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Wu J, Cao Z, Hassan SSU, Zhang H, Ishaq M, Yu X, Yan S, Xiao X, Jin HZ. Emerging Biopharmaceuticals from Pimpinella Genus. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041571. [PMID: 36838559 PMCID: PMC9959726 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolved over eons to encode biological assays, plants-derived natural products are still the first dawn of drugs. Most researchers have focused on natural compounds derived from commonly used Pimpinella species, such as P. anisum, P. thellungiana, P. saxifrage, and P. brachycarpa, to investigate their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Ethnopharmacological studies demonstrated that the genus Pimpinella has the homology characteristics of medicine and food and mainly in the therapy of gastrointestinal dysfunction, respiratory diseases, deworming, and diuresis. The natural product investigation of Pimpinella spp. revealed numerous natural products containing phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, sterols, and organic acids. These natural products have the potential to provide future drugs against crucial diseases, such as cancer, hypertension, microbial and insectile infections, and severe inflammations. It is an upcoming field of research to probe a novel and pharmaceutically clinical value on compounds from the genus Pimpinella. In this review, we attempt to summarize the present knowledge on the traditional applications, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of more than twenty-five species of the genus Pimpinella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haozhen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhammad Ishaq
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xu Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shikai Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (H.-Z.J.); Tel./Fax: +86-21-34205989 (H.J.)
| | - Hui-Zi Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: (X.X.); (H.-Z.J.); Tel./Fax: +86-21-34205989 (H.J.)
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Liu H, Sun X, Shi Z, An X, Khashaveh A, Li Y, Gu S, Zhang Y. Identification and functional analysis of odorant-binding proteins provide new control strategies for Apolygus lucorum. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:1129-1141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tucker KR, Steele CH, McDermott EG. Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae) Susceptibility and Response to Different Experimental Formulations of a Sodium Ascorbate Toxic Sugar Bait. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1710-1720. [PMID: 35861727 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Attractive toxic sugar baits (ATSBs) require target insects to locate, orient toward, and feed on an insecticidal sugar solution to control populations. Formulating these baits with different attractants and phagostimulants can increase their efficacy by causing insects to choose the ATSB over competing natural sugar sources, and to ingest more of the bait solution. We tested formulations of a 20% sodium ascorbate (SA) ATSB solution using different sugars, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), gallic acid, and six plant volatile compounds to determine their effect on adult Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles stephensi Liston mortality. Baits formulated with fructose or sucrose had no effect on either species, neither did the addition of ATP. Gallic acid increased the survival of Ae. aegypti. Four of the six volatile compounds increased mortality in at least one species. We also examined An. stephensi response to baits formulated with each of the six volatile compounds. Anisaldehyde significantly increased the number of mosquitoes responding toward the SA-ATSB, but increasing the amount had no effect. Addition of anisaldehyde also significantly increased An. stephensi feeding rates on the SA-ATSB, though mosquitoes will avoid the toxic bait if a nontoxic sugar source is available. Formulation of SA-ATSBs with synthetic blends of attractive compounds can increase bait efficacy and consistency, though further research is needed to assess their performance in the field in the presence of natural sugar sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Tucker
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Cassandra H Steele
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Emily G McDermott
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Showler AT, Harlien JL. Lethal Effects of Commercial Kaolin Dust and Silica Aerogel Dust With and Without Botanical Compounds on Horn Fly Eggs, Larvae, Pupae, and Adults in the Laboratory. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:283-290. [PMID: 34401921 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), is an important bloodsucking ectoparasite of cattle throughout much of the world. The fly is mostly controlled using conventional synthetic insecticides but as concerns about resistance increase, alternative tactics have come under heightened scrutiny. Four desiccant dust products: Surround WP, a kaolin clay-based wettable powder; CimeXa, comprised of silica aerogel; Drione, silica aerogel + pyrethrins; and EcoVia, silica aerogel + thyme oil, were assessed for their lethal effects against horn fly eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults, under laboratory conditions. Although Surround WP and CimeXa did not prevent egg hatching and (when mixed with manure substrate) pupal development, the two products were associated with moderate reductions of emerged adults, and with complete adult contact mortality within 6 hr and 24 hr, respectively. Drione and EcoVia eliminated egg hatching, pupal development, and adults within 15 min to 1 hr, respectively, whether the flies were exposed to treated filter paper substrate or exposed by immersion in the dusts. Implications for horn fly control and advantages of inert desiccant dust formulations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Jessica L Harlien
- USDA-ARS Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX, USA
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Espinoza J, Medina C, Aniñir W, Escobar-Bahamondes P, Ungerfeld E, Urzúa A, Quiroz A. Insecticidal, Repellent and Antifeedant Activity of Essential Oils from Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii (Hook. & Arn.) Nied. Leaves and Pilgerodendron uviferum (D. Don) Florin Heartwood against Horn Flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae). Molecules 2021; 26:6936. [PMID: 34834029 PMCID: PMC8621377 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematobia irritans is a cosmopolitan obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite of cattle and is the major global pest of livestock production. Currently, H. irritans management is largely dependent on broad-spectrum pesticides, which has led to the development of insecticide resistance. Thus, alternative control methods are needed. Essential oils have been studied as an alternative due to their wide spectrum of biological activities against insects. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the insecticidal, repellent and antifeedant activity of the essential oils from Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii leaves and Pilgerodendron uviferum heartwood against horn flies in laboratory conditions. The composition of the essential oils was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Accordingly, α-pinene (36.50%) and limonene (20.50%) were the principal components of the B. cruckchanksii essential oil, and δ-cadinol (24.16%), cubenol (22.64%), 15-copaenol (15.46%) and δ-cadinene (10.81%) were the most abundant compounds in the P. uviferum essential oil. Mortality of flies and feeding behavior were evaluated by non-choice tests, and olfactory response was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Both essential oils were toxic to horn flies, with LC50 values for B. cruckchanksii essential oil of 3.58 µL L-1 air at 4 h, and for P. uviferum essential oil of 9.41 µL L-1 air and 1.02 µL L-1 air at 1 and 4 h, respectively. Moreover, the essential oils exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer using only 10 µg of each oil, and these significantly reduced the horn fly feeding at all doses evaluated. Although further laboratory and field studies related to the insectistatic and insecticide properties of these essential oils against H. irritans are necessary, B. cruckshanksii leaves and P. uviferum heartwood essential oils are promising candidates for horn fly management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (C.M.); (W.A.)
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Cristian Medina
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (C.M.); (W.A.)
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Washington Aniñir
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (C.M.); (W.A.)
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Paul Escobar-Bahamondes
- Centro Regional de Investigación Carillanca, Vilcún, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Región de La Araucanía, Temuco 7500502, Chile; (P.E.-B.); (E.U.)
| | - Emilio Ungerfeld
- Centro Regional de Investigación Carillanca, Vilcún, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Región de La Araucanía, Temuco 7500502, Chile; (P.E.-B.); (E.U.)
| | - Alejandro Urzúa
- Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile;
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile; (C.M.); (W.A.)
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4811230, Chile
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Showler AT, Harlien JL. Repellency of p-Anisaldehyde Against Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) in the Laboratory. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:2314-2320. [PMID: 34041548 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a nuisance pest often associated with livestock production, and it can also mechanically transmit the causal agents of human and veterinary diseases. We found that a 0.5% concentration of p-anisaldehyde, produced by many plants consumed by humans, repelled adult M. domestica in static air olfactometer tubes under laboratory conditions for ≥24 h, but by 48 h the repellent activity had worn off. Repellency, however, was not observed in response to 0.5% p-anisaldehyde that had been exposed to sunlight radiation lamps for 2 h. When p-anisaldehyde was aged in darkness for 48 h, it showed strong initial repellency for <1 h. The repellent action of 0.5% p-anisaldehyde was sufficient to keep adult M. domestica from landing on three different food sources when the botanical substance was misted onto the food sources, and when it was placed in proximity to, but not in contact with, the food sources. Extension of p-anisaldehyde's repellent action using solvents other than acetone is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
| | - Jessica L Harlien
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
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Antifeedant Effects and Repellent Activity of Loline Alkaloids from Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue against Horn Flies, Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040817. [PMID: 33557353 PMCID: PMC7915221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Haematobia irritans is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of cattle and is the global major pest of livestock production. Currently, H. irritans management is largely dependent upon broad-spectrum pesticides, which lately has led to the development of insecticide resistance. Thus, alternative control methods are necessary. Endophyte-infected grasses have been studied as an alternative due to their capability to biosynthesize alkaloids associated with anti-insect activities. Thus, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the antifeedant and repellent activity of lolines obtained from endophyte-infected tall fescue against H. irritans adults in laboratory conditions. The alkaloid extract (ALKE) was obtained by acid–base extraction. N-formyl loline (NFL) and N-acetyl loline (NAL) were isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography (pTLC) and column chromatography (CC), and the loline was prepared by acid hydrolysis of a NFL/NAL mixture. Loline identification was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Feeding behavior was evaluated by a non-choice test, and olfactory response was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Accordingly, all samples showed antifeedant activities. NFL was the most antifeedant compound at 0.5 µg/µL and 1.0 µg/µL, and it was statistically equal to NAL but different to loline; however, NAL was not statistically different to loline. NFL and NAL at 0.25 µg/µL were more active than loline. All samples except loline exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer. Thus, the little or non-adverse effects for cattle and beneficial activities of those lolines make them suitable candidates for horn fly management.
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Thöming G, Koczor S, Szentkirályi F, Norli HR, Tasin M, Knudsen GK. Attraction of Chrysotropia ciliata (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) Males to P-Anisaldehyde, a Compound with Presumed Pheromone Function. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:597-609. [PMID: 32588285 PMCID: PMC7371651 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In a field-trapping experiment with plant volatiles, we observed notably high attraction of green lacewing (Chrysotropia ciliata) males to the compound p-anisaldehyde. Based on this finding, we initiated the present study to elucidate this phenomenon and to investigate the chemical ecology of C. ciliata. Scanning electron microscopy revealed elliptical glands abundantly distributed on the 2nd to 6th abdominal sternites of C. ciliata males, whereas females of the species completely lacked such glands. No p-anisaldehyde was found in extractions of body parts of C. ciliata. Methyl p-anisate and p-methoxybenzoic acid were identified exclusively in the extract from abdominal segments 2–8 of males. Field-trapping experiments revealed no attraction of C. ciliata to either methyl p-anisate or p-methoxybenzoic acid. In contrast, males showed marked attraction to p-anisaldehyde in the field and antennae showed strong responses to this compound. Headspace collections in the field from living insects in their natural environment and during their main daily activity period indicated that p-anisaldehyde was emitted exclusively by C. ciliata males. Our overall results suggest that p-anisaldehyde might serve as a male-produced pheromone that attracts conspecific C. ciliata males. Here, we discuss hypotheses regarding possible mechanisms involved in regulation of p-anisaldehyde production, including involvement of the compounds methyl p-anisate and p-methoxybenzoic acid, and the potential ecological function of p-anisaldehyde in C. ciliata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunda Thöming
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Box 115, NO-1431, Ås, PO, Norway.
| | - Sándor Koczor
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Szentkirályi
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hans R Norli
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Box 115, NO-1431, Ås, PO, Norway
| | - Marco Tasin
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Geir K Knudsen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Box 115, NO-1431, Ås, PO, Norway
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Showler AT, Harlien JL, Perez de Léon AA. Effects of Laboratory Grade Limonene and a Commercial Limonene-Based Insecticide on Haematobia irritans irritans (Muscidae: Diptera): Deterrence, Mortality, and Reproduction. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1064-1070. [PMID: 30835790 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), is an important and cosmopolitan blood feeding ectoparasite of cattle. Resistance to conventional insecticides is increasingly problematic and alternative pesticides, including natural products, are being investigated. Limonene is a cyclic monoterpene repellent to some insects that occurs in citrus fruit rinds and in other plants. We assessed laboratory grade limonene and a commercial product, Orange Guard (5.8% AI limonene), against H. irritans irritans in terms of their contact effects upon contact on egg mortality, adults, and larval and pupal development; adult repellency as well as sublethal and fumigation effects. Egg viability declined when they were exposed to Orange Guard at concentrations of 1.45%, 2.9%, and 5.8% whereas laboratory grade limonene at 5.8% and 11.6% was ovicidal. Contact exposure of adult H. irritans irritans to 5.8% laboratory grade limonene and 2.9% Orange Guard caused up to 100 and 88% knockdown (immobilization), respectively. At higher concentrations, laboratory grade limonene and Orange Guard resulted in less, and often shorter periods of knockdown. Although direct contact of 2.9 and 5.8% laboratory grade limonene caused mortality it was negligible when flies were sprayed directly with undiluted Orange Guard. Female H. irritans irritans exposed to sublethal concentrations of Orange Guard did not reduce the numbers of eggs produced, but the undiluted product reduced egg hatchability. Interestingly, limonene and Orange Guard attracted adult H. irritans irritans at concentrations <0.1%. We suggest that the attractancy of unformulated pure limonene might be useful for trapping H. irritans irritans adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX
| | - Jessica L Harlien
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX
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The Natural Product Eugenol Is an Inhibitor of the Ebola Virus In Vitro. Pharm Res 2019; 36:104. [PMID: 31101988 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2629-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Since the 2014 Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa there has been considerable effort towards developing drugs to treat Ebola virus disease and yet to date there is no FDA approved treatment. This is important as at the time of writing this manuscript there is an ongoing outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo which has killed over 1000. METHODS We have evaluated a small number of natural products, some of which had shown antiviral activity against other pathogens. This is exemplified with eugenol, which is found in high concentrations in multiple essential oils, and has shown antiviral activity against feline calicivirus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Influenza A virus, Herpes Simplex virus type 1 and 2, and four airborne phages. RESULTS Four compounds possessed EC50 values less than or equal to 11 μM. Of these, eugenol, had an EC50 of 1.3 μM against EBOV and is present in several plants including clove, cinnamon, basil and bay. Eugenol is much smaller and structurally unlike any compound that has been previously identified as an inhibitor of EBOV, therefore it may provide new mechanistic insights. CONCLUSION This compound is readily accessible in bulk quantities, is inexpensive, and has a long history of human consumption, which endorses the idea for further assessment as an antiviral therapeutic. This work also suggests that a more exhaustive assessment of natural product libraries against EBOV and other viruses is warranted to improve our ability to identify compounds that are so distinct from FDA approved drugs.
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Showler AT, Harlien JL. Lethal and Repellent Effects of the Botanical p-Anisaldehyde on Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:485-493. [PMID: 30423127 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The house fly, Musca domestica L., is a globally distributed nuisance and disease-carrying urban and livestock pest. Control mostly relies on synthetic insecticides but resistance to them has become problematic. p-Anisaldehyde, a compound found in many edible plants, was assessed for its effects on different life stages of M. domestica. Whereas p-anisaldehyde, applied as an adult contact spray, caused >80% mortality by 30 min at a 30% concentration, egg mortality on treated substrate was complete at 0.1%, and the LC90 was 0.024%. Only 0.5 and 1 ml of 1.5% p-anisaldehyde mixed into 100 g of cow manure curtailed pupation. When the amount of p-anisaldehyde was increased to 2 ml, 0.75% p-anisaldehyde reduced pupation by 95.5%. In static air olfactometer tubes, 0.075% p-anisaldehyde repelled substantial numbers of adult M. domestica within 30 min. Repellency of 60-78% was maintained throughout the 4-h bioassay. This study demonstrates that p-anisaldehyde is strongly bioactive against M. domestica in terms of lethal and nonlethal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX
| | - Jessica L Harlien
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Kerrville, TX
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Joy JE, Neff D, Zuzolo JJ, Setser EA, Humbert AA. Aggregation Patterns of Sensory Sensillae in the Food Canal and Cibarium of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:95-102. [PMID: 30329073 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although mean body lengths of females were significantly greater than males in individuals drawn from two Haematobia irritans (L.) sample populations (n = 20 females and n = 20 males from West Virginia; n = 20 females and n = 20 males from Georgia), there were no significant differences in food canal lengths for females versus males at either site. Variable numbers (21-37) of setiform sensillae occurred throughout the length of the food canal, but such sensillae were significantly aggregated in the distal-most canal region of both sexes at both sites. There was no significant difference in mean numbers of food canal setiform sensillae between females and males. Four basiconic (campaniform) sensillae were consistently observed in the food canal of every fly; always aggregated in the distal-most canal region. Setiform sensillae in the cibarium also varied in number (6-13), but were significantly aggregated in the median and proximal cibarial regions. Four (occasionally three) peg-like basiconic sensillae were also observed in the cibarium of sample individuals; always in the distal and distal median regions of both sexes. Sensory sensillae (both setiform and basiconic) in both the food canal and cibarium were similarly aggregated for both sexes at both sites. Aggregation of setiform and basiconic sensillae in the food canal suggests that the distal canal region is most critical for sensory input regarding monitoring blood flow, and stress forces brought to bear on the cuticle as the labrum tip penetrates the host's skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Joy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - David Neff
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Jenna J Zuzolo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Emily A Setser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
| | - Austin A Humbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV
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