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Gordon SA, Lominadze D, Saari JT, Lentsch AB, Schuschke DA. Impaired Deformability of Copper-Deficient Neutrophils. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 230:543-8. [PMID: 16118404 DOI: 10.1177/153537020523000805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that dietary copper deficiency augments neutrophil accumulation in the lung microvasculature. The current study was designed to determine whether a diet deficient in copper promotes neutrophil chemoattraction within the lung vasculature or if it alters the mechanical properties of the neutrophil, thus restricting passage through the microvessels. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed purified diets that were either copper adequate (6.3 μg Cu/g diet) or copper deficient (0.3 μg Cu/g diet) for 4 weeks. To assess neutrophil chemoattraction, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was assayed for the neutrophil chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Neutrophil deformability was determined by measuring the pressure required to pass Isolated neutrophils through a 5-μm polycarbonate filter. The MIP-2 concentration was not significantly different between the dietary groups (Cu adequate, 435.4 ± 11.9 pg/ml; Cu deficient, 425.6 ± 14.8 pg/ml). However, compared with controls, more pressure was needed to push Cu-deficient neutrophils through the filter (Cu adequate, 0.150 ± 0.032 mm Hg/sec; Cu deficient, 0.284 0.037 mm Hg/sec). Staining of the filamentous actin (F-actin) with FITC-Phalloldin showed greater F-actin polymerization and shape change in the Cu-deficient group. These results suggest that dietary copper deficiency reduces the deformability of neutrophils by promoting F-actin polymerization. Because most neutrophils must deform during passage from arterioles to venules in the lungs, we propose that copper-deficient neutrophils accumulate in the lung because they are less deformable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Gordon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Center A1115, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Johnson WT, Thomas AC, Lozano AA. Maternal Copper Deficiency Impairs the Developmental Expression of Protein Kinase C α, β and γ Isoforms in Neonatal Rat Brain. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 3:113-22. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2000.11747307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lominadze D, Saari JT, Percival SS, Schuschke DA. Proinflammatory effects of copper deficiency on neutrophils and lung endothelial cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2004; 82:231-8. [PMID: 15186252 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2004.01231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dietary copper deficiency increases the accumulation of circulating neutrophils in the rat lung microcirculation. This process includes neutrophil adhesion to, migration along, and emigration though the vascular endothelium. The current study was designed to examine the role of copper in each of these steps. Neutrophils were isolated from rats fed either a copper-adequate (CuA, 6.1 microg Cu/g diet) or copper-deficient diet (CuD, 0.3 microg Cu/g diet) for 4 weeks. First, transient and firm adhesion of neutrophils to P-selectin in a flow chamber showed there were more adhered CuD neutrophils than CuA ones. This effect is probably caused by the increased expression of CD11b that was observed in the current study. Second, the evaluation of neutrophil migration under agarose showed that the CuD neutrophils moved farther than the CuA group in response to IL-8 but not fMLP; this suggests an increased sensitivity to a CD11/CD18-independent signalling pathway. Third, the contractile mechanism of endothelial cells was studied. Elevated F-actin formation in Cu-chelated lung microvascular endothelial cells suggests that neutrophil emigration may be promoted by enhanced cytoskeletal reorganization of the endothelium during copper deficiency. Combined, these results support the theory that dietary copper deficiency has proinflammatory effects on both neutrophils and the microvascular endothelium that promote neutrophil-endothelial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lominadze
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Reeves PG, Ralston NVC, Idso JP, Lukaski HC. Contrasting and cooperative effects of copper and iron deficiencies in male rats fed different concentrations of manganese and different sources of sulfur amino acids in an AIN-93G-based diet. J Nutr 2004; 134:416-25. [PMID: 14747682 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.2.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nutrient interactions are important factors to consider in the study of nutrient status and requirements. Here, the effects of dietary interactions among copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and sulfur amino acids (SAA) on blood cell characteristics and enzyme activities were observed. Male rats (n = 8) were used in a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design and fed an AIN-93G-based diet containing dietary Cu (<1 and 5 mg/kg), Fe (10 and 35 mg/kg), Mn (10 and 50 mg/kg) and either L-cystine (LCys) or DL-methionine (DLMet). Blood was analyzed by automated hematology cell counting and by flow cytometry. Severe Cu deficiency was verified by reductions in the activities of serum ceruloplasmin (1% of control), RBC superoxide dismutase (SOD1) (14% of control), liver cytochrome c oxidase activity (25% of control) and serum extracellular SOD (SOD3) activity (20% of controls). Because Cu is required for Fe utilization, many physiologic responses that require Fe were affected by both deficiencies, including lowered blood hemoglobin (Hgb), lower RBC volume and Hgb concentration, and an increased number of reticulocytes. Cu and Fe deficiencies together worsened some conditions, i.e., lower Hgb, lower RBC Hgb, increased RBC distribution width, increased number of reticulocytes and nucleated RBC, and a higher platelet count. Increasing dietary Mn had little effect on most variables, except to reduce serum Cu when dietary Cu was adequate but not when it was low, and to reduce RBC SOD1 activity when dietary Fe was low but not when it was adequate. Hgb concentrations were higher (P < 0.002) in Cu-deficient rats fed LCys than in those fed DLMet. There was no effect in Cu-adequate rats. Hgb was higher (P < 0.004) in Fe-adequate rats fed LCys than in those fed DLMet, with no effect in Fe-deficient rats. Although the anemia of Cu deficiency in AIN-93G-fed rats was not as pronounced as that reported in rats fed the AIN-76A-based diet, other manifestations of the deficiency were prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Reeves
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.
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Kumar SV, Bhattacharya S. In vitro toxicity of mercury, cadmium, and arsenic to platelet aggregation: influence of adenylate cyclase and phosphodiesterase activity. IN VITRO & MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY 2000; 13:137-44. [PMID: 11031324 DOI: 10.1089/109793300440721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In vitro effect of mercury (Hg2+), cadmium (Cd2+), and arsenic (As3+) on adenylate cyclase (AC) and phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in relation to platelet aggregation (PA) was studied in rats. Cd(2+) significantly elevated cAMP (p < 0.005) in a dose-dependent (5, 10 and 20 pmoles) manner while Hg(2+) and As(3+) significantly reduced the cAMP level (p < 0.01 and p < 0.005, respectively). Our studies further reveal that Hg21 and As(3+) inhibit AC and stimulate PDE activity with a concomitant increase in the rate of PA. On the other hand, Cd(2+) stimulates AC and inhibits PDE activity with a decrease in the rate of PA. The present investigation suggests that cellular cAMP is a regulatory molecule in the event of PA and the disruption of its homeostasis is directly correlated to xenobiotic effects on PA. It is concluded that other than divalent heavy metal cations, As(3+) appears to be one of the most toxic xenobiotics to platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Kumar
- Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, India
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Johnson WT. Copper and signal transduction: platelets as a model to determine the role of copper in stimulus-response coupling. Biofactors 1999; 10:53-9. [PMID: 10475590 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Platelets from copper-deficient rats have been used as a model to investigate the role of copper in receptor-mediated cellular responses. Copper deficiency doubles the rate of dense granule secretion and increases myosin association with the platelet cytoskeleton following thrombin stimulation. Mechanisms underlying the effects of copper deficiency on thrombin-induced signals that elicit dense granule secretion involve suppression of protein kinase C activity and impairment of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Copper deficiency also reduces the cellular GTP content of platelets. This may limit receptor effector coupling through GTP-dependent regulatory proteins leading to protein kinase C activation and the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The reduction in GTP content during copper deficiency results from its utilization to maintain cellular ATP levels in response to severely inhibited cytochrome c oxidase activity in platelet mitochondria. Thus, the role of copper in maintaining normal signal transduction may be indirectly related to its biological function in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Johnson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202-9034, USA.
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Lominadze D, Saari JT, Miller FN, Catalfamo JL, Percival SS, Schuschke DA. In vitro platelet adhesion to endothelial cells at low shear rates during copper deficiency in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-670x(1999)12:1<25::aid-jtra3>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Dietary copper deficiency may impair cardiovascular health by contributing to high blood pressure, enhancement of inflammation, anemia, reduced blood clotting and arteriosclerosis. The purpose of this review is to compile information on the numerous changes of the heart, blood and blood vessels that may contribute to these cardiovascular defects. These alterations include weakened structural integrity of the heart and blood vessels, impairment of the use of energy by the heart, reduced ability of the heart to contract, altered ability of blood vessels to control their diameter and to grow, and altered structure and function of circulating blood cells. The fundamental causes of these changes rest largely on reduced effectiveness of enzymes that depend on copper for their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Saari
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202-9034, USA.
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Abstract
Dietary copper has long been known to be essential for cardiovascular homeostasis. However, the role of copper and cuproenzymes in the normal control of vascular physiology is not well understood. Most studies in the cardiovascular system have focused on copper deficiency-induced defects in the heart or large vessels. Recently, attention has also focused on the effects of copper deficiency in the microcirculation or the small blood vessels that control blood flow, nutrient and waste exchange, and peripheral vascular resistance. Studies in the microcirculation demonstrate that copper is important in mechanisms of macromolecular leakage, platelet-endothelial interactions and vascular smooth muscle reactivity. There is a significantly greater leakage of proteins from postcapillary venules in copper-deficient rats in response to mast cell-released histamine. This response appears to be the result of increased numbers of mast cells and thereby increased available histamine. Copper deficiency also causes an inhibition of in vivo thrombogenesis, which appears to be related to an inhibition of platelet adhesion. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that this is probably caused by a diminished concentration of the adhesion molecule von Willebrand factor. Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated arteriole vasodilation is also compromised in copper-deficient rats. This functional deficit to NO can be reversed by the addition of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), suggesting that degradation of NO by superoxide anion occurs during copper deprivation. These observations demonstrate that dietary copper is necessary for several microvascular control mechanisms affecting inflammation, microhemostasis and regulation of peripheral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Schuschke
- Center for Applied Microcirculatory Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Sukalski KA, LaBerge TP, Johnson WT. In vivo oxidative modification of erythrocyte membrane proteins in copper deficiency. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 22:835-42. [PMID: 9119252 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been postulated to contribute to the pathology associated with dietary copper deficiency. In vivo, erythrocytes are probable targets of oxidative damage because they are exposed to high concentrations of oxygen and contain heme iron that can autoxidize, which results in the formation of superoxide anions. Activity of the important antioxidant enzyme, copper, zinc superoxide dismutase, decreases markedly in erythrocytes during copper deficiency. The effect of dietary copper deficiency on indicators of oxidative stress was examined in erythrocyte membranes of rats maintained on a purified copper-deficient diet for 35 days after weaning. Erythrocytes were separated into young and old populations on a Percoll gradient prior to membrane isolation and quantification of lipid peroxides and protein carbonyls. Protein carbonyls, determined by Western blot immunoassay, were detected predominantly in both the alpha and beta chains of spectrin. Alpha and beta subunits of spectrin in erythrocyte membranes from copper-deficient rats contained higher amounts of carbonyls than controls, regardless of the population of erythrocytes studied. This study suggests that spectrin may be a specific target for oxidative damage when erythrocyte copper, zinc superoxide dismutase activity is reduced by copper deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Sukalski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of North Dakota School of Medicine, Grand Forks 58202-9037, USA
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Johnson W, Dufault SN, Newman SM. Altered nucleotide content and changes in mitochondrial energy states associated with copper deficiency in rat platelets. J Nutr Biochem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00100-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sergeant S, Johnson WT. Iron and copper requirements for proliferation and differentiation of a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60). J Cell Physiol 1995; 163:477-85. [PMID: 7775591 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041630307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Trace mineral deficiencies tend to have profound effects on the integrity of formed blood elements. Anemia and neutropenia are commonly seen in copper (Cu) deficiency. We therefore developed a serum-free medium to examine the trace mineral requirements, in particular iron and Cu, for proliferation and retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells. This defined medium (DFM) was composed of Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) supplemented with insulin and human apo-transferrin (each at 5 micrograms/ml) and 1.4 microM FeSO4. The iron concentration range for optimal cellular proliferation was narrow (2-3 microM). HL-60 cells could be maintained in DFM for 15 passages with a doubling time of 38-40 hr. The Cu content of IMDM was very low. Thus, by the fourth passage in DFM, the activity of cuproenzymes (cytochrome c oxidase, CCO; and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, CuZnSOD) began to decline. Supplementation of DFM with CuSO4 (50 nM) restored enzyme activities. Treatment of cells with a Cu chelator (tetrathiomolybdate, 1 microM) rapidly reduced the activities of both CCO and CuZnSOD. Over the Cu concentration range examined (5-350 nM), Cu supplementation had little effect on HL-60 proliferation. Cell retained the ability to differentiate along the granulocytic pathway when treated with RA, but seemed to be less sensitive to the inducing agent except at the highest concentration tested (1 microM). This decreased sensitivity to RA did not seem to be related to the Cu status of the cells but rather to the absence of a component of serum. Indeed, cells grown in DFM regained their sensitivity to RA when allowed to differentiate in IMDM with 5% serum. These data indicate that the processes of growth and terminal differentiation in HL-60 cells are not greatly influenced by Cu. Thus, it seems likely that the insult resulting in neutropenia which is associated with Cu deficiency may occur earlier than the promyelocytic stage. However, the possibility that the mechanisms contributing to neutropenia may be unrelated to primary defects in the biochemistry of neutrophil maturation cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sergeant
- United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, North Dakota 58202, USA
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Johnson WT. The influence of dietary copper on dense granule secretion and cytoskeletal remodeling in thrombin-stimulated rat platelets. Nutr Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(05)80427-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Johnson WT, Dufault SN. Intracellular calcium mobilization in rat platelets is adversely affected by copper deficiency. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1175:263-8. [PMID: 8435442 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(93)90215-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The influence of copper deficiency on the mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores following ionomycin treatment or thrombin activation of rat platelets was examined using the fluorescent indicator, fura-2, to measure changes in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Platelets, obtained from copper-deficient and control rats and loaded with fura-2, were suspended in medium containing 1 mM EGTA and no added Ca2+. The size of the internal Ca2+ pools in the suspended platelets was estimated from the rise in [Ca2+]i following maximal discharge of stored Ca2+ by treatment with 1 microM ionomycin. Peak [Ca2+]i following ionomycin treatment was lower in platelets from copper-deficient rats compared to control rats (148 +/- 27 nM vs. 188 +/- 17 nM), suggesting that the size of the Ca2+ storage pools was decreased by copper deficiency. Furthermore, once internal Ca2+ stores were discharged by ionomycin, [Ca2+]i remained elevated in platelets from copper-deficient rats, but decreased in control rats. These data indicate that copper deficiency may inhibit the efflux of Ca2+ from platelets after its release from internal stores by ionomycin treatment. In platelets from copper-deficient and control rats, stimulation with 0.1 U/ml thrombin led to rapid rise followed by a slow decay in [Ca2+]i. However, peak [Ca2+]i was lower in platelets from copper-deficient rats than in control rats (94 +/- 19 nM vs. 131 +/- 16 nM). These findings imply that by reducing the amount of Ca2+ available for release from intracellular stores, copper deficiency also reduces [Ca2+]i following thrombin activation in the absence of external Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Johnson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, ND 58202
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Thomas Johnson W, Dufault SN. Copper deficiency alters protein kinase C mediation of thrombin-induced dense granule secretion from rat platelets. J Nutr Biochem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0955-2863(91)90065-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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