communication between auxin-cytokinin signaling pathways has been the subject of intense research. However, few studies have focused specifically on the development of the early gynoecium. We have recently discovered that cytokinin signaling plays a role in the regulation of auxin biosynthesis and transport in the ovary region of the gynoecium, and that the transcription factor SPATULA (SPT) is necessary. Here, we provide evidence that indicates that cytokinin and auxin have a synergistic relationship at the medial domain during gynoecium development, and that SPT is important for this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Irepan Reyes-Olalde
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Víctor M. Zúñiga-Mayo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Nayelli Marsch-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Unidad Irapuato, CINVESTAV-IPN, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Jin Y, Wang Y, Zhang D, Shen X, Liu W, Chen F. Floral organ MADS-box genes in Cercidiphyllum japonicum (Cercidiphyllaceae): Implications for systematic evolution and bracts definition. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178382. [PMID: 28562649 PMCID: PMC5451075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dioecious relic Cercidiphyllum japonicum is one of two species of the sole genus Cercidiphyllum, with a tight inflorescence lacking an apparent perianth structure. In addition, its systematic place has been much debated and, so far researches have mainly focused on its morphology and chloroplast genes. In our investigation, we identified 10 floral organ identity genes, including four A-class, three B-class, two C-class and one D-class. Phylogenetic analyses showed that all ten genes are grouped with Saxifragales plants, which confirmed the phylogenetic place of C. japonicum. Expression patterns of those genes were examined by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, with some variations that did not completely coincide with the ABCDE model, suggesting some subfunctionalization. As well, our research supported the idea that thebract actually is perianth according to our morphological and molecular analyses in Cercidiphyllum japonicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupei Jin
- Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Yubing Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Dechun Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiangling Shen
- Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Wen Liu
- Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, P. R. China
| | - Faju Chen
- Biotechnology Research Center, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei Province, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Himeno M, Sasano M, Koinuma H, Nijo T, Tomomitsu T, Yoshida T, Okano Y, Yoshikawa N, Maejima K, Oshima K, Namba S. Phytoplasma-conserved phyllogen proteins induce phyllody across the Plantae by degrading floral MADS domain proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2799-2811. [PMID: 28505304 PMCID: PMC5853863 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ABCE-class MADS domain transcription factors (MTFs) are key regulators of floral organ development in angiosperms. Aberrant expression of these genes can result in abnormal floral traits such as phyllody. Phyllogen is a virulence factor conserved in phytoplasmas, plant pathogenic bacteria of the class Mollicutes. It triggers phyllody in Arabidopsis thaliana by inducing degradation of A- and E-class MTFs. However, it is still unknown whether phyllogen can induce phyllody in plants other than A. thaliana, although phytoplasma-associated phyllody symptoms are observed in a broad range of angiosperms. In this study, phyllogen was shown to cause phyllody phenotypes in several eudicot species belonging to three different families. Moreover, phyllogen can interact with MTFs of not only angiosperm species including eudicots and monocots but also gymnosperms and a fern, and induce their degradation. These results suggest that phyllogen induces phyllody in angiosperms and inhibits MTF function in diverse plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Himeno
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoka Sasano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamichi Nijo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tomomitsu
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Okano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka-shi, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence:
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24
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Gong P, Ao X, Liu G, Cheng F, He C. Duplication and Whorl-Specific Down-Regulation of the Obligate AP3-PI Heterodimer Genes Explain the Origin of Paeonia lactiflora Plants with Spontaneous Corolla Mutation. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:411-425. [PMID: 28013274 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora) is a globally important ornamental plant. Spontaneous floral mutations occur frequently during cultivation, and are selected as a way to release new cultivars, but the underlying evolutionary developmental genetics remain largely elusive. Here, we investigated a collection of spontaneous corolla mutational plants (SCMPs) whose other floral organs were virtually unaffected. Unlike the corolla in normal plants (NPs) that withered soon after fertilization, the transformed corolla (petals) in SCMPs was greenish and persistent similar to the calyx (sepals). Epidermal cellular morphology of the SCMP corolla was also similar to that of calyx cells, further suggesting a sepaloid corolla in SCMPs. Ten floral MADS-box genes from these Paeonia plants were comparatively characterized with respect to sequence and expression. Codogenic sequence variation of these MADS-box genes was not linked to corolla changes in SCMPs. However, we found that both APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI) lineages of B-class MADS-box genes were duplicated, and subsequent selective expression alterations of these genes were closely associated with the origin of SCMPs. AP3-PI obligate heterodimerization, essential for organ identity of corolla and stamens, was robustly detected. However, selective down-regulation of these duplicated genes might result in a reduction of this obligate heterodimer concentration in a corolla-specific manner, leading to the sepaloid corolla in SCMPs, thus representing a new sepaloid corolla model taking advantage of gene duplication. Our work suggests that modifying floral MADS-box genes could facilitate the breeding of novel cultivars with distinct floral morphology in ornamental plants, and also provides new insights into the functional evolution of the MADS-box genes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Ao
- Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, National Flower Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Gaixiu Liu
- Luoyang National Peony Garden, Mangshan Town, Old City District, Luoyang, China
| | - Fangyun Cheng
- Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, National Flower Engineering Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoying He
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Beijing, China
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25
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Tian X, Yu Q, Liu H, Liao J. Temporal-Spatial Transcriptome Analyses Provide Insights into the Development of Petaloid Androecium in Canna indica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1194. [PMID: 27582744 PMCID: PMC4987385 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Canna indica (Zingiberales) is one of the most important ornamental species characterized with beautiful petaloid staminodes, which are considered to evolve from stamens. However, the genetic basis for the development of petaloid staminodes remains unclear largely because the genomic sequences are not available. By using RNA-Seq, we sequenced the transcripts in the flower of C. indica, and quantified the temporal gene expressions in flower primordium and differentiated flower, as well as the spatial gene expressions in petal and petaloid staminode. In total, 118,869 unigenes were assembled, among which 67,299 unigenes were annotated. Quantification analysis identified the differentially expressed genes in the temporal and spatial two comparisons, based on which, Gene Ontology enrichment analysis highlighted the representative terms in each sample, such as specification of organ number in flower primordium, growth in differentiated flower, secondary cell wall biogenesis in petal and cell division in petaloid staminode. Among the 51 analyzed MADS-box unigenes, 37 were up-regulated in differentiated flower compared with those in flower primordium. A-class unigenes were expressed higher in petal than in petaloid staminode, and C-class unigenes were expressed oppositely, whereas B-class unigenes demonstrated close expression levels in these two organs, indicating that petaloid staminode retains stamen identity to some degree. In situ hybridization provided more detailed expression patterns of these unigenes, and revealed the extended expression of B-class to the carpel at later stages when the style turned flat. These results constitute a preliminary basis for the study of flower development in C. indica and can be applied in further study of the evolution of Zingiberales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Qianxia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Huanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Jingping Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
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Fulneček J, Matyášek R. The origin of exon 3 skipping of paternal GLOBOSA pre-mRNA in some Nicotiana tabacum lines correlates with a point mutation of the very last nucleotide of the exon. Mol Genet Genomics 2016; 291:801-18. [PMID: 26603606 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-015-1149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In plants, genome duplication followed by genome diversification and selection is recognized as a major evolutionary process. Rapid epigenetic and genetic changes that affect the transcription of parental genes are frequently observed after polyploidization. The pattern of alternative splicing is also frequently altered, yet the related molecular processes remain largely unresolved. Here, we study the inheritance and expression of parental variants of three floral organ identity genes in allotetraploid tobacco. DEFICIENS and GLOBOSA are B-class genes, and AGAMOUS is a C-class gene. Parental variants of these genes were found to be maintained in the tobacco genome, and the respective mRNAs were present in flower buds in comparable amounts. However, among five tobacco cultivars, we identified two in which the majority of paternal GLOBOSA pre-mRNA transcripts undergo exon 3 skipping, producing an mRNA with a premature termination codon. At the DNA level, we identified a G-A transition at the very last position of exon 3 in both cultivars. Although alternative splicing resulted in a dramatic decrease in full-length paternal GLOBOSA mRNA, no phenotypic effect was observed. Our finding likely serves as an example of the initiation of homoeolog diversification in a relatively young polyploid genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Fulneček
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Matyášek
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, CZ-61265, Brno, Czech Republic
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27
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Dreni L, Zhang D. Flower development: the evolutionary history and functions of the AGL6 subfamily MADS-box genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1625-1638. [PMID: 26956504 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AGL6 is an ancient subfamily of MADS-box genes found in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. Its functions remained elusive despite the fact that the MADS-box genes and the ABC model have been studied for >20 years. Nevertheless, recent discoveries in petunia, rice, and maize support its involvement in the 'E' function of floral development, very similar to the closely related AGL2 (SEPALLATA) subfamily which has been well characterized. The known functions of AGL6 span from ancient conserved roles to new functions acquired in specific plant families. The AGL6 genes are involved in floral meristem regulation, in floral organs, and ovule (integument) and seed development, and have possible roles in both male and female germline and gametophyte development. In grasses, they are also important for the development of the first whorl of the flower, whereas in Arabidopsis they may play additional roles before floral meristem formation. This review covers these recent insights and some other aspects that are not yet fully elucidated, which deserve more studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Dreni
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU)-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
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28
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Correa R, Baum DA. Evolutionary transgenomics: prospects and challenges. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:858. [PMID: 26579137 PMCID: PMC4620933 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Many advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of species differences have arisen from transformation experiments, which allow us to study the effect of genes from one species (the donor) when placed in the genetic background of another species (the recipient). Such interspecies transformation experiments are usually focused on candidate genes - genes that, based on work in model systems, are suspected to be responsible for certain phenotypic differences between the donor and recipient species. We suggest that the high efficiency of transformation in a few plant species, most notably Arabidopsis thaliana, combined with the small size of typical plant genes and their cis-regulatory regions allow implementation of a screening strategy that does not depend upon a priori candidate gene identification. This approach, transgenomics, entails moving many large genomic inserts of a donor species into the wild type background of a recipient species and then screening for dominant phenotypic effects. As a proof of concept, we recently conducted a transgenomic screen that analyzed more than 1100 random, large genomic inserts of the Alabama gladecress Leavenworthia alabamica for dominant phenotypic effects in the A. thaliana background. This screen identified one insert that shortens fruit and decreases A. thaliana fertility. In this paper we discuss the principles of transgenomic screens and suggest methods to help minimize the frequencies of false positive and false negative results. We argue that, because transgenomics avoids committing in advance to candidate genes it has the potential to help us identify truly novel genes or cryptic functions of known genes. Given the valuable knowledge that is likely to be gained, we believe the time is ripe for the plant evolutionary community to invest in transgenomic screens, at least in the mustard family Brassicaceae where many species are amenable to efficient transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Correa
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHouston, TX, USA
| | - David A. Baum
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
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29
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Zhang S, Zhang JS, Zhao J, He C. Distinct subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization of the B-class MADS-box genes in Physalis floridana. PLANTA 2015; 241:387-402. [PMID: 25326772 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2190-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This work suggested that in Physalis PFGLO1-PFDEF primarily determined corolla and androecium identity, and acquired a novel role in gynoecia functionality, while PFGLO2-PFTM6 functioned in pollen maturation only. The B-class MADS-box genes play a crucial role in determining the organ identity of the corolla and androecium. Two GLOBOSA-like (GLO-like) PFGLO1 and PFGLO2 and two DEFICIENS-like (DEF-like) PFDEF and PFTM6 genes were present in Physalis floridana. However, the double-layered-lantern1 (doll1) mutant is the result of a single recessive mutation in PFGLO1, hinting a distinct divergent pattern of B-class genes. In this work, we utilized the tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated gene silencing approach to further verify this assumption in P. floridana. Silencing of PFGLO1 or/and PFDEF demonstrated their primary role in determining corolla and androecium identity. However, specific PFGLO2 or/and PFTM6 silencing did not affect any organ identity but showed a reduction in mature pollen. These results suggested that both PFGLO2 and PFTM6 had lost their role in organ identity determination but functioned in pollen maturation. Evaluation of fruit setting in reciprocal crosses suggested that both PFGLO1 and PFDEF might have acquired an essential and novel role in the functionality of gynoecia. Such a divergence of the duplicated GLO-DEF heterodimer genes in floral development is different from the existing observations within Solanaceae. Therefore, our research sheds new light on the functional evolution of the duplicated B-class MADS-box genes in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
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30
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Silva CS, Puranik S, Round A, Brennich M, Jourdain A, Parcy F, Hugouvieux V, Zubieta C. Evolution of the Plant Reproduction Master Regulators LFY and the MADS Transcription Factors: The Role of Protein Structure in the Evolutionary Development of the Flower. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1193. [PMID: 26779227 PMCID: PMC4701952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary leap from non-flowering (gymnosperms) to flowering (angiosperms) plants and the origin and vast diversification of the floral form has been one of the focuses of plant evolutionary developmental biology. The evolving diversity and increasing complexity of organisms is often due to relatively small changes in genes that direct development. These "developmental control genes" and the transcription factors (TFs) they encode, are at the origin of most morphological changes. TFs such as LEAFY (LFY) and the MADS-domain TFs act as central regulators in key developmental processes of plant reproduction including the floral transition in angiosperms and the specification of the male and female organs in both gymnosperms and angiosperms. In addition to advances in genome wide profiling and forward and reverse genetic screening, structural techniques are becoming important tools in unraveling TF function by providing atomic and molecular level information that was lacking in purely genetic approaches. Here, we summarize previous structural work and present additional biophysical and biochemical studies of the key master regulators of plant reproduction - LEAFY and the MADS-domain TFs SEPALLATA3 and AGAMOUS. We discuss the impact of structural biology on our understanding of the complex evolutionary process leading to the development of the bisexual flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina S. Silva
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, UMR 5168Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, University of Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
- Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le VivantGrenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueGrenoble, France
| | - Sriharsha Puranik
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Structural Biology GroupGrenoble, France
| | - Adam Round
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble OutstationGrenoble, France
- Unit for Virus Host-Cell Interactions, University of Grenoble Alpes-EMBL-CNRSGrenoble, France
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele UniversityKeele, UK
| | - Martha Brennich
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Structural Biology GroupGrenoble, France
| | - Agnès Jourdain
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, UMR 5168Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, University of Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
- Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le VivantGrenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueGrenoble, France
| | - François Parcy
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, UMR 5168Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, University of Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
- Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le VivantGrenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueGrenoble, France
| | - Veronique Hugouvieux
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, UMR 5168Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, University of Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
- Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le VivantGrenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueGrenoble, France
| | - Chloe Zubieta
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, UMR 5168Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, University of Grenoble AlpesGrenoble, France
- Commissariat à l´Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le VivantGrenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueGrenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Chloe Zubieta,
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Melzer R, Härter A, Rümpler F, Kim S, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Theißen G. DEF- and GLO-like proteins may have lost most of their interaction partners during angiosperm evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1431-43. [PMID: 24902716 PMCID: PMC4204782 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS DEFICIENS (DEF)- and GLOBOSA (GLO)-like proteins constitute two sister clades of floral homeotic transcription factors that were already present in the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of extant angiosperms. Together they specify the identity of petals and stamens in flowering plants. In core eudicots, DEF- and GLO-like proteins are functional in the cell only as heterodimers with each other. There is evidence that this obligate heterodimerization contributed to the canalization of the flower structure of core eudicots during evolution. It remains unknown as to whether this strict heterodimerization is an ancient feature that can be traced back to the MRCA of extant flowering plants or if it evolved later during the evolution of the crown group angiosperms. METHODS The interactions of DEF- and GLO-like proteins of the early-diverging angiosperms Amborella trichopoda and Nuphar advena and of the magnoliid Liriodendron tulipifera were analysed by employing yeast two-hybrid analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Character-state reconstruction, including data from other species as well, was used to infer the ancestral interaction patterns of DEF- and GLO-like proteins. KEY RESULTS The yeast two-hybrid and EMSA data suggest that DEF- and GLO-like proteins from early-diverging angiosperms both homo- and heterodimerize. Character-state reconstruction suggests that the ability to form heterodimeric complexes already existed in the MRCA of extant angiosperms and that this property remained highly conserved throughout angiosperm evolution. Homodimerization of DEF- and GLO-like proteins also existed in the MRCA of all extant angiosperms. DEF-like protein homodimerization was probably lost very early in angiosperm evolution and was not present in the MRCA of eudicots and monocots. GLO-like protein homodimerization might have been lost later during evolution, but very probably was not present in the MRCA of eudicots. CONCLUSIONS The flexibility of DEF- and GLO-like protein interactions in early-diverging angiosperms may be one reason for the highly diverse flower morphologies observed in these species. The results strengthen the hypothesis that a reduction in the number of interaction partners of DEF- and GLO-like proteins, with DEF-GLO heterodimers remaining the only DNA-binding dimers in core eudicots, contributed to developmental robustness, canalization of flower development and the diversification of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Melzer
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Härter
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Rümpler
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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32
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Tsai WC, Pan ZJ, Su YY, Liu ZJ. New insight into the regulation of floral morphogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:157-82. [PMID: 24952917 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The beauty and complexity of flowers have held the fascination of scientists for centuries, from Linnaeus, to Goethe, to Darwin, through to the present. During the past decade, enormous progress has been made in understanding the molecular regulation of flower morphogenesis. It seems likely that there are both highly conserved aspects to flower development in addition to significant differences in developmental patterning that can contribute to the unique morphologies of different species. Furthermore, floral development is attractive in that several key genes regulating fundamental processes have been identified. Crucial functional studies of floral organ identity genes in diverse taxa are allowing the real insight into the conservation of gene function, while findings on the genetic control of organ elaboration open up new avenues for investigation. These fundamentals of floral organ differentiation and growth are therefore an ideal subject for comparative analyses of flower development, which will lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms that control flower morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Orchid Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Zhao-Jun Pan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yong-Yu Su
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; The Center for Biotechnology and BioMedicine, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, The National Orchid Conservation Center of China and The Orchid Conservation & Research Center of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; The Center for Biotechnology and BioMedicine, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China; College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Acri-Nunes-Miranda R, Mondragón-Palomino M. Expression of paralogous SEP-, FUL-, AG- and STK-like MADS-box genes in wild-type and peloric Phalaenopsis flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:76. [PMID: 24659990 PMCID: PMC3950491 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The diverse flowers of Orchidaceae are the result of several major morphological transitions, among them the most studied is the differentiation of the inner median tepal into the labellum, a perianth organ key in pollinator attraction. Type A peloria lacking stamens and with ectopic labella in place of inner lateral tepals are useful for testing models on the genes specifying these organs by comparing their patterns of expression between wild-type and peloric flowers. Previous studies focused on DEFICIENS- and GLOBOSA-like MADS-box genes because of their conserved role in perianth and stamen development. The "orchid code" model summarizes this work and shows in Orchidaceae there are four paralogous lineages of DEFICIENS/AP3-like genes differentially expressed in each floral whorl. Experimental tests of this model showed the conserved, higher expression of genes from two specific DEF-like gene lineages is associated with labellum development. The present study tests whether eight MADS-box candidate SEP-, FUL-, AG-, and STK-like genes have been specifically duplicated in the Orchidaceae and are also differentially expressed in association with the distinct flower organs of Phalaenopsis hyb. "Athens." The gene trees indicate orchid-specific duplications. In a way analogous to what is observed in labellum-specific DEF-like genes, a two-fold increase in the expression of SEP3-like gene PhaMADS7 was measured in the labellum-like inner lateral tepals of peloric flowers. The overlap between SEP3-like and DEF-like genes suggests both are associated with labellum specification and similar positional cues determine their domains of expression. In contrast, the uniform messenger levels of FUL-like genes suggest they are involved in the development of all organs and their expression in the ovary suggests cell differentiation starts before pollination. As previously reported AG-like and STK-like genes are exclusively expressed in gynostemium and ovary, however no evidence for transcriptional divergence was found in the stage investigated. Gene expression suggests a developmental regulatory system based on the combined activity of duplicate MADS-box genes. We discuss its feasibility based on documented protein interactions and patterns of expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Mondragón-Palomino
- *Correspondence: Mariana Mondragón-Palomino, Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany e-mail:
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Li X, Liu C, Da F, Ma N, Shen H. Expression pattern of Class B gene PAP3 in flower development of pepper. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:24643-55. [PMID: 24351839 PMCID: PMC3876133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141224643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Class B gene APETALA3 (AP3) plays a key role in the development of petals and stamens. Here, we investigated the expression pattern of PAP3 gene (genbank accession number: HM104635) in the buds of cytoplasmic male sterility line 121A and its near-isogenic restorer line 121C at four developmental stages and analyzed the possible association between Class B genes and cytoplasmic male sterility of pepper. Semi-quantitative PCR and quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) as well as RNA in situ hybridization showed increased expression of PAP3 at late phase of anther development and its higher expression in restorer line compared with sterility line indicating PAP3’s role at late developmental stage of anther and suppressed expression in sterility line. RNA in situ hybridization showed Class B gene features: high abundance in stamen and petal; lower expression in pistil; no expression in sepal. Results of transient expression in onion epidermal cells also showed PAP3 localized in the nucleus, which is consistent with the expression pattern of transcription factors of MADS-box gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Huolin Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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35
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Salemme M, Sica M, Iazzetti G, Gaudio L, Aceto S. The AP2-like gene OitaAP2 is alternatively spliced and differentially expressed in inflorescence and vegetative tissues of the orchid Orchis italica. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77454. [PMID: 24204832 PMCID: PMC3804621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The AP2/ERF proteins are plant-specific transcription factors involved in multiple regulatory pathways, from plant organ development to response to various environmental stresses. One of the mechanisms that regulates the AP2-like genes involves the microRNA miR172, which controls their activity at the post-transcriptional level. Extensive studies on AP2-like genes are available in many different species; however, in orchids, one of the largest plant families, studies are restricted to a few species, all belonging to the Epidendroideae subfamily. In the present study, we report the isolation of an AP2-like gene in the Mediterranean orchid Orchis italica (Orchidoideae). The OitaAP2 locus includes 10 exons and 9 introns, and its transcript is alternatively spliced, resulting in the long OitaAP2 and the short OitaAP2_ISO isoforms, with the latter skipping exon 9. Both isoforms contain the conserved target site for miR172, whose action is demonstrated by the presence of cleaved OitaAP2 mRNA. The OitaAP2 and OitaAP2_ISO mRNAs are present in the tepals and lip before and after anthesis at different expression levels. In addition, the OitaAP2_ISO isoform is expressed in the ovary before pollination and in the root and stem. The isoform-specific expression pattern suggests a functional differentiation of the OitaAP2 alternatively spliced transcripts. The expression profile of miR172 is complementary to that of the OitaAP2 isoforms in inflorescence tissues before anthesis, whereas after anthesis and in ovary tissue before and after pollination, this relationship disappears, suggesting the existence of OitaAP2 inhibitory mechanisms in these tissues that differ from that involving miR172.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Salemme
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Sica
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Iazzetti
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luciano Gaudio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Aceto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
- * E-mail:
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36
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Lange M, Orashakova S, Lange S, Melzer R, Theißen G, Smyth DR, Becker A. The seirena B class floral homeotic mutant of California Poppy (Eschscholzia californica) reveals a function of the enigmatic PI motif in the formation of specific multimeric MADS domain protein complexes. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:438-53. [PMID: 23444328 PMCID: PMC3608770 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The products of B class floral homeotic genes specify petal and stamen identity, and loss of B function results in homeotic conversions of petals into sepals and stamens into carpels. Here, we describe the molecular characterization of seirena-1 (sei-1), a mutant from the basal eudicot California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) that shows homeotic changes characteristic of floral homeotic B class mutants. SEI has been previously described as EScaGLO, one of four B class-related MADS box genes in California poppy. The C terminus of SEI, including the highly conserved PI motif, is truncated in sei-1 proteins. Nevertheless, like the wild-type SEI protein, the sei-1 mutant protein is able to bind CArG-boxes and can form homodimers, heterodimers, and several higher order complexes with other MADS domain proteins. However, unlike the wild type, the mutant protein is not able to mediate higher order complexes consisting of specific B, C, and putative E class related proteins likely involved in specifying stamen identity. Within the PI motif, five highly conserved N-terminal amino acids are specifically required for this interaction. Several families lack this short conserved sequence, including the Brassicaceae, and we propose an evolutionary scenario to explain these functional differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lange
- Evolutionary Developmental Genetics Group, Zentrum für Umweltforschung und nachhaltige Technologien, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Svetlana Orashakova
- Evolutionary Developmental Genetics Group, Zentrum für Umweltforschung und nachhaltige Technologien, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Lange
- Evolutionary Developmental Genetics Group, Zentrum für Umweltforschung und nachhaltige Technologien, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rainer Melzer
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Günter Theißen
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - David R. Smyth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Annette Becker
- Evolutionary Developmental Genetics Group, Zentrum für Umweltforschung und nachhaltige Technologien, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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37
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Bliss BJ, Wanke S, Barakat A, Ayyampalayam S, Wickett N, Wall PK, Jiao Y, Landherr L, Ralph PE, Hu Y, Neinhuis C, Leebens-Mack J, Arumuganathan K, Clifton SW, Maximova SN, Ma H, dePamphilis CW. Characterization of the basal angiosperm Aristolochia fimbriata: a potential experimental system for genetic studies. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:13. [PMID: 23347749 PMCID: PMC3621149 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies in basal angiosperms have provided insight into the diversity within the angiosperm lineage and helped to polarize analyses of flowering plant evolution. However, there is still not an experimental system for genetic studies among basal angiosperms to facilitate comparative studies and functional investigation. It would be desirable to identify a basal angiosperm experimental system that possesses many of the features found in existing plant model systems (e.g., Arabidopsis and Oryza). RESULTS We have considered all basal angiosperm families for general characteristics important for experimental systems, including availability to the scientific community, growth habit, and membership in a large basal angiosperm group that displays a wide spectrum of phenotypic diversity. Most basal angiosperms are woody or aquatic, thus are not well-suited for large scale cultivation, and were excluded. We further investigated members of Aristolochiaceae for ease of culture, life cycle, genome size, and chromosome number. We demonstrated self-compatibility for Aristolochia elegans and A. fimbriata, and transformation with a GFP reporter construct for Saruma henryi and A. fimbriata. Furthermore, A. fimbriata was easily cultivated with a life cycle of just three months, could be regenerated in a tissue culture system, and had one of the smallest genomes among basal angiosperms. An extensive multi-tissue EST dataset was produced for A. fimbriata that includes over 3.8 million 454 sequence reads. CONCLUSIONS Aristolochia fimbriata has numerous features that facilitate genetic studies and is suggested as a potential model system for use with a wide variety of technologies. Emerging genetic and genomic tools for A. fimbriata and closely related species can aid the investigation of floral biology, developmental genetics, biochemical pathways important in plant-insect interactions as well as human health, and various other features present in early angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Bliss
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- USDA ARS PBARC, 64 Nowelo St., Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Stefan Wanke
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Botanik, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Abdelali Barakat
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- 100 Jordan Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | | | - Norman Wickett
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL, 27709, USA
| | - P Kerr Wall
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- BASF Plant Science, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yuannian Jiao
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Lena Landherr
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Paula E Ralph
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Christoph Neinhuis
- Technische Universität Dresden, Institut für Botanik, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jim Leebens-Mack
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Kathiravetpilla Arumuganathan
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Flow Cytometry and Imaging Core Laboratory, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Sandra W Clifton
- The Genome Institute,Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
- Stephenson Research and Technology Center, Advanced Center for Genome Technology, University of Oklahoma, 101 David L. Boren Blvd, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Siela N Maximova
- Department of Horticulture, 421 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and the Institute of Plant Biology, the Center for Evolutionary Biology, the School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Claude W dePamphilis
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, 201 Life Sciences Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Krogan NT, Hogan K, Long JA. APETALA2 negatively regulates multiple floral organ identity genes in Arabidopsis by recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS and the histone deacetylase HDA19. Development 2012; 139:4180-90. [PMID: 23034631 DOI: 10.1242/dev.085407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development and coordination of complex tissues in eukaryotes requires precise spatial control of fate-specifying genes. Although investigations of such control have traditionally focused on mechanisms of transcriptional activation, transcriptional repression has emerged as being equally important in the establishment of gene expression territories. In the angiosperm flower, specification of lateral organ fate relies on the spatial regulation of the ABC floral organ identity genes. Our understanding of how the boundaries of these expression domains are controlled is not complete. Here, we report that the A-class organ identity gene APETALA2 (AP2), which is known to repress the C-class gene AGAMOUS, also regulates the expression borders of the B-class genes APETALA3 and PISTILLATA, and the E-class gene SEPALLATA3. We show that AP2 represses its target genes by physically recruiting the co-repressor TOPLESS and the histone deacetylase HDA19. These results demonstrate that AP2 plays a broad role in flower development by controlling the expression domains of numerous floral organ identity genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naden T Krogan
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Aceto S, Gaudio L. The MADS and the Beauty: Genes Involved in the Development of Orchid Flowers. Curr Genomics 2012; 12:342-56. [PMID: 22294877 PMCID: PMC3145264 DOI: 10.2174/138920211796429754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the time of Darwin, biologists have studied the origin and evolution of the Orchidaceae, one of the largest families of flowering plants. In the last two decades, the extreme diversity and specialization of floral morphology and the uncoupled rate of morphological and molecular evolution that have been observed in some orchid species have spurred interest in the study of the genes involved in flower development in this plant family. As part of the complex network of regulatory genes driving the formation of flower organs, the MADS-box represents the most studied gene family, both from functional and evolutionary perspectives. Despite the absence of a published genome for orchids, comparative genetic analyses are clarifying the functional role and the evolutionary pattern of the MADS-box genes in orchids. Various evolutionary forces act on the MADS-box genes in orchids, such as diffuse purifying selection and the relaxation of selective constraints, which sometimes reveals a heterogeneous selective pattern of the coding and non-coding regions. The emerging theory regarding the evolution of floral diversity in orchids proposes that the diversification of the orchid perianth was a consequence of duplication events and changes in the regulatory regions of the MADS-box genes, followed by sub- and neo-functionalization. This specific developmental-genetic code is termed the "orchid code."
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Aceto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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Hu J, Zhang J, Shan H, Chen Z. Expression of floral MADS-box genes in Sinofranchetia chinensis (Lardizabalaceae): implications for the nature of the nectar leaves. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:57-69. [PMID: 22652421 PMCID: PMC3380600 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The perianths of the Lardizabalaceae are diverse. The second-whorl floral organs of Sinofranchetia chinensis (Lardizabalaceae) are nectar leaves. The aim of this study was to explore the nature of this type of floral organ, and to determine its relationship to nectar leaves in other Ranunculales species, and to other floral organs in Sinofranchetia chinensis. METHODS Approaches of evolutionary developmental biology were used, including 3' RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) for isolating floral MADS-box genes, phylogenetic analysis for reconstructing gene evolutionary history, in situ hybridization and tissue-specific RT-PCR for identifying gene expression patterns and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) for observing the epidermal cell morphology of floral organs. KEY RESULTS Fourteen new floral MADS-box genes were isolated from Sinofranchetia chinensis and from two other species of Lardizabalaceae, Holboellia grandiflora and Decaisnea insignis. The phylogenetic analysis of AP3-like genes in Ranunculales showed that three AP3 paralogues from Sinofranchetia chinensis belong to the AP3-I, -II and -III lineages. In situ hybridization results showed that SIchAP3-3 is significantly expressed only in nectar leaves at the late stages of floral development, and SIchAG, a C-class MADS-box gene, is expressed not only in stamens and carpels, but also in nectar leaves. SEM observation revealed that the adaxial surface of nectar leaves is covered with conical epidermal cells, a hallmark of petaloidy. CONCLUSIONS The gene expression data imply that the nectar leaves in S. chinensis might share a similar genetic regulatory code with other nectar leaves in Ranunculales species. Based on gene expression and morphological evidence, it is considered that the nectar leaves in S. chinensis could be referred to as petals. Furthermore, the study supports the hypothesis that the nectar leaves in some Ranunculales species might be derived from stamens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Hongyan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zhiduan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Chen YY, Lee PF, Hsiao YY, Wu WL, Pan ZJ, Lee YI, Liu KW, Chen LJ, Liu ZJ, Tsai WC. C- and D-class MADS-box genes from Phalaenopsis equestris (Orchidaceae) display functions in gynostemium and ovule development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:1053-67. [PMID: 22499266 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gynostemium and ovule development in orchid are unique developmental processes in the plant kingdom. Characterization of C- and D-class MADS-box genes could help reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying gynostemium and ovule development in orchids. In this study, we isolated and characterized a C- and a D-class gene, PeMADS1 and PeMADS7, respectively, from Phalaenopsis equestris. These two genes showed parallel spatial and temporal expression profiles, which suggests their cooperation in gynostemium and ovule development. Furthermore, only PeMADS1 was ectopically expressed in the petals of the gylp (gynostemium-like petal) mutant, whose petals were transformed into gynostemium-like structures. Protein-protein interaction analyses revealed that neither PeMADS1 and PeMADS7 could form a homodimer or a heterodimer. An E-class protein was needed to bridge the interaction between these two proteins. A complementation test revealed that PeMADS1 could rescue the phenotype of the AG mutant. Overexpression of PeMADS7 in Arabidopsis caused typical phenotypes of the D-class gene family. Together, these results indicated that both C-class PeMADS1 and D-class PeMADS7 play important roles in orchid gynostemium and ovule development.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Plant/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Genetic Complementation Test
- MADS Domain Proteins/genetics
- MADS Domain Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Orchidaceae/anatomy & histology
- Orchidaceae/genetics
- Orchidaceae/growth & development
- Ovule/genetics
- Ovule/growth & development
- Ovule/ultrastructure
- Phenotype
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified/anatomy & histology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/growth & development
- Pollination
- Protein Interaction Mapping
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Yi Chen
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Li Z, Zhang J, Liu G, Li X, Lu C, Zhang J, Bao M. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of A-, B-, C- and E-class MADS-box genes in the basal eudicot Platanus acerifolia. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2012; 125:381-93. [PMID: 22068722 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-011-0456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
London plane tree (Platanus acerifolia Willd.) is an important member of the Platanaceae family, being popular as an urban landscaping tree. Here, we report the isolation of five MADS-box genes from the basal angiosperm, Platanus acerifolia. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses identified FRUITFUL-like, APETELA3-like, AGAMOUS-like, SEPALLATA1-like and SEPALLATA3-like sequences and, hence, we term the respective Platanus acerifolia genes as PlacFUL, PlacAP3, PlacAG, PlacSEP1 and PlacSEP3. From these identities we infer that they represent candidate A-, B-, C-class and two E-class genes, respectively. The conserved MIK or MIKC domains from the nucleotide and protein sequences of PlacFUL, PlacAP3, PlacAG, PlacSEP1 and PlacSEP3 were analyzed using the maximum-likelihood, MrBayes and neighbor-joining methods. The results confirmed P. acerifolia as a basal eudicot. Expression pattern was determined by reverse transcriptase PCR, which showed all paralogous genes have distinct expression patterns, suggesting that they had undergone functional divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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Jaligot E, Adler S, Debladis É, Beulé T, Richaud F, Ilbert P, Finnegan EJ, Rival A. Epigenetic imbalance and the floral developmental abnormality of the in vitro-regenerated oil palm Elaeis guineensis. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1453-62. [PMID: 21224269 PMCID: PMC3219487 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The large-scale clonal propagation of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is being stalled by the occurrence of the mantled somaclonal variation. Indeed, this abnormality which presents a homeotic-like conversion of male floral organs into carpelloid structures, hampers oil production since the supernumerary female organs are either sterile or produce fruits with poor oil yields. SCOPE In the last 15 years, the prevailing point of view on the origin of the mantled floral phenotype has evolved from a random mutation event triggered by in vitro culture to a hormone-dependent dysfunction of gene regulation processes. In this review, we retrace the history of the research on the mantled variation in the light of the parallel advances made in the understanding of plant development regulation in model systems and more specifically in the role of epigenetic mechanisms. An overview of the current state of oil palm genomic and transcriptomic resources, which are key to any comparison with model organisms, is given. We show that, while displaying original characteristics, the mantled phenotype of oil palm is morphologically, and possibly molecularly, related to MADS-box genes mutants described in model plants. We also discuss the occurrence of comparable floral phenotypes in other palm species. CONCLUSIONS Beyond its primary interest in the search for discriminating markers against an economically crippling phenotype, the study of the mantled abnormality also provides a unique opportunity to investigate the regulation of reproductive development in a perennial tropical palm. On the basis of recent results, we propose that future efforts should concentrate on the epigenetic regulation targeting MADS-box genes and transposable elements of oil palm, since both types of sequences are most likely to be involved in the mantled variant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Jaligot
- UMR DIADE (IRD, UM2), IRD/CIRAD Palm Development Group, 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France.
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Shu Q, Wang L, Wu J, Du H, Liu Z, Ren H, Zhang J. Analysis of the formation of flower shapes in wild species and cultivars of tree peony using the MADS-box subfamily gene. Gene 2011; 493:113-23. [PMID: 22155314 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Tree peony (Paeonia suffricotisa) cultivars have a unique character compared with wild species; the stamen petalody results in increased whorls of petals and generates different flower forms, which are one of the most important traits for cultivar classification. In order to investigate how petaloid stamens are formed, we obtained the coding sequence (666 bp) and genomic DNA sequence of the PsTM6 genes (belongs to B subfamily of MADS-box gene family) from 23 tree peony samples, Five introns and six exons consisted of the genomic DNA sequence. The analysis of cis-acting regulatory elements in the third and fourth intron indicated that they were highly conserved in all samples. Partial putative amino acids were analyzed and the results suggested that functional differentiation of PsTM6 paralogs apparently affected stamen petalody and flower shape formation due to due to amino acid substitution caused by differences in polarity and electronic charge. Sliding window analysis indicated that the different regions of PsTM6 were subjected to different selection forces, especially in the K domain. This is the first attempt to investigate genetic control of the stamen petalody based on the PsTM6 sequence. This will provide a basis for understanding the evolution of PsTM6 and its the function of in determining stamen morphology of tree peony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Shu
- Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxin Cun, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, PR China.
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Pan ZJ, Cheng CC, Tsai WC, Chung MC, Chen WH, Hu JM, Chen HH. The duplicated B-class MADS-box genes display dualistic characters in orchid floral organ identity and growth. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 52:1515-31. [PMID: 21757456 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Orchidaceae are an excellent model to examine perianth development because of their sophisticated floral architecture. In this study, we identified 24 APETALA3 (AP3)-like and 13 PISTILLA (PI)-like genes from 11 species of orchids and characterized them into four AP3- and two PI-duplicated homologs. The first duplication event in AP3 homologs occurring in the early evolutionary history of the Orchidaceae gave rise to AP3A and AP3B clades. Further duplication events resulted in four subclades, namely AP3A1, AP3A2, AP3B1 and AP3B2, during the evolution of Orchidaceae. The AP3 paralogous genes were expressed throughout inflorescence and floral bud development. From the in situ hybridization results, we noticed that the transition timings from ubiquitous to constrained expression in floral organs for both clades are different. The transition point of expression of the AP3A clade (clades 3 and 4) was at the late floral organ primordia stage. In contrast, that for the AP3B clade (clades 1 and 2) was not observed until the late inflorescence and floral bud stages. In addition, the AP3 orthologous genes revealed diverse expression patterns in various species of orchids, whereas the PI homologs were uniformly expressed in all floral whorls. AP3A2 orthologs play a noticeable role in lip formation because of their exclusive expression in the lip. Further evidence comes from the ectopic expression of AP3A2 detected in the lip-like petals extending from the lip in four sets of peloric mutants. Finally, a Homeotic Orchid Tepal (HOT) model is proposed, in which dualistic characters of duplicated B-class MADS-box genes are involved in orchid perianth development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Jun Pan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Ronse De Craene L, Tréhin C, Morel P, Negrutiu I. Carpeloidy in flower evolution and diversification: a comparative study in Carica papaya and Arabidopsis thaliana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1453-63. [PMID: 21504912 PMCID: PMC3108808 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bisexual flowers of Carica papaya range from highly regular flowers to morphs with various fusions of stamens to the ovary. Arabidopsis thaliana sup1 mutants have carpels replaced by chimeric carpel-stamen structures. Comparative analysis of stamen to carpel conversions in the two different plant systems was used to understand the stage and origin of carpeloidy when derived from stamen tissues, and consequently to understand how carpeloidy contributes to innovations in flower evolution. METHODS Floral development of bisexual flowers of Carica was studied by scanning electron microscopy and was compared with teratological sup mutants of A. thaliana. KEY RESULTS In Carica development of bisexual flowers was similar to wild (unisexual) forms up to locule initiation. Feminization ranges from fusion of stamen tissue to the gynoecium to complete carpeloidy of antepetalous stamens. In A. thaliana, partial stamen feminization occurs exclusively at the flower apex, with normal stamens forming at the periphery. Such transformations take place relatively late in development, indicating strong developmental plasticity of most stamen tissues. These results are compared with evo-devo theories on flower bisexuality, as derived from unisexual ancestors. The Arabidopsis data highlight possible early evolutionary events in the acquisition of bisexuality by a patchy transformation of stamen parts into female parts linked to a flower axis-position effect. The Carica results highlight tissue-fusion mechanisms in angiosperms leading to carpeloidy once bisexual flowers have evolved. CONCLUSIONS We show two different developmental routes leading to stamen to carpel conversions by late re-specification. The process may be a fundamental aspect of flower development that is hidden in most instances by developmental homeostasis.
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Mondragón-Palomino M, Theissen G. Conserved differential expression of paralogous DEFICIENS- and GLOBOSA-like MADS-box genes in the flowers of Orchidaceae: refining the 'orchid code'. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:1008-19. [PMID: 21435045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In flowering plants, class-B floral homeotic genes encode MADS-domain transcription factors, which are key in the specification of petal and stamen identity, and have two ancient clades: DEF-like and GLO-like genes. Many species have one gene of each clade, but orchids have typically four DEF-like genes, representing ancient gene clades 1, 2, 3 and 4. We tested the 'orchid code', a combinatorial genetic model suggesting that differences between the organs of the orchid perianth (outer tepals, inner lateral tepals and labellum) are generated by the combinatorial differential expression of four DEF-like genes. Our experimental test involves highly sensitive and specific measurements, with qRT-PCR of the expression of DEF- and GLO-like genes from the distantly related Vanilla planifolia and Phragmipedium longifolium, as well as from wild-type and peloric Phalaenopsis hybrid flowers. Our findings support the first 'orchid code' hypothesis, in that absence of clade-3 and -4 gene expression distinguishes the outer tepals from the inner tepals. In contrast to the original hypothesis, however, mRNA of both clade-3 and -4 genes accumulates in wild-type inner lateral tepals and the labellum, and in labellum-like inner lateral tepals of peloric flowers, albeit in different quantities. Our data suggest a revised hypothesis where high levels of clade-1 and -2, and low levels of clade-3 and -4, gene expression specify inner lateral tepals, whereas labellum development requires low levels of clade-1 and -2 expression and high levels of clade-3 and -4 expression.
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Hemingway CA, Christensen AR, Malcomber ST. B- and C-class gene expression during corona development of the blue passionflower (Passiflora caerulea, Passifloraceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:923-934. [PMID: 21613065 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF STUDY The origin of the passionflower corona, a complex series of structures between the petals and stamens, has intrigued botanists for centuries, but has proven intractable using traditional approaches. Supplementing developmental data with expression analyses of three floral identity genes, we test whether the corona in Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower) is homologous to petals or stamens or whether an alternative hypothesis of the corona as a novel structure is supported. METHODS Corona development was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Expression of the P. caerulea B-class genes PISTILLATA (PcPI) and TOMATO MADS6 (PcTM6), and C-class gene AGAMOUS (PcAG) was investigated using a combination of RT-PCR and mRNA in situ hybridization analyses. KEY RESULTS Corona development starts as a ring of tissue at the base of petals. The outer radii and operculum initiate first at the periphery, followed by the inner radii and pali toward the center, and finally an annulus beneath the operculum. Late in development, a limen, the innermost component of the corona, develops from the side of the androgynophore. RT-PCR analyses indicate that the B-class genes PcPI and PcTM6 and C-class gene PcAG were all expressed in mature coronas. However, mRNA in situ hybridization analyses revealed complex temporal patterns of gene expression in the different corona elements. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that the corona is a composite structure, with the radii, pali, and operculum homologous to stamens, and the limen, which only expresses PcTM6, considered to be a novel structure distinct from the androgynophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Hemingway
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University-Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, California 90840, USA
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Geuten K, Viaene T, Irish VF. Robustness and evolvability in the B-system of flower development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1545-56. [PMID: 21441246 PMCID: PMC3108807 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene duplication has often been invoked as a key mechanism responsible for evolution of new morphologies. The floral homeotic B-group gene family has undergone a number of gene duplication events, and yet the functions of these genes appear to be largely conserved. However, detailed comparative analysis has indicated that such duplicate genes have considerable cryptic variability in their functions. In the Solanaceae, two duplicate B-group gene lineages have been retained in three subfamilies. Comparisons of orthologous genes across members of the Solanaceae have demonstrated that the combined function of all four B-gene members is to establish petal and stamen identity, but that this function was partitioned differently in each species. These observations emphasize both the robustness and the evolvability of the B-system. SCOPE We provide an overview of how the B-function genes can robustly specify petal and stamen identity and at the same time evolve through changes in protein-protein interaction, gene expression patterns, copy number variation or alterations in the downstream genes they control. By using mathematical models we explore regulatory differences between species and how these impose constraints on downstream gene regulation. CONCLUSIONS Evolvability of the B-genes can be understood through the multiple ways in which the B-system can be robust. Quantitative approaches should allow for the incorporation of more biological realism in the representations of these regulatory systems and this should contribute to understanding the constraints under which different B-systems can function and evolve. This, in turn, can provide a better understanding of the ways in which B-genes have contributed to flower diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Geuten
- Department of Biology, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Zuccolo A, Bowers JE, Estill JC, Xiong Z, Luo M, Sebastian A, Goicoechea JL, Collura K, Yu Y, Jiao Y, Duarte J, Tang H, Ayyampalayam S, Rounsley S, Kudrna D, Paterson AH, Pires JC, Chanderbali A, Soltis DE, Chamala S, Barbazuk B, Soltis PS, Albert VA, Ma H, Mandoli D, Banks J, Carlson JE, Tomkins J, dePamphilis CW, Wing RA, Leebens-Mack J. A physical map for the Amborella trichopoda genome sheds light on the evolution of angiosperm genome structure. Genome Biol 2011; 12:R48. [PMID: 21619600 PMCID: PMC3219971 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2011-12-5-r48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent phylogenetic analyses have identified Amborella trichopoda, an understory tree species endemic to the forests of New Caledonia, as sister to a clade including all other known flowering plant species. The Amborella genome is a unique reference for understanding the evolution of angiosperm genomes because it can serve as an outgroup to root comparative analyses. A physical map, BAC end sequences and sample shotgun sequences provide a first view of the 870 Mbp Amborella genome. Results Analysis of Amborella BAC ends sequenced from each contig suggests that the density of long terminal repeat retrotransposons is negatively correlated with that of protein coding genes. Syntenic, presumably ancestral, gene blocks were identified in comparisons of the Amborella BAC contigs and the sequenced Arabidopsis thaliana, Populus trichocarpa, Vitis vinifera and Oryza sativa genomes. Parsimony mapping of the loss of synteny corroborates previous analyses suggesting that the rate of structural change has been more rapid on lineages leading to Arabidopsis and Oryza compared with lineages leading to Populus and Vitis. The gamma paleohexiploidy event identified in the Arabidopsis, Populus and Vitis genomes is shown to have occurred after the divergence of all other known angiosperms from the lineage leading to Amborella. Conclusions When placed in the context of a physical map, BAC end sequences representing just 5.4% of the Amborella genome have facilitated reconstruction of gene blocks that existed in the last common ancestor of all flowering plants. The Amborella genome is an invaluable reference for inferences concerning the ancestral angiosperm and subsequent genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zuccolo
- Arizona Genomics Institute, School of Plant Sciences and BIO5 Institute for Collaborative Research, University of Arizona, 1657 East Helen Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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