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Yu X, Kong Q, Wu Y, Li W, Rinchen D, Zhang Z, Shen Q, Luo P. Impact of extraction method on the lipids of Himalayan marmot oil with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9761. [PMID: 38714820 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Himalayan marmot oil (SPO) has been used for pharmaceutical purposes for centuries, but its composition is still unclear. The bioactivity of SPO highly depends on the techniques used for its processing. This study focused on the comprehensive lipidomics of SPO, especially on the ones derived from dry rendering, wet rendering, cold pressing, and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction. METHODS We performed lipid profiling of SPO acquired by different extraction methods using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and 17 classes of lipids (2 BMPs, 12 LysoPCs, 9 LysoPEs, 41 PCs, 24 PEs, 23 Plasmenyl-PCs, 10 Plasmenyl-PEs, 10 MGs, 63 DGs, 187 TGs, 2 MGDGs, 3 Cer[NDS]s, 22 Cer[NS]s, 2 GlcCer[NS]s, 14 SMs, 14 CEs, and 6 AcylCarnitines) were characterized. RESULTS Fifty-five lipids were differentially altered (VIP > 1.5, p < 0.05) between the extraction techniques, which can be used as potential biomarkers to differentiate SPO extracted by various methods. Additionally, the contents of oleic acid and arachidic acid were abundant in all samples that may suggest their medicinal values and are conducive to in-depth research. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal the alterations of lipid profile and free fatty acid composition in SPO obtained with different extraction methods, providing a theoretical foundation for investigating its important components as functional factors in medicines and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xina Yu
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Qingquan Kong
- Orthopaedic Department, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Orthopaedic Department, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Weilong Li
- Orthopaedic Department, Hospital of Chengdu Office of People's Government of Tibetan Autonomous Region, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dorje Rinchen
- Affiliated Hospital of the Tibet University of Tibetan Medicine, Lhasa, Tibet, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Qing Shen
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Zhejiang Province Joint Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Luo
- School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
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Bao Z, Guo C, Chen Y, Li C, Lei T, Zhou S, Qi D, Xiang Z. Fatty acid metabolization and insulin regulation prevent liver injury from lipid accumulation in Himalayan marmots. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112718. [PMID: 37384524 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat storage and weight gain are dominant traits for hibernating mammals. However, excessive fat accumulation may cause liver damage. Here, we explore the lipid accumulation and metabolic processes of the Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana), a hibernating rodent species. We find that the unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) content in food was consistent with a large increase in the body mass of Himalayan marmots. Metagenomic analysis shows that Firmicutes Bacterium CAG:110 plays a synergistic role by synthesizing UFAs, which is demonstrated by fecal transplantation experiments, indicating that the gut microbiome promotes fat storage in Himalayan marmots for hibernation. Microscopic examination results indicate that the risk of fatty liver appears at maximum weight; however, liver function is not affected. Upregulations of UFA catabolism and insulin-like growth factor binding protein genes provide an entry point for avoiding liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Bao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610081, China
| | - Tao Lei
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Shuailing Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Dunwu Qi
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610081, China
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China; Yuelushan Laboratory, Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
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Filla M, Lama RP, Ghale TR, Filla T, Heurich M, Waltert M, Khorozyan I. Blue sheep strongly affect snow leopard relative abundance but not livestock depredation in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Hiltbrunner E, Arnaiz J, Körner C. Biomass allocation and seasonal non-structural carbohydrate dynamics do not explain the success of tall forbs in short alpine grassland. Oecologia 2021; 197:1063-1077. [PMID: 34047842 PMCID: PMC8591020 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of alpine plants are of small stature. Through their small size alpine plants are decoupled from the free atmospheric circulation and accumulate solar heat. However, a few alpine species do not follow that "rule" and protrude with their aboveground structures from the microclimatic shelter of the main canopy boundary layer. We aim at explaining the phenomenon of being tall by exploring the biomass production and carbon relations of four pairs of small and tall phylogenetically related taxa in alpine grassland. We compared species and stature-specific biomass allocation, shifts in non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations in different tissues throughout the season, and we used 13C labels to track carbon transfer from leaves to belowground structures. Small and tall herbs did not differ in their above- to belowground biomass allocation. The NSC composition (starch, fructan, simple sugars) and allocation did not show a stature-specific pattern, except for higher concentrations of simple sugars in tall species during their extended shoot growth. In relative terms, tall species had higher NSC pools in rhizomes, whereas small species had higher NSC pools in roots. Our findings do not place tall alpine forbs in an exceptional category in terms of biomass allocation and carbohydrate storage. The tall versus small stature of the examined herbs does not seem to be associated with specific adjustments in carbon relations. 13C pulse labelling revealed early C autonomy in young, unfolding leaves of the tall species, which are thus independent of the carbon reserves in the massive belowground organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Hiltbrunner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jonas Arnaiz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Körner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Böhm C, Landmann A. Carnivory in the Alpine marmot ( Marmota marmota): An underestimated phenomenon? ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2020.1837964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Böhm
- Alpenzoo Innsbruck, Weiherburggasse 37a, 6020 Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - Armin Landmann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Guo C, Gao S, Zhou S, Zhang L, Xiang Z. Burrowing and Anti-Predator Requirements Determine the Microhabitat Selection of Himalayan Marmot in Zoige Wetland. Zoolog Sci 2021; 37:554-562. [PMID: 33269871 DOI: 10.2108/zs190148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To satisfy their requirements for food and safety, animals need certain habitats to live. Marmots generally select habitats with certain elevation, land surface temperature, soil and vegetation type, and certain mountain slope and aspect; however, what habitats are needed at relatively smaller scales are poorly known. The Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) is distributed mainly on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, a region exhibiting diversified topographic features, and the Zoige wetland in the northeast part of the plateau is also the home of the Himalayan marmot. The region is famous for its plateau peat bog, and the suitable habitats for Himalayan marmots are patchily distributed in the wetland. To investigate what kinds of patches are preferred by the marmot in this wetland ecosystem, we measured and compared the soil and vegetation characteristics of used and unused patches. We found that unlike factors governing the habitat selection at macroscales, patches characterized by flat ground and low soil moisture content, with medium vegetation standing height and low vegetation density, are selected in the Zoige wetland. Patches of this kind are selected to meet the marmots' requirements for burrow construction and predator avoidance in such a wetland ecosystem. Together with previous studies on habitat selection of the marmot species at macroscales, we showed that to explore how the animals survive in an environment, it is important to conduct the analysis at multiple scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Shuailing Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Long Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China,
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7
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Bao Z, Li C, Guo C, Xiang Z. Convergent Evolution of Himalayan Marmot with Some High-Altitude Animals through ND3 Protein. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020251. [PMID: 33498455 PMCID: PMC7909448 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) mainly lives on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and it adopts multiple strategies to adapt to high-altitude environments. According to the principle of convergent evolution as expressed in genes and traits, the Himalayan marmot might display similar changes to other local species at the molecular level. In this study, we obtained high-quality sequences of the CYTB gene, CYTB protein, ND3 gene, and ND3 protein of representative species (n = 20) from NCBI, and divided them into the marmot group (n = 11), the plateau group (n = 8), and the Himalayan marmot (n = 1). To explore whether plateau species have convergent evolution on the microscale level, we built a phylogenetic tree, calculated genetic distance, and analyzed the conservation and space structure of Himalayan marmot ND3 protein. The marmot group and Himalayan marmots were in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree for the CYTB gene and CYTB protein, and mean genetic distance was 0.106 and 0.055, respectively, which was significantly lower than the plateau group. However, the plateau group and the Himalayan marmot were in the same branch of the phylogenetic tree, and the genetic distance was only 10% of the marmot group for the ND3 protein, except Marmota flaviventris. In addition, some sites of the ND3 amino acid sequence of Himalayan marmots were conserved from the plateau group, but not the marmot group. This could lead to different structures and functional diversifications. These findings indicate that Himalayan marmots have adapted to the plateau environment partly through convergent evolution of the ND3 protein with other plateau animals, however, this protein is not the only strategy to adapt to high altitudes, as there may have other methods to adapt to this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheng Guo
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (Z.X.); Tel.: +86-731-5623392 (C.G. & Z.X.); Fax: +86-731-5623498 (C.G. & Z.X.)
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (Z.X.); Tel.: +86-731-5623392 (C.G. & Z.X.); Fax: +86-731-5623498 (C.G. & Z.X.)
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Shrestha TK, Hecker LJ, Aryal A, Coogan SCP. Feeding preferences and nutritional niche of wild water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee) in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6897-6905. [PMID: 32760500 PMCID: PMC7391305 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritional characteristics of food resources play an important role in the foraging behavior of animals and can provide information valuable to their conservation and management. We examined the nutritional ecology of wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee; hereafter "buffalo") in the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve of Nepal during autumn using a multidimensional nutritional niche framework. We identified 54 plant species as being foraged by buffalo. We found that buffalo consumed graminoids and forbs 2-3 times more frequently than browse items. Proximate analyses of the 16 most frequently foraged plants indicated that buffalo diets were highest in carbohydrate (40.41% ± 1.82%) followed by crude protein (10.52% ± 0.93%) and crude fat (1.68% ± 0.23%). The estimated macronutrient balance (i.e., realized nutrient niche) of the buffalo diet (20.5% protein: 72.8% carbohydrate: 6.7% lipid) was not significantly different than the average balance of all analyzed food items based on 95% confidence regions. Our study suggests that buffalo are likely macronutrient specialists, yet may be generalists in the sense that they feed on a wide range of food items to achieve a nutrient balance similar to that available in forage items. However, the four most frequently consumed items tended to be higher in protein energy than less frequently consumed foods, suggesting some preference for higher protein forage relative to relatively abundant carbohydrates. Although limited in scope, our study provides important information on the nutritional ecology of buffalo, which may be useful for the conservation and management of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee J. Hecker
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Achyut Aryal
- CC Group Limited/CC Training AcademyAucklandNew Zealand
- Save Dot International LimitedAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Sean C. P. Coogan
- Department of Renewable ResourcesUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
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9
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Soofi M, Qashqaei AT, Aryal A, Coogan SC. Autumn food habits of the brown bear Ursus arctos in the Golestan National Park: a pilot study in Iran. MAMMALIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/mammalia-2016-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Food consumed by brown bears in the Golestan National Park in Iran was analyzed during autumn 2011. We identified 22 food items in 61 scats, with the most important food items being hawthorn fruit, cherry plum fruit and chestnut-leaved oak hard mast, based on importance value (IV) estimates of 26.4%, 18.1% and 12.9%, respectively. The overall bear diet (percent digestible dry matter) was composed of 77.9% soft mast (i.e. fruit), 21.3% hard mast and small proportions of other vegetation (0.3%) or animal matter (0.4%). One anthropogenic food was identified (vine grape) and was of minor importance (IV=0.2%).
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10
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Furusaka S, Kozakai C, Nemoto Y, Umemura Y, Naganuma T, Yamazaki K, Koike S. The selection by the Asiatic black bear ( Ursus thibetanus) of spring plant food items according to their nutritional values. Zookeys 2017:121-133. [PMID: 28769668 PMCID: PMC5527342 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.672.10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the nutritional aspects of the bear diet quantitatively, in order to understand plant food selection in spring. Bears were observed directly from April to July in 2013 and 2014, to visually recognize plant species consumed by bears, and to describe the foraging period in the Ashio-Nikko Mountains, central Japan. Leaves were collected from eight dominant tree species, regardless of whether bears fed on them in spring, and their key nutritional components analyzed: crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and total energy. Bears tended to consume fresh leaves of specific species in May, and nutritional analysis revealed that these leaves had higher CP and lower NDF than other non-food leaves. However, CP in consumed leaves gradually decreased, and NDF increased from May to July, when the bears’ food item preference changed from plant materials to ants. Bears may consume tree leaves with high CP and low NDF after hibernation to rebuild muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Furusaka
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Kozakai
- Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, 499 Iryuda, Odawara, Kanagawa 250-0031, Japan.,Present address: National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-18 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Yui Nemoto
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Umemura
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomoko Naganuma
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Koji Yamazaki
- Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki 306-0622, Japan.,Present address: Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Koike
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Poudel BS, Spooner PG, Matthews A. Pastoralist disturbance effects on Himalayan marmot foraging and vigilance activity. Ecol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-015-1315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Panthi S, Coogan SCP, Aryal A, Raubenheimer D. Diet and nutrient balance of red panda in Nepal. Naturwissenschaften 2015; 102:54. [PMID: 26315537 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-015-1307-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We identified the winter plant species consumed by red panda in the Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve of eastern Nepal and compared this to the early-summer diet which was determined previously by Panthi et al. (2012). In addition, we estimated the proximate nutritional content of the leaves identified in red panda diet for both seasons, and we used nutritional geometry to explore macronutrient balance of leaves from the two different sampling periods. We identified six different plants in winter scats, which were the same as found in the previously determined early-summer diet. Arundinaria spp. bamboos were the main species found (82.1 % relative frequency), followed by Acer spp. (6.3 %), Betula utilis (4.6 %), Quercus semicarpifolia (3.7 %), Berberis spp. (1.3 %), and lichens (1.0 %), leaving 2.0 % unidentified. Geometric analysis suggested that the macronutrient balance of seasonal diets were similar in nutrient balance to the most frequently consumed Arundinaria spp. Differences in macronutrient balance may indicate seasonal nutrient preferences, such as increased carbohydrate intake in winter for thermogenesis, and increased protein and lipid intake in early summer to support reproduction and lactation; however, these differences may also indicate differences in resource availability. Habitat conserved for red panda in the region should include sufficient Arundinaria spp. as well as lesser consumed plants which may serve as complimentary foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Panthi
- District Forest Office Darchula, Department of Forest, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal
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