1
|
Shtein I, Gričar J, Lev-Yadun S, Oskolski A, Pace MR, Rosell JA, Crivellaro A. Priorities for Bark Anatomical Research: Study Venues and Open Questions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1985. [PMID: 37653902 PMCID: PMC10221070 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The bark fulfils several essential functions in vascular plants and yields a wealth of raw materials, but the understanding of bark structure and function strongly lags behind our knowledge with respect to other plant tissues. The recent technological advances in sampling and preparation of barks for anatomical studies, along with the establishment of an agreed bark terminology, paved the way for more bark anatomical research. Whilst datasets reveal bark's taxonomic and functional diversity in various ecosystems, a better understanding of the bark can advance the understanding of plants' physiological and environmental challenges and solutions. We propose a set of priorities for understanding and further developing bark anatomical studies, including periderm structure in woody plants, phloem phenology, methods in bark anatomy research, bark functional ecology, relationships between bark macroscopic appearance, and its microscopic structure and discuss how to achieve these ambitious goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Shtein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Milken Campus, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Eastern R&D Center, Milken Campus, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Forest Physiology and Genetics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
| | - Alexei Oskolski
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Prof. Popov Str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marcelo R. Pace
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Julieta A. Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alan Crivellaro
- Forest Biometrics Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, “Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Str. Universitatii 13, 720229 Suceava, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sierra-de-Grado R, Pando V, Voltas J, Zas R, Majada J, Climent J. Straightening the crooked: intraspecific divergence of stem posture control and associated trade-offs in a model conifer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1222-1235. [PMID: 34865003 PMCID: PMC8866635 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the straightening capacity of the stem is key for light capture and mechanical stability in forest trees, little is known about its adaptive implications. Assuming that stem straightening is costly, trade-offs are expected with competing processes such as growth, maintenance, and defence. We established a manipulative experiment in a common garden of Pinus pinaster including provenances typically showing either straight-stemmed or crooked-stemmed phenotypes. We imposed a bending up to 35º on plants aged 9 years of both provenance groups and followed the straightening kinetics and shoot elongation after releasing. Eight months later, we destructively assessed biomass partitioning, reaction wood, wood microdensity, xylem reserve carbohydrates, and phloem secondary metabolites. The experimental bending and release caused significant, complex changes with a marked difference between straight- and crooked-type plants. The straight-type recovered verticality faster and to a higher degree and developed more compression wood, while displaying a transitory delay in shoot elongation, reducing resource allocation to defence and maintaining the levels of non-structural carbohydrates compared with the crooked type. This combination of responses indicates the existence of intraspecific divergence in the reaction to mechanical stresses that may be related to different adaptive phenotypic plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Sierra-de-Grado
- ETSIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Valentin Pando
- ETSIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- iuFOR, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- Joint Research Unit CTFC–AGROTECNIO–CERCA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Apdo 28, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Juan Majada
- CETEMAS, Pumarabule s/n, Carbayín, 33936 Asturias, Spain
| | - Jose Climent
- iuFOR, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management, Avda de Madrid 44, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Forestales (INIA-CSIC), Ctra. A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fajardo A. Wood density relates negatively to maximum plant height across major angiosperm and gymnosperm orders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:250-258. [PMID: 34766624 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Wood density is a crucial plant functional trait related to plant life history strategies. Its ecological importance in small-stature growth forms (e.g., shrubs) has not been extensively examined. Given that hydraulic conduit dimensions vary positively with plant height and that there is a negative relationship between conduits' diameter and wood density, I hypothesized an also negative relationship between wood density and plant height. Knowing that bark and pith proportions are significant in small-diameter stems, I additionally disentangled the contribution of wood, bark, and pith to stem density. METHODS I determined density in small-diameter stems across 153 species spanning all major angiosperm and gymnosperm orders by considering a diversity of growth forms (trees, treelets, shrubs, vines, and hemiparasites). Stem cross sections were dissected to consider the densities of wood with bark and pith; wood with pith and without bark; wood with bark and no pith; and wood without bark and pith. Secondary growth was also measured. RESULTS Trees showed similar wood densities as non-self-supporting vines, and both showed significantly less dense wood than treelets, shrubs, and hemiparasites. General comparisons showed that wood was significantly denser than all other tissues, and these differences did not depend on growth form. Wood density was significantly and negatively related to growth rate and pith area proportions but not to bark thickness proportion. CONCLUSIONS An implicit negative relationship between maximum plant height and stem density emerges as a property of plants likely linked to hydraulic conductive size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Fajardo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinario (I3), Universidad de Talca, Campus Lircay, Talca, 3460000, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chery JG, Glos RAE, Anderson CT. Do woody vines use gelatinous fibers to climb? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:126-131. [PMID: 34160082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many plant movements are facilitated by contractile cells called gelatinous fibers (G-fibers), but how G-fibers function in the climbing movements of woody vines remains underexplored. In this Insight, we compare the presence and distribution of G-fibers in the stems of stem-twiners, which wrap around supports, with non-stem-twiners, which attach to supports via tendrils or adventitious roots. An examination of 164 species spanning the vascular plant phylogeny reveals that G-fibers are common in stem-twiners but scarce in non-stem-twiners, suggesting that G-fibers are preferentially formed in the organ responsible for movement. When present, G-fibers are in the xylem, phloem, pericycle, and/or cortex. We discuss the hypothesis that G-fibers are foundational to plant movement and highlight research opportunities concerning G-fiber development and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce G Chery
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rosemary A E Glos
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences and L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Levionnois S, Salmon C, Alméras T, Clair B, Ziegler C, Coste S, Stahl C, González-Melo A, Heinz C, Heuret P. Anatomies, vascular architectures, and mechanics underlying the leaf size-stem size spectrum in 42 Neotropical tree species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:7957-7969. [PMID: 34390333 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The leaf size-stem size spectrum is one of the main dimensions of plant ecological strategies. Yet the anatomical, mechanical, and hydraulic implications of small versus large shoots are still poorly understood. We investigated 42 tropical rainforest tree species in French Guiana, with a wide range of leaf areas at the shoot level. We quantified the scaling of hydraulic and mechanical constraints with shoot size, estimated as the water potential difference (ΔΨ) and the bending angle (ΔΦ), respectively. We investigated how anatomical tissue area, flexural stiffness and xylem vascular architecture affect such scaling by deviating (or not) from theoretical isometry with shoot size variation. Vessel diameter and conductive path length were found to be allometrically related to shoot size, thereby explaining the independence between ΔΨ and shoot size. Leaf mass per area, stem length, and the modulus of elasticity were allometrically related to shoot size, explaining the independence between ΔΦ and shoot size. Our study also shows that the maintenance of both water supply and mechanical stability across the shoot size range are not in conflict.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Levionnois
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Salmon
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Tancrède Alméras
- LMGC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Clair
- LMGC, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Ziegler
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
- UMR SILVA, INRAE, Université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Sabrina Coste
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
| | - Clément Stahl
- UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97310 Kourou, France
| | | | - Christine Heinz
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Heuret
- UMR AMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|