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Karaca B, Kyalo Kilonzo N, Korkmaz Ş, Onar O, Yıldırım Ö, Çöleri Cihan A. The Dual Role of the Medicinal Mushroom Fomitopsis pinicola in Inhibiting Biofilm and Reducing Antibiotic Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Food Sci Nutr 2025; 13:e70355. [PMID: 40438095 PMCID: PMC12116333 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.70355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2025] [Revised: 04/26/2025] [Accepted: 05/16/2025] [Indexed: 06/01/2025] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing activity of Fomitopsis pinicola against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains and its potential to improve the efficacy of conventional antibiotics and exert selective cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. Ethanolic extracts of F. pinicola were analyzed for antibacterial activity by MIC and time-kill assays. Synergistic interactions with antibiotics were quantified using checkerboard assays. Antibiofilm activity was analyzed on polystyrene and stainless-steel surfaces. Anti-quorum sensing activity was determined by the inhibition of violacein in Chromobacterium violaceum. Efflux pump inhibition was assessed by the accumulation of the ethidium bromide. The down-regulation of virulence genes (agrA, hla) was measured by qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR). FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) spectroscopy characterized the bioactive compounds, and the cytotoxicity assays on HT-29 colon cancer and Vero cells evaluated selective toxicity. The extract showed strong antibacterial effects with a MIC of 312.5 μg/mL and concentration-dependent bactericidal activity. Synergistic interactions with antibiotics led to FIC indices ≤ 0.5. The extract significantly inhibited biofilm formation and eradicated already formed biofilms. Sub-MIC concentrations reduced quorum sensing by 85.01%, inhibited efflux pump activity, and down-regulated virulence-associated genes. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of triterpenoids and terpenoids. The extract displayed selective cytotoxicity on HT-29 cancer cells, showing strong inhibition, while normal Vero cells were spared. These results emphasize the potential of F. pinicola as a robust candidate for antimicrobial therapeutics, especially against biofilm-associated and multidrug-resistant pathogens, as well as a selective anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başar Karaca
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceAnkara UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | | | - Şilan Korkmaz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceAnkara UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Okan Onar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceAnkara UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Özlem Yıldırım
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceAnkara UniversityAnkaraTurkey
| | - Arzu Çöleri Cihan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceAnkara UniversityAnkaraTurkey
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Zhou P, Wang J, Li C, Li L, Duan L, Wang W, Liu X, Arshad KT, Liang Y, Zhao Y. Multi-Omics and Functional Insights into Triterpenoid Biosynthesis Pathways in Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D.Y.Hong. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2025; 14:1562. [PMID: 40431127 PMCID: PMC12114848 DOI: 10.3390/plants14101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2025] [Revised: 05/17/2025] [Accepted: 05/17/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D.Y.Hong, an endangered perennial herb, is rich in triterpenes, iridoids, and phenolic compounds, which exhibit significant pharmacological effects. However, the molecular mechanisms of triterpenoid biosynthesis in N. scrophulariiflora remain unclear. Here, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed to investigate the triterpene content in different tissues and the expression patterns of key enzyme-encoding genes related to triterpenoid biosynthesis. We functionally characterized eight upstream oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis, among which NsOSC2 is a bifunctional enzyme capable of catalyzing the conversion of 2,3-oxidosqualene to β-amyrin and α-amyrin. Additionally, an efficient regeneration system and a stable genetic transformation system were established for N. scrophulariiflora. These findings reveal key genes in triterpenoid biosynthesis, providing a theoretical foundation for the future production of key triterpenoids in N. scrophulariiflora through synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinhan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (L.L.); (L.D.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (K.T.A.); (Y.L.)
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (L.L.); (L.D.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (K.T.A.); (Y.L.)
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Chaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (L.L.); (L.D.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (K.T.A.); (Y.L.)
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Lesong Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (L.L.); (L.D.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (K.T.A.); (Y.L.)
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Luyuan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (L.L.); (L.D.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (K.T.A.); (Y.L.)
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (L.L.); (L.D.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (K.T.A.); (Y.L.)
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Xirui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (L.L.); (L.D.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (K.T.A.); (Y.L.)
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Khadija Tehseen Arshad
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (L.L.); (L.D.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (K.T.A.); (Y.L.)
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming 650106, China
| | - Yanli Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (L.L.); (L.D.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (K.T.A.); (Y.L.)
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biology of Yunnan Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center on Germplasms Innovation & Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Materials in Southwest China, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (P.Z.); (J.W.); (C.L.); (L.L.); (L.D.); (W.W.); (X.L.); (K.T.A.); (Y.L.)
- College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Kunming 650106, China
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Plosca MP, Chiș MS, Fărcaș AC, Păucean A. Ganoderma lucidum-From Ancient Remedies to Modern Applications: Chemistry, Benefits, and Safety. Antioxidants (Basel) 2025; 14:513. [PMID: 40427395 PMCID: PMC12108272 DOI: 10.3390/antiox14050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2025] [Revised: 04/22/2025] [Accepted: 04/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), commonly known as Reishi or Lingzhi, is a medicinal mushroom with a rich history in traditional Asian medicine. This review examines diverse bioactive components supporting therapeutic properties, including polysaccharides, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, peptides and proteins, vitamins, minerals, and sterols. The mushroom offers numerous health benefits, including immunomodulation, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, liver protection, and anti-cancer activities. In addition, it shows potential in managing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and viral infections. Advances in extraction technologies, such as ultrasound and microwave-assisted methods, have improved the bioavailability and efficacy of compounds. While G. lucidum is an excellent functional food and therapeutic agent it remains an unexploited source of nutrients. Further research is needed to optimize the industrial applications and evaluate the safety in specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mădălina-Paula Plosca
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.-P.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Simona Chiș
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.-P.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Anca Corina Fărcaș
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Păucean
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3–5 Manastur Street, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (M.-P.P.); (A.P.)
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Pan Z, Lin J, Luo G, Cheng W, Li Y, Wu C. Unveiling triterpenoid superiority in a newly developed Ganoderma lucidum variety through untargeted metabolomics approach. Front Nutr 2025; 12:1541162. [PMID: 40276533 PMCID: PMC12018227 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1541162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
The fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum are renowned for their therapeutic properties, primarily due to their triterpenoid content. Variability in G. lucidum strains may influence the composition and abundance of triterpenoids. In this study, we explored the triterpenoid superiority in a newly developed G. lucidum strain (GL_V2) obtained through mutation breeding, and compared it to a widely cultivated strain (GL_V1). GL_V2 exhibited a 1.4-fold increase in total triterpenoid content and higher DPPH radical scavenging activity compared to GL_V1, while polysaccharide levels remained consistent. Using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and chemometric analyses, we identified 589 metabolites, including 86 triterpenoids. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed clear differences in overall metabolite profiles and triterpenoid compositions between the two strains. OPLS-DA identified 56 triterpenoids as key distinguishing markers with VIP values above 1.0. Notably, GL_V2 exhibited increased levels of seven ganoderic acids, two ganoderiols, three ganolucidic acids, and two ganosporelactones, while GL_V1 showed higher concentrations of six lucidenic acids. These results highlight the superior triterpenoid composition of GL_V2 and its potential for developing more potent G. lucidum-derived products. This study offers valuable insights into varietal differences in triterpenoid profiles and their implications for the cultivation and therapeutic use of G. lucidum. Additionally, the findings of this study suggest that GL_V2 holds significant potential for the development of more effective nutraceutical and pharmaceutical products derived from G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Pan
- Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junhan Lin
- Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
| | - Gelian Luo
- Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiqing Cheng
- Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ye Li
- GanoHerb Co. Ltd., Fuzhou, China
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